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Kagoya R, Toma-Hirano M, Yamagishi J, Matsumoto N, Kondo K, Ito K. Immunological status of the olfactory bulb in a murine model of Toll-like receptor 3-mediated upper respiratory tract inflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:13. [PMID: 35012562 PMCID: PMC8744287 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02378-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Postviral olfactory dysfunction (PVOD) following a viral upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is one of the most common causes of olfactory disorders, often lasting for over a year. To date, the molecular pathology of PVOD has not been elucidated. METHODS A murine model of Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3)-mediated upper respiratory tract inflammation was used to investigate the impact of URIs on the olfactory system. Inflammation was induced via the intranasal administration of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C), a TLR3 ligand) to the right nostril for 3 days. Peripheral olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), immune cells in the olfactory mucosa, and glial cells in the olfactory bulb (OB) were analyzed histologically. Proinflammatory cytokines in the nasal tissue and OB were evaluated using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS In the treated mice, OSNs were markedly reduced in the olfactory mucosa, and T cell and neutrophil infiltration therein was observed 1 day after the end of poly(I:C) administration. Moreover, there was a considerable increase in microglial cells and slight increase in activated astrocytes in the OB. In addition, qPCR and ELISA revealed the elevated expression of interleukin-1 beta, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and interferon-gamma both in the OB and nasal tissue. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, the decreased peripheral OSNs, OB microgliosis, and elevated proinflammatory cytokines suggest that immunological changes in the OB may be involved in the pathogenesis of PVOD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoji Kagoya
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan.
| | - Makiko Toma-Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Junya Yamagishi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
| | - Naoyuki Matsumoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Kameda Medical Center, 929, Higashi-cho, Kamogawa, Chiba, 296-8602, Japan
| | - Kenji Kondo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Ken Ito
- Department of Otolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine, Teikyo University, 2-11-1, Kaga, Itabashi-ku, Tokyo, 173-8605, Japan
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52
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Sian-Hülsmann J. Wilful pathogens provoke a gut feeling in Parkinson’s disease. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2021; 129:557-562. [PMID: 34923593 PMCID: PMC8684782 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-021-02448-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is the second most common neurological disorder marked by characteristic poverty and dysfunction in movement. There are many mechanisms and factors which have been postulated to be associated with the neurodegenerative pathway(s) resulting in distinctive loss of neurons in the substantia nigra. Subsequently, the neuropathology is more widespread and exhibited in other areas of the brain, and enteric nervous system. Aggregates of misfolded α-synuclein or Lewy bodies are the hallmark of the illness and appear to be central in the whole cascade of cell destruction. There are many processes implicated in neuronal destruction including: oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, an imbalance in protein homeostasis and neuroinflammation. Interesting, inflammation induced by pathogens (including, bacteria and viruses) has been associated in the pathogenesis of the disease. Bacteria such as Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter suis appear to colonise the gut, and elicit systemic immune responses, which is them transmitted via the gut-axis to the brain, where cytotoxic cytokines induce neuroinflammation and cell death. This conforms to the bottom–top hypothesis proposed by Braak. The gut is also implicated in two other theories postulated in the development and progression of the disorder, namely, the top–down and the threshold. There is a possibility that these theories may be inter-linked and operate together to certain degree. Ultimately specific trigger factors or conditions may govern the occurrences of these processes in genetically predisposed individuals. Nevertheless, the importance of pathogen-related gut infections cannot be overlooked, since it can result in dysbiosis of gut microbes, which may orchestrate α-synuclein pathology and eventually cell destruction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeswinder Sian-Hülsmann
- Department of Medical Physiology, University of Nairobi, P.O. Box 30197, Nairobi, 00100, Kenya.
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53
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Abd-El-Basset EM, Rao MS, Alshawaf SM, Ashkanani HK, Kabli AH. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) induces astrogliosis, microgliosis and promotes survival of cortical neurons. AIMS Neurosci 2021; 8:558-584. [PMID: 34877406 PMCID: PMC8611192 DOI: 10.3934/neuroscience.2021031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Neuro-inflammation occurs as a sequence of brain injury and is associated with production of cytokines. Cytokines can modulate the function and survival of neurons, microglia and astrocytes. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of TNF on the neurons, microglia and astrocytes in normal brain and stab wound brain injury. Methods Normal BALB/c male mice (N) without any injury were subdivided into NA and NB groups. Another set mouse was subjected to stab wound brain injury (I) and were subdivided into IA and IB. NA and IA groups received intraperitoneal injections of TNF (1 µg/kg body weight/day) for nine days, whereas NB and IB groups received intraperitoneal injections of PBS. Animals were killed on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 7th, and 9th day. Frozen brain sections through the injury site in IA and IB or corresponding region in NA and NB groups were stained for neurodegeneration, immunostained for astrocytes, microglia and neurons. Western blotting for GFAP and ELISA for BDNF were done from the tissues collected from all groups. Results The number of degenerating neurons significantly decreased in TNF treated groups. There was a significant increase in the number of astrocytes and microglia in TNF treated groups compared to PBS treated groups. In addition, it was found that TNF stimulated the expression of GFAP and BDNF in NA and IA groups. Conclusions TNF induces astrogliosis and microgliosis in normal and injured brain and promotes the survival of cortical neurons in stab wound brain injury, may be by upregulating the BDNF level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ebtesam M Abd-El-Basset
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13100, Kuwait
| | - Muddanna Sakkattu Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University, P.O. Box 24923, Safat 13100, Kuwait
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54
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TLR Signaling in Brain Immunity. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 276:213-237. [PMID: 34761292 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) comprise a group of transmembrane proteins with crucial roles in pathogen recognition, immune responses, and signal transduction. This family represented the first line of immune homeostasis in an evolutionarily conserved manner. Extensive researches in the past two decades had emphasized their structural and functional characteristics under both healthy and pathological conditions. In this review, we summarized the current understanding of TLR signaling in the central nervous system (CNS), which had been viewed as a previously "immune-privileged" but now "immune-specialized" area, with major implications for further investigation of pathological nature as well as potential therapeutic manipulation of TLR signaling in various neurological disorders.
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55
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Ding Z, Guo S, Luo L, Zheng Y, Gan S, Kang X, Wu X, Zhu S. Emerging Roles of Microglia in Neuro-vascular Unit: Implications of Microglia-Neurons Interactions. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:706025. [PMID: 34712121 PMCID: PMC8546170 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.706025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia, which serve as the defensive interface of the nervous system, are activated in many neurological diseases. Their role as immune responding cells has been extensively studied in the past few years. Recent studies have demonstrated that neuronal feedback can be shaped by the molecular signals received and sent by microglia. Altered neuronal activity or synaptic plasticity leads to the release of various communication messages from neurons, which in turn exert effects on microglia. Research on microglia-neuron communication has thus expanded from focusing only on neurons to the neurovascular unit (NVU). This approach can be used to explore the potential mechanism of neurovascular coupling across sophisticated receptor systems and signaling cascades in health and disease. However, it remains unclear how microglia-neuron communication happens in the brain. Here, we discuss the functional contribution of microglia to synapses, neuroimmune communication, and neuronal activity. Moreover, the current state of knowledge of bidirectional control mechanisms regarding interactions between neurons and microglia are reviewed, with a focus on purinergic regulatory systems including ATP-P2RY12R signaling, ATP-adenosine-A1Rs/A2ARs, and the ATP-pannexin 1 hemichannel. This review aims to organize recent studies to highlight the multifunctional roles of microglia within the neural communication network in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ding
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shaohui Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yueying Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shuyuan Gan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xianhui Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shengmei Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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56
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Luo D, Han L, Gao S, Xiao Z, Zhou Q, Cheng X, Zhang Y, Zhou W. LINCS Dataset-Based Repositioning of Dutasteride as an Anti-Neuroinflammation Agent. Brain Sci 2021; 11:brainsci11111411. [PMID: 34827410 PMCID: PMC8615696 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci11111411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 10/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is often accompanied by central nervous system (CNS) injury seen in various CNS diseases, with no specific treatment. Drug repurposing is a strategy of finding new uses for approved or investigational drugs, and can be enabled by the Library of Integrated Network-based Cellular Signatures (LINCS), a large drug perturbation database. In this study, the signatures of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) were compared with the signatures of compounds contained in the LINCS dataset. To the top 100 compounds obtained, the Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR)-based tool admetSAR was used to identify the top 10 candidate compounds with relatively high blood–brain barrier (BBB) penetration. Furthermore, the seventh-ranked compound, dutasteride, a 5-α-reductase inhibitor, was selected for in vitro and in vivo validation of its anti-neuroinflammation activity. The results showed that dutasteride significantly reduced the levels of IL-6 and TNF-α in the supernatants of LPS-stimulated BV2 cells, and decreased the levels of IL-6 in the hippocampus and plasma, and the number of activated microglia in the brain of LPS administration mice. Furthermore, dutasteride also attenuated the cognitive impairment caused by LPS stimulation in mice. Taken together, this study demonstrates that the LINCS dataset-based drug repurposing strategy is an effective approach, and the predicted candidate, dutasteride, has the potential to ameliorate LPS-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Luo
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (S.G.); (Z.X.); (Q.Z.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lu Han
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (S.G.); (Z.X.); (Q.Z.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Shengqiao Gao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (S.G.); (Z.X.); (Q.Z.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhiyong Xiao
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (S.G.); (Z.X.); (Q.Z.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Qingru Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (S.G.); (Z.X.); (Q.Z.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Xiaorui Cheng
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (S.G.); (Z.X.); (Q.Z.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yongxiang Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (S.G.); (Z.X.); (Q.Z.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (W.Z.)
| | - Wenxia Zhou
- Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; (D.L.); (L.H.); (S.G.); (Z.X.); (Q.Z.); (X.C.)
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing 100850, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (W.Z.)
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57
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Cheng Y, Song Y, Chen H, Li Q, Gao Y, Lu G, Luo C. Ferroptosis Mediated by Lipid Reactive Oxygen Species: A Possible Causal Link of Neuroinflammation to Neurological Disorders. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5005136. [PMID: 34725564 PMCID: PMC8557075 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5005136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates a possible causal link between neuroinflammation and neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), Huntington's disease (HD), and stroke. A putative mechanism underlying such a link can be explained by ferroptosis. Current studies have shown that disturbances of iron homeostasis, glutamate excitatory toxicity, lipid reactive oxygen species (ROS), and other manifestations related to ferroptosis can be detected in several neurological disorders caused by neuroinflammation. To date, compelling evidence indicates that damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) molecules (e.g., ROS) produced in the process of ferroptosis activate glial cells by activating neuroimmune pathways and then produce a series of inflammatory factors which contribute to neurological disorders. Our review article provides a current view of the involvement of ferroptosis or ROS in the pathological process of neuroinflammation, the effects of neuroinflammation mediated by ferroptosis in neurological disorders, a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying ferroptosis participates in neuroinflammation, and the potential treatments for neurological disorders. In addition, further research on the mechanisms of ferroptosis as well as the link between ferroptosis and neuroinflammation will help provide new targets for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Cheng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yiting Song
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu 241002, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guanchao Lu
- Department of Neurology, Fuping County Hospital, Weinan 711700, China
| | - Chengliang Luo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medicine and Biological Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
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58
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Wu F, Liu Z, Li G, Zhou L, Huang K, Wu Z, Zhan R, Shen J. Inflammation and Oxidative Stress: Potential Targets for Improving Prognosis After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:739506. [PMID: 34630043 PMCID: PMC8497759 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.739506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has a high mortality rate and causes long-term disability in many patients, often associated with cognitive impairment. However, the pathogenesis of delayed brain dysfunction after SAH is not fully understood. A growing body of evidence suggests that neuroinflammation and oxidative stress play a negative role in neurofunctional deficits. Red blood cells and hemoglobin, immune cells, proinflammatory cytokines, and peroxidases are directly or indirectly involved in the regulation of neuroinflammation and oxidative stress in the central nervous system after SAH. This review explores the role of various cellular and acellular components in secondary inflammation and oxidative stress after SAH, and aims to provide new ideas for clinical treatment to improve the prognosis of SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zongchi Liu
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ganglei Li
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lihui Zhou
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kaiyuan Huang
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhanxiong Wu
- College of Electronics and Information, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renya Zhan
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Shen
- First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
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Klammer MG, Dzaye O, Wallach T, Krüger C, Gaessler D, Buonfiglioli A, Derkow K, Kettenmann H, Brinkmann MM, Lehnardt S. UNC93B1 Is Widely Expressed in the Murine CNS and Is Required for Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Injury Induced by MicroRNA let-7b. Front Immunol 2021; 12:715774. [PMID: 34589086 PMCID: PMC8475950 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.715774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The chaperone protein Unc-93 homolog B1 (UNC93B1) regulates internalization, trafficking, and stabilization of nucleic acid-sensing Toll-like receptors (TLR) in peripheral immune cells. We sought to determine UNC93B1 expression and its functional relevance in inflammatory and injurious processes in the central nervous system (CNS). We found that UNC93B1 is expressed in various CNS cells including microglia, astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and neurons, as assessed by PCR, immunocyto-/histochemistry, and flow cytometry. UNC93B1 expression in the murine brain increased during development. Exposure to the microRNA let-7b, a recently discovered endogenous TLR7 activator, but also to TLR3 and TLR4 agonists, led to increased UNC93B1 expression in microglia and neurons. Microglial activation by extracellular let-7b required functional UNC93B1, as assessed by TNF ELISA. Neuronal injury induced by extracellular let-7b was dependent on UNC93B1, as UNC93B1-deficient neurons were unaffected by the microRNA's neurotoxicity in vitro. Intrathecal application of let-7b triggered neurodegeneration in wild-type mice, whereas mice deficient for UNC93B1 were protected against injurious effects on neurons and axons. In summary, our data demonstrate broad UNC93B1 expression in the murine brain and establish this chaperone as a modulator of neuroinflammation and neuronal injury triggered by extracellular microRNA and subsequent induction of TLR signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus G Klammer
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Omar Dzaye
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Wallach
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Krüger
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dorothea Gaessler
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alice Buonfiglioli
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Katja Derkow
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Helmut Kettenmann
- Cellular Neuroscience, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine in the Helmholtz Association, Berlin, Germany
| | - Melanie M Brinkmann
- Viral Immune Modulation Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany.,Institute of Genetics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Seija Lehnardt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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60
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Wang HC, Wang PM, Lin YT, Tsai NW, Lai YR, Kung CT, Su CM, Lu CH. Effects of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Serum Adhesion Molecules, and Serum Oxidative Stress in Patients with Acute Traumatic Brain Injury. J Pers Med 2021; 11:jpm11100985. [PMID: 34683126 PMCID: PMC8541528 DOI: 10.3390/jpm11100985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 09/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Serum concentrations of adhesion molecules and oxidative stress is thought to participate in the pathobiology of secondary brain injury after acute traumatic brain injury (TBI). We aimed to study the hypothesis that hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) both improves the adhesion molecules levels and antioxidant capacity. Methods: Thirty blood samples from ten patients after acute TBI were obtained after injury and before and after HBOT. Four patients received early HBOT started two weeks after injury, four patients received late HBOT started ten weeks after injury and two patients did not receive HBOT and served as control in this study. The HBOT patients received total 30 times HBOT in six weeks period. Results: Those serum biomarkers in patients with TBI had not significantly difference in glutathione (GSH), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), soluble intercellular cell adhesion-molecule-1 (sICAM-1) and soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (sVCAM-1) concentrations on admission between early HBOT, late HBOT, and control group (p = 0.916, p = 0.98, p = 0.306, and p = 0.548, respectively). Serum GSH levels were higher at 10 weeks after injury in the early HBOT group than in the late HBOT group and control group (mean, 1.40 μmol/L, 1.16 μmol/L, and 1.05 μmol/L, respectively). Then the serum GSH level was increased at 18 weeks after injury in the late HBOT group (mean, 1.49 μmol/L). However, there was only statistically significant difference at Weeks 18 (p = 0.916, p = 0.463, and p = 0.006, at Week 2, Week 10, and Week 18, respectively). Serum TBARS levels were decreased at 10 weeks after injury in the early HBOT group than in the late HBOT group and control group (mean, 11.21 μmol/L, 17.23 μmol/L, and 17.14 μmol/L, respectively). Then the serum TBARS level was decreased at 18 weeks after injury in the late HBOT group (mean, 12.06 μmol/L). There was statistically significant difference after HBOT (p = 0.98, p = 0.007, and p = 0.018, at Week 2, Week 10, and Week 18, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference between the three groups on sICAM-1 and sVCAM-1 levels from Week 2 to Week 18. Conclusions: HBOT can improve serum oxidative stress in patients after TBI. These molecules may be added as evaluation markers in clinical practice. Perhaps in the future it may also become part of the treatment of patients after acute traumatic brain injury. Further large-scale study may be warrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hung-Chen Wang
- Departments of Neurosurgery, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan;
| | - Pei-Ming Wang
- Departments of Family Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan;
| | - Yu-Tsai Lin
- Departments of Otolaryngology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan;
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City 33302, Taiwan
| | - Nai-Wen Tsai
- Departments of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; (N.-W.T.); (Y.-R.L.)
| | - Yun-Ru Lai
- Departments of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; (N.-W.T.); (Y.-R.L.)
| | - Chia-Te Kung
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; (C.-T.K.); (C.-M.S.)
| | - Chih-Min Su
- Departments of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; (C.-T.K.); (C.-M.S.)
| | - Cheng-Hsien Lu
- Departments of Neurology, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833401, Taiwan; (N.-W.T.); (Y.-R.L.)
- Department of Biological Science, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung 80424, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Xiamen Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Xiamen 361126, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +886-7-7317123 (ext. 8011)
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Carroll JA, Race B, Williams K, Striebel JF, Chesebro B. Innate immune responses after stimulation with Toll-like receptor agonists in ex vivo microglial cultures and an in vivo model using mice with reduced microglia. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:194. [PMID: 34488805 PMCID: PMC8419892 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02240-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 08/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Past experiments studying innate immunity in the central nervous system (CNS) utilized microglia obtained from neonatal mouse brain, which differ developmentally from adult microglia. These differences might impact our current understanding of the role of microglia in CNS development, function, and disease. Methods Cytokine protein secretion was compared in ex vivo P3 and adult microglial cultures after exposure to agonists for three different toll-like receptors (TLR4, lipopolysaccharide [LPS]; TLR7, imiquimod [IMQ]; and TLR9, CpG Oligodeoxynucleotide [CpG-ODN] 1585). In addition, changes in inflammatory gene expression in ex vivo adult microglia in response to the TLR agonists was assessed. Furthermore, in vivo experiments evaluated changes in gene expression associated with inflammation and TLR signaling in brains of mice with or without treatment with PLX5622 to reduce microglia. Results Ex vivo adult and P3 microglia increased cytokine secretion when exposed to TLR4 agonist LPS and to TLR7 agonist IMQ. However, adult microglia decreased expression of numerous genes after exposure to TLR 9 agonist CpG-ODN 1585. In contrast, in vivo studies indicated a core group of inflammatory and TLR signaling genes increased when each of the TLR agonists was introduced into the CNS. Reducing microglia in the brain led to decreased expression of various inflammatory and TLR signaling genes. Mice with reduced microglia showed extreme impairment in upregulation of genes after exposure to TLR7 agonist IMQ. Conclusions Cultured adult microglia were more reactive than P3 microglia to LPS or IMQ exposure. In vivo results indicated microglial influences on neuroinflammation were agonist specific, with responses to TLR7 agonist IMQ more dysregulated in mice with reduced microglia. Thus, TLR7-mediated innate immune responses in the CNS appeared more dependent on the presence of microglia. Furthermore, partial responses to TLR4 and TLR9 agonists in mice with reduced microglia suggested other cell types in the CNS can compensate for their absence. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02240-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- James A Carroll
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA.
| | - Brent Race
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Katie Williams
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - James F Striebel
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
| | - Bruce Chesebro
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 903 South Fourth Street, Hamilton, MT, 59840, USA
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Pan D, Li Y, Yang F, Lv Z, Zhu S, Shao Y, Huang Y, Ning G, Feng S. Increasing toll-like receptor 2 on astrocytes induced by Schwann cell-derived exosomes promotes recovery by inhibiting CSPGs deposition after spinal cord injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:172. [PMID: 34372877 PMCID: PMC8353762 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02215-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severely disabling disease that leads to loss of sensation, motor, and autonomic function. As exosomes have great potential in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of SCI because of their ability to easily cross the blood–brain barrier, the function of Schwann cell-derived exosomes (SCDEs) is still largely unknown. Methods A T10 spinal cord contusion was established in adult female mice. SCDEs were injected into the tail veins of mice three times a week for 4 weeks after the induction of SCI, and the control group was injected with PBS. High-resolution transmission electron microscope and western blot were used to characterize the SCDEs. Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) expression on astrocytes, chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (CSPGs) deposition and neurological function recovery were measured in the spinal cord tissues of each group by immunofluorescence staining of TLR2, GFAP, CS56, 5-HT, and β-III-tublin, respectively. TLR2f/f mice were crossed to the GFAP-Cre strain to generate astrocyte specific TLR2 knockout mice (TLR2−/−). Finally, western blot analysis was used to determine the expression of signaling proteins and IKKβ inhibitor SC-514 was used to validate the involved signaling pathway. Results Here, we found that TLR2 increased significantly on astrocytes post-SCI. SCDEs treatment can promote functional recovery and induce the expression of TLR2 on astrocytes accompanied with decreased CSPGs deposition. The specific knockout of TLR2 on astrocytes abolished the decreasing CSPGs deposition and neurological functional recovery post-SCI. In addition, the signaling pathway of NF-κB/PI3K involved in the TLR2 activation was validated by western blot. Furthermore, IKKβ inhibitor SC-514 was also used to validate this signaling pathway. Conclusion Thus, our results uncovered that SCDEs can promote functional recovery of mice post-SCI by decreasing the CSPGs deposition via increasing the TLR2 expression on astrocytes through NF-κB/PI3K signaling pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02215-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayu Pan
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongjin Li
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuhan Yang
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Zenghui Lv
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Shibo Zhu
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China.,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixin Shao
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Guangzhi Ning
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China. .,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shiqing Feng
- Department, of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Heping District, Tianjin, 300052, People's Republic of China. .,International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Spinal Cord Injury, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Spine and Spinal Cord Injury, Department of Orthopedics, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, People's Republic of China.
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Kučić N, Rački V, Šverko R, Vidović T, Grahovac I, Mršić-Pelčić J. Immunometabolic Modulatory Role of Naltrexone in BV-2 Microglia Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22168429. [PMID: 34445130 PMCID: PMC8395119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22168429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Naltrexone is an opioid receptor antagonist commonly used to treat opioid and alcohol dependence. The use of low dose naltrexone (LDN) was found to have anti-inflammatory properties for treatment of diseases such as fibromyalgia, Crohn’s disease, multiple sclerosis and regional pain syndromes. Related to its anti-neuroinflammatory properties, the mechanism of action is possibly mediated via Toll-like receptor 4 antagonism, which is widely expressed on microglial cells. The aim of the present study was to assess the immunometabolic effects of naltrexone on microglia cells in in vitro conditions. Methods: All experiments were performed in the BV-2 microglial cell line. The cells were treated with naltrexone at 100 μM concentrations corresponding to low dose for 24 h. Cell viability was assessed for every drug dose. To induce additional activation, the cells were pretreated with LPS and IFN-γ. Immunofluorescence was used to analyse the classical microglial activation markers iNOS and CD206, while Seahorse was used for real-time cellular metabolic assessments. mTOR activity measured over the expression of a major direct downstream target S6K was assessed using western blot. Results: LDN induced a shift from highly activated pro-inflammatory phenotype (iNOShighCD206low) to quiescent anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype (iNOSlowCD206high) in BV-2 microglia cells. Changes in the inflammatory profile were accompanied by cellular metabolic switching based on the transition from high glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). LDN-treated cells were able to maintain a metabolically suppressive phenotype by supporting OXPHOS with high oxygen consumption, and also maintain a lower energetic state due to lower lactate production. The metabolic shift induced by transition from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative metabolism was more prominent in cells pretreated with immunometabolic modulators such as LPS and IFN-γ. In a dose-dependent manner, naltrexone also modulated mTOR/S6K expression, which underlies the cell metabolic phenotype regulating microglia immune properties and adaptation. Conclusion: By modulating the phenotypic features by metabolic switching of activated microglia, naltrexone was found to be an effective and powerful tool for immunometabolic reprogramming and could be a promising novel treatment for various neuroinflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kučić
- Department of Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +385-51-651-192; Fax: +385-51-675-699
| | - Valentino Rački
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
| | - Roberta Šverko
- Emergency Department, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (R.Š.); (T.V.)
| | - Toni Vidović
- Emergency Department, Clinical Hospital Center Rijeka, University of Rijeka, Krešimirova 42, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia; (R.Š.); (T.V.)
| | - Irena Grahovac
- Pharmacy Irena Grahovac, Trg I. Istarske brigade 5, 52100 Pula, Croatia;
| | - Jasenka Mršić-Pelčić
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Braće Branchetta 20, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia;
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Acharjee S, Gordon PMK, Lee BH, Read J, Workentine ML, Sharkey KA, Pittman QJ. Characterization of microglial transcriptomes in the brain and spinal cord of mice in early and late experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis using a RiboTag strategy. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14319. [PMID: 34253764 PMCID: PMC8275680 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93590-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia play an important role in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis and the mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). To more fully understand the role of microglia in EAE we characterized microglial transcriptomes before the onset of motor symptoms (pre-onset) and during symptomatic EAE. We compared the transcriptome in brain, where behavioral changes are initiated, and spinal cord, where damage is revealed as motor and sensory deficits. We used a RiboTag strategy to characterize ribosome-bound mRNA only in microglia without incurring possible transcriptional changes after cell isolation. Brain and spinal cord samples clustered separately at both stages of EAE, indicating regional heterogeneity. Differences in gene expression were observed in the brain and spinal cord of pre-onset and symptomatic animals with most profound effects in the spinal cord of symptomatic animals. Canonical pathway analysis revealed changes in neuroinflammatory pathways, immune functions and enhanced cell division in both pre-onset and symptomatic brain and spinal cord. We also observed a continuum of many pathways at pre-onset stage that continue into the symptomatic stage of EAE. Our results provide additional evidence of regional and temporal heterogeneity in microglial gene expression patterns that may help in understanding mechanisms underlying various symptomology in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaona Acharjee
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Paul M K Gordon
- Centre for Health Genomics and Informatics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Lee
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Justin Read
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Matthew L Workentine
- Department of Comparative Biology and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Keith A Sharkey
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Quentin J Pittman
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4N1, Canada.
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Oral Pathogenic Bacteria-Inducing Neurodegenerative Microgliosis in Human Neural Cell Platform. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136925. [PMID: 34203256 PMCID: PMC8269080 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a gram-negative bacterium found in the human oral cavity and is responsible for the development of chronic periodontitis as well as neurological diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Given the significance of the roles of P. gingivalis in AD pathogenesis, it is critical to understand the underlying mechanisms of P. gingivalis-driven neuroinflammation and their contribution to neurodegeneration. Herein, we hypothesize that P. gingivalis produces secondary metabolites that may cause neurodegeneration through direct or indirect pathways mediated by microglia. To test our hypothesis, we treated human neural cells with bacterial conditioned media on our brain platforms and assessed microgliosis, astrogliosis and neurodegeneration. We found that bacteria-mediated microgliosis induced the production of nitric oxide, which causes neurodegeneration assessed with high pTau level. Our study demonstrated the elevation of detrimental protein mediators, CD86 and iNOS and the production of several pro-inflammatory markers from stimulated microglia. Through inhibition of LPS and succinate dehydrogenase in a bacterial conditioned medium, we showed a decrease in neurodegenerative microgliosis. In addition, we demonstrated the bidirectional effect of microgliosis and astrogliosis on each other exacerbating neurodegeneration. Overall, our study suggests that the mouth-brain axis may contribute to the pathogenesis of AD.
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Li H, Ni J, Qing H. Gut Microbiota: Critical Controller and Intervention Target in Brain Aging and Cognitive Impairment. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 13:671142. [PMID: 34248602 PMCID: PMC8267942 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.671142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The current trend for the rapid growth of the global aging population poses substantial challenges for society. The human aging process has been demonstrated to be closely associated with changes in gut microbiota composition, diversity, and functional features. During the first 2 years of life, the gut microbiota undergoes dramatic changes in composition and metabolic functions as it colonizes and develops in the body. Although the gut microbiota is nearly established by the age of three, it continues to mature until adulthood, when it comprises more stable and diverse microbial species. Meanwhile, as the physiological functions of the human body deteriorated with age, which may be a result of immunosenescence and "inflammaging," the guts of elderly people are generally characterized by an enrichment of pro-inflammatory microbes and a reduced abundance of beneficial species. The gut microbiota affects the development of the brain through a bidirectional communication system, called the brain-gut-microbiota (BGM) axis, and dysregulation of this communication is pivotal in aging-related cognitive impairment. Microbiota-targeted dietary interventions and the intake of probiotics/prebiotics can increase the abundance of beneficial species, boost host immunity, and prevent gut-related diseases. This review summarizes the age-related changes in the human gut microbiota based on recent research developments. Understanding these changes will likely facilitate the design of novel therapeutic strategies to achieve healthy aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Junjun Ni
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Qing
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotherapy, School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
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Study on the antidepressant effect of panaxynol through the IκB-α/NF-κB signaling pathway to inhibit the excessive activation of BV-2 microglia. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 138:111387. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.111387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
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Microglia in Neurodegenerative Events-An Initiator or a Significant Other? Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115818. [PMID: 34072307 PMCID: PMC8199265 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A change in microglia structure, signaling, or function is commonly associated with neurodegeneration. This is evident in the patient population, animal models, and targeted in vitro assays. While there is a clear association, it is not evident that microglia serve as an initiator of neurodegeneration. Rather, the dynamics imply a close interaction between the various cell types and structures in the brain that orchestrate the injury and repair responses. Communication between microglia and neurons contributes to the physiological phenotype of microglia maintaining cells in a surveillance state and allows the cells to respond to events occurring in their environment. Interactions between microglia and astrocytes is not as well characterized, nor are interactions with other members of the neurovascular unit; however, given the influence of systemic factors on neuroinflammation and disease progression, such interactions likely represent significant contributes to any neurodegenerative process. In addition, they offer multiple target sites/processes by which environmental exposures could contribute to neurodegenerative disease. Thus, microglia at least play a role as a significant other with an equal partnership; however, claiming a role as an initiator of neurodegeneration remains somewhat controversial.
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Microglia Diversity in Healthy and Diseased Brain: Insights from Single-Cell Omics. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22063027. [PMID: 33809675 PMCID: PMC8002227 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22063027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS) that have distinct ontogeny from other tissue macrophages and play a pivotal role in health and disease. Microglia rapidly react to the changes in their microenvironment. This plasticity is attributed to the ability of microglia to adapt a context-specific phenotype. Numerous gene expression profiling studies of immunosorted CNS immune cells did not permit a clear dissection of their phenotypes, particularly in diseases when peripheral cells of the immune system come to play. Only recent advances in single-cell technologies allowed studying microglia at high resolution and revealed a spectrum of discrete states both under homeostatic and pathological conditions. Single-cell technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and mass cytometry (Cytometry by Time-Of-Flight, CyTOF) enabled determining entire transcriptomes or the simultaneous quantification of >30 cellular parameters of thousands of individual cells. Single-cell omics studies demonstrated the unforeseen heterogeneity of microglia and immune infiltrates in brain pathologies: neurodegenerative disorders, stroke, depression, and brain tumors. We summarize the findings from those studies and the current state of knowledge of functional diversity of microglia under physiological and pathological conditions. A precise definition of microglia functions and phenotypes may be essential to design future immune-modulating therapies.
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Yang X, Guo Z, Cao F, Teng Z, Huang Z, Sun X. Rs41291957 polymorphism in the promoter region of microRNA‑143 serves as a prognostic biomarker for patients with intracranial hemorrhage. Mol Med Rep 2021; 23:295. [PMID: 33649782 PMCID: PMC7930929 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.11928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the function of the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs41291957 in the prognosis of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). In addition, the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of microRNA (miR)‑143, Toll‑like receptor 2 (TLR2) and interleukin‑16 (IL‑16) were studied in patients with ICH that carried different alleles in the locus of the rs41291957 SNP. Kaplan‑Meier survival curves were calculated for 182 patients with ICH, genotyped as CC, presenting a cytosine in both chromosome, CT, presenting both variants, and TT, presents a thymine in both chromosomes. In addition, the possible regulatory relationships between miR‑143 and TLR2/IL‑16 were studied using computational analysis, luciferase assays and western blot assay. In addition, the inflammatory profiles of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum samples collected from the subjects were compared. The patients genotyped as TT presented the lowest survival rate, while patients genotyped as CC presented the highest survival rate. TLR2 mRNA was identified as a potential target of miR‑143, while IL‑16 showed no direct interaction with miR‑143. The above regulatory relationships were further investigated using cells transfected with miR‑143 precursor or TLR2 small interfering RNA. In addition, the expression levels of inflammatory factors, such as tumor necrosis factor α, interferon, IL‑6, IL‑10 and NF‑L‑6, were highest in the CSF/serum samples collected from patients genotyped as TT and lowest in patients genotyped as CC. By contrast, the expression levels of miR‑143 showed an opposite trend in the expression of the above inflammatory factors. The rs41291957 SNP, located in the promoter region of miR‑143, reduced the expression of miR‑143 and upregulated the expression of the pro‑inflammatory factor TLR2, eventually leading to a poorer prognosis in patients with ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobo Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Zongduo Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Fang Cao
- Department of Cerebrovascular Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical College, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, P.R. China
| | - Zhipeng Teng
- Chongqing Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Chongqing 400000, P.R. China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
| | - Xiaochuan Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400010, P.R. China
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Wei J, Chen P, Gupta P, Ott M, Zamler D, Kassab C, Bhat KP, Curran MA, de Groot JF, Heimberger AB. Immune biology of glioma-associated macrophages and microglia: functional and therapeutic implications. Neuro Oncol 2021; 22:180-194. [PMID: 31679017 DOI: 10.1093/neuonc/noz212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
CNS immune defenses are marshaled and dominated by brain resident macrophages and microglia, which are the innate immune sentinels and frontline host immune barriers against various pathogenic insults. These myeloid lineage cells are the predominant immune population in gliomas and can constitute up to 30-50% of the total cellular composition. Parenchymal microglial cells and recruited monocyte-derived macrophages from the periphery exhibit disease-specific phenotypic characteristics with spatial and temporal distinctions and are heterogeneous subpopulations based on their molecular signatures. A preponderance of myeloid over lymphoid lineage cells during CNS inflammation, including gliomas, is a contrasting feature of brain immunity relative to peripheral immunity. Herein we discuss glioma-associated macrophage and microglia immune biology in the context of their identity, molecular drivers of recruitment, nomenclature and functional paradoxes, therapeutic reprogramming and polarization strategies, relevant challenges, and our perspectives on therapeutic modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Peiwen Chen
- Cancer Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Pravesh Gupta
- Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Martina Ott
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Daniel Zamler
- Genomic Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cynthia Kassab
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Krishna P Bhat
- Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael A Curran
- Immunology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John F de Groot
- Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Amy B Heimberger
- Departments of Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Rui Q, Cao S, Wang X, Duan X, Iao X, Dong W, Fang Q, Zhang X, Xue Q. LMTK2 regulates inflammation in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated BV2 cells. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:219. [PMID: 33603828 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.9621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia activation plays vital roles in neuroinflammatory pathologys. Lemurs tyrosine kinase 2 (LMTK2) was reported to regulate NF-κB signals. In the present study, the roles of LMTK2 were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated BV-2 cells. Reverse transcription-quantitative (RT-q)PCR and western blotting (WB) were utilized to analyze LMTK2 levels in LPS-treated BV2 cells. MTT assay determined cell viabilities. Nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels were assessed through Griess and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), respectively. The expression level of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) were detected through RT-qPCR and WB. The release of inflammatory mediators under LPS stimulation, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6 and IL-10, were analyzed through ELISA. WB was used to analyze the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1)/NAD(P)H dehydrogenase quinone 1 (NQO1) signal pathway. The results showed that the levels of the inflammatory mediators, iNOS, NO, COX-2 and PGE2, along with pro-inflammatory factors, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, were significantly decreased following the induction of exogenous LMTK2 expression by LMTK2 overexpression plasmids in LPS-induced BV2 microglia. In contrast, anti-inflammatory factor IL-10 showed obvious decrease. Additionally, LMTK2 overexpression induced the elevation of Nrf2 in the cytoplasm and nucleus, along with the upregulation of HO-1 and NQO1 expression. In conclusion, LMTK2 is postulated to regulate neuroinflammation possibly through Nrf2 pathway. The present study is essential to reveal the underlying function of LMTK2 and to identify novel therapeutic targets for drug development in treating neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyun Rui
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Shugang Cao
- Department of Neurology, The Second People's Hospital of Hefei, Hefei, Anhui 230011, P.R. China
| | - Xiaozhu Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Duan
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Xinyi Iao
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Wanli Dong
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China
| | - Qi Fang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Suzhou Clinical Medical Center of Neurology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China
| | - Xueguang Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006 P.R. China
| | - Qun Xue
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, P.R. China.,Suzhou Clinical Medical Center of Neurology, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215004, P.R. China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006 P.R. China
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73
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Sangaran PG, Ibrahim ZA, Chik Z, Mohamed Z, Ahmadiani A. LPS Preconditioning Attenuates Apoptosis Mechanism by Inhibiting NF-κB and Caspase-3 Activity: TLR4 Pre-activation in the Signaling Pathway of LPS-Induced Neuroprotection. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2407-2422. [PMID: 33421016 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation, an inflammatory response within the nervous system, has been shown to be implicated in the progression of various neurodegenerative diseases. Recent in vivo studies showed that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) preconditioning provides neuroprotection by activating Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), one of the members for pattern recognition receptor (PRR) family that play critical role in host response to tissue injury, infection, and inflammation. Pre-exposure to low dose of LPS could confer a protective state against cellular apoptosis following subsequent stimulation with LPS at higher concentration, suggesting a role for TLR4 pre-activation in the signaling pathway of LPS-induced neuroprotection. However, the precise molecular mechanism associated with this protective effect is not well understood. In this article, we provide an overall review of the current state of our knowledge about LPS preconditioning in attenuating apoptosis mechanism and conferring neuroprotection via TLR4 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pushpa Gandi Sangaran
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zaridatul Aini Ibrahim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zamri Chik
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abolhassan Ahmadiani
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Evin, PO Box 19839-63113, Tehran, Iran.
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Yoshizaki S, Tamaru T, Hara M, Kijima K, Tanaka M, Konno DJ, Matsumoto Y, Nakashima Y, Okada S. Microglial inflammation after chronic spinal cord injury is enhanced by reactive astrocytes via the fibronectin/β1 integrin pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:12. [PMID: 33407620 PMCID: PMC7789752 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-02059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND After spinal cord injury (SCI), glial scarring is mainly formed around the lesion and inhibits axon regeneration. Recently, we reported that anti-β1 integrin antibody (β1Ab) had a therapeutic effect on astrocytes by preventing the induction of glial scar formation. However, the cellular components within the glial scar are not only astrocytes but also microglia, and whether or not β1Ab treatment has any influence on microglia within the glial scar remains unclear. METHODS To evaluate the effects of β1Ab treatment on microglia within the glial scar after SCI, we applied thoracic contusion SCI to C57BL/6N mice, administered β1Ab in the sub-acute phase, and analyzed the injured spinal cords with immunohistochemistry in the chronic phase. To examine the gene expression in microglia and glial scars, we selectively collected microglia with fluorescence-activated cell sorting and isolated the glial scars using laser-captured microdissection (LMD). To examine the interaction between microglia and astrocytes within the glial scar, we stimulated BV-2 microglia with conditioned medium of reactive astrocytes (RACM) in vitro, and the gene expression of TNFα (pro-inflammatory M1 marker) was analyzed via quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We also isolated both naïve astrocytes (NAs) and reactive astrocytes (RAs) with LMD and examined their expression of the ligands for β1 integrin receptors. Statistical analyses were performed using Wilcoxon's rank-sum test. RESULTS After performing β1Ab treatment, the microglia were scattered within the glial scar and the expression of TNFα in both the microglia and the glial scar were significantly suppressed after SCI. This in vivo alteration was attributed to fibronectin, a ligand of β1 integrin receptors. Furthermore, the microglial expression of TNFα was shown to be regulated by RACM as well as fibronectin in vitro. We also confirmed that fibronectin was secreted by RAs both in vitro and in vivo. These results highlighted the interaction mediated by fibronectin between RAs and microglia within the glial scar. CONCLUSION Microglial inflammation was enhanced by RAs via the fibronectin/β1 integrin pathway within the glial scar after SCI. Our results suggested that β1Ab administration had therapeutic potential for ameliorating both glial scar formation and persistent neuroinflammation in the chronic phase after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Yoshizaki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
- Department of Neuroscience & Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Tetsuya Tamaru
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
- Department of Neuroscience & Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Masamitsu Hara
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Ken Kijima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Masatake Tanaka
- Department of Neuroscience & Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Dai-jiro Konno
- Department of Neuroscience & Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matsumoto
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Yasuharu Nakashima
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
| | - Seiji Okada
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
- Department of Neuroscience & Immunology, Medical Institute of Bioregulation, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, 812-8582 Japan
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Li L, Acioglu C, Heary RF, Elkabes S. Role of astroglial toll-like receptors (TLRs) in central nervous system infections, injury and neurodegenerative diseases. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:740-755. [PMID: 33039660 PMCID: PMC7543714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) innate immunity plays essential roles in infections, neurodegenerative diseases, and brain or spinal cord injuries. Astrocytes and microglia are the principal cells that mediate innate immunity in the CNS. Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), expressed by astrocytes and microglia, sense pathogen-derived or endogenous ligands released by damaged cells and initiate the innate immune response. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a well-characterized family of PRRs. The contribution of microglial TLR signaling to CNS pathology has been extensively investigated. Even though astrocytes assume a wide variety of key functions, information about the role of astroglial TLRs in CNS disease and injuries is limited. Because astrocytes display heterogeneity and exhibit phenotypic plasticity depending on the effectors present in the local milieu, they can exert both detrimental and beneficial effects. TLRs are modulators of these paradoxical astroglial properties. The goal of the current review is to highlight the essential roles played by astroglial TLRs in CNS infections, injuries and diseases. We discuss the contribution of astroglial TLRs to host defense as well as the dissemination of viral and bacterial infections in the CNS. We examine the link between astroglial TLRs and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases and present evidence showing the pivotal influence of astroglial TLR signaling on sterile inflammation in CNS injury. Finally, we define the research questions and areas that warrant further investigations in the context of astrocytes, TLRs, and CNS dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lun Li
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Cigdem Acioglu
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States
| | - Robert F. Heary
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Hackensack Meridian School of Medicine, Nutley, NJ 07110, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, United States.
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76
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Luo W, Han Y, Meng P, Yang Q, Zhao H, Ling J, Wang Y. Resatorvid Relieves Breast Cancer Complicated with Depression by Inactivating Hippocampal Microglia Through TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 Signaling Pathway. Cancer Manag Res 2020; 12:13003-13014. [PMID: 33376394 PMCID: PMC7755376 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s279800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancer is one of the most common cancer with high risk in females all over the world. It is usually complicated with depression, which can further accelerate the development and progression of breast tumors. We aim to identify a new drug and identify its functional mechanism in the regulation of hippocampal microglia (MG) in breast cancer complicated with depression (BCCD). Methods The activation model of MG was established by treatments from corticosterone (CORT) or lipopolysaccharides (LPS). The inhibitory effects of resatorvid on MG were investigated by CCK-8, ROS, immunofluorescence, TUNEL, scratch test, ELISA, RT-qPCR and Western blot. BCCD animal model was established using 4T1 inflammatory breast cancer cells and CORT treatment in vitro. Open field experiment (OFE), tail suspension test (TST), ELISA, RT-qPCR and Western blot experiments were utilized to examine the effects of resatorvid on the animal model in vivo. Results The cell viability and migration ability of the BCCD model group were suppressed. The expressions of inflammatory factors, ROS, and the apoptotic rate of the BCCD model group were up-regulated, in contrast to the control group. The expressions related to the TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling in the BCCD model group were also elevated. Resatorvid reversed the above changes, which showed good therapeutic effects in depression-related behavioral changes, tumor treatment, and blood–brain barrier function. Conclusion In summary, resatorvid inhibited the activation of hippocampal MG in BCCD by regulating TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weixu Luo
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanshan Han
- Medical Experimental Innovation Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Pan Meng
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Yueyang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Yueyang, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongqing Zhao
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Ling
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Farré-Alins V, Narros-Fernández P, Palomino-Antolín A, Decouty-Pérez C, Lopez-Rodriguez AB, Parada E, Muñoz-Montero A, Gómez-Rangel V, López-Muñoz F, Ramos E, González-Rodríguez Á, Gandía L, Romero A, Egea J. Melatonin Reduces NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation by Increasing α7 nAChR-Mediated Autophagic Flux. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9121299. [PMID: 33353046 PMCID: PMC7767051 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9121299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia controls the immune system response in the brain. Specifically, the activation and dysregulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome is responsible for the initiation of the inflammatory process through IL-1β and IL-18 release. In this work, we have focused on studying the effect of melatonin on the regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome through α7 nicotinic receptor (nAChR) and its relationship with autophagy. For this purpose, we have used pharmacological and genetic approaches in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation models in both in vitro and in vivo models. In the BV2 cell line, LPS inhibited autophagy, which increased NLRP3 protein levels. However, melatonin promoted an increase in the autophagic flux. Treatment of glial cultures from wild-type (WT) mice with LPS followed by extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) produced the release of IL-1β, which was reversed by melatonin pretreatment. In cultures from α7 nAChR knock-out (KO) mice, melatonin did not reduce IL-1β release. Furthermore, melatonin decreased the expression of inflammasome components and reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced by LPS; co-incubation of melatonin with α-bungarotoxin (α-bgt) or luzindole abolished the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. In vivo, melatonin reverted LPS-induced cognitive decline, reduced NLRP3 levels and promoted autophagic flux in the hippocampi of WT mice, whereas in α7 nAChR KO mice melatonin effect was not observed. These results suggest that melatonin may modulate the complex interplay between α7 nAChR and autophagy signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Farré-Alins
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-A.); (P.N.-F.); (A.P.-A.); (C.D.-P.); (A.B.L.-R.); (E.P.); (V.G.-R.)
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Paloma Narros-Fernández
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-A.); (P.N.-F.); (A.P.-A.); (C.D.-P.); (A.B.L.-R.); (E.P.); (V.G.-R.)
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Alejandra Palomino-Antolín
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-A.); (P.N.-F.); (A.P.-A.); (C.D.-P.); (A.B.L.-R.); (E.P.); (V.G.-R.)
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Céline Decouty-Pérez
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-A.); (P.N.-F.); (A.P.-A.); (C.D.-P.); (A.B.L.-R.); (E.P.); (V.G.-R.)
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Ana Belen Lopez-Rodriguez
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-A.); (P.N.-F.); (A.P.-A.); (C.D.-P.); (A.B.L.-R.); (E.P.); (V.G.-R.)
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Esther Parada
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-A.); (P.N.-F.); (A.P.-A.); (C.D.-P.); (A.B.L.-R.); (E.P.); (V.G.-R.)
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Alicia Muñoz-Montero
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Vanessa Gómez-Rangel
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-A.); (P.N.-F.); (A.P.-A.); (C.D.-P.); (A.B.L.-R.); (E.P.); (V.G.-R.)
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Francisco López-Muñoz
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University Camilo José Cela, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28692 Madrid, Spain;
- Neuropsychopharmacology Unit, Hospital 12 de Octubre Research Institute (i+12), 28041 Madrid, Spain
- Portucalense Institute of Neuropsychology and Cognitive and Behavioural Neurosciences (INPP), Portucalense University, 4200-072 Porto, Portugal
- Thematic Network for Cooperative Health Research (RETICS), Addictive Disorders Network, Health Institute Carlos III, MICINN and FEDER, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Eva Ramos
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Águeda González-Rodríguez
- Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBEREHD, ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Gandía
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.G.)
| | - Alejandro Romero
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (E.R.); (A.R.)
| | - Javier Egea
- Molecular Neuroinflammation and Neuronal Plasticity Research Laboratory, Hospital Universitario Santa Cristina, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria-Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, 28006 Madrid, Spain; (V.F.-A.); (P.N.-F.); (A.P.-A.); (C.D.-P.); (A.B.L.-R.); (E.P.); (V.G.-R.)
- Instituto Teófilo Hernando, Departamento de Farmacología y Terapéutica, Facultad de Medicina, UAM, 28029 Madrid, Spain; (A.M.-M.); (L.G.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-915574402
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Varga DP, Menyhárt Á, Pósfai B, Császár E, Lénárt N, Cserép C, Orsolits B, Martinecz B, Szlepák T, Bari F, Farkas E, Dénes Á. Microglia alter the threshold of spreading depolarization and related potassium uptake in the mouse brain. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2020; 40:S67-S80. [PMID: 31987008 PMCID: PMC7687034 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x19900097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Selective elimination of microglia from the brain was shown to dysregulate neuronal Ca2+ signaling and to reduce the incidence of spreading depolarization (SD) during cerebral ischemia. However, the mechanisms through which microglia interfere with SD remained unexplored. Here, we identify microglia as essential modulators of the induction and evolution of SD in the physiologically intact brain in vivo. Confocal- and super-resolution microscopy revealed that a series of SDs induced rapid morphological changes in microglia, facilitated microglial process recruitment to neurons and increased the density of P2Y12 receptors (P2Y12R) on recruited microglial processes. In line with this, depolarization and hyperpolarization during SD were microglia- and P2Y12R-dependent. An absence of microglia was associated with altered potassium uptake after SD and increased the number of c-fos-positive neurons, independently of P2Y12R. Thus, the presence of microglia is likely to be essential to maintain the electrical elicitation threshold and to support the full evolution of SD, conceivably by interfering with the extracellular potassium homeostasis of the brain through sustaining [K+]e re-uptake mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dániel P Varga
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Menyhárt
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Balázs Pósfai
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,Szentágothai János Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter Császár
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,Szentágothai János Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Nikolett Lénárt
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Cserép
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Barbara Orsolits
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bernadett Martinecz
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Szlepák
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.,Szentágothai János Doctoral School of Neuroscience, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Bari
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Eszter Farkas
- Department of Medical Physics and Informatics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ádám Dénes
- Laboratory of Neuroimmunology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Cawthon CR, Kirkland RA, Pandya S, Brinson NA, de La Serre CB. Non-neuronal crosstalk promotes an inflammatory response in nodose ganglia cultures after exposure to byproducts from gram positive, high-fat-diet-associated gut bacteria. Physiol Behav 2020; 226:113124. [PMID: 32763334 PMCID: PMC7530053 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2020.113124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Vagal afferent neurons (VAN) projecting to the lamina propria of the digestive tract are the primary source of gut-originating signals to the central nervous system (CNS). VAN cell bodies are found in the nodose ganglia (NG). Responsiveness of VAN to gut-originating signals is altered by feeding status with sensitivity to satiety signals such as cholecystokinin (CCK) increasing in the fed state. Chronic high-fat (HF) feeding results in inflammation at the level of the NG associated with a loss of VAN ability to switch phenotype from the fasted to the fed state. HF feeding also leads to compositional changes in the gut microbiota. HF diet consumption notably drives increased Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes phyla ratio and increased members of the Actinobacteria phylum. Firmicutes and Actinobacteria are largely gram positive (GP). In this study, we aimed to determine if byproducts from GP bacteria can induce an inflammatory response in cultured NG and to characterize the mechanism and cell types involved in the response. NG were collected from male Wistar rats and cultured for a total of 72 hours. At 48-68 hours after plating, cultures were treated with neuronal culture media in which Serinicoccus chungangensis had been grown and removed (SUP), lipoteichoic acid (LTA), or meso-diaminopimelic acid (meso-DAP). Some treatments included the glial inhibitors minocycline (MINO) and/or fluorocitrate (FC). The responses were evaluated using immunocytochemistry, qPCR, and electrochemiluminescence. We found that SUP induced an inflammatory response characterized by increased interleukin (IL)-6 staining and increased expression of genes for IL-6, interferon (IFN)γ, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α along with genes associated with cell-to-cell communication such as C-C motif chemokine ligand-2 (CCL2). Inclusion of inhibitors attenuated some responses but failed to completely normalize all indications of response, highlighting the role of immunocompetent cellular crosstalk in regulating the inflammatory response. LTA and meso-DAP produced responses that shared characteristics with SUP but were not identical. Our results support a role for HF associated GP bacterial byproducts' ability to contribute to vagal inflammation and to engage signaling from nonneuronal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina R Cawthon
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
| | - Rebecca A Kirkland
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
| | - Shreya Pandya
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
| | - Nigel A Brinson
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States
| | - Claire B de La Serre
- Department of Foods and Nutrition, The University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia30602, United States.
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80
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Garcia G, Pais TF, Pinto P, Dobson G, McDougall GJ, Stewart D, Santos CN. Bioaccessible Raspberry Extracts Enriched in Ellagitannins and Ellagic Acid Derivatives Have Anti-Neuroinflammatory Properties. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E970. [PMID: 33050384 PMCID: PMC7600793 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic neuroinflammation associated with neurodegenerative disorders has been reported to be prevented by dietary components. Particularly, dietary (poly)phenols have been identified as having anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions, and their ingestion is considered a major preventive factor for such disorders. To assess the relation between (poly)phenol classes and their bioactivity, we used five different raspberry genotypes, which were markedly different in their (poly)phenol profiles within a similar matrix. In addition, gastro-intestinal bio-accessible fractions were produced, which simulate the (poly)phenol metabolites that may be absorbed after digestion, and evaluated for anti-inflammatory potential using LPS-stimulated microglia. Interestingly, the fraction from genotype 2J19 enriched in ellagitannins, their degradation products and ellagic acid, attenuated pro-inflammatory markers and mediators CD40, NO, TNF-α, and intracellular superoxide via NF-κB, MAPK and NFAT pathways. Importantly, it also increased the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. These effects contrasted with fractions richer in anthocyanins, suggesting that ellagitannins and its derivatives are major anti-inflammatory (poly)phenols and promising compounds to alleviate neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gonçalo Garcia
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (G.G.); (T.F.P.)
- ITQB, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Research Institute for Medicines (iMed.ULisboa), Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade de Lisboa, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Teresa Faria Pais
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (G.G.); (T.F.P.)
- Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciência (IGC), Rua Quinta Grande, 2780-156 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Paula Pinto
- ITQB, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
- Instituto Politécnico de Santarém, Escola Superior Agrária, Qta do Galinheiro, 2001-904 Santarém, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre (CIEQV), IPSantarém/IPLeiria, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
| | - Gary Dobson
- Plant Biochemistry and Food Quality Group, Environmental and Biochemical Science, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK; (G.D.); (G.J.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Gordon J. McDougall
- Plant Biochemistry and Food Quality Group, Environmental and Biochemical Science, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK; (G.D.); (G.J.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Derek Stewart
- Plant Biochemistry and Food Quality Group, Environmental and Biochemical Science, The James Hutton Institute, Dundee DD2 5DA, Scotland, UK; (G.D.); (G.J.M.); (D.S.)
- School of Engineering and Physical Sciences, Institute of Mechanical, Process and Energy Engineering, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburg EH14 4AS, Scotland, UK
| | - Cláudia Nunes Santos
- Instituto de Biologia Experimental e Tecnológica (iBET), apartado 12, 2781-901 Oeiras, Portugal; (G.G.); (T.F.P.)
- ITQB, Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
- CEDOC, Chronic Diseases Research Centre, NOVA Medical School//Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, Campo dos Mártires da Pátria, 130, 1169-056 Lisboa, Portugal
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81
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Dash BP, Naumann M, Sterneckert J, Hermann A. Genome Wide Analysis Points towards Subtype-Specific Diseases in Different Genetic Forms of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6938. [PMID: 32967368 PMCID: PMC7555318 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotropic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a lethally progressive and irreversible neurodegenerative disease marked by apparent death of motor neurons present in the spinal cord, brain stem and motor cortex. While more and more gene mutants being established for genetic ALS, the vast majority suffer from sporadic ALS (>90%). It has been challenging, thus, to model sporadic ALS which is one reason why the underlying pathophysiology remains elusive and has stalled the development of therapeutic strategies of this progressive motor neuron disease. To further unravel these pathological signaling pathways, human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSCs)-derived motor neurons (MNs) from FUS- and SOD1 ALS patients and healthy controls were systematically compared to independent published datasets. Here through this study we created a gene profile of ALS by analyzing the DEGs, the Kyoto encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways, the interactome and the transcription factor profiles (TF) that would identify altered molecular/functional signatures and their interactions at both transcriptional (mRNAs) and translational levels (hub proteins and TFs). Our findings suggest that FUS and SOD1 may develop from dysregulation in several unique pathways and herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection was among the topmost predominant cellular pathways connected to FUS and not to SOD1. In contrast, SOD1 is mainly characterized by alterations in the metabolic pathways and alterations in the neuroactive-ligand-receptor interactions. This suggests that different genetic ALS forms are singular diseases rather than part of a common spectrum. This is important for patient stratification clearly pointing towards the need for individualized medicine approaches in ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Banaja P. Dash
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (B.P.D.); (M.N.)
| | - Marcel Naumann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (B.P.D.); (M.N.)
| | - Jared Sterneckert
- Center for Regenerative Therapies Dresden (CRTD), Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany;
| | - Andreas Hermann
- Translational Neurodegeneration Section “Albrecht-Kossel”, Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany; (B.P.D.); (M.N.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE) Rostock/Greifswald, 18147 Rostock, Germany
- Center for Transdisciplinary Neurosciences Rostock (CTNR), University Medical Center Rostock, University of Rostock, 18147 Rostock, Germany
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York EM, Zhang J, Choi HB, MacVicar BA. Neuroinflammatory inhibition of synaptic long-term potentiation requires immunometabolic reprogramming of microglia. Glia 2020; 69:567-578. [PMID: 32946147 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunometabolism refers to the rearrangement of metabolic pathways in response to immune stimulation, and the ability of these metabolic pathways themselves to control immune functions. Many aspects of immunometabolism have been revealed through studies of peripheral immune cells. However, immunometabolic reprogramming of microglia, the resident immune cell of the central nervous system, and the consequential outcome on neuronal activity have remained difficult to unravel. Microglia are highly sensitive to subtle changes in their environment, limiting the techniques available to study their metabolic and inflammatory profiles. Here, using fluorescence lifetime imaging of endogenous NAD(P)H, we measure the metabolic activity of individual microglia within acute hippocampal slices. We observed an LPS-induced increase in aerobic glycolysis, which was blocked by the addition of 5 mM 2-deoxyglucose (2DG). This LPS-induced glycolysis in microglia was necessary for the stabilization of hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) and production of the proinflammatory cytokine, interleukin-1β (IL-1β). Upon release, IL-1β acted via the neuronal interleukin-1 receptor to inhibit the formation of synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) following high frequency stimulation. Remarkably, the addition of 2DG to blunt the microglial glycolytic increase also inhibited HIF-1α accumulation and IL-1β production, and therefore rescued LTP in LPS-stimulated slices. Overall, these data reveal the importance of metabolic reprogramming in regulating microglial immune functions, with appreciable outcomes on cytokine release and neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa M York
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurobiology, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Jingfei Zhang
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Hyun B Choi
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian A MacVicar
- Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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83
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Ifuku M, Hinkelmann L, Kuhrt LD, Efe IE, Kumbol V, Buonfiglioli A, Krüger C, Jordan P, Fulde M, Noda M, Kettenmann H, Lehnardt S. Activation of Toll-like receptor 5 in microglia modulates their function and triggers neuronal injury. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2020; 8:159. [PMID: 32912327 PMCID: PMC7488138 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-020-01031-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia are the primary immune-competent cells of the central nervous system (CNS) and sense both pathogen- and host-derived factors through several receptor systems including the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family. Although TLR5 has previously been implicated in different CNS disorders including neurodegenerative diseases, its mode of action in the brain remained largely unexplored. We sought to determine the expression and functional consequences of TLR5 activation in the CNS. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunocytochemical analysis revealed that microglia is the major CNS cell type that constitutively expresses TLR5. Using Tlr5−/− mice and inhibitory TLR5 antibody we found that activation of TLR5 in microglial cells by its agonist flagellin, a principal protein component of bacterial flagella, triggers their release of distinct inflammatory molecules, regulates chemotaxis, and increases their phagocytic activity. Furthermore, while TLR5 activation does not affect tumor growth in an ex vivo GL261 glioma mouse model, it triggers microglial accumulation and neuronal apoptosis in the cerebral cortex in vivo. TLR5-mediated microglial function involves the PI3K/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway, as specific inhibitors of this signaling pathway abolish microglial activation. Taken together, our findings establish TLR5 as a modulator of microglial function and indicate its contribution to inflammatory and injurious processes in the CNS.
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84
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Salvo E, Stokes P, Keogh CE, Brust-Mascher I, Hennessey C, Knotts TA, Sladek JA, Rude KM, Swedek M, Rabasa G, Gareau MG. A murine model of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease causes microbiota-gut-brain axis deficits in adulthood. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2020; 319:G361-G374. [PMID: 32726162 PMCID: PMC7509259 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00177.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) are chronic intestinal diseases, frequently associated with comorbid psychological and cognitive deficits. These neuropsychiatric effects include anxiety, depression, and memory impairments that can be seen both during active disease and following remission and are more frequently seen in pediatric patients. The mechanism(s) through which these extraintestinal deficits develop remain unknown, and the study of these phenomenon is hampered by a lack of murine pediatric IBD models. Herein we describe microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis deficits following induction of colitis in a pediatric setting. Acute colitis was induced by administration of 2% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 5 days starting at weaning [postnatal day (P)21] causing reduced weight gain, colonic shortening, and colonic inflammation by 8 days post-DSS (P29), which were mostly resolved in adult (P56) mice. Despite resolution of acute disease, cognitive deficits (novel object recognition task) and anxiety-like behavior (light/dark box) were identified in the absence of changes in exploratory behavior (open field test) in P56 mice previously treated with DSS at weaning. Behavioral deficits were found in conjunction with neuroinflammation, decreased neurogenesis, and altered expression of pattern recognition receptor genes in the hippocampus. Additionally, persistent alterations in the gut microbiota composition were observed at P56, including reduced butyrate-producing species. Taken together, these results describe for the first time the presence of MGB axis deficits following induction of colitis at weaning, which persist in adulthood.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here we describe long-lasting impacts on the microbiota-gut-brain (MGB) axis following administration of low-dose dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) to weaning mice (P21), including gut dysbiosis, colonic inflammation, and brain/behavioral deficits in adulthood (P56). Early-life DSS leads to acute colonic inflammation, similar to adult mice; however, it results in long-lasting deficits in the MGB axis in adulthood (P56), in contrast to the transient deficits seen in adult DSS. This model highlights the unique features of pediatric inflammatory bowel disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloisa Salvo
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Patricia Stokes
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ciara E. Keogh
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Ingrid Brust-Mascher
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Carly Hennessey
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Trina A. Knotts
- 2Department of Molecular Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Jessica A. Sladek
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Kavi M. Rude
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Michelle Swedek
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Gonzalo Rabasa
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Mélanie G. Gareau
- 1Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California
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85
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Synergistic Toll-like Receptor 3/9 Signaling Affects Properties and Impairs Glioma-Promoting Activity of Microglia. J Neurosci 2020; 40:6428-6443. [PMID: 32631940 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0666-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In murine experimental glioma models, TLR3 or TLR9 activation of microglial/macrophages has been shown to impair glioma growth, which could, however, not been verified in recent clinical trials. We therefore tested whether combined TLR3 and TLR9 activation of microglia/macrophages would have a synergistic effect. Indeed, combined TLR3/TLR9 activation augmented the suppression of glioma growth in organotypic brain slices from male mice in a microglia-dependent fashion, and this synergistic suppression depended on interferon β release and phagocytic tumor clearance. Combined TLR3/TLR9 stimulation also augmented several functional features of microglia, such as the release of proinflammatory factors, motility, and phagocytosis activity. TLR3/TLR9 stimulation combined with CD47 blockade further augmented glioma clearance. Finally, we confirmed that the coactivation of TLR3/TLR9 also augments the impairment of glioma growth in vivo Our results show that combined activation of TLR3/TLR9 in microglia/macrophages results in a more efficient glioma suppression, which may provide a potential strategy for glioma treatment.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Glioma-associated microglia/macrophages (GAMs) are the predominant immune cells in glioma growth and are recently considered as antitumor targets. TLRs are involved in glioma growth, but the TLR3 or TLR9 ligands were not successful in clinical trials in treating glioma. We therefore combined TLR3 and TLR9 activation of GAMs, resulting in a strong synergistic effect of tumor clearance in vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo Mechanisms of this GAM-glioma interaction involve IFNβ signaling and increased tumor clearance by GAMs. Interfering with CD47 signaling had an additional impact on tumor clearance. We propose that these signaling pathways could be exploited as anti-glioma targets.
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86
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Chen YN, Sha HH, Wang YW, Zhou Q, Bhuiyan P, Li NN, Qian YN, Dong HQ. Histamine 2/3 receptor agonists alleviate perioperative neurocognitive disorders by inhibiting microglia activation through the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 pathway in aged rats. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:217. [PMID: 32698899 PMCID: PMC7374916 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01886-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia, the principal sentinel immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS), play an extensively vital role in neuroinflammation and perioperative neurocognitive disorders (PND). Histamine, a potent mediator of inflammation, can both promote and prevent microglia-related neuroinflammation by activating different histamine receptors. Rat microglia express four histamine receptors (H1R, H2R, H3R, and H4R), among which the histamine 1 and 4 receptors can promote microglia activation, whereas the role and cellular mechanism of the histamine 2 and 3 receptors have not been elucidated. Therefore, we evaluated the effects and potential cellular mechanisms of histamine 2/3 receptors in microglia-mediated inflammation and PND. METHODS This study investigated the role of histamine 2/3 receptors in microglia-induced inflammation and PND both in vivo and in vitro. In the in vivo experiments, rats were injected with histamine 2/3 receptor agonists in the right lateral ventricle and were then subjected to exploratory laparotomy. In the in vitro experiments, primary microglia were pretreated with histamine 2/3 receptor agonists before stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Cognitive function, microglia activation, proinflammatory cytokine production, NF-κb expression, M1/M2 phenotypes, cell migration, and Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) expression were assessed. RESULTS In our study, the histamine 2/3 receptor agonists inhibited exploratory laparotomy- or LPS-induced cognitive decline, microglia activation, proinflammatory cytokine production, NF-κb expression, M1/M2 phenotype transformation, cell migration, and TLR4 expression through the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 pathway. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, we conclude that histamine 2/3 receptors ameliorate PND by inhibiting microglia activation through the PI3K/AKT/FoxO1 pathway. Our results highlight histamine 2/3 receptors as potential therapeutic targets to treat neurological conditions associated with PND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Nan Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan-Huan Sha
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Wei Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Wuxi People's Hospital, Wuxi, 214001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital, Nanjing, 210009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Piplu Bhuiyan
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Na-Na Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan-Ning Qian
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Quan Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Rodríguez-Gómez JA, Kavanagh E, Engskog-Vlachos P, Engskog MK, Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Joseph B, Hajji N, Venero JL, Burguillos MA. Microglia: Agents of the CNS Pro-Inflammatory Response. Cells 2020; 9:E1717. [PMID: 32709045 PMCID: PMC7407646 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pro-inflammatory immune response driven by microglia is a key contributor to the pathogenesis of several neurodegenerative diseases. Though the research of microglia spans over a century, the last two decades have increased our understanding exponentially. Here, we discuss the phenotypic transformation from homeostatic microglia towards reactive microglia, initiated by specific ligand binding to pattern recognition receptors including toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) or triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), as well as pro-inflammatory signaling pathways triggered such as the caspase-mediated immune response. Additionally, new research disciplines such as epigenetics and immunometabolism have provided us with a more holistic view of how changes in DNA methylation, microRNAs, and the metabolome may influence the pro-inflammatory response. This review aimed to discuss our current knowledge of pro-inflammatory microglia from different angles, including recent research highlights such as the role of exosomes in spreading neuroinflammation and emerging techniques in microglia research including positron emission tomography (PET) scanning and the use of human microglia generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Finally, we also discuss current thoughts on the impact of pro-inflammatory microglia in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- José A. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Edel Kavanagh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Pinelopi Engskog-Vlachos
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.E.-V.); (B.J.)
| | - Mikael K.R. Engskog
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Analytical Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Uppsala University, 751 23 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Antonio J. Herrera
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Ana M. Espinosa-Oliva
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Toxicology Unit, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden; (P.E.-V.); (B.J.)
| | - Nabil Hajji
- Division of Brain Sciences, The John Fulcher Molecular Neuro-Oncology Laboratory, Imperial College London, London W12 ONN, UK;
| | - José L. Venero
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
| | - Miguel A. Burguillos
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain; (J.A.R.-G.); (A.J.H.); (A.M.E.-O.); (J.L.V.)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain;
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88
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Levchenko A, Nurgaliev T, Kanapin A, Samsonova A, Gainetdinov RR. Current challenges and possible future developments in personalized psychiatry with an emphasis on psychotic disorders. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03990. [PMID: 32462093 PMCID: PMC7240336 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A personalized medicine approach seems to be particularly applicable to psychiatry. Indeed, considering mental illness as deregulation, unique to each patient, of molecular pathways, governing the development and functioning of the brain, seems to be the most justified way to understand and treat disorders of this medical category. In order to extract correct information about the implicated molecular pathways, data can be drawn from sampling phenotypic and genetic biomarkers and then analyzed by a machine learning algorithm. This review describes current difficulties in the field of personalized psychiatry and gives several examples of possibly actionable biomarkers of psychotic and other psychiatric disorders, including several examples of genetic studies relevant to personalized psychiatry. Most of these biomarkers are not yet ready to be introduced in clinical practice. In a next step, a perspective on the path personalized psychiatry may take in the future is given, paying particular attention to machine learning algorithms that can be used with the goal of handling multidimensional datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Levchenko
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Timur Nurgaliev
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Alexander Kanapin
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Anastasia Samsonova
- Theodosius Dobzhansky Center for Genome Bioinformatics, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
| | - Raul R. Gainetdinov
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint Petersburg State University, 7/9 Universitetskaya nab., Saint Petersburg, 199034, Russia
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89
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Vallée A, Vallée JN, Guillevin R, Lecarpentier Y. Riluzole: a therapeutic strategy in Alzheimer's disease by targeting the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:3095-3113. [PMID: 32035419 PMCID: PMC7041777 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease, where the etiology remains unclear. AD is characterized by amyloid-(Aβ) protein aggregation and neurofibrillary plaques deposits. Oxidative stress and chronic inflammation have been suggested as causes of AD. Glutamatergic pathway dysregulation is also mainly associated with AD process. In AD, the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway is downregulated. Downregulation of WNT/β-catenin, by activation of GSK-3β-induced Aβ, and inactivation of PI3K/Akt pathway involve oxidative stress in AD. The downregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway decreases the activity of EAAT2, the glutamate receptors, and leads to neuronal death. In AD, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and glutamatergic pathway operate in a vicious circle driven by the dysregulation of the WNT/β-catenin pathway. Riluzole is a glutamate modulator and used as treatment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Recent findings have highlighted its use in AD and its potential increase power on the WNT pathway. Nevertheless, the mechanism by which Riluzole can operate in AD remains unclear and should be better determine. The focus of our review is to highlight the potential action of Riluzole in AD by targeting the canonical WNT/β-catenin pathway to modulate glutamatergic pathway, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Vallée
- DACTIM-MIS, Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), University of Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Jean-Noël Vallée
- CHU Amiens Picardie, University of Picardie Jules Verne (UPJV), Amiens, France.,Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Rémy Guillevin
- DACTIM-MIS, Laboratory of Mathematics and Applications (LMA), University of Poitiers, CHU de Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - Yves Lecarpentier
- Centre de Recherche Clinique, Grand Hôpital de l'Est Francilien (GHEF), Meaux, France
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90
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Cardinal von Widdern J, Hohmann T, Dehghani F. Abnormal Cannabidiol Affects Production of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators and Astrocyte Wound Closure in Primary Astrocytic-Microglial Cocultures. Molecules 2020; 25:E496. [PMID: 31979350 PMCID: PMC7037200 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal cannabidiol (abn-CBD) exerts neuroprotective effects in vivo and in vitro. In the present study, we investigated the impact of abn-CBD on the glial production of proinflammatory mediators and scar formation within in vitro models. Primary astrocytic-microglial cocultures and astrocytic cultures from neonatal C57BL/6 mice and CB2 receptor knockout mice were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and nitrite were determined. Furthermore, we performed a live cell microscopy-based scratch-wound assay. After LPS stimulation, TNFα, IL-6 and nitrite production was more strongly increased in cocultures than in isolated astrocytes. Abn-CBD treatment attenuated the LPS-induced production of TNFα and nitrite in cocultures, while IL-6 production remained unaltered. In isolated astrocytes, only LPS-induced TNFα production was reduced by abn-CBD. Similar effects were observed after abn-CBD application in cocultures of CB2 knockout mice. Interestingly, LPS-induced TNFα and nitrite levels were far lower in CB2 knockout cultures compared to wildtypes, while IL-6 levels did not differ. In the scratch-wound assay, treatment with abn-CBD decelerated wound closure when microglial cells were present. Our data shows a differential role of abn-CBD for modulation of glial inflammation and astrocytic scar formation. These findings provide new explanations for mechanisms behind the neuroprotective potential of abn-CBD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Faramarz Dehghani
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany; (J.C.v.W.); (T.H.)
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91
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Kelly R, Joers V, Tansey MG, McKernan DP, Dowd E. Microglial Phenotypes and Their Relationship to the Cannabinoid System: Therapeutic Implications for Parkinson's Disease. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030453. [PMID: 31973235 PMCID: PMC7037317 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, the motor symptoms of which are associated classically with Lewy body formation and nigrostriatal degeneration. Neuroinflammation has been implicated in the progression of this disease, by which microglia become chronically activated in response to α-synuclein pathology and dying neurons, thereby acquiring dishomeostatic phenotypes that are cytotoxic and can cause further neuronal death. Microglia have a functional endocannabinoid signaling system, expressing the cannabinoid receptors in addition to being capable of synthesizing and degrading endocannabinoids. Alterations in the cannabinoid system—particularly an upregulation in the immunomodulatory CB2 receptor—have been demonstrated to be related to the microglial activation state and hence the microglial phenotype. This paper will review studies that examine the relationship between the cannabinoid system and microglial activation, and how this association could be manipulated for therapeutic benefit in Parkinson’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Kelly
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (R.K.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Valerie Joers
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (V.J.); (M.G.T.)
| | - Malú G. Tansey
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA; (V.J.); (M.G.T.)
- Center for Translation Research in Neurodegenerative Disease, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Declan P. McKernan
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (R.K.); (D.P.M.)
| | - Eilís Dowd
- Pharmacology & Therapeutics, National University of Ireland, H91 W5P7 Galway, Ireland; (R.K.); (D.P.M.)
- Correspondence:
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92
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Xiao L, Wei F, Zhou Y, Anderson GJ, Frazer DM, Lim YC, Liu T, Xiao Y. Dihydrolipoic Acid-Gold Nanoclusters Regulate Microglial Polarization and Have the Potential To Alter Neurogenesis. NANO LETTERS 2020; 20:478-495. [PMID: 31789044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b04216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammation is one of the most significant features in a variety of central nervous system (CNS) disorders such as traumatic brain injury, stroke, and many neurodegenerative diseases. Microglia become polarized upon stimulation. The two extremes of the polarization are the neuron-destructive proinflammatory M1-like and the neuron-regenerative M2-like phenotypes. Thus, manipulating microglial polarization toward the M2 phenotype is a promising therapeutic approach for CNS repair and regeneration. It has been reported that nanoparticles are potential tools for regulating microglial polarization. Gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) could penetrate the blood-brain barrier and have neuroprotective effects, suggesting the possibility of utilizing AuNCs to regulate microglial polarization and improve neuronal regeneration in CNS. In the current study, AuNCs functionalized with dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA-AuNCs), an antioxidant with demonstrated neuroprotective roles, were prepared, and their effects on polarization of a microglial cell line (BV2) were examined. DHLA-AuNCs effectively suppressed proinflammatory processes in BV2 cells by inducing polarization toward the M2-like phenotype. This was associated with a decrease in reactive oxygen species and reduced NF-kB signaling and an improvement in cell survival coupled with enhanced autophagy and inhibited apoptosis. Conditioned medium from DHLA-AuNC-treated BV2 cells was able to enhance neurogenesis in both the neuronal cell line N2a and in an ex vivo brain slice stroke model. The direct treatment of brain slices with DHLA-AuNCs also ameliorated stroke-related tissue injury and reduced astrocyte activation (astrogliosis). This study suggests that by regulating neuroinflammation to improve neuronal regeneration, DHLA-AuNCs could be a potential therapeutic agent in CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Fei Wei
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
| | - Yinghong Zhou
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
- The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM) , https://research.qut.edu.au/accterm/
| | - Gregory J Anderson
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - David M Frazer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - Yi Chieh Lim
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - Tianqing Liu
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute , 300 Herston Road , Brisbane , QLD 4006 , Australia
| | - Yin Xiao
- Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation , Queensland University of Technology , 60 Musk Avenue , Kelvin Grove, Brisbane , QLD 4059 , Australia
- The Australia-China Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (ACCTERM) , https://research.qut.edu.au/accterm/
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93
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Lin J, Jo SB, Kim TH, Kim HW, Chew SY. RNA interference in glial cells for nerve injury treatment. J Tissue Eng 2020; 11:2041731420939224. [PMID: 32670539 PMCID: PMC7338726 DOI: 10.1177/2041731420939224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drivers of RNA interference are potent for manipulating gene and protein levels, which enable the restoration of dysregulated mRNA expression that is commonly associated with injuries and diseases. This review summarizes the potential of targeting neuroglial cells, using RNA interference, to treat nerve injuries sustained in the central nervous system. In addition, the various methods of delivering these RNA interference effectors will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Lin
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Seung Bin Jo
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration
Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Hyun Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration
Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science
& BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook
University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae-Won Kim
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration
Engineering (ITREN), Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Nanobiomedical Science
& BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook
University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
- UCL Eastman-Korea Dental Medicine
Innovation Centre, Dankook University, Cheonan, Republic of Korea
| | - Sing Yian Chew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical
Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine,
Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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94
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests retroviruses play a role in the pathophysiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Specifically, activation of ancient viral genes embedded in the human genome is theorized to lead to motor neuron degeneration. We explore whether connections exist between ALS and retroviruses through protein interaction networks (PIN) and pathway analysis, and consider the potential roles in drug target discovery. Protein database and pathway/network analytical software including Ingenuity Pathway BioProfiler, STRING, and CytoScape were utilized to identify overlapping protein interaction networks and extract core cluster (s) of retroviruses and ALS. RESULTS Topological and statistical analysis of the ALS-PIN and retrovirus-PIN identified a shared, essential protein network and a core cluster with significant connections with both networks. The identified core cluster has three interleukin molecules IL10, Il-6 and IL-1B, a central apoptosis regulator TP53, and several major transcription regulators including MAPK1, ANXA5, SQSTM1, SREBF2, and FADD. Pathway enrichment analysis showed that this core cluster is associated with the glucocorticoid receptor singling and neuroinflammation signaling pathways. For confirmation purposes, we applied the same methodology to the West Nile and Polio virus, which demonstrated trivial connectivity with ALS, supporting the unique connection between ALS and retroviruses. CONCLUSIONS Bioinformatics analysis provides evidence to support pathological links between ALS and retroviral activation. The neuroinflammation and apoptotic regulation pathways are specifically implicated. The continuation and further analysis of large scale genome studies may prove useful in exploring genes important in retroviral activation and ALS, which may help discover new drug targets.
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95
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Fernández-Arjona MDM, Grondona JM, Fernández-Llebrez P, López-Ávalos MD. Microglial activation by microbial neuraminidase through TLR2 and TLR4 receptors. J Neuroinflammation 2019; 16:245. [PMID: 31791382 PMCID: PMC6889729 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-019-1643-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neuraminidase (NA) is a sialidase present, among various locations, in the envelope/membrane of some bacteria/viruses (e.g., influenza virus), and is involved in infectiveness and/or dispersion. The administration of NA within the brain lateral ventricle represents a model of acute sterile inflammation. The relevance of the Toll-like receptors TLR2 and TLR4 (particularly those in microglial cells) in such process was investigated. Methods Mouse strains deficient in either TLR2 (TLR2-/-) or TLR4 (TLR4-/-) were used. NA was injected in the lateral ventricle, and the inflammatory reaction was studied by immunohistochemistry (IBA1 and IL-1β) and qPCR (cytokine response). Also, microglia was isolated from those strains and in vitro stimulated with NA, or with TLR2/TLR4 agonists as positive controls (P3C and LPS respectively). The relevance of the sialidase activity of NA was investigated by stimulating microglia with heat-inactivated NA, or with native NA in the presence of sialidase inhibitors (oseltamivir phosphate and N-acetyl-2,3-dehydro-2-deoxyneuraminic acid). Results In septofimbria and hypothalamus, IBA1-positive and IL-1β-positive cell counts increased after NA injection in wild type (WT) mice. In TLR4-/- mice, such increases were largely abolished, while were only slightly diminished in TLR2-/- mice. Similarly, the NA-induced expression of IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6 was completely blocked in TLR4-/- mice, and only partially reduced in TLR2-/- mice. In isolated cultured microglia, NA induced a cytokine response (IL-1β, TNFα, and IL-6) in WT microglia, but was unable to do so in TLR4-/- microglia; TLR2 deficiency partially affected the NA-induced microglial response. When WT microglia was exposed in vitro to heat-inactivated NA or to native NA along with sialidase inhibitors, the NA-induced microglia activation was almost completely abrogated. Conclusions NA is able to directly activate microglial cells, and it does so mostly acting through the TLR4 receptor, while TLR2 has a secondary role. Accordingly, the inflammatory reaction induced by NA in vivo is partially dependent on TLR2, while TLR4 plays a crucial role. Also, the sialidase activity of NA is critical for microglial activation. These results highlight the relevance of microbial NA in the neuroinflammation provoked by NA-bearing pathogens and the possibility of targeting its sialidase activity to ameliorate its impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Del Mar Fernández-Arjona
- Dpto. de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Jesús M Grondona
- Dpto. de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Pedro Fernández-Llebrez
- Dpto. de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - María Dolores López-Ávalos
- Dpto. de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071, Málaga, Spain. .,Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga-IBIMA, Málaga, Spain.
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96
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García-Revilla J, Alonso-Bellido IM, Burguillos MA, Herrera AJ, Espinosa-Oliva AM, Ruiz R, Cruz-Hernández L, García-Domínguez I, Roca-Ceballos MA, Santiago M, Rodríguez-Gómez JA, Soto MS, de Pablos RM, Venero JL. Reformulating Pro-Oxidant Microglia in Neurodegeneration. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1719. [PMID: 31627485 PMCID: PMC6832973 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8101719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In neurodegenerative diseases, microglia-mediated neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are central events. Recent genome-wide transcriptomic analyses of microglial cells under different disease conditions have uncovered a new subpopulation named disease-associated microglia (DAM). These studies have challenged the classical view of the microglia polarization state's proinflammatory M1 (classical activation) and immunosuppressive M2 (alternative activation). Molecular signatures of DAM and proinflammatory microglia (highly pro-oxidant) have shown clear differences, yet a partial overlapping gene profile is evident between both phenotypes. The switch activation of homeostatic microglia into reactive microglia relies on the selective activation of key surface receptors involved in the maintenance of brain homeostasis (a.k.a. pattern recognition receptors, PRRs). Two relevant PRRs are toll-like receptors (TLRs) and triggering receptors expressed on myeloid cells-2 (TREM2), whose selective activation is believed to generate either a proinflammatory or a DAM phenotype, respectively. However, the recent identification of endogenous disease-related ligands, which bind to and activate both TLRs and TREM2, anticipates the existence of rather complex microglia responses. Examples of potential endogenous dual ligands include amyloid β, galectin-3, and apolipoprotein E. These pleiotropic ligands induce a microglia polarization that is more complicated than initially expected, suggesting the possibility that different microglia subtypes may coexist. This review highlights the main microglia polarization states under disease conditions and their leading role orchestrating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan García-Revilla
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Isabel M Alonso-Bellido
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Miguel A Burguillos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Antonio J Herrera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Ana M Espinosa-Oliva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Rocío Ruiz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Luis Cruz-Hernández
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Irene García-Domínguez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - María A Roca-Ceballos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Marti Santiago
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - José A Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Departament of Medical Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Seville, 41009 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Manuel Sarmiento Soto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - Rocío M de Pablos
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
| | - José L Venero
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
- Institute of Biomedicine of Seville (IBIS)-Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío/CSIC/University of Seville, 41012 Seville, Spain.
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97
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Kudo Y, Haymaker C, Zhang J, Reuben A, Duose DY, Fujimoto J, Roy-Chowdhuri S, Solis Soto LM, Dejima H, Parra ER, Mino B, Abraham R, Ikeda N, Vaporcyan A, Gibbons D, Zhang J, Lang FF, Luthra R, Lee JJ, Moran C, Huse JT, Kadara H, Wistuba II. Suppressed immune microenvironment and repertoire in brain metastases from patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2019; 30:1521-1530. [PMID: 31282941 PMCID: PMC6771224 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdz207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) of lung cancer brain metastasis is largely unexplored. We carried out immune profiling and sequencing analysis of paired resected primary tumors and brain metastases of non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). PATIENTS AND METHODS TIME profiling of archival formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded specimens of paired primary tumors and brain metastases from 39 patients with surgically resected NSCLCs was carried out using a 770 immune gene expression panel and by T-cell receptor beta repertoire (TCRβ) sequencing. Immunohistochemistry was carried out for validation. Targeted sequencing was carried out to catalog hot spot mutations in cancer genes. RESULTS Somatic hot spot mutations were mostly shared between both tumor sites (28/39 patients; 71%). We identified 161 differentially expressed genes, indicating inhibition of dendritic cell maturation, Th1, and leukocyte extravasation signaling pathways, in brain metastases compared with primary tumors (P < 0.01). The proinflammatory cell adhesion molecule vascular cell adhesion protein 1 was significantly suppressed in brain metastases compared with primary tumors. Brain metastases exhibited lower T cell and elevated macrophage infiltration compared with primary tumors (P < 0.001). T-cell clones were expanded in 64% of brain metastases compared with their corresponding primary tumors. Furthermore, while TCR repertoires were largely shared between paired brain metastases and primary tumors, T-cell densities were sparse in the metastases. CONCLUSION We present findings that suggest that the TIME in brain metastases from NSCLC is immunosuppressed and comprises immune phenotypes (e.g. immunosuppressive tumor-associated macrophages) that may help guide immunotherapeutic strategies for NSCLC brain metastases.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/immunology
- Brain Neoplasms/pathology
- Brain Neoplasms/secondary
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/genetics
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/immunology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/pathology
- Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/surgery
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/immunology
- Humans
- Immunohistochemistry
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/genetics
- Neoplasm Proteins/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Tumor Microenvironment/genetics
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kudo
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA; Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - C Haymaker
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Departments of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - A Reuben
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - D Y Duose
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - J Fujimoto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - S Roy-Chowdhuri
- Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - L M Solis Soto
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - H Dejima
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - E R Parra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - B Mino
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - R Abraham
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - N Ikeda
- Department of Surgery, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Vaporcyan
- Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - D Gibbons
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - J Zhang
- Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - F F Lang
- Neurosurgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - R Luthra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA; Hematopathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - J J Lee
- Departments of Biostatistics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - C Moran
- Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - J T Huse
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA; Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - H Kadara
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA
| | - I I Wistuba
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA; Thoracic/Head and Neck Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, USA.
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98
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Pathobiology of Aspergillus Fumigatus Endophthalmitis in Immunocompetent and Immunocompromised Mice. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7090297. [PMID: 31466325 PMCID: PMC6780922 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7090297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite Aspergillus being the leading cause of exogenous fungal endophthalmitis following traumatic injury to the eye, its pathogenesis is not fully understood. In the current study, we developed a murine model of Aspergillus fumigatus (AF) endophthalmitis and investigated the disease pathobiology. Endophthalmitis was induced by intravitreal injection of Aspergillus spores in immunocompetent and immunocompromised (neutropenic) C57BL/6 mice, and disease severity was assessed by eye exam, fungal burden estimation, and histological examination. Our data showed that AF infection caused a time-dependent increase in corneal haze, opacity, and hypopyon beginning at two days post-infection (DPI). The fungal burden in infected eyes of immunocompetent mice peaked at 2 DPI and declined over 9 DPI. AF-infected neuroretina exhibited induction of innate immune response via upregulation of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and inflammatory mediators (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL6), and increased polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) infiltration. Histological analysis revealed heavy cellular infiltrates in the vitreous cavity as well as disruption of normal retinal architecture and increased retinal cell death. Neutropenic mice exhibited severe disease pathology with the prolonged fungal burden and increased inflammatory mediators. Our study described the first immunocompetent murine model of exogenous AF endophthalmitis and demonstrated an important role of neutrophils in innate defense against fungal endophthalmitis.
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99
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Hermann JK, Capadona JR. Understanding the Role of Innate Immunity in the Response to Intracortical Microelectrodes. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 2019; 46:341-367. [PMID: 30806249 DOI: 10.1615/critrevbiomedeng.2018027166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intracortical microelectrodes exhibit enormous potential for researching the nervous system, steering assistive devices and functional electrode stimulation systems for severely paralyzed individuals, and augmenting the brain with computing power. Unfortunately, intracortical microelectrodes often fail to consistently record signals over clinically useful periods. Biological mechanisms, such as the foreign body response to intracortical microelectrodes and self-perpetuating neuroinflammatory cascades, contribute to the inconsistencies and decline in recording performance. Unfortunately, few studies have directly correlated microelectrode performance with the neuroinflammatory response to the implanted devices. However, of those select studies that have, the role of the innate immune system remains among the most likely links capable of corroborating the results of different studies, across laboratories. Therefore, the overall goal of this review is to highlight the role of innate immunity signaling in the foreign body response to intracortical microelectrodes and hypothesize as to appropriate strategies that may become the most relevant in enabling brain-dwelling electrodes of any geometry, or location, for a range of clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- John K Hermann
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd. Mail Stop 151 AW/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702
| | - Jeffrey R Capadona
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 2071 Martin Luther King Jr. Drive, Wickenden Bldg, Cleveland, OH 44106; Advanced Platform Technology Center, Rehabilitation Research and Development, Louis Stokes Cleveland VA Medical Center, 10701 East Blvd. Mail Stop 151 AW/APT, Cleveland, OH 44106-1702
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100
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Prionisti I, Bühler LH, Walker PR, Jolivet RB. Harnessing Microglia and Macrophages for the Treatment of Glioblastoma. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:506. [PMID: 31231208 PMCID: PMC6560150 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most malignant form of brain tumors, with a dismal prognosis. During the course of the disease, microglia and macrophages both infiltrate the tumor microenvironment and contribute considerably in glioma development. Thus, tumor-associated microglia and macrophages have recently emerged as potentially key therapeutic targets. Here, we review the physiology of microglia and their responses in brain cancer. We further discuss current treatment options for GBM using radiotherapy, and novel advances in our knowledge of microglia physiology, with emphasis on the recently discovered pathway that controls the baseline motility of microglia processes. We argue that the latter pathway is an interesting therapeutic avenue to pursue for the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Prionisti
- Division of Digestive and Transplantation Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
- Lemanic Neuroscience Doctoral School, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Léo H. Bühler
- Division of Digestive and Transplantation Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Paul R. Walker
- Center for Translational Research in Onco-Hematology, Division of Oncology, Geneva University Hospitals – University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Renaud B. Jolivet
- Département de Physique Nucléaire et Corpusculaire (DPNC), University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
- European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Geneva, Switzerland
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