51
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Llorca A, Ciceri G, Beattie R, Wong FK, Diana G, Serafeimidou-Pouliou E, Fernández-Otero M, Streicher C, Arnold SJ, Meyer M, Hippenmeyer S, Maravall M, Marin O. A stochastic framework of neurogenesis underlies the assembly of neocortical cytoarchitecture. eLife 2019; 8:51381. [PMID: 31736464 PMCID: PMC6968929 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex contains multiple areas with distinctive cytoarchitectonic patterns, but the cellular mechanisms underlying the emergence of this diversity remain unclear. Here, we have investigated the neuronal output of individual progenitor cells in the developing mouse neocortex using a combination of methods that together circumvent the biases and limitations of individual approaches. Our experimental results indicate that progenitor cells generate pyramidal cell lineages with a wide range of sizes and laminar configurations. Mathematical modeling indicates that these outcomes are compatible with a stochastic model of cortical neurogenesis in which progenitor cells undergo a series of probabilistic decisions that lead to the specification of very heterogeneous progenies. Our findings support a mechanism for cortical neurogenesis whose flexibility would make it capable to generate the diverse cytoarchitectures that characterize distinct neocortical areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Llorca
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Gabriele Ciceri
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Beattie
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Fong Kuan Wong
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Giovanni Diana
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eleni Serafeimidou-Pouliou
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marian Fernández-Otero
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carmen Streicher
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Sebastian J Arnold
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Martin Meyer
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Hippenmeyer
- Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Miguel Maravall
- Sussex Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Marin
- Centre for Developmental Neurobiology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom.,MRC Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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52
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Alvarez-Saavedra M, Yan K, De Repentigny Y, Hashem LE, Chaudary N, Sarwar S, Yang D, Ioshikhes I, Kothary R, Hirayama T, Yagi T, Picketts DJ. Snf2h Drives Chromatin Remodeling to Prime Upper Layer Cortical Neuron Development. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:243. [PMID: 31680852 PMCID: PMC6811508 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the homeostasis of either cortical progenitor pool, namely the apically located radial glial (RG) cells or the basal intermediate progenitors (IPCs) can severely impair cortical neuron production. Such changes are reflected by microcephaly and are often associated with cognitive defects. Genes encoding epigenetic regulators are a frequent cause of intellectual disability and many have been shown to regulate progenitor cell growth, including our inactivation of the Smarca1 gene encoding Snf2l, which is one of two ISWI mammalian orthologs. Loss of the Snf2l protein resulted in dysregulation of Foxg1 and IPC proliferation leading to macrocephaly. Here we show that inactivation of the closely related Smarca5 gene encoding the Snf2h chromatin remodeler is necessary for embryonic IPC expansion and subsequent specification of callosal projection neurons. Telencephalon-specific Smarca5 cKO embryos have impaired cell cycle kinetics and increased cell death, resulting in fewer Tbr2+ and FoxG1+ IPCs by mid-neurogenesis. These deficits give rise to adult mice with a dramatic reduction in Satb2+ upper layer neurons, and partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. Mice survive into adulthood but molecularly display reduced expression of the clustered protocadherin genes that may further contribute to altered dendritic arborization and a hyperactive behavioral phenotype. Our studies provide novel insight into the developmental function of Snf2h-dependent chromatin remodeling processes during brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matías Alvarez-Saavedra
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Keqin Yan
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yves De Repentigny
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Lukas E. Hashem
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nidhi Chaudary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Shihab Sarwar
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Doo Yang
- Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Ilya Ioshikhes
- Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Ottawa Institute of Systems Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Teruyoshi Hirayama
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Integrated Biology Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Developmental Neurobiology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yagi
- KOKORO-Biology Group, Integrated Biology Laboratories, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - David J. Picketts
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Departments of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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53
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Lv X, Ren SQ, Zhang XJ, Shen Z, Ghosh T, Xianyu A, Gao P, Li Z, Lin S, Yu Y, Zhang Q, Groszer M, Shi SH. TBR2 coordinates neurogenesis expansion and precise microcircuit organization via Protocadherin 19 in the mammalian cortex. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3946. [PMID: 31477701 PMCID: PMC6718393 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11854-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral cortex expansion is a hallmark of mammalian brain evolution; yet, how increased neurogenesis is coordinated with structural and functional development remains largely unclear. The T-box protein TBR2/EOMES is preferentially enriched in intermediate progenitors and supports cortical neurogenesis expansion. Here we show that TBR2 regulates fine-scale spatial and circuit organization of excitatory neurons in addition to enhancing neurogenesis in the mouse cortex. TBR2 removal leads to a significant reduction in neuronal, but not glial, output of individual radial glial progenitors as revealed by mosaic analysis with double markers. Moreover, in the absence of TBR2, clonally related excitatory neurons become more laterally dispersed and their preferential synapse development is impaired. Interestingly, TBR2 directly regulates the expression of Protocadherin 19 (PCDH19), and simultaneous PCDH19 expression rescues neurogenesis and neuronal organization defects caused by TBR2 removal. Together, these results suggest that TBR2 coordinates neurogenesis expansion and precise microcircuit assembly via PCDH19 in the mammalian cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lv
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Si-Qiang Ren
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xin-Jun Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhongfu Shen
- IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Tanay Ghosh
- Inserm, UMR-S839, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France.,Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council- Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB2 0AH, UK
| | - Anjin Xianyu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Graduate Program in Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Zhizhong Li
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Susan Lin
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Yang Yu
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Qiangqiang Zhang
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA
| | - Matthias Groszer
- Inserm, UMR-S839, Sorbonne Université, Institut du Fer à Moulin, Paris, 75005, France
| | - Song-Hai Shi
- Developmental Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences, Beijing Frontier Research Center of Biological Structures, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Graduate Program in Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA. .,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Weill Cornell Medical College, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY, 10065, USA.
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54
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Bustamante FA, Miró MP, VelÁsquez ZD, Molina L, Ehrenfeld P, Rivera FJ, BÁtiz LF. Role of adherens junctions and apical-basal polarity of neural stem/progenitor cells in the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders: a novel perspective on congenital Zika syndrome. Transl Res 2019; 210:57-79. [PMID: 30904442 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2019.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are the neural stem/progenitor cells (NSPCs) that give rise to most of neurons and glial cells that constitute the adult central nervous system. A hallmark of RGCs is their polarization along the apical-basal axis. They extend a long basal process that contacts the pial surface and a short apical process to the ventricular surface. Adherens junctions (AJs) are organized as belt-like structures at the most-apical lateral plasma membrane of the apical processes. These junctional complexes anchor RGCs to each other and allow the recruitment of cytoplasmic proteins that act as apical-basal determinants. It has been proposed that disruption of AJs underlies the onset of different neurodevelopmental disorders. In fact, studies performed in different animal models indicate that loss of function of AJs-related proteins in NSPCs can disrupt cell polarity, imbalance proliferation and/or differentiation rates and increase cell death, which, in turn, lead to disruption of the cytoarchitecture of the ventricular zone, protrusion of non-polarized cells into the ventricles, cortical thinning, and ventriculomegaly/hydrocephalus, among other neuropathological findings. Recent Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks and the high comorbidity of ZIKV infection with congenital neurodevelopmental defects have led to the World Health Organization to declare a public emergency of international concern. Thus, noteworthy advances have been made in clinical and experimental ZIKV research. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding the function of AJs in normal and pathological corticogenesis and focuses on the neuropathological and cellular mechanisms involved in congenital ZIKV syndrome, highlighting the potential role of cell-to-cell junctions between NSPCs in the etiopathogenesis of such syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Bustamante
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile
| | - MarÍa Paz Miró
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile
| | - Zahady D VelÁsquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Neuropathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Institute für Parasitologie, Biomedizinisches Forschungszentrum Seltersberg, Justus Liebig Universität, Gießen, Germany
| | - Luis Molina
- Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastián, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Pamela Ehrenfeld
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Laboratory of Cellular Pathology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology & Pathology, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Francisco J Rivera
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Laboratory of Stem Cells and Neuroregeneration, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; Institute of Molecular Regenerative Medicine, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria; Spinal Cord Injury and Tissue Regeneration Center Salzburg (SCI-TReCS), Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Luis Federico BÁtiz
- Center for Interdisciplinary Studies on the Nervous System (CISNe), Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia Chile; Centro de Investigación Biomédica (CIB), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de los Andes, Santiago, Chile.
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55
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Shparberg RA, Glover HJ, Morris MB. Modeling Mammalian Commitment to the Neural Lineage Using Embryos and Embryonic Stem Cells. Front Physiol 2019; 10:705. [PMID: 31354503 PMCID: PMC6637848 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early mammalian embryogenesis relies on a large range of cellular and molecular mechanisms to guide cell fate. In this highly complex interacting system, molecular circuitry tightly controls emergent properties, including cell differentiation, proliferation, morphology, migration, and communication. These molecular circuits include those responsible for the control of gene and protein expression, as well as metabolism and epigenetics. Due to the complexity of this circuitry and the relative inaccessibility of the mammalian embryo in utero, mammalian neural commitment remains one of the most challenging and poorly understood areas of developmental biology. In order to generate the nervous system, the embryo first produces two pluripotent populations, the inner cell mass and then the primitive ectoderm. The latter is the cellular substrate for gastrulation from which the three multipotent germ layers form. The germ layer definitive ectoderm, in turn, is the substrate for multipotent neurectoderm (neural plate and neural tube) formation, representing the first morphological signs of nervous system development. Subsequent patterning of the neural tube is then responsible for the formation of most of the central and peripheral nervous systems. While a large number of studies have assessed how a competent neurectoderm produces mature neural cells, less is known about the molecular signatures of definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm and the key molecular mechanisms driving their formation. Using pluripotent stem cells as a model, we will discuss the current understanding of how the pluripotent inner cell mass transitions to pluripotent primitive ectoderm and sequentially to the multipotent definitive ectoderm and neurectoderm. We will focus on the integration of cell signaling, gene activation, and epigenetic control that govern these developmental steps, and provide insight into the novel growth factor-like role that specific amino acids, such as L-proline, play in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Michael B. Morris
- Embryonic Stem Cell Laboratory, Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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56
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Rebellato P, Kaczynska D, Kanatani S, Rayyes IA, Zhang S, Villaescusa C, Falk A, Arenas E, Hermanson O, Louhivuori L, Uhlén P. The T-type Ca 2+ Channel Ca v3.2 Regulates Differentiation of Neural Progenitor Cells during Cortical Development via Caspase-3. Neuroscience 2019; 402:78-89. [PMID: 30677486 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we report that the low-voltage-dependent T-type calcium (Ca2+) channel Cav3.2, encoded by the CACNA1H gene, regulates neuronal differentiation during early embryonic brain development through activating caspase-3. At the onset of neuronal differentiation, neural progenitor cells exhibited spontaneous Ca2+ activity. This activity strongly correlated with the upregulation of CACNA1H mRNA. Cells exhibiting robust spontaneous Ca2+ signaling had increased caspase-3 activity unrelated to apoptosis. Inhibition of Cav3.2 by drugs or viral CACNA1H knock down resulted in decreased caspase-3 activity followed by suppressed neurogenesis. In contrast, when CACNA1H was overexpressed, increased neurogenesis was detected. Cortical slices from Cacna1h knockout mice showed decreased spontaneous Ca2+ activity, a significantly lower protein level of cleaved caspase-3, and microanatomical abnormalities in the subventricular/ventricular and cortical plate zones when compared to their respective embryonic controls. In summary, we demonstrate a novel relationship between Cav3.2 and caspase-3 signaling that affects neurogenesis in the developing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Rebellato
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dagmara Kaczynska
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shigeaki Kanatani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ibrahim Al Rayyes
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Songbai Zhang
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carlos Villaescusa
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Falk
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ola Hermanson
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lauri Louhivuori
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per Uhlén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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57
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Philip DL, Silantyeva EA, Becker ML, Willits RK. RGD-Functionalized Nanofibers Increase Early GFAP Expression during Neural Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells. Biomacromolecules 2019; 20:1443-1454. [PMID: 30726667 PMCID: PMC6650284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.9b00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell differentiation toward a specific lineage is controlled by its microenvironment. Polymer scaffolds have long been investigated to provide microenvironment cues; however, synthetic polymers lack the specific signaling motifs necessary to direct cellular responses on their own. In this study, we fabricated random and aligned poly(ε-caprolactone) nanofiber substrates, surface-functionalized with RGD viastrain-promoted azide-alkyne cycloaddition, that were used to investigate the role of a covalently tethered bioactive peptide (RGD) and nanofiber orientation on neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Gene and protein expression showed neural differentiation progression over 14 days, with similar expression on RGD random and aligned nanofibers for neurons and glia over time. The high levels of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression at early time points were indicative of neural progenitors, and occurred earlier than on controls or in previous reports. These results highlight the influence of RGD binding versus topography in differentiation.
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58
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Shparberg RA, Glover HJ, Morris MB. Embryoid Body Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Neurectoderm and Neural Progenitors. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2029:273-285. [PMID: 31273749 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9631-5_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) are pluripotent cells capable of differentiating in vitro to form the ~200 types of cells of the developing embryo and adult, including cells of the nervous system. This makes mESCs a useful tool for studying the molecular mechanisms of mammalian embryonic development. Many protocols involving the use of growth factors and small molecules to differentiate mESCs into neural progenitors and neurons currently exist. However, there is a paucity of protocols available that recapitulate the developmental process. Our laboratory has developed a protocol to recapitulate mammalian neural lineage development by differentiating mESCs to mature neurons via intermediate cell populations observed during in vivo embryo development. This protocol uses the amino acid L-proline to direct the differentiation of mESCs, grown as embryoid bodies, into Sox1+ neurectoderm, followed by differentiation to form Nestin+, BLBP+, and NeuN+ neural cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Shparberg
- Embryonic Stem Cell Lab, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Hannah J Glover
- Embryonic Stem Cell Lab, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Michael B Morris
- Embryonic Stem Cell Lab, Bosch Institute and Discipline of Physiology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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59
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Rushing GV, Bollig MK, Ihrie RA. Heterogeneity of Neural Stem Cells in the Ventricular-Subventricular Zone. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1169:1-30. [PMID: 31487016 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-24108-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In this chapter, heterogeneity is explored in the context of the ventricular-subventricular zone, the largest stem cell niche in the mammalian brain. This niche generates up to 10,000 new neurons daily in adult mice and extends over a large spatial area with dorso-ventral and medio-lateral subdivisions. The stem cells of the ventricular-subventricular zone can be subdivided by their anatomical position and transcriptional profile, and the stem cell lineage can also be further subdivided into stages of pre- and post-natal quiescence and activation. Beyond the stem cells proper, additional differences exist in their interactions with other cellular constituents of the niche, including neurons, vasculature, and cerebrospinal fluid. These variations in stem cell potential and local interactions are discussed, as well as unanswered questions within this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle V Rushing
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Madelyn K Bollig
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Rebecca A Ihrie
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Neuroscience Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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60
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Vaez Ghaemi R, Co IL, McFee MC, Yadav VG. Brain Organoids: A New, Transformative Investigational Tool for Neuroscience Research. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 3:e1800174. [PMID: 32627343 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.201800174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain organoids are self-assembled, three-dimensionally structured tissues that are typically derived from pluripotent stem cells. They are multicellular aggregates that more accurately recapitulate the tissue microenvironment compared to the other cell culture systems and can also reproduce organ function. They are promising models for evaluating drug leads, particularly those that target neurodegeneration, since they are genetically and phenotypically stable over prolonged durations of culturing and they reasonably reproduce critical physiological phenomena such as biochemical gradients and responses by the native tissue to stimuli. Beyond drug discovery, the use of brain organoids could also be extended to investigating early brain development and identifying the mechanisms that elicit neurodegeneration. Herein, the current state of the fabrication and use of brain organoids in drug development and medical research is summarized. Although the use of brain organoids represents a quantum leap over existing investigational tools used by the pharmaceutical industry, they are nonetheless imperfect systems that could be greatly improved through bioengineering. To this end, some key scientific challenges that would need to be addressed in order to enhance the relevance of brain organoids as model tissue are listed. Potential solutions to these challenges, including the use of bioprinting, are highlighted thereafter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roza Vaez Ghaemi
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Ileana L Co
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Matthew C McFee
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Vikramaditya G Yadav
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering & School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, V6T 1Z4, Canada
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61
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Astrocytes and the TGF-β1 Pathway in the Healthy and Diseased Brain: a Double-Edged Sword. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:4653-4679. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1396-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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62
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Docampo-Seara A, Santos-Durán GN, Candal E, Rodríguez Díaz MÁ. Expression of radial glial markers (GFAP, BLBP and GS) during telencephalic development in the catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula). Brain Struct Funct 2018; 224:33-56. [PMID: 30242506 PMCID: PMC6373381 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-018-1758-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Radial glial cells (RGCs) are the first cell populations of glial nature to appear during brain ontogeny. They act as primary progenitor (stem) cells as well as a scaffold for neuronal migration. The proliferative capacity of these cells, both in development and in adulthood, has been subject of interest during past decades. In contrast with mammals where RGCs are restricted to specific ventricular areas in the adult brain, RGCs are the predominant glial element in fishes. However, developmental studies on the RGCs of cartilaginous fishes are scant. We have studied the expression patterns of RGCs markers including glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), brain lipid binding protein (BLBP), and glutamine synthase (GS) in the telencephalic hemispheres of catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) from early embryos to post-hatch juveniles. GFAP, BLBP and GS are first detected, respectively, in early, intermediate and late embryos. Expression of these glial markers was observed in cells with radial glia morphology lining the telencephalic ventricles, as well as in their radial processes and endfeet at the pial surface and their expression continue in ependymal cells (or tanycytes) in early juveniles. In addition, BLBP- and GS-immunoreactive cells morphologically resembling oligodendrocytes were observed. In late embryos, most of the GFAP- and BLBP-positive RGCs also coexpress GS and show proliferative activity. Our results indicate the existence of different proliferating subpopulations of RGCs in the embryonic ventricular zone of catshark. Further investigations are needed to determine whether these proliferative RGCs could act as neurogenic and/or gliogenic precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Docampo-Seara
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - G N Santos-Durán
- Laboratory of Artificial and Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics and Evolution, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - E Candal
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Miguel Ángel Rodríguez Díaz
- Departamento de Bioloxía Funcional, Centro de Investigación en Bioloxía (CIBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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63
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Sauerland C, Menzies BR, Glatzle M, Seeger J, Renfree MB, Fietz SA. The Basal Radial Glia Occurs in Marsupials and Underlies the Evolution of an Expanded Neocortex in Therian Mammals. Cereb Cortex 2018; 28:145-157. [PMID: 29253253 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A hallmark of mammalian brain evolution is the emergence of the neocortex, which has expanded in all mammalian infraclasses (Eutheria, Marsupialia, Monotremata). In eutherians, neocortical neurons derive from distinct neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs). However, precise data on the presence and abundance of the NPCs, especially of basal radial glia (bRG), in the neocortex of marsupials are lacking. This study characterized and quantified the NPCs in the developing neocortex of a marsupial, the tammar wallaby (Macropus eugenii). Our data demonstrate that its neocortex is characterized by high NPC diversity. Importantly, we show that bRG exist at high relative abundance in the tammar indicating that this cell type is not specific to the eutherian neocortex and that similar mechanisms may underlie the formation of an expanded neocortex in eutherian and marsupial mammals. We also show that bRG are likely to have been present in the therian ancestor, so did not emerge independently in the eutherian and marsupial lineages. Moreover, our data support the concept that changes in multiple parameters contribute to neocortex expansion and demonstrate the importance of bRG and other NPCs for the development and expansion of the mammalian neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Sauerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Brandon R Menzies
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Megan Glatzle
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Marilyn B Renfree
- School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simone A Fietz
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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64
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Hodel AS. Rapid Infant Prefrontal Cortex Development and Sensitivity to Early Environmental Experience. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2018; 48:113-144. [PMID: 30270962 PMCID: PMC6157748 DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Over the last fifteen years, the emerging field of developmental cognitive neuroscience has described the relatively late development of prefrontal cortex in children and the relation between gradual structural changes and children's protracted development of prefrontal-dependent skills. Widespread recognition by the broader scientific community of the extended development of prefrontal cortex has led to the overwhelming perception of prefrontal cortex as a "late developing" region of the brain. However, despite its supposedly protracted development, multiple lines of research have converged to suggest that prefrontal cortex development may be particularly susceptible to individual differences in children's early environments. Recent studies demonstrate that the impacts of early adverse environments on prefrontal cortex are present very early in development: within the first year of life. This review provides a comprehensive overview of new neuroimaging evidence demonstrating that prefrontal cortex should be characterized as a "rapidly developing" region of the brain, discusses the converging impacts of early adversity on prefrontal circuits, and presents potential mechanisms via which adverse environments shape both concurrent and long-term measures of prefrontal cortex development. Given that environmentally-induced disparities are present in prefrontal cortex development within the first year of life, translational work in intervention and/or prevention science should focus on intervening early in development to take advantages of this early period of rapid prefrontal development and heightened plasticity.
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65
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Prevot V, Dehouck B, Sharif A, Ciofi P, Giacobini P, Clasadonte J. The Versatile Tanycyte: A Hypothalamic Integrator of Reproduction and Energy Metabolism. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:333-368. [PMID: 29351662 DOI: 10.1210/er.2017-00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fertility and survival of an individual rely on the ability of the periphery to promptly, effectively, and reproducibly communicate with brain neural networks that control reproduction, food intake, and energy homeostasis. Tanycytes, a specialized glial cell type lining the wall of the third ventricle in the median eminence of the hypothalamus, appear to act as the linchpin of these processes by dynamically controlling the secretion of neuropeptides into the portal vasculature by hypothalamic neurons and regulating blood-brain and blood-cerebrospinal fluid exchanges, both processes that depend on the ability of these cells to adapt their morphology to the physiological state of the individual. In addition to their barrier properties, tanycytes possess the ability to sense blood glucose levels, and play a fundamental and active role in shuttling circulating metabolic signals to hypothalamic neurons that control food intake. Moreover, accumulating data suggest that, in keeping with their putative descent from radial glial cells, tanycytes are endowed with neural stem cell properties and may respond to dietary or reproductive cues by modulating hypothalamic neurogenesis. Tanycytes could thus constitute the missing link in the loop connecting behavior, hormonal changes, signal transduction, central neuronal activation and, finally, behavior again. In this article, we will examine these recent advances in the understanding of tanycytic plasticity and function in the hypothalamus and the underlying molecular mechanisms. We will also discuss the putative involvement and therapeutic potential of hypothalamic tanycytes in metabolic and fertility disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Prevot
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Bénédicte Dehouck
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Ariane Sharif
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- Inserm, Neurocentre Magendie, Bordeaux, France.,Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
| | - Jerome Clasadonte
- Inserm, Laboratory of Development and Plasticity of the Neuroendocrine Brain, Jean-Pierre Aubert Research Center, Lille, France.,University of Lille, FHU 1000 Days for Health, School of Medicine, Lille, France
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66
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Zhu X, Zhou W, Jin H, Li T. Brn2 Alone Is Sufficient to Convert Astrocytes into Neural Progenitors and Neurons. Stem Cells Dev 2018; 27:736-744. [PMID: 29635978 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2017.0250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Generating neurons or neural progenitor cells (NPCs) from astrocytes is a potential strategy for neurological repair by reprogramming. Previous study has showed that Brn2, by cooperating with other factors, participates in neurogenesis and neuronal reprogramming. However, it is still unclear whether the Brn2 alone can convert astrocytes into neurons or NPCs. Here, we explored the effect of Brn2 on reprogramming of astrocytes, and found that a single transcription factor Brn2 can convert mouse astrocytes into functional neurons. Furthermore, the Brn2-infected astrocytes can be induced into NPCs after changing culture condition. In addition, our study found that the reprogramming of astrocytes and the fate of transdifferentiated cells are closely associated with cell microenvironmental factors, such as the brain regions where the astrocytes come from, the proliferation ability of astrocytes, and culture condition of infected astrocytes. To sum up, for the first time, our results demonstrated that Brn2 alone is sufficient to convert astrocytes into neural progenitors and neurons, and the conversion is associated with cell microenvironments. This new conversion method will be a potential therapeutic approach to restore the injured diseased brain in regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zhu
- 1 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan, China .,2 Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan, China .,3 Kunming Enovate Institute of Bioscience , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenshu Zhou
- 1 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan, China .,3 Kunming Enovate Institute of Bioscience , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Hua Jin
- 4 The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province , Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Tianqing Li
- 1 Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology , Kunming, Yunnan, China .,3 Kunming Enovate Institute of Bioscience , Kunming, Yunnan, China
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67
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Römer S, Bender H, Knabe W, Zimmermann E, Rübsamen R, Seeger J, Fietz SA. Neural Progenitors in the Developing Neocortex of the Northern Tree Shrew ( Tupaia belangeri) Show a Closer Relationship to Gyrencephalic Primates Than to Lissencephalic Rodents. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:29. [PMID: 29725291 PMCID: PMC5917011 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The neocortex is the most complex part of the mammalian brain and as such it has undergone tremendous expansion during evolution, especially in primates. The majority of neocortical neurons originate from distinct neural stem and progenitor cells (NPCs) located in the ventricular and subventricular zone (SVZ). Previous studies revealed that the SVZ thickness as well as the abundance and distribution of NPCs, especially that of basal radial glia (bRG), differ markedly between the lissencephalic rodent and gyrencephalic primate neocortex. The northern tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) is a rat-sized mammal with a high brain to body mass ratio, which stands phylogenetically mid-way between rodents and primates. Our study provides – for the first time – detailed data on the presence, abundance and distribution of bRG and other distinct NPCs in the developing neocortex of the northern tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri). We show that the developing tree shrew neocortex is characterized by an expanded SVZ, a high abundance of Pax6+ NPCs in the SVZ, and a relatively high percentage of bRG at peak of upper-layer neurogenesis. We further demonstrate that key features of tree shrew neocortex development, e.g., the presence, abundance and distribution of distinct NPCs, are closer related to those of gyrencephalic primates than to those of ferret and lissencephalic rodents. Together, our study provides novel insight into the evolution of bRG and other distinct NPCs in the neocortex development of Euarchontoglires and introduces the tree shrew as a potential novel model organism in the area of human brain development and developmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Römer
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hannah Bender
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Knabe
- Prosektur Anatomie, Medizinische Fakultät, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Elke Zimmermann
- Institute of Zoology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover, Hanover, Germany
| | - Rudolf Rübsamen
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Biosciences, Pharmacy and Psychology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simone A Fietz
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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68
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Edwards-Faret G, Cebrián-Silla A, Méndez-Olivos EE, González-Pinto K, García-Verdugo JM, Larraín J. Cellular composition and organization of the spinal cord central canal during metamorphosis of the frog Xenopus laevis. J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:1712-1732. [PMID: 29603210 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Studying the cellular composition and morphological changes of cells lining the central canal during Xenopus laevis metamorphosis could contribute to understand postnatal development and spinal cord regeneration. Here we report the analysis of central canal cells at different stages during metamorphosis using immunofluorescence for protein markers expression, transmission and scanning electron microscopy and cell proliferation assays. The central canal was regionalized according to expression of glial markers, ultrastructure, and proliferation in dorsal, lateral, and ventral domains with differences between larvae and froglets. In regenerative larvae, all cell types were uniciliated, have a radial morphology, and elongated nuclei with lax chromatin, resembling radial glial cells. Important differences in cells of nonregenerative froglets were observed, although uniciliated cells were found, the most abundant cells had multicilia and revealed extensive changes in the maturation and differentiation state. The majority of dividing cells in larvae corresponded to uniciliated cells at dorsal and lateral domains in a cervical-lumbar gradient, correlating with undifferentiated features. Neurons contacting the lumen of the central canal were detected in both stages and revealed extensive changes in the maturation and differentiation state. However, in froglets a very low proportion of cells incorporate 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU), associated with the differentiated profile and with the increase of multiciliated cells. Our work showed progressive changes in the cell types lining the central canal of Xenopus laevis spinal cord which are correlated with the regenerative capacities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Edwards-Faret
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Arantxa Cebrián-Silla
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46980, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Emilio E Méndez-Olivos
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina González-Pinto
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile.,Universidad Arturo Prat del Estado de Chile, Iquique, Chile
| | - José Manuel García-Verdugo
- Laboratorio de Neurobiologia Comparada, Instituto Cavanilles, Universidad de Valencia, Valencia 46980, CIBERNED, Valencia, Spain
| | - Juan Larraín
- Center for Aging and Regeneration, Faculty of Biological Sciences, P. Universidad Católica de Chile, Avenida Libertador Bernardo O'Higgins 340, Santiago, Chile
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69
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GFAP-Positive Progenitor Cell Production is Concentrated in Specific Encephalic Regions in Young Adult Mice. Neurosci Bull 2018; 34:769-778. [PMID: 29663175 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0228-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous genetic fate-mapping studies have indicated that embryonic glial fibrillary acidic protein-positive (GFAP+) cells are multifunctional progenitor/neural stem cells that can produce astrocytes as well as neurons and oligodendrocytes throughout the adult mouse central nervous system (CNS). However, emerging evidence from recent studies indicates that GFAP+ cells adopt different cell fates and generate different cell types in different regions. Moreover, the fate of GFAP+ cells in the young adult mouse CNS is not well understood. In the present study, hGFAP-Cre/R26R transgenic mice were used to investigate the lineage of embryonic GFAP+ cells in the young adult mouse CNS. At postnatal day 21, we found that GFAP+ cells mainly generated NeuN+ neurons in the cerebral cortex (both ventral and dorsal), hippocampus, and cerebellum. Strangely, these cells were negative for the Purkinje cell marker calbindin in the cerebellum and the neuronal marker NeuN in the thalamus. Thus, contrary to previous studies, our genetic fate-mapping revealed that the cell fate of embryonic GFAP+ cells at the young adult stage is significantly different from that at the adult stage.
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70
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Sokpor G, Castro-Hernandez R, Rosenbusch J, Staiger JF, Tuoc T. ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling During Cortical Neurogenesis. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:226. [PMID: 29686607 PMCID: PMC5900035 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of individual neurons (neurogenesis) during cortical development occurs in discrete steps that are subtly regulated and orchestrated to ensure normal histogenesis and function of the cortex. Notably, various gene expression programs are known to critically drive many facets of neurogenesis with a high level of specificity during brain development. Typically, precise regulation of gene expression patterns ensures that key events like proliferation and differentiation of neural progenitors, specification of neuronal subtypes, as well as migration and maturation of neurons in the developing cortex occur properly. ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling complexes regulate gene expression through utilization of energy from ATP hydrolysis to reorganize chromatin structure. These chromatin remodeling complexes are characteristically multimeric, with some capable of adopting functionally distinct conformations via subunit reconstitution to perform specific roles in major aspects of cortical neurogenesis. In this review, we highlight the functions of such chromatin remodelers during cortical development. We also bring together various proposed mechanisms by which ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers function individually or in concert, to specifically modulate vital steps in cortical neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godwin Sokpor
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ricardo Castro-Hernandez
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Joachim Rosenbusch
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Jochen F Staiger
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Tran Tuoc
- Institute for Neuroanatomy, University Medical Center, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, Goettingen, Germany
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71
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Florio M, Heide M, Pinson A, Brandl H, Albert M, Winkler S, Wimberger P, Huttner WB, Hiller M. Evolution and cell-type specificity of human-specific genes preferentially expressed in progenitors of fetal neocortex. eLife 2018; 7:32332. [PMID: 29561261 PMCID: PMC5898914 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular basis that underlies the expansion of the neocortex during primate, and notably human, evolution requires the identification of genes that are particularly active in the neural stem and progenitor cells of the developing neocortex. Here, we have used existing transcriptome datasets to carry out a comprehensive screen for protein-coding genes preferentially expressed in progenitors of fetal human neocortex. We show that 15 human-specific genes exhibit such expression, and many of them evolved distinct neural progenitor cell-type expression profiles and levels compared to their ancestral paralogs. Functional studies on one such gene, NOTCH2NL, demonstrate its ability to promote basal progenitor proliferation in mice. An additional 35 human genes with progenitor-enriched expression are shown to have orthologs only in primates. Our study provides a resource of genes that are promising candidates to exert specific, and novel, roles in neocortical development during primate, and notably human, evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Florio
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Heide
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Anneline Pinson
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Holger Brandl
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mareike Albert
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sylke Winkler
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Pauline Wimberger
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Michael Hiller
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany.,Max Planck Institute for the Physics of Complex Systems, Dresden, Germany
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72
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Mukhtar T, Taylor V. Untangling Cortical Complexity During Development. J Exp Neurosci 2018; 12:1179069518759332. [PMID: 29551911 PMCID: PMC5846925 DOI: 10.1177/1179069518759332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebral cortex is composed of billions of morphologically and functionally distinct neurons. These neurons are produced and organized in a regimental fashion during development. The ability of neurons to encode and elicit complex cognitive and motor functions depends on their precise molecular processes, identity, and connectivity established during development. Elucidating the cellular and molecular mechanisms that regulate development of the neocortex has been a challenge for many years. The cerebral cortical neuronal subtypes are classified based on morphology, function, intrinsic synaptic properties, location, connectivity, and marker gene expression. Development of the neocortex requires an orchestration of a series of processes including the appropriate determination, migration and positioning of the neurons, acquisition of layer-specific transcriptional hallmarks, and formation of precise axonal projections and networks. Historically, fate mapping, genome-wide analysis, and transcriptome profiling have provided many opportunities for the characterization of neuronal subtypes. During the course of this review, we will address the regimental organization of the cerebral cortex, dissect the cellular subtypes that contribute to cortical complexity, and outline their molecular hallmarks to understand cellular diversity in the cerebral cortex with a focus on the excitatory neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanzila Mukhtar
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Verdon Taylor
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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73
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Massimino L, Flores-Garcia L, Di Stefano B, Colasante G, Icoresi-Mazzeo C, Zaghi M, Hamilton BA, Sessa A. TBR2 antagonizes retinoic acid dependent neuronal differentiation by repressing Zfp423 during corticogenesis. Dev Biol 2018; 434:231-248. [PMID: 29305158 PMCID: PMC7032051 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
During cerebral cortex development, neural progenitors are required to elaborate a variety of cell differentiation signals to which they are continuously exposed. RA acid is a potent inducer of neuronal differentiation as it was found to influence cortical development. We report herein that TBR2, a transcription factor specific to Intermediate (Basal) Neural Progenitors (INPs), represses activation of the RA responsive element and expression of RA target genes in cell lines. This repressive action on RA signaling was functionally confirmed by the decrease of RA-mediated neuronal differentiation in neural stem cells stably overexpressing TBR2. In vivo mapping of RA activity in the developing cortex indicated that RA activity is detected in radial glial cells and subsequently downregulated in INPs, revealing a fine cell-type specific regulation of its signaling. Thus, TBR2 might be a molecular player in opposing RA signaling in INPs. Interestingly, this negative regulation is achieved at least in part by directly repressing the critical nuclear RA co-factor ZFP423. Indeed, we found ZFP423 to be expressed in the developing cortex and promote RA-dependent neuronal differentiation. These data indicate that TBR2 contributes to suppressing RA signaling in INPs, thereby enabling them to re-enter the cell cycle and delay neuronal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Massimino
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Lisbeth Flores-Garcia
- Departments of Cellular&Molecular Medicine and Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0644, USA
| | - Bruno Di Stefano
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Gaia Colasante
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Cecilia Icoresi-Mazzeo
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Mattia Zaghi
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Bruce A Hamilton
- Departments of Cellular&Molecular Medicine and Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, and Institute for Genomic Medicine, University of California, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093-0644, USA
| | - Alessandro Sessa
- Stem Cell and Neurogenesis Unit, Division of Neuroscience, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, 20132 Milan, Italy.
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74
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Helm C, Karl A, Beckers P, Kaul-Strehlow S, Ulbricht E, Kourtesis I, Kuhrt H, Hausen H, Bartolomaeus T, Reichenbach A, Bleidorn C. Early evolution of radial glial cells in Bilateria. Proc Biol Sci 2018; 284:rspb.2017.0743. [PMID: 28724733 PMCID: PMC5543218 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2017.0743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bilaterians usually possess a central nervous system, composed of neurons and supportive cells called glial cells. Whereas neuronal cells are highly comparable in all these animals, glial cells apparently differ, and in deuterostomes, radial glial cells are found. These particular secretory glial cells may represent the archetype of all (macro) glial cells and have not been reported from protostomes so far. This has caused controversial discussions of whether glial cells represent a homologous bilaterian characteristic or whether they (and thus, centralized nervous systems) evolved convergently in the two main clades of bilaterians. By using histology, transmission electron microscopy, immunolabelling and whole-mount in situ hybridization, we show here that protostomes also possess radial glia-like cells, which are very likely to be homologous to those of deuterostomes. Moreover, our antibody staining indicates that the secretory character of radial glial cells is maintained throughout their various evolutionary adaptations. This implies an early evolution of radial glial cells in the last common ancestor of Protostomia and Deuterostomia. Furthermore, it suggests that an intraepidermal nervous system—composed of sensory cells, neurons and radial glial cells—was probably the plesiomorphic condition in the bilaterian ancestor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Helm
- Sars International Center for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Anett Karl
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Translational Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.,Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Beckers
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Elke Ulbricht
- Biotechnology Center, Technische Universität Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ioannis Kourtesis
- Sars International Center for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Heidrun Kuhrt
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Harald Hausen
- Sars International Center for Marine Molecular Biology, University of Bergen, 5008 Bergen, Norway
| | - Thomas Bartolomaeus
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology and Ecology, University of Bonn, 53121 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul-Flechsig-Institute for Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christoph Bleidorn
- Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 28006 Madrid, Spain
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75
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Adnani L, Han S, Li S, Mattar P, Schuurmans C. Mechanisms of Cortical Differentiation. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2018; 336:223-320. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2017.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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76
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Govindan S, Jabaudon D. Coupling progenitor and neuronal diversity in the developing neocortex. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:3960-3977. [PMID: 28895133 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The adult neocortex is composed of several types of glutamatergic neurons, which are sequentially born from progenitors during development. The extent and nature of progenitor diversity, and how it relates to neuronal diversity, is still poorly understood. In this review, we discuss key features of neocortical progenitors across several species, including their morphological properties, cell cycling behaviour and molecular signatures, and how these features relate to the competence of these cells to generate distinct types of progenies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Denis Jabaudon
- Department of Basic Neuroscience, University of Geneva, Switzerland
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77
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Pino A, Fumagalli G, Bifari F, Decimo I. New neurons in adult brain: distribution, molecular mechanisms and therapies. Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 141:4-22. [PMID: 28690140 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
"Are new neurons added in the adult mammalian brain?" "Do neural stem cells activate following CNS diseases?" "How can we modulate their activation to promote recovery?" Recent findings in the field provide novel insights for addressing these questions from a new perspective. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about adult neurogenesis and neural stem cell niches in healthy and pathological conditions. We will first overview the milestones that have led to the discovery of the classical ventricular and hippocampal neural stem cell niches. In adult brain, new neurons originate from proliferating neural precursors located in the subventricular zone of the lateral ventricles and in the subgranular zone of the hippocampus. However, recent findings suggest that new neuronal cells can be added to the adult brain by direct differentiation (e.g., without cell proliferation) from either quiescent neural precursors or non-neuronal cells undergoing conversion or reprogramming to neuronal fate. Accordingly, in this review we will also address critical aspects of the newly described mechanisms of quiescence and direct conversion as well as the more canonical activation of the neurogenic niches and neuroblast reservoirs in pathological conditions. Finally, we will outline the critical elements involved in neural progenitor proliferation, neuroblast migration and differentiation and discuss their potential as targets for the development of novel therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annachiara Pino
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Guido Fumagalli
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy
| | - Francesco Bifari
- Laboratory of Cell Metabolism and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Decimo
- Section of Pharmacology, Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Italy.
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78
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Breuss MW, Leca I, Gstrein T, Hansen AH, Keays DA. Tubulins and brain development - The origins of functional specification. Mol Cell Neurosci 2017; 84:58-67. [PMID: 28347630 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of the vertebrate central nervous system is reliant on a complex cascade of biological processes that include mitotic division, relocation of migrating neurons, and the extension of dendritic and axonal processes. Each of these cellular events requires the diverse functional repertoire of the microtubule cytoskeleton for the generation of forces, assembly of macromolecular complexes and transport of molecules and organelles. The tubulins are a multi-gene family that encode for the constituents of microtubules, and have been implicated in a spectrum of neurological disorders. Evidence is building that different tubulins tune the functional properties of the microtubule cytoskeleton dependent on the cell type, developmental profile and subcellular localisation. Here we review of the origins of the functional specification of the tubulin gene family in the developing brain at a transcriptional, translational, and post-transcriptional level. We remind the reader that tubulins are not just loading controls for your average Western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin W Breuss
- Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ines Leca
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Thomas Gstrein
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria
| | - Andi H Hansen
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria; Institute of Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg 3400, Austria
| | - David A Keays
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna Biocenter (VBC), Dr Bohr-Gasse 7, Vienna 1030, Austria.
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79
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Chai X, Frotscher M. How does Reelin signaling regulate the neuronal cytoskeleton during migration? NEUROGENESIS 2016; 3:e1242455. [PMID: 28265585 DOI: 10.1080/23262133.2016.1242455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Neuronal migration is an essential step in the formation of laminated brain structures. In the developing cerebral cortex, pyramidal neurons migrate toward the Reelin-containing marginal zone. Reelin is an extracellular matrix protein synthesized by Cajal-Retzius cells. In this review, we summarize our recent results and hypotheses on how Reelin might regulate neuronal migration by acting on the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. By binding to ApoER2 receptors on the migrating neurons, Reelin induces stabilization of the leading processes extending toward the marginal zone, which involves Dab1 phosphorylation, adhesion molecule expression, cofilin phosphorylation and inhibition of tau phosphorylation. By binding to VLDLR and integrin receptors, Reelin interacts with Lis1 and induces nuclear translocation, accompanied by the ubiquitination of phosphorylated Dab1. Eventually Reelin induces clustering of its receptors resulting in the endocytosis of a Reelin/receptor complex (particularly VLDLR). The resulting decrease in Reelin contributes to neuronal arrest at the marginal zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejun Chai
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH) , Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Frotscher
- Institute for Structural Neurobiology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology Hamburg (ZMNH) , Hamburg, Germany
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80
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Chandrasekaran A, Avci HX, Leist M, Kobolák J, Dinnyés A. Astrocyte Differentiation of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells: New Tools for Neurological Disorder Research. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:215. [PMID: 27725795 PMCID: PMC5035736 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes have a central role in brain development and function, and so have gained increasing attention over the past two decades. Consequently, our knowledge about their origin, differentiation and function has increased significantly, with new research showing that astrocytes cultured alone or co-cultured with neurons have the potential to improve our understanding of various central nervous system diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, or Alexander disease. The generation of astrocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) opens up a new area for studying neurologic diseases in vitro; these models could be exploited to identify and validate potential drugs by detecting adverse effects in the early stages of drug development. However, as it is now known that a range of astrocyte populations exist in the brain, it will be important in vitro to develop standardized protocols for the in vitro generation of astrocyte subsets with defined maturity status and phenotypic properties. This will then open new possibilities for co-cultures with neurons and the generation of neural organoids for research purposes. The aim of this review article is to compare and summarize the currently available protocols and their strategies to generate human astrocytes from PSCs. Furthermore, we discuss the potential role of human-induced PSCs derived astrocytes in disease modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hasan X Avci
- BioTalentum LtdGödöllő, Hungary; Department of Medical Chemistry, University of SzegedSzeged, Hungary
| | - Marcel Leist
- Dorenkamp-Zbinden Chair, Faculty of Mathematics and Sciences, University of Konstanz Konstanz, Germany
| | | | - Andras Dinnyés
- BioTalentum LtdGödöllő, Hungary; Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent Istvan UniversityGödöllő, Hungary
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81
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Rushing G, Ihrie RA. Neural stem cell heterogeneity through time and space in the ventricular-subventricular zone. FRONTIERS IN BIOLOGY 2016; 11:261-284. [PMID: 28367160 PMCID: PMC5371406 DOI: 10.1007/s11515-016-1407-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The origin and classification of neural stem cells (NSCs) has been a subject of intense investigation for the past two decades. Efforts to categorize NSCs based on their location, function and expression have established that these cells are a heterogeneous pool in both the embryonic and adult brain. The discovery and additional characterization of adult NSCs has introduced the possibility of using these cells as a source for neuronal and glial replacement following injury or disease. To understand how one could manipulate NSC developmental programs for therapeutic use, additional work is needed to elucidate how NSCs are programmed and how signals during development are interpreted to determine cell fate. OBJECTIVE This review describes the identification, classification and characterization of NSCs within the large neurogenic niche of the ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ). METHODS A literature search was conducted using Pubmed including the keywords "ventricular-subventricular zone," "neural stem cell," "heterogeneity," "identity" and/or "single cell" to find relevant manuscripts to include within the review. A special focus was placed on more recent findings using single-cell level analyses on neural stem cells within their niche(s). RESULTS This review discusses over 20 research articles detailing findings on V-SVZ NSC heterogeneity, over 25 articles describing fate determinants of NSCs, and focuses on 8 recent publications using distinct single-cell analyses of neural stem cells including flow cytometry and RNA-seq. Additionally, over 60 manuscripts highlighting the markers expressed on cells within the NSC lineage are included in a chart divided by cell type. CONCLUSIONS Investigation of NSC heterogeneity and fate decisions is ongoing. Thus far, much research has been conducted in mice however, findings in human and other mammalian species are also discussed here. Implications of NSC heterogeneity established in the embryo for the properties of NSCs in the adult brain are explored, including how these cells may be redirected after injury or genetic manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Rushing
- Program in Neuroscience, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Rebecca A. Ihrie
- Departments of Cancer Biology and Neurological Surgery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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82
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Yao B, Christian KM, He C, Jin P, Ming GL, Song H. Epigenetic mechanisms in neurogenesis. Nat Rev Neurosci 2016; 17:537-49. [PMID: 27334043 DOI: 10.1038/nrn.2016.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the embryonic and adult brain, neural stem cells proliferate and give rise to neurons and glia through highly regulated processes. Epigenetic mechanisms - including DNA and histone modifications, as well as regulation by non-coding RNAs - have pivotal roles in different stages of neurogenesis. Aberrant epigenetic regulation also contributes to the pathogenesis of various brain disorders. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of epigenetic regulation in neurogenesis and its dysregulation in brain disorders, including discussion of newly identified DNA cytosine modifications. We also briefly cover the emerging field of epitranscriptomics, which involves modifications of mRNAs and long non-coding RNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Yao
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Kimberly M Christian
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Chemistry, Institute for Biophysical Dynamics, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, USA
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, 615 Michael Street, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, USA
| | - Guo-Li Ming
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Hongjun Song
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA.,The Solomon Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
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83
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Sánchez-Farías N, Candal E. Identification of Radial Glia Progenitors in the Developing and Adult Retina of Sharks. Front Neuroanat 2016; 10:65. [PMID: 27378863 PMCID: PMC4913098 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2016.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neural stem cells give rise to transient progenitors termed neuroepithelial cells (NECs) and radial glial cells (RGCs). RGCs represent the major source of neurons, glia and adult stem cells in several regions of the central nervous system (CNS). RGCs are mostly transient in mammals, but they are widely maintained in the adult CNS of fishes, where they continue to be morphologically similar to RGCs in the mammalian brain and fulfill similar roles as progenitors and guide for migrating neurons. The retina of fishes offers an exceptional model to approach the study of adult neurogenesis because of the presence of constitutive proliferation from the ciliary marginal zone (CMZ), containing NECs, and from adult glial cells with radial morphology (the Müller glia). However, the cellular hierarchies and precise contribution of different types of progenitors to adult neurogenesis remain unsolved. We have analyzed the transition from NECs to RGCs and RGC differentiation in the retina of the cartilaginous fish Scyliorhinus canicula, which offers a particularly good spatial and temporal frame to investigate this process. We have characterized progenitor and adult RGCs by immunohistochemical detection of glial markers as glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and glutamine synthetase (GS). We have compared the emergence and localization of glial markers with that of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA, a proliferation maker) and Doublecortin (DCX, which increases at early stages of neuronal differentiation). During retinal development, GFAP-immunoreactive NECs located in the most peripheral CMZ (CMZp) codistribute with DCX-immunonegative cells. GFAP-immunoreactive RGCs and Müller cells are located in successive more central parts of the retina and codistribute with DCX- and DCX/GS-immunoreactive cells, respectively. The same types of progenitors are found in juveniles, suggesting that the contribution of the CMZ to adult neurogenesis implies a transition through the radial glia (RG) state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Sánchez-Farías
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Ecoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Eva Candal
- Grupo BRAINSHARK, Departamento de Bioloxía Celular e Ecoloxía, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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84
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Rani N, Nowakowski TJ, Zhou H, Godshalk SE, Lisi V, Kriegstein AR, Kosik KS. A Primate lncRNA Mediates Notch Signaling during Neuronal Development by Sequestering miRNA. Neuron 2016; 90:1174-1188. [PMID: 27263970 PMCID: PMC4911262 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a diverse and poorly conserved category of transcripts that have expanded greatly in primates, particularly in the brain. We identified an lncRNA, which has acquired 16 microRNA response elements for miR-143-3p in the Catarrhini branch of primates. This lncRNA, termed LncND (neurodevelopment), is expressed in neural progenitor cells and then declines in neurons. Binding and release of miR-143-3p by LncND control the expression of Notch receptors. LncND expression is enriched in radial glia cells (RGCs) in the ventricular and subventricular zones of developing human brain. Downregulation in neuroblastoma cells reduced cell proliferation and induced neuronal differentiation, an effect phenocopied by miR-143-3p overexpression. Gain of function of LncND in developing mouse cortex led to an expansion of PAX6+ RGCs. These findings support a role for LncND in miRNA-mediated regulation of Notch signaling within the neural progenitor pool in primates that may have contributed to the expansion of cerebral cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Rani
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Tomasz J Nowakowski
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Hongjun Zhou
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Sirie E Godshalk
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Véronique Lisi
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
| | - Arnold R Kriegstein
- Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kenneth S Kosik
- Neuroscience Research Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA.
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85
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Jin X. The role of neurogenesis during development and in the adult brain. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 44:2291-9. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xing Jin
- Department of Pharmacy; the Affiliated Suzhou Municipal Hospital; Nanjing Medical University; Suzhou 215001 China
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86
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Zhu X, Li B, Ai Z, Xiang Z, Zhang K, Qiu X, Chen Y, Li Y, Rizak JD, Niu Y, Hu X, Sun YE, Ji W, Li T. A Robust Single Primate Neuroepithelial Cell Clonal Expansion System for Neural Tube Development and Disease Studies. Stem Cell Reports 2015; 6:228-42. [PMID: 26584544 PMCID: PMC4750068 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2015.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Developing a model of primate neural tube (NT) development is important to promote many NT disorder studies in model organisms. Here, we report a robust and stable system to allow for clonal expansion of single monkey neuroepithelial stem cells (NESCs) to develop into miniature NT-like structures. Single NESCs can produce functional neurons in vitro, survive, and extensively regenerate neuron axons in monkey brain. NT formation and NESC maintenance depend on high metabolism activity and Wnt signaling. NESCs are regionally restricted to a telencephalic fate. Moreover, single NESCs can turn into radial glial progenitors (RGPCs). The transition is accurately regulated by Wnt signaling through regulation of Notch signaling and adhesion molecules. Finally, using the “NESC-TO-NTs” system, we model the functions of folic acid (FA) on NT closure and demonstrate that FA can regulate multiple mechanisms to prevent NT defects. Our system is ideal for studying NT development and diseases. Long-term cultured neuroepithelial stem cells (NESCs) can be induced from monkey ESCs Single NESCs can self-organize into miniature neural tube (NT) structures NESCs have high metabolism activity and are restricted to a telencephalic fate The “NESC-TO-NTs” system can model and study RPGC transition and NT defect disease
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Zhu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Biomedicine and Animal Science, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Bo Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, China; Chongqing Key Lab of Forage & Herbivore, College of Animal Science and Technology (CAST), Southwest University, No. 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Zongyong Ai
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Biomedicine and Animal Science, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Zheng Xiang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, China; Chongqing Key Lab of Forage & Herbivore, College of Animal Science and Technology (CAST), Southwest University, No. 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Kunshang Zhang
- Translational Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoyan Qiu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, China
| | - Yongchang Chen
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Biomedicine and Animal Science, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Yuemin Li
- Chongqing Key Lab of Forage & Herbivore, College of Animal Science and Technology (CAST), Southwest University, No. 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Joshua D Rizak
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan, China
| | - Yuyu Niu
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Biomedicine and Animal Science, Kunming 650500, China
| | - Xintian Hu
- Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223 Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Eve Sun
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, China; Translational Stem Cell Research Center, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Weizhi Ji
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Biomedicine and Animal Science, Kunming 650500, China.
| | - Tianqing Li
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Primate Biomedical Research, Institute of Primate Translational Medicine, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, 650500 Yunnan, China; National Engineering Research Center of Biomedicine and Animal Science, Kunming 650500, China.
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87
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Molecular Biomarkers for Embryonic and Adult Neural Stem Cell and Neurogenesis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:727542. [PMID: 26421301 PMCID: PMC4569757 DOI: 10.1155/2015/727542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The procedure of neurogenesis has made numerous achievements in the past decades, during which various molecular biomarkers have been emerging and have been broadly utilized for the investigation of embryonic and adult neural stem cell (NSC). Nevertheless, there is not a consistent and systematic illustration to depict the functional characteristics of the specific markers expressed in distinct cell types during the different stages of neurogenesis. Here we gathered and generalized a series of NSC biomarkers emerging during the procedures of embryonic and adult neural stem cell, which may be used to identify the subpopulation cells with distinguishing characters in different timeframes of neurogenesis. The identifications of cell patterns will provide applications to the detailed investigations of diverse developmental cell stages and the extents of cell differentiation, which will facilitate the tracing of cell time-course and fate determination of specific cell types and promote the further and literal discoveries of embryonic and adult neurogenesis. Meanwhile, via the utilization of comprehensive applications under the aiding of the systematic knowledge framework, researchers may broaden their insights into the derivation and establishment of novel technologies to analyze the more detailed process of embryogenesis and adult neurogenesis.
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88
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Wong FK, Fei JF, Mora-Bermúdez F, Taverna E, Haffner C, Fu J, Anastassiadis K, Stewart AF, Huttner WB. Sustained Pax6 Expression Generates Primate-like Basal Radial Glia in Developing Mouse Neocortex. PLoS Biol 2015; 13:e1002217. [PMID: 26252244 PMCID: PMC4529158 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The evolutionary expansion of the neocortex in mammals has been linked to enlargement of the subventricular zone (SVZ) and increased proliferative capacity of basal progenitors (BPs), notably basal radial glia (bRG). The transcription factor Pax6 is known to be highly expressed in primate, but not mouse, BPs. Here, we demonstrate that sustaining Pax6 expression selectively in BP-genic apical radial glia (aRG) and their BP progeny of embryonic mouse neocortex suffices to induce primate-like progenitor behaviour. Specifically, we conditionally expressed Pax6 by in utero electroporation using a novel, Tis21–CreERT2 mouse line. This expression altered aRG cleavage plane orientation to promote bRG generation, increased cell-cycle re-entry of BPs, and ultimately increased upper-layer neuron production. Upper-layer neuron production was also increased in double-transgenic mouse embryos with sustained Pax6 expression in the neurogenic lineage. Strikingly, increased BPs existed not only in the SVZ but also in the intermediate zone of the neocortex of these double-transgenic mouse embryos. In mutant mouse embryos lacking functional Pax6, the proportion of bRG among BPs was reduced. Our data identify specific Pax6 effects in BPs and imply that sustaining this Pax6 function in BPs could be a key aspect of SVZ enlargement and, consequently, the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex. "Humanizing" the expression of the transcription factor Pax6 in cortical progenitors in the developing mouse brain is sufficient to endow these progenitors with a primate-like proliferative capacity. During development, neural progenitors generate all cells that make up the mammalian brain. Differences in brain size among the various mammalian species are attributed to differences in the abundance and proliferative capacity of a specific class of neural progenitors called basal progenitors. Among these, a specific progenitor type called basal radial glia is thought to have played an important role during evolution in the expansion of the neocortex, the part of the brain associated with higher cognitive functions like conscious thought and language. In the neocortex, the expression of the transcription factor Pax6 in basal progenitors is low in rodents, but high in primates, including humans. In this study, we aimed to mimic the elevated expression pattern of Pax6 seen in humans in basal progenitors of the embryonic mouse neocortex. To this end, we generated a novel, transgenic mouse line that allows sustained expression of the Pax6 gene in basal progenitors. This elevated expression resulted in an increase in the generation of basal radial glia, in the proliferative capacity of basal progenitors, and, ultimately, in the number of neurons produced. Our findings demonstrate that altering the expression of a single transcription factor from a mouse to a human-like pattern suffices to induce a primate-like proliferative behaviour in neural progenitors, which is thought to underlie the evolutionary expansion of the neocortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fong Kuan Wong
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ji-Feng Fei
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Elena Taverna
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Christiane Haffner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jun Fu
- Biotechnology Center of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - A. Francis Stewart
- Biotechnology Center of the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Wieland B. Huttner
- Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics, Dresden, Germany
- * E-mail:
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89
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De Juan Romero C, Borrell V. Coevolution of radial glial cells and the cerebral cortex. Glia 2015; 63:1303-19. [PMID: 25808466 PMCID: PMC5008138 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Radial glia cells play fundamental roles in the development of the cerebral cortex, acting both as the primary stem and progenitor cells, as well as the guides for neuronal migration and lamination. These critical functions of radial glia cells in cortical development have been discovered mostly during the last 15 years and, more recently, seminal studies have demonstrated the existence of a remarkable diversity of additional cortical progenitor cell types, including a variety of basal radial glia cells with key roles in cortical expansion and folding, both in ontogeny and phylogeny. In this review, we summarize the main cellular and molecular mechanisms known to be involved in cerebral cortex development in mouse, as the currently preferred animal model, and then compare these with known mechanisms in other vertebrates, both mammal and nonmammal, including human. This allows us to present a global picture of how radial glia cells and the cerebral cortex seem to have coevolved, from reptiles to primates, leading to the remarkable diversity of vertebrate cortical phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camino De Juan Romero
- Instituto De Neurociencias, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D'alacant, Spain
| | - Víctor Borrell
- Instituto De Neurociencias, Consejo Superior De Investigaciones Científicas & Universidad Miguel Hernández, Sant Joan D'alacant, Spain
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90
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Morris-Rosendahl DJ, Kaindl AM. What next-generation sequencing (NGS) technology has enabled us to learn about primary autosomal recessive microcephaly (MCPH). Mol Cell Probes 2015; 29:271-81. [PMID: 26050940 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The impact that next-generation sequencing technology (NGS) is having on many aspects of molecular and cell biology, is becoming increasingly apparent. One of the most noticeable outcomes of the new technology in human genetics, has been the accelerated rate of identification of disease-causing genes. Especially for rare, heterogeneous disorders, such as autosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH), the handful of genes previously known to harbour disease-causing mutations, has grown at an unprecedented rate within a few years. Knowledge of new genes mutated in MCPH over the last four years has contributed to our understanding of the disorder at both the clinical and cellular levels. The functions of proteins such as WDR62, CASC5, PHC1, CDK6, CENP-E, CENP-F, CEP63, ZNF335, PLK4 and TUBGPC, have been added to the complex network of critical cellular processes known to be involved in brain growth and size. In addition to the importance of mitotic spindle assembly and structure, centrosome and centriole function and DNA repair and damage response, new mechanisms involving kinetochore-associated proteins and chromatin remodelling complexes have been elucidated. Two of the major contributions to our clinical knowledge are the realisation that primary microcephaly caused by mutations in genes at the MCPH loci is seldom an isolated clinical feature and is often accompanied either by additional cortical malformations or primordial dwarfism. Gene-phenotype correlations are being revisited, with a new dimension of locus heterogeneity and phenotypic variability being revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah J Morris-Rosendahl
- Clinical Genetics and Genomics, Royal Brompton and Harefield NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom; National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom.
| | - Angela M Kaindl
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
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91
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Nambirajan A, Sharma MC, Gupta RK, Suri V, Singh M, Sarkar C. Study of stem cell marker nestin and its correlation with vascular endothelial growth factor and microvascular density in ependymomas. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol 2015; 40:714-25. [PMID: 24224478 DOI: 10.1111/nan.12097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ependymomas are relatively rare glial tumours, whose pathogenesis is not well elucidated. They are enigmatic tumours that show site-specific differences in their biological behaviour. Recent studies have hypothesized that ependymoma cancer stem cells (CSCs) are derived from radial glia and express stem cell markers such as nestin, which is associated with a poor prognosis. CSCs reside in 'vascular niches', where endothelial cells and molecular signals like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) play an important role in their survival. Studies analysing VEGF expression in ependymomas showed that ependymal vascular proliferation is less sensitive to induction by VEGF, questioning the possible beneficial effect of anti-VEGF therapy in ependymomas. We aimed to study nestin and VEGF immunoexpression in ependymomas, correlate them with clinicopathological parameters and reveal a role for VEGF in ependymomas that extends beyond the context of tumour angiogenesis. METHODS We analysed 126 cases of ependymomas of different grades and locations for nestin and VEGF immunoexpression. Endothelial cells were labelled with CD34. Vascular patterns and microvascular density was determined. RESULTS Nestin and VEGF expression in tumour cells were more frequent in supratentorial tumours [89% (33/37) and 65% (24/37) respectively], and were associated with a significantly poor progression-free survival (PFS). VEGF expression did not reveal any correlation with necrosis or bizarre vascular patterns. CONCLUSIONS Supratentorial location is an independent predictor of a poor PFS. Significant coexpression of nestin and VEGF suggests that latter possibly augments stem cell survival. Thus, anti-VEGF therapy may be a good option in future for nestin immunopositive ependymomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruna Nambirajan
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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92
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Decoding astrocyte heterogeneity: New tools for clonal analysis. Neuroscience 2015; 323:10-9. [PMID: 25917835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The importance of astrocyte heterogeneity came out as a hot topic in neurosciences especially over the last decades, when the development of new methodologies allowed demonstrating the existence of big differences in morphological, neurochemical and physiological features between astrocytes. However, although the knowledge about the biology of astrocytes is increasing rapidly, an important characteristic that remained unexplored, until the last years, has been the relationship between astrocyte lineages and cell heterogeneity. To fill this gap, a new method called StarTrack was recently developed, a powerful genetic tool that allows tracking astrocyte lineages forming cell clones. Using StarTrack, a single astrocyte progenitor and its progeny can be specifically labeled from its generation, during embryonic development, to its final fate in the adult brain. Because of this specific labeling, astrocyte clones, exhibiting heterogeneous morphologies and features, can be easily analyzed in relation to their ontogenetic origin. This review summarizes how astrocyte heterogeneity can be decoded studying the embryonic development of astrocyte lineages and their clonal relationship. Finally, we discuss about some of the challenges and opportunities emerging in this exciting area of investigation.
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93
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Chemokine-ligands/receptors: multiplayers in traumatic spinal cord injury. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:486758. [PMID: 25977600 PMCID: PMC4419224 DOI: 10.1155/2015/486758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) results in complex posttraumatic sequelae affecting the whole neuraxis. Due to its involvement in varied neuromodulatory processes, the chemokine-ligand/receptor-network is a key element of secondary lesion cascades induced by SCI. This review will provide a synopsis of chemokine-ligand/receptor-expression along the whole neuraxis after traumatic spinal cord (sc) insults on basis of recent in vivo and in vitro findings in a SCI paradigm of thoracic force-defined impact lesions (Infinite Horizon Impactor) in adult rats. Analyses of chemokine-ligand/receptor-expression at defined time points after sc lesion of different severity grades or sham operation revealed that these inflammatory mediators are induced in distinct anatomical sc regions and in thalamic nuclei, periaqueductal grey, and hippocampal structures in the brain. Cellular and anatomical expression profiles together with colocalization/expression of neural stem/progenitor cell markers in adult sc stem cells niches or with pain-related receptors and mediators in dorsal horns, dorsal columns, and pain-processing brain areas support the notion that chemokines are involved in distinct cascades underlying clinical posttraumatic impairments and syndromes. These aspects and their implication in concepts of tailored SCI treatment are reviewed in the context of the recent literature on chemokine-ligand/receptor involvement in complex secondary lesion cascades.
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94
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Meechan DW, Maynard TM, Tucker ES, Fernandez A, Karpinski BA, Rothblat LA, LaMantia AS. Modeling a model: Mouse genetics, 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, and disorders of cortical circuit development. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 130:1-28. [PMID: 25866365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 03/24/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the developmental etiology of autistic spectrum disorders, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder and schizophrenia remains a major challenge for establishing new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to these common, difficult-to-treat diseases that compromise neural circuits in the cerebral cortex. One aspect of this challenge is the breadth and overlap of ASD, ADHD, and SCZ deficits; another is the complexity of mutations associated with each, and a third is the difficulty of analyzing disrupted development in at-risk or affected human fetuses. The identification of distinct genetic syndromes that include behavioral deficits similar to those in ASD, ADHC and SCZ provides a critical starting point for meeting this challenge. We summarize clinical and behavioral impairments in children and adults with one such genetic syndrome, the 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome, routinely called 22q11DS, caused by micro-deletions of between 1.5 and 3.0 MB on human chromosome 22. Among many syndromic features, including cardiovascular and craniofacial anomalies, 22q11DS patients have a high incidence of brain structural, functional, and behavioral deficits that reflect cerebral cortical dysfunction and fall within the spectrum that defines ASD, ADHD, and SCZ. We show that developmental pathogenesis underlying this apparent genetic "model" syndrome in patients can be defined and analyzed mechanistically using genomically accurate mouse models of the deletion that causes 22q11DS. We conclude that "modeling a model", in this case 22q11DS as a model for idiopathic ASD, ADHD and SCZ, as well as other behavioral disorders like anxiety frequently seen in 22q11DS patients, in genetically engineered mice provides a foundation for understanding the causes and improving diagnosis and therapy for these disorders of cortical circuit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel W Meechan
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Thomas M Maynard
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Eric S Tucker
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, Neuroscience Graduate Program, and Center for Neuroscience, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Alejandra Fernandez
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Beverly A Karpinski
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Lawrence A Rothblat
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Anthony-S LaMantia
- Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Pharmacology & Physiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.
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95
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Kask K, Ruisu K, Tikker L, Karis K, Saare M, Meier R, Karis A, Tõnissoo T, Pooga M. Deletion of RIC8A in neural precursor cells leads to altered neurogenesis and neonatal lethality of mouse. Dev Neurobiol 2015; 75:984-1002. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Keiu Kask
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Katrin Ruisu
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Laura Tikker
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Kirstin Karis
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Merly Saare
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Riho Meier
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Alar Karis
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Tambet Tõnissoo
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
| | - Margus Pooga
- Department of Developmental Biology; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of Tartu; 23 Riia St., Tartu 51010 Estonia
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96
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Gladwin K, Choi D. Olfactory Ensheathing Cells: Part I—Current Concepts and Experimental Laboratory Models. World Neurosurg 2015; 83:114-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2013.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2012] [Revised: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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97
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Shin HY, Kim JW, Paek SH, Kim DG. The Characteristics of Neuronal Stem Cells of Central Neurocytoma. Neurosurg Clin N Am 2015; 26:31-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nec.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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98
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Gerstmann K, Pensold D, Symmank J, Khundadze M, Hübner CA, Bolz J, Zimmer G. Thalamic afferents influence cortical progenitors via ephrin A5-EphA4 interactions. Development 2014; 142:140-50. [PMID: 25480914 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The phenotype of excitatory cerebral cortex neurons is specified at the progenitor level, orchestrated by various intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Here, we provide evidence for a subcortical contribution to cortical progenitor regulation by thalamic axons via ephrin A5-EphA4 interactions. Ephrin A5 is expressed by thalamic axons and represents a high-affinity ligand for EphA4 receptors detected in cortical precursors. Recombinant ephrin A5-Fc protein, as well as ephrin A ligand-expressing, thalamic axons affect the output of cortical progenitor division in vitro. Ephrin A5-deficient mice show an altered division mode of radial glial cells (RGCs) accompanied by increased numbers of intermediate progenitor cells (IPCs) and an elevated neuronal production for the deep cortical layers at E13.5. In turn, at E16.5 the pool of IPCs is diminished, accompanied by reduced rates of generated neurons destined for the upper cortical layers. This correlates with extended infragranular layers at the expense of superficial cortical layers in adult ephrin A5-deficient and EphA4-deficient mice. We suggest that ephrin A5 ligands imported by invading thalamic axons interact with EphA4-expressing RGCs, thereby contributing to the fine-tuning of IPC generation and thus the proper neuronal output for cortical layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Gerstmann
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany Institute for General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Daniel Pensold
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Judit Symmank
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Mukhran Khundadze
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian A Hübner
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bolz
- Institute for General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Geraldine Zimmer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Jena University Hospital, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany Institute for General Zoology and Animal Physiology, Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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99
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Neural progenitor cells orchestrate microglia migration and positioning into the developing cortex. Nat Commun 2014; 5:5611. [PMID: 25425146 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms6611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are observed in the early developing forebrain and contribute to the regulation of neurogenesis through still unravelled mechanisms. In the developing cerebral cortex, microglia cluster in the ventricular/subventricular zone (VZ/SVZ), a region containing Cxcl12-expressing basal progenitors (BPs). Here we show that the ablation of BP as well as genetic loss of Cxcl12 affect microglia recruitment into the SVZ. Ectopic Cxcl12 expression or pharmacological blockage of CxcR4 further supports that Cxcl12/CxcR4 signalling is involved in microglial recruitment during cortical development. Furthermore, we found that cell death in the developing forebrain triggers microglial proliferation and that this is mediated by the release of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF). Finally, we show that the depletion of microglia in mice lacking receptor for colony-stimulating factor-1 (Csf-1R) reduces BPs into the cerebral cortex.
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100
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Stipursky J, Francis D, Dezonne RS, Bérgamo de Araújo AP, Souza L, Moraes CA, Alcantara Gomes FC. TGF-β1 promotes cerebral cortex radial glia-astrocyte differentiation in vivo. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:393. [PMID: 25484855 PMCID: PMC4240069 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The major neural stem cell population in the developing cerebral cortex is composed of the radial glial cells, which generate glial cells and neurons. The mechanisms that modulate the maintenance of the radial glia (RG) stem cell phenotype, or its differentiation, are not yet completely understood. We previously demonstrated that the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) promotes RG differentiation into astrocytes in vitro (Glia 2007; 55:1023-33) through activation of multiple canonical and non-canonical signaling pathways (Dev Neurosci 2012; 34:68-81). However, it remains unknown if TGF-β1 acts in RG-astrocyte differentiation in vivo. Here, we addressed the astrogliogenesis induced by TGF-β1 by using the intraventricular in utero injection in vivo approach. We show that injection of TGF-β1 in the lateral ventricles of E14,5 mice embryos resulted in RG fibers disorganization and premature gliogenesis, evidenced by appearance of GFAP positive cells in the cortical wall. These events were followed by decreased numbers of neurons in the cortical plate (CP). Together, we also described that TGF-β1 actions are region-dependent, once RG cells from dorsal region of the cerebral cortex demonstrated to be more responsive to this cytokine compared with RG from lateral cortex either in vitro as well as in vivo. Our work demonstrated that TGF-β1 is a critical cytokine that regulates RG fate decision and differentiation into astrocytes in vitro and in vivo. We also suggest that RG cells are heterogeneous population that acts as distinct targets of TGF-β1 during cerebral cortex development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joice Stipursky
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Centro de Ciências da Saúde Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Daniel Francis
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Centro de Ciências da Saúde Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rômulo Sperduto Dezonne
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Centro de Ciências da Saúde Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Bérgamo de Araújo
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Centro de Ciências da Saúde Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Lays Souza
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Centro de Ciências da Saúde Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Carolina A Moraes
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Centro de Ciências da Saúde Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Flávia Carvalho Alcantara Gomes
- Laboratório de Neurobiologia Celular, Programa de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Centro de Ciências da Saúde Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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