51
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Gergert VJ, Averbakh MM, Ergeshov AE. [Immunological aspects of tuberculosis pathogenesis]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2019; 91:90-97. [PMID: 32598618 DOI: 10.26442/00403660.2019.11.000262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The morphological aspects of TB pathogenesis are well described in the publications. Much is also known about the main stages of development and formation of specific adaptive immunity. However, from our point of view, not enough attention is being paid to the involvement of the immune system in the pathogenesis of clinically relevant TB abnormalities, as well as various forms of the disease. Nevertheless, there is no doubt that the variety of clinical manifestations of any disease associated with the penetration of a foreign agent into the body, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) in particular, is due to the collective interaction of the infectious agent and the individual response of the macroorganism to this infectious agent. The mosaic of such interactions usually imposes its own adjustments on the development of different forms of the process, its speed and direction, as well as the outcomes. Certainly, the response of a macroorganism to MTB is an integral part of pathogenesis and consists of many general components including the responses associated with the mechanisms of natural and acquired immunity. Intensity of these reactions depends on the characteristics of an agent (MTB) and a macroorganism. For the development of TB disease, massiveness of TB infection, dose and duration of MTB exposure to the human body, as well as virulence of MTB and the level of body's protection during the exposure play a very important role. TB pathogenesis is somewhat different in primary MTB infection and re - infection. With primary infection, 88-90% of individuals do not have clinical manifestations, and only the tuberculin skin test conversion signals the onset of infection. In some cases, without any use of anti-TB drugs limited abnormalities may result in spontaneous cure with the minimal residual changes in the lungs, intrathoracic lymph nodes and tissues of other organs, often in the form of calcifications and limited areas of fibrosis in more advanced cases. Only 10-12% of newly infected individuals develop TB with severe clinical manifestations requiring TB therapy. The absence of clinical manifestations of primary TB infection can be explained by a high level of natural resistance of the human body to tuberculosis, and sometimes can be an effect of acquired protection due to BCG vaccination. This review attempts to discuss the role of immune mechanisms in the pathogenesis both at the beginning of disease development, and in the process of its various manifestations. Issues of genetically determined resistance or susceptibility to TB are not being covered in detail in this manuscript.
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Affiliation(s)
- V J Gergert
- Central TB Research Institute Department of Immunology
| | - M M Averbakh
- Central TB Research Institute Department of Immunology
| | - A E Ergeshov
- Central TB Research Institute Department of Immunology
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Aris M, Bravo AI, Garcia Alvarez HM, Carri I, Podaza E, Blanco PA, Rotondaro C, Bentivegna S, Nielsen M, Barrio MM, Mordoh J. Immunization With the CSF-470 Vaccine Plus BCG and rhGM-CSF Induced in a Cutaneous Melanoma Patient a TCRβ Repertoire Found at Vaccination Site and Tumor Infiltrating Lymphocytes That Persisted in Blood. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2213. [PMID: 31620131 PMCID: PMC6759869 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The CSF-470 cellular vaccine plus BCG and rhGM-CSF increased distant metastases-free survival in cutaneous melanoma patients stages IIB-IIC-III relative to medium dose IFN-α2b (CASVAC-0401 study). Patient-045 developed a mature vaccination site (VAC-SITE) and a regional cutaneous metastasis (C-MTS), which were excised during the protocol, remaining disease-free 36 months from vaccination start. CDR3-TCRβ repertoire sequencing in PBMC and tissue samples, along with skin-DTH score and IFN-γ ELISPOT assay, were performed to analyze the T-cell immune response dynamics throughout the immunization protocol. Histopathological analysis of the VAC-SITE revealed a highly-inflamed granulomatous structure encircled by CD11c+ nested-clusters, brisk CD8+ and scarce FOXP3+, lymphocytes with numerous Langhans multinucleated-giant-cells and macrophages. A large tumor-regression area fulfilled the C-MTS with brisk lymphocyte infiltration, mainly composed of CD8+PD1+ T-cells, CD20+ B-cells, and scarce FOXP3+ cells. Increasing DTH score and IFN-γ ELISPOT assay signal against the CSF-470 vaccine-lysate was evidenced throughout immunization. TCRβ repertoire analysis revealed for the first time the presence of common clonotypes between a VAC-SITE and a C-MTS; most of them persisted in blood by the end of the immunization protocol. In vitro boost with vaccine-lysate revealed the expansion of persistent clones that infiltrated the VAC-SITE and/or the C-MTS; other persistent clones expanded in the patient's blood as well. We propose that expansion of such persistent clonotypes might derive from two different although complementary mechanisms: the proliferation of specific clones as well as the expansion of redundant clones, which increased the number of nucleotide rearrangements per clonotype, suggesting a functional antigenic selection. In this patient, immunization with the CSF-470 vaccine plus BCG and rhGM-CSF induced a T-cell repertoire at the VAC-SITE that was able to infiltrate an emerging C-MTS, which resulted in the expansion of a T-cell repertoire that persisted in blood by the end of the 2-year treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Aris
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alicia Inés Bravo
- Unidad de Inmunopatología, Hospital Interzonal General de Agudos Eva Perón, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Enrique Podaza
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | - Sofia Bentivegna
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Morten Nielsen
- IIBIO-UNSAM, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Department of Health Technology, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - José Mordoh
- Centro de Investigaciones Oncológicas-Fundación Cáncer, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Fundación Instituto Leloir, IIBBA-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Instituto Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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53
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Yang X, Yuan T, Ma R, Chacko KI, Smith M, Deikus G, Sebra R, Kasarskis A, van Bakel H, Franzblau SG, Sampson NS. Mce3R Stress-Resistance Pathway Is Vulnerable to Small-Molecule Targeting That Improves Tuberculosis Drug Activities. ACS Infect Dis 2019; 5:1239-1251. [PMID: 31012313 PMCID: PMC6630528 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.9b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
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One-third of the world’s population
carries Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the infectious agent that causes tuberculosis (TB), and every
17 s someone dies of TB. After infection, Mtb can
live dormant for decades in a granuloma structure arising from the
host immune response, and cholesterol is important for this persistence
of Mtb. Current treatments require long-duration
drug regimens with many associated toxicities, which are compounded
by the high doses required. We phenotypically screened 35 6-azasteroid
analogues against Mtb and found that, at low micromolar
concentrations, a subset of the analogues sensitized Mtb to multiple TB drugs. Two analogues were selected for further study
to characterize the bactericidal activity of bedaquiline and isoniazid
under normoxic and low-oxygen conditions. These two 6-azasteroids
showed strong synergy with bedaquiline (fractional inhibitory concentration
index = 0.21, bedaquiline minimal inhibitory concentration = 16 nM
at 1 μM 6-azasteroid). The rate at which spontaneous resistance
to one of the 6-azasteroids arose in the presence of bedaquiline was
approximately 10–9, and the 6-azasteroid-resistant
mutants retained their isoniazid and bedaquiline sensitivity. Genes
in the cholesterol-regulated Mce3R regulon were required for 6-azasteroid
activity, whereas genes in the cholesterol catabolism pathway were
not. Expression of a subset of Mce3R genes was down-regulated upon
6-azasteroid treatment. The Mce3R regulon is implicated in stress
resistance and is absent in saprophytic mycobacteria. This regulon
encodes a cholesterol-regulated stress-resistance pathway that we
conclude is important for pathogenesis and contributes to drug tolerance,
and this pathway is vulnerable to small-molecule targeting in live
mycobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Tianao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Rui Ma
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, 425 PHARM, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Kieran I. Chacko
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York City, New York 10029, United States
| | - Melissa Smith
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York City, New York 10029, United States
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York City, New York, 10029-6574, United States
| | - Gintaras Deikus
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York City, New York 10029, United States
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York City, New York, 10029-6574, United States
| | - Robert Sebra
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York City, New York 10029, United States
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York City, New York, 10029-6574, United States
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York City, New York 10029, United States
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York City, New York, 10029-6574, United States
| | - Harm van Bakel
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York City, New York 10029, United States
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, One Gustave L. Levy Place, Box 1498, New York City, New York, 10029-6574, United States
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 South Wood Street, 425 PHARM, Chicago, Illinois 60612-7231, United States
| | - Nicole S. Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University, 100 John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, Stony Brook University, 100 John S. Toll Drive, Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
- Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University, 10 Marais Street, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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54
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Deng M, Lv XD, Fang ZX, Xie XS, Chen WY. The blood transcriptional signature for active and latent tuberculosis. Infect Drug Resist 2019; 12:321-328. [PMID: 30787624 PMCID: PMC6363485 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s184640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the incidence of tuberculosis (TB) has dropped substantially, it still is a serious threat to human health. And in recent years, the emergence of resistant bacilli and inadequate disease control and prevention has led to a significant rise in the global TB epidemic. It is known that the cause of TB is Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. But it is not clear why some infected patients are active while others are latent. METHODS We analyzed the blood gene expression profiles of 69 latent TB patients and 54 active pulmonary TB patients from GEO (Transcript Expression Omnibus) database. RESULTS By applying minimal redundancy maximal relevance and incremental feature selection, we identified 24 signature genes which can predict the TB activation. The support vector machine predictor based on these 24 genes had a sensitivity of 0.907, specificity of 0.913, and accuracy of 0.911, respectively. Although they need to be validated in a large independent dataset, the biological analysis of these 24 genes showed great promise. CONCLUSION We found that cytokine production was a key process during TB activation and genes like CYBB, TSPO, CD36, and STAT1 worth further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Deng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China,
| | - Xiao-Dong Lv
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Zhi-Xian Fang
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
| | - Xin-Sheng Xie
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China,
| | - Wen-Yu Chen
- Department of Respiration, The First Hospital of Jiaxing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing 314000, China
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55
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Zhai W, Wu F, Zhang Y, Fu Y, Liu Z. The Immune Escape Mechanisms of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E340. [PMID: 30650615 PMCID: PMC6359177 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data from the Center of Disease Control (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO) statistics in 2017 show that 10.0 million people around the world became sick with tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is an intracellular parasite that mainly attacks macrophages and inhibits their apoptosis. It can become a long-term infection in humans, causing a series of pathological changes and clinical manifestations. In this review, we summarize innate immunity including the inhibition of antioxidants, the maturation and acidification of phagolysosomes and especially the apoptosis and autophagy of macrophages. Besides, we also elaborate on the adaptive immune response and the formation of granulomas. A thorough understanding of these escape mechanisms is of major importance for the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijie Zhai
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Fengjuan Wu
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Yiyuan Zhang
- School of Clinical Medicine, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Yurong Fu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
| | - Zhijun Liu
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261053, China.
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56
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Ogryzko NV, Lewis A, Wilson HL, Meijer AH, Renshaw SA, Elks PM. Hif-1α-Induced Expression of Il-1β Protects against Mycobacterial Infection in Zebrafish. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 202:494-502. [PMID: 30552162 PMCID: PMC6321843 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Drug-resistant mycobacteria are a rising problem worldwide. There is an urgent need to understand the immune response to tuberculosis to identify host targets that, if targeted therapeutically, could be used to tackle these currently untreatable infections. In this study we use an Il-1β fluorescent transgenic line to show that there is an early innate immune proinflammatory response to well-established zebrafish models of inflammation and Mycobacterium marinum infection. We demonstrate that host-derived hypoxia signaling, mediated by the Hif-1α transcription factor, can prime macrophages with increased levels of Il-1β in the absence of infection, upregulating neutrophil antimicrobial NO production, leading to greater protection against infection. Our data link Hif-1α to proinflammatory macrophage Il-1β transcription in vivo during early mycobacterial infection and importantly highlight a host protective mechanism, via antimicrobial NO, that decreases disease outcomes and that could be targeted therapeutically to stimulate the innate immune response to better deal with infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay V Ogryzko
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United Kingdom
| | - Amy Lewis
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Department of Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Annemarie H Meijer
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, 2333 CC Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen A Renshaw
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom.,Department of Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; and
| | - Philip M Elks
- The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom; .,Department of Infection and Immunity and Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2RX, United Kingdom; and
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57
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O'Connor G, Krishnan N, Fagan-Murphy A, Cassidy J, O'Leary S, Robertson BD, Keane J, O'Sullivan MP, Cryan SA. Inhalable poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microparticles encapsulating all-trans-Retinoic acid (ATRA) as a host-directed, adjunctive treatment for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2018; 134:153-165. [PMID: 30385419 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2018.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2018] [Revised: 07/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ending the tuberculosis (TB) epidemic by 2030 was recently listed in the United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goals alongside HIV/AIDS and malaria as it continues to be a major cause of death worldwide. With a significant proportion of TB cases caused by resistant strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), there is an urgent need to develop new and innovative approaches to treatment. Since 1989, researchers have been assessing the anti-bacterial effects of the active metabolite of vitamin A, all trans-Retinoic acid (ATRA) solution, in Mtb models. More recently the antibacterial effect of ATRA has been shown to regulate the immune response to infection via critical gene expression, monocyte activation and the induction of autophagy leading to its application as a host-directed therapy (HDT). Inhalation is an attractive route for targeted treatment of TB, and therefore we have developed ATRA-loaded microparticles (ATRA-MP) within the inhalable size range (2.07 ± 0.5 µm) offering targeted delivery of the encapsulated cargo (70.5 ± 2.3%) to the site of action within the alveolar macrophage, which was confirmed by confocal microscopy. Efficient cellular delivery of ATRA was followed by a reduction in Mtb growth (H37Ra) in THP-1 derived macrophages evaluated by both the BACT/ALERT® system and enumeration of colony forming units (CFU). The antibacterial effect of ATRA-MP treatment was further assessed in BALB/c mice infected with the virulent strain of Mtb (H37Rv). ATRA-MP treatments significantly decreased the bacterial burden in the lungs alongside a reduction in pulmonary pathology following just three doses administered intratracheally. The immunomodulatory effects of targeted ATRA treatment in the lungs indicate a distinct yet effective mechanism of action amongst the formulations. This is the first study to-date of a controlled release ATRA treatment for TB suitable for inhalation that offers improved targeting of a HDT, retains antibacterial efficacy and improves pulmonary pathology compared to ATRA solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma O'Connor
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Team, School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ardilaun House, 121 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Ireland and Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), NUI Galway, Ireland; Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translation Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Nitya Krishnan
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Aidan Fagan-Murphy
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Team, School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ardilaun House, 121 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Ireland and Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), NUI Galway, Ireland.
| | - Joseph Cassidy
- Pathobiology Section, UCD School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Seonadh O'Leary
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translation Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Brian D Robertson
- MRC Centre for Molecular Bacteriology and Infection, Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translation Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Mary P O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Trinity Translation Medicine Institute, St. James's Hospital, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- Drug Delivery and Advanced Materials Team, School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, and Tissue Engineering Research Group, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Ardilaun House, 121 St Stephens Green, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; Ireland and Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), NUI Galway, Ireland.
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58
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Pombinho R, Sousa S, Cabanes D. Scavenger Receptors: Promiscuous Players during Microbial Pathogenesis. Crit Rev Microbiol 2018; 44:685-700. [PMID: 30318962 DOI: 10.1080/1040841x.2018.1493716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity is the most broadly effective host defense, being essential to clear the majority of microbial infections. Scavenger Receptors comprise a family of sensors expressed in a multitude of host cells, whose dual role during microbial pathogenesis gained importance over recent years. SRs regulate the recruitment of immune cells and control both host inflammatory response and bacterial load. In turn, pathogens have evolved different strategies to overcome immune response, avoid recognition by SRs and exploit them to favor infection. Here, we discuss the most relevant findings regarding the interplay between SRs and pathogens, discussing how these multifunctional proteins recognize a panoply of ligands and act as bacterial phagocytic receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Pombinho
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Sandra Sousa
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
| | - Didier Cabanes
- a Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal.,b Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Group of Molecular Microbiology , Universidade do Porto , Porto , Portugal
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59
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Cavalcanti-Neto MP, Prado RQ, Piñeros AR, Sérgio CA, Bertolini TB, Gembre AF, Ramos SG, Bonato VL. Improvement of the resistance against early Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infection in the absence of PI3Kγ enzyme is associated with increase of CD4+IL-17+ cells and neutrophils. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 113:1-9. [PMID: 30514491 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Given the impossibility to study the lung immune response during Mycobacterium tuberculosis-latent infection, and consequently, the mechanisms that control the bacterial load, it is reasonable to determine the activation of local immunity in the early phase of the infection. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase gamma enzyme (PI3Kγ) is involved in the leukocyte recruitment, phagocytosis and cellular differentiation, and therefore, it is considered a promising target for the development of immunotherapies for chronic inflammatory diseases. Mice genetically deficient in PI3Kγ (PI3Kγ-/-) or WT (Wild Type) were evaluated 15 days post-infection. The enzyme deficiency improved the resistance against infection, increased the frequency of CD4+IL-17+ cells, the production of IL-17 as well as the gene and protein expression of molecules associated with Th17 cell differentiation and neutrophil recruitment. Our findings show, for the first time, the participation of the PI3Kγ in vivo in the M. tuberculosis-infection, and suggest an association of Th17 cells with protection in the early phase of tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- M P Cavalcanti-Neto
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Laboratory of Cell Signaling and Metabolic Modulation, Institute of Health and Biotechnology, Federal University of Amazonas, Coari, Brazil
| | - R Q Prado
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A R Piñeros
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C A Sérgio
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - T B Bertolini
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A F Gembre
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - S G Ramos
- Department of Pathology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - V L Bonato
- Basic and Applied Immunology Programe, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil.
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60
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Santos K, Lukka PB, Grzegorzewicz A, Jackson M, Trivedi A, Pavan F, Chorilli M, Braunstein M, Hickey A, Meibohm B, Gonzalez-Juarrero M. Primary Lung Dendritic Cell Cultures to Assess Efficacy of Spectinamide-1599 Against Intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1895. [PMID: 30186246 PMCID: PMC6110900 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an urgent need to treat tuberculosis (TB) quickly, effectively and without side effects. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative organism of TB, can survive for long periods of time within macrophages and dendritic cells and these intracellular bacilli are difficult to eliminate with current drug regimens. It is well established that Mtb responds differentially to drug treatment depending on its extracellular and intracellular location and replicative state. In this study, we isolated and cultured lung derived dendritic cells to be used as a screening system for drug efficacy against intracellular mycobacteria. Using mono- or combination drug treatments, we studied the action of spectinamide-1599 and pyrazinamide (antibiotics targeting slow-growing bacilli) in killing bacilli located within lung derived dendritic cells. Furthermore, because IFN-γ is an essential cytokine produced in response to Mtb infection and present during TB chemotherapy, we also assessed the efficacy of these drugs in the presence and absence of IFN-γ. Our results demonstrated that monotherapy with either spectinamide-1599 or pyrazinamide can reduce the intracellular bacterial burden by more than 99.9%. Even more impressive is that when TB infected lung derived dendritic cells are treated with spectinamide-1599 and pyrazinamide in combination with IFN-γ a strong synergistic effect was observed, which reduced the intracellular burden below the limit of detection. We concluded that IFN-γ activation of lung derived dendritic cells is essential for synergy between spectinamide-1599 and pyrazinamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Santos
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States.,School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pradeep B Lukka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Anne Grzegorzewicz
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Mary Jackson
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
| | - Ashit Trivedi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Fernando Pavan
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miriam Braunstein
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Anthony Hickey
- Discovery Science and Technology, RTI International, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Bernd Meibohm
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Mercedes Gonzalez-Juarrero
- Mycobacteria Research Laboratories, Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States
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61
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Marakalala MJ, Martinez FO, Plüddemann A, Gordon S. Macrophage Heterogeneity in the Immunopathogenesis of Tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1028. [PMID: 29875747 PMCID: PMC5974223 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages play a central role in tuberculosis, as the site of primary infection, inducers and effectors of inflammation, innate and adaptive immunity, as well as mediators of tissue destruction and repair. Early descriptions by pathologists have emphasized their morphological heterogeneity in granulomas, followed by delineation of T lymphocyte-dependent activation of anti-mycobacterial resistance. More recently, powerful genetic and molecular tools have become available to describe macrophage cellular properties and their role in host-pathogen interactions. In this review we discuss aspects of macrophage heterogeneity relevant to the pathogenesis of tuberculosis and, conversely, lessons that can be learnt from mycobacterial infection, with regard to the immunobiological functions of macrophages in homeostasis and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohlopheni J. Marakalala
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Fernando O. Martinez
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Botnar Research Centre, NDORMS, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Plüddemann
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Siamon Gordon
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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62
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Kim PM, Lee JJ, Choi D, Eoh H, Hong YK. Endothelial lineage-specific interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the blood and lymphatic systems. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2018; 111:1-7. [PMID: 30029892 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2018.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) has plagued humanity for tens of thousands of years, yet still remains a threat to human health. Its pathology is largely associated with pulmonary tuberculosis with symptoms including fever, hemoptysis, and chest pain. Mtb, however, also manifests in other extrapulmonary organs, such as the pleura, bones, gastrointestinal tract, central nervous system, and lymph nodes. Compared to the knowledge of pulmonary tuberculosis, extrapulmonary pathologies of Mtb are quite understudied. Lymph node tuberculosis is one of the most common extrapulmonary manifestations of tuberculosis, and presents significant challenges in its diagnosis, management, and treatment due to its elusive etiologies and pathologies. The objective of this review is to overview the current understanding of the tropism and pathogenesis of Mtb in endothelial cells of the extrapulmonary tissues, particularly, in lymph nodes. Lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) are derived from blood vascular endothelial cells (BECs) during development, and these two types of endothelial cells demonstrate substantial molecular, cellular and genetic similarities. Therefore, systemic comparison of the differential and common responses of BECs vs. LECs to Mtb invasion could provide new insights into its pathogenesis, and may promote new investigations into this deadly disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Kim
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jae-Jin Lee
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Dongwon Choi
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hyungjin Eoh
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Young-Kwon Hong
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Abstract
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Current tuberculosis
(TB) drug development efforts are not sufficient
to end the global TB epidemic. Recent efforts have focused on the
development of whole-cell screening assays because biochemical, target-based
inhibitor screens during the last two decades have not delivered new
TB drugs. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the causative
agent of TB, encounters diverse microenvironments and can be found
in a variety of metabolic states in the human host. Due to the complexity
and heterogeneity of Mtb infection, no single model can fully recapitulate
the in vivo conditions in which Mtb is found in TB patients, and there
is no single “standard” screening condition to generate
hit compounds for TB drug development. However, current screening
assays have become more sophisticated as researchers attempt to mirror
the complexity of TB disease in the laboratory. In this review, we
describe efforts using surrogates and engineered strains of Mtb to
focus screens on specific targets. We explain model culture systems
ranging from carbon starvation to hypoxia, and combinations thereof,
designed to represent the microenvironment which Mtb encounters in
the human body. We outline ongoing efforts to model Mtb infection
in the lung granuloma. We assess these different models, their ability
to generate hit compounds, and needs for further TB drug development,
to provide direction for future TB drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianao Yuan
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States
| | - Nicole S Sampson
- Department of Chemistry, Stony Brook University , Stony Brook, New York 11794-3400, United States.,Stellenbosch Institute for Advanced Study (STIAS), Wallenberg Research Centre at Stellenbosch University , Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
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64
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Queval CJ, Brosch R, Simeone R. The Macrophage: A Disputed Fortress in the Battle against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2284. [PMID: 29218036 PMCID: PMC5703847 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), the etiological agent of human tuberculosis (TB), has plagued humans for thousands of years. TB still remains a major public health problem in our era, causing more than 4,400 deaths worldwide every day and killing more people than HIV. After inhaling Mtb-contaminated aerosols, TB primo-infection starts in the terminal lung airways, where Mtb is taken up by alveolar macrophages. Although macrophages are known as professional killers for pathogens, Mtb has adopted remarkable strategies to circumvent host defenses, building suitable conditions to survive and proliferate. Within macrophages, Mtb initially resides inside phagosomes, where its survival mostly depends on its ability to take control of phagosomal processing, through inhibition of phagolysosome biogenesis and acidification processes, and by progressively getting access to the cytosol. Bacterial access to the cytosolic space is determinant for specific immune responses and cell death programs, both required for the replication and the dissemination of Mtb. Comprehension of the molecular events governing Mtb survival within macrophages is fundamental for the improvement of vaccine-based and therapeutic strategies in order to help the host to better defend itself in the battle against the fierce invader Mtb. In this mini-review, we discuss recent research exploring how Mtb conquers and transforms the macrophage into a strategic base for its survival and dissemination as well as the associated defense strategies mounted by host.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Roxane Simeone
- Unit for Integrated Mycobacterial Pathogenomics, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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65
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Contribution of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) to control Mycobacterium avium infection. Microbes Infect 2017; 19:527-535. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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66
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Ju WT, Fu Y, Liu Y, Tan YR, Dong MJ, Wang LZ, Li J, Zhong LP. Clinical and pathologic analyses of tuberculosis in the oral cavity: report of 11 cases. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2017; 125:44-51. [PMID: 29122502 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2017.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Revised: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to analyze tuberculosis (TB) in the oral cavity according to clinical appearance, clinical differential diagnosis, treatment, and outcome. STUDY DESIGN We enrolled 11 patients with TB in the oral cavity between November 2012 and November 2016. Glossal lymphoid TB was excluded. Clinical symptoms, auxiliary examinations, treatments, and outcomes were recorded and analyzed. RESULTS The study population comprised 6 men and 5 women, with a mean age of 59 years. Five patients presented with ulcer, 5 with a mass, and 1 with osteomyelitis. Excisional biopsy was performed in 3 patients, mass resection in 7, and curettage of mandibular lesion in 1. After pathologic diagnosis of TB in the oral cavity in 8 patients; 6 of them underwent purified protein derivative examination, and 4 of them had positive results and received drug therapy. The mean follow-up period was 24.9 months, and there was no recurrence. CONCLUSIONS TB in the oral cavity is rare and has no specific clinical features. Pathology, acid-fast staining, polymerase chain reaction, and DNA testing for Mycobacterium tuberculosis are useful for final diagnosis. Surgery is recommended as the treatment of choice to achieve good clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Tong Ju
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Fu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi-Ran Tan
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min-Jun Dong
- Department of Radiology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Zhen Wang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jiang Li
- Department of Oral Pathology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lai-Ping Zhong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial-Head and Neck Oncology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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67
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Circulating Mycobacterium tuberculosis DosR latency antigen-specific, polyfunctional, regulatory IL10 + Th17 CD4 T-cells differentiate latent from active tuberculosis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11948. [PMID: 28931830 PMCID: PMC5607261 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-10773-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The functional heterogeneity of T cell responses to diverse antigens expressed at different stages of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, in particular early secreted versus dormancy related latency antigens expressed later, that distinguish subjects with latent (LTBI), pulmonary (PTB) or extrapulmonary (EPTB) tuberculosis remains unclear. Here we show blood central memory CD4 T-cell responses specific to Mtb dormancy related (DosR) latency, but not classical immunodominant secretory antigens, to clearly differentiate LTBI from EPTB and PTB. The polyfunctionality score integrating up to 31 DosR-specific CD4 T-cell functional profiles was significantly higher in LTBI than EPTB or PTB subjects. Further analysis of 256 DosR-specific T-cell functional profiles identified regulatory IL10 + Th17 cells (IL10+IL17A+IL17F+IL22+) to be significantly enriched in LTBI; in contrast to pro-inflammatory Th17 cells (IFNγ+IL17A+/IL10-) in the blood and lung of EPTB and PTB subjects respectively. A blood polyfunctional, Mtb DosR latency antigen specific, regulatory, central memory response is therefore a novel functional component of T-cell immunity in latent TB and potential correlate of protection.
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68
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Gengenbacher M, Duque-Correa MA, Kaiser P, Schuerer S, Lazar D, Zedler U, Reece ST, Nayyar A, Cole ST, Makarov V, Barry Iii CE, Dartois V, Kaufmann SHE. NOS2-deficient mice with hypoxic necrotizing lung lesions predict outcomes of tuberculosis chemotherapy in humans. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8853. [PMID: 28821804 PMCID: PMC5562869 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09177-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
During active TB in humans a spectrum of pulmonary granulomas with central necrosis and hypoxia exists. BALB/c mice, predominantly used in TB drug development, do not reproduce this complex pathology thereby inaccurately predicting clinical outcome. We found that Nos2 -/- mice incapable of NO-production in immune cells as microbial defence uniformly develop hypoxic necrotizing lung lesions, widely observed in human TB. To study the impact of hypoxic necrosis on the efficacy of antimycobacterials and drug candidates, we subjected Nos2 -/- mice with TB to monotherapy before or after establishment of human-like pathology. Isoniazid induced a drug-tolerant persister population only when necrotic lesions were present. Rifapentine was more potent than rifampin prior to development of human-like pathology and equally potent thereafter, in agreement with recent clinical trials. Pretomanid, delamanid and the pre-clinical candidate BTZ043 were bactericidal independent of pulmonary pathology. Linezolid was bacteriostatic in TB-infected Nos2 -/- mice but significantly improved lung pathology. Hypoxic necrotizing lesions rendered moxifloxacin less active. In conclusion, Nos2 -/- mice are a predictive TB drug development tool owing to their consistent development of human-like pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Gengenbacher
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany. .,Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA.
| | - Maria A Duque-Correa
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany.,Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peggy Kaiser
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stefanie Schuerer
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Doris Lazar
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Zedler
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephen T Reece
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany.,University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Amit Nayyar
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Albany Molecular Research Inc, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Stewart T Cole
- Global Health Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vadim Makarov
- A. N. Bakh Institute of Biochemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, Russia
| | - Clifton E Barry Iii
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health-National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, USA.,Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Republic of South Africa
| | - Véronique Dartois
- Public Health Research Institute, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
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69
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Kaufmann SH, Weiner J, Maertzdorf J. Accelerating tuberculosis vaccine trials with diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Expert Rev Vaccines 2017; 16:845-853. [DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2017.1341316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H.E. Kaufmann
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - January Weiner
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen Maertzdorf
- Department of Immunology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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70
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Rifamycin action on RNA polymerase in antibiotic-tolerant Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in differentially detectable populations. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E4832-E4840. [PMID: 28559332 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1705385114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) encounters stresses during the pathogenesis and treatment of tuberculosis (TB) that can suppress replication of the bacteria and render them phenotypically tolerant to most available drugs. Where studied, the majority of Mtb in the sputum of most untreated subjects with active TB have been found to be nonreplicating by the criterion that they do not grow as colony-forming units (cfus) when plated on agar. However, these cells are viable because they grow when diluted in liquid media. A method for generating such "differentially detectable" (DD) Mtb in vitro would aid studies of the biology and drug susceptibility of this population, but lack of independent confirmation of reported methods has contributed to skepticism about their existence. Here, we identified confounding artifacts that, when avoided, allowed development of a reliable method of producing cultures of ≥90% DD Mtb in starved cells. We then characterized several drugs according to whether they contribute to the generation of DD Mtb or kill them. Of the agents tested, rifamycins led to DD Mtb generation, an effect lacking in a rifampin-resistant strain with a mutation in rpoB, which encodes the canonical rifampin target, the β subunit of RNA polymerase. In contrast, thioridazine did not generate DD Mtb from starved cells but killed those generated by rifampin.
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71
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Song OR, Deboosere N, Delorme V, Queval CJ, Deloison G, Werkmeister E, Lafont F, Baulard A, Iantomasi R, Brodin P. Phenotypic assays for Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. Cytometry A 2017; 91:983-994. [PMID: 28544095 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2016] [Revised: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is still a major global threat, killing more than one million persons each year. With the constant increase of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains resistant to first- and second-line drugs, there is an urgent need for the development of new drugs to control the propagation of TB. Although screenings of small molecules on axenic M. tuberculosis cultures were successful for the identification of novel putative anti-TB drugs, new drugs in the development pipeline remains scarce. Host-directed therapy may represent an alternative for drug development against TB. Indeed, M. tuberculosis has multiple specific interactions within host phagocytes, which may be targeted by small molecules. In order to enable drug discovery strategies against microbes residing within host macrophages, we developed multiple fluorescence-based HT/CS phenotypic assays monitoring the intracellular replication of M. tuberculosis as well as its intracellular trafficking. What we propose here is a population-based, multi-parametric analysis pipeline that can be used to monitor the intracellular fate of M. tuberculosis and the dynamics of cellular events such as phagosomal maturation (acidification and permeabilization), zinc poisoning system or lipid body accumulation. Such analysis allows the quantification of biological events considering the host-pathogen interplay and may thus be derived to other intracellular pathogens. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ok-Ryul Song
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Nathalie Deboosere
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Vincent Delorme
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, France.,Tuberculosis Research Laboratory, Institut Pasteur Korea, Bundang-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, 13488, Korea
| | - Christophe J Queval
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Gaspard Deloison
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Elisabeth Werkmeister
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Frank Lafont
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Alain Baulard
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Raffaella Iantomasi
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, France
| | - Priscille Brodin
- University of Lille, CNRS, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1019 - UMR 8204 - CIIL - Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, F-59000, France
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72
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Singh KH, Jha B, Dwivedy A, Choudhary E, N AG, Ashraf A, Arora D, Agarwal N, Biswal BK. Characterization of a secretory hydrolase from Mycobacterium tuberculosis sheds critical insight into host lipid utilization by M. tuberculosis. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:11326-11335. [PMID: 28515317 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.794297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes tuberculosis in humans and predominantly infects alveolar macrophages. To survive inside host lesions and to evade immune surveillance, this pathogen has developed many strategies. For example, M. tuberculosis uses host-derived lipids/fatty acids as nutrients for prolonged persistence within hypoxic host microenvironments. M. tuberculosis imports these metabolites through its respective transporters, and in the case of host fatty acids, a pertinent question arises: does M. tuberculosis have the enzyme(s) for cleavage of fatty acids from host lipids? We show herein that a previously uncharacterized membrane-associated M. tuberculosis protein encoded by Rv2672 is conserved exclusively in actinomycetes, exhibits both lipase and protease activities, is secreted into macrophages, and catalyzes host lipid hydrolysis. In light of these functions, we annotated Rv2672 as mycobacterial secreted hydrolase 1 (Msh1). Furthermore, we found that this enzyme is up-regulated both in an in vitro model of hypoxic stress and in a mouse model of M. tuberculosis infection, suggesting that the pathogen requires Msh1 under hypoxic conditions. Silencing Msh1 expression compromised the ability of M. tuberculosis to proliferate inside lipid-rich foamy macrophages but not under regular culture conditions in vitro, underscoring Msh1's importance for M. tuberculosis persistence in lipid-rich microenvironments. Of note, this is the first report providing insight into the mechanism of host lipid catabolism by an M. tuberculosis enzyme, augmenting our current understanding of how M. tuberculosis meets its nutrient requirements under hypoxic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bhavya Jha
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Abhisek Dwivedy
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Eira Choudhary
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India, and.,Symbiosis School of Biomedical Sciences, Symbiosis International University, Lavale, Pune, Maharashtra 412115, India
| | - Arpitha G N
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anam Ashraf
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Divya Arora
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India
| | - Nisheeth Agarwal
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Centre, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India, and
| | - Bichitra Kumar Biswal
- From the National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, Delhi 110067, India,
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73
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Kim SY, Koh WJ, Park HY, Jeon K, Lee SY, Yim JJ, Shin SJ. Down-Regulation of Serum High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein in Patients with Pulmonary Tuberculosis and Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Lung Disease. Tuberc Respir Dis (Seoul) 2017; 80:153-158. [PMID: 28416955 PMCID: PMC5392486 DOI: 10.4046/trd.2017.80.2.153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 12/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, increased levels of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) have been identified in various inflammatory conditions and infections. However, no studies have evaluated the HMGB1 level in nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) lung disease, and compared it to mycobacterial lung disease. Methods A total of 60 patients newly diagnosed with NTM lung disease, 44 culture-positive pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) patients, and 34 healthy controls, were included in this study. The serum HMGB1 concentrations were quantified using HMGB1 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kits. Results Serum HMGB1 level in patients with pulmonary TB or NTM lung disease, was significantly lower than that of the healthy controls. In addition, the serum HMGB1 level in TB patients was significantly lower than patients with NTM lung disease. However, the levels in NTM patient subgroups did not differ according to the causative species, disease progression, and disease phenotype. Conclusion Although low levels of serum HMGB1 has the potential to be a marker of mycobacterial lung disease, these levels were unable to differentiate disease progression and disease phenotype in NTM lung diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Young Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Won-Jung Koh
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hye Yun Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyeongman Jeon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Soo-Youn Lee
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Genetics, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Joon Yim
- Department of Internal Medicine and Lung Institute of Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Jae Shin
- Department of Microbiology, Institute for Immunology and Immunological Diseases, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project for Medical Science, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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74
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Abstract
Abstract
Although Mycobacterium avium subspecies are generally not considered food pathogens, the infections caused by these particular nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) can represent a serious threat to immunocompromised population. Additionally, infections with a member of Mycobacterium Avium Compex (MAC) can affect the efficiency of BCG vaccines used for the humans. In infected animals, M. avium may be present in different tissues without apparent clinical symptoms and macroscopic lesions. Veterinary meat inspection would then fail to recognize infected animals and such meat and meat products thereof could enter the human diet. The aim of this paper is also to analyze the current control policy in Europe according to infections of pigs with the members of MAC, and point out the risks for public health. By analyzing a large number of meat samples and other dietary nutrients, different groups of authors have provided evidence to support the hypothesis that M. avium is present in the everyday environment. Therefore, food as a source of infection with mycobacteria should not be ignored. The control of mycobacteria requires a better diagnostic approach, having in mind recent positive cases of M. avium subspecies hominissuis (MAH) in an increasing number of exported pigs from EU countries to Serbia. The introduction of reliable diagnostic methods for MAH could result in decreasing the occurrence of infection in pigs, as well as in humans, having in mind that WHO reported 10 million new cases of tuberculosis-mycobacteriosis in the human population in 2015 with 21% of these cases occurring in immunocompromised individuals and children.
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75
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Jenum S, Bakken R, Dhanasekaran S, Mukherjee A, Lodha R, Singh S, Singh V, Haks MC, Ottenhoff THM, Kabra SK, Doherty TM, Ritz C, Grewal HMS. BLR1 and FCGR1A transcripts in peripheral blood associate with the extent of intrathoracic tuberculosis in children and predict treatment outcome. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38841. [PMID: 27941850 PMCID: PMC5150239 DOI: 10.1038/srep38841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomarkers reflecting the extent of Mycobacterium tuberculosis-induced pathology and normalization during anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) would considerably facilitate trials of new treatment regimens and the identification of patients with treatment failure. Therefore, in a cohort of 99 Indian children with intrathoracic tuberculosis (TB), we performed blood transcriptome kinetic analysis during ATT to explore 1) the association between transcriptional biomarkers in whole blood (WB) and the extent of TB disease at diagnosis and treatment outcomes at 2 and 6 months, and 2) the potential of the biomarkers to predict treatment response at 2 and 6 months. We present the first data on the association between transcriptional biomarkers and the extent of TB disease as well as outcome of ATT in children: Expression of three genes down-regulated on ATT (FCGR1A, FPR1 and MMP9) exhibited a positive correlation with the extent of TB disease, whereas expression of eight up-regulated genes (BCL, BLR1, CASP8, CD3E, CD4, CD19, IL7R and TGFBR2) exhibited a negative correlation with the extent of disease. Baseline levels of these transcripts displayed an individual capacity >70% to predict the six-month treatment outcome. In particular, BLR1 and FCGR1A seem to have a potential in monitoring and perhaps tailoring future antituberculosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Synne Jenum
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rasmus Bakken
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - S. Dhanasekaran
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Aparna Mukherjee
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Lodha
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sarman Singh
- Division of Clinical Microbiology & Molecular Medicine, Department of Laboratory Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Varinder Singh
- Department of Pediatrics, Kalawati Saran Children Hospital, New Delhi, India
| | - Marielle C. Haks
- Department of Infectious Diseases Group, Immunology and Immunogenetics of Bacterial Infectious Disease, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherland
| | - Tom H. M. Ottenhoff
- Department of Infectious Diseases Group, Immunology and Immunogenetics of Bacterial Infectious Disease, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherland
| | - S. K. Kabra
- Department of Pediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Christian Ritz
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Harleen M. S. Grewal
- Department of Clinical Science, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- Department of Microbiology, Haukeland university hospital, University of Bergen, N-5021, Norway
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76
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Kaufmann SHE, Weiner J, von Reyn CF. Novel approaches to tuberculosis vaccine development. Int J Infect Dis 2016; 56:263-267. [PMID: 27816661 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains the deadliest infectious disease. The widely used bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine offers only limited protection against TB. New vaccine candidates for TB include subunit vaccines and inactivated whole-cell vaccines, as well as live mycobacterial vaccines. Current developments in TB vaccines are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.
| | - January Weiner
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - C Fordham von Reyn
- Infectious Disease and International Health, Geisel School of Medicine, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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77
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Prosser G, Brandenburg J, Reiling N, Barry CE, Wilkinson RJ, Wilkinson KA. The bacillary and macrophage response to hypoxia in tuberculosis and the consequences for T cell antigen recognition. Microbes Infect 2016; 19:177-192. [PMID: 27780773 PMCID: PMC5335906 DOI: 10.1016/j.micinf.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a facultative anaerobe and its characteristic pathological hallmark, the granuloma, exhibits hypoxia in humans and in most experimental models. Thus the host and bacillary adaptation to hypoxia is of central importance in understanding pathogenesis and thereby to derive new drug treatments and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gareth Prosser
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States
| | - Julius Brandenburg
- Microbial Interface Biology, Priority Research Area Infections, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, D-23845, Borstel, Germany
| | - Norbert Reiling
- Microbial Interface Biology, Priority Research Area Infections, Forschungszentrum Borstel, Leibniz Center for Medicine and Biosciences, Parkallee 1-40, D-23845, Borstel, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Borstel-Lübeck, Borstel, Germany
| | - Clifton Earl Barry
- Tuberculosis Research Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, MD, 20892, United States; Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 2AT, United Kingdom; Department of Medicine, Imperial College, London, W2 1PG, United Kingdom.
| | - Katalin A Wilkinson
- Clinical Infectious Diseases Research Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa; The Francis Crick Institute, London, NW1 2AT, United Kingdom
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78
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Canal AM, Pezzone N, Cataldi A, Zumarraga M, Larzabal M, Garbaccio S, Fernandez A, Dominguez L, Aranaz A, Rodriguez-Bertos A. Immunohistochemical detection of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in granulomas in cattle with natural Mycobacterium bovis infection. Res Vet Sci 2016; 110:34-39. [PMID: 28159234 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cellular immune response was evaluated in lymph nodes and lung with different granulomatous lesions from cattle naturally infected with Mycobacterium bovis. For this purpose, we assessed pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines by immunohistochemical assays. Immunoreaction was observed for all the cytokines analyzed. Fourteen animals displayed advanced stage IV granulomas, with intense immunoreactivity to IFN-γ and TGF-β in areas of caseous necrosis, macrophages and lymphocytes. Seven animals showed stage III granuloma, with high immunoreactivity to IFN-γ (average of 44.5% immunoreactive cells) and moderate to TNF-α and to the anti-inflammatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β, in relation to the proliferation of fibroblasts in granuloma periphery We found satellite stage I granulomas in 4 bovines and stage II granulomas in 2 bovines, which exhibited low immunostaining response (-13%). Cytokine expression in stage III and IV granulomas was significant, with predominance of immunoreactivity to IFN-γ, thus suggesting a strong, longstanding local immune response mediated by macrophages and epithelioid cells. In addition, these two stages displayed lower reactivity to IL-10; which suggests a deficit of anti-inflammatory cytokines, suppressed immunity and persistence of the infection. High expression of TGF-β could indicate a chronic process with greater tissue damage and fibrosis. Numerous bacilli observed in necrotic areas in stage III and IV granulomas with low expression of IL-1β suggest failure in the immune response with bacterial multiplication. In this study, evidence of in situ presence of cytokines demonstrates these cytokines are involved in the development and evolution of bovine tuberculosis granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Canal
- Sub-dirección de Ganadería y Sanidad Animal, Ministerio de la Producción, Bv. Pellegrini 3100, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Natalia Pezzone
- Sub-dirección de Ganadería y Sanidad Animal, Ministerio de la Producción, Bv. Pellegrini 3100, 3000 Santa Fe, Argentina; Laboratorio de Anatomía Patológica, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, R. P. Kreder 2805, 3080 Esperanza, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Angel Cataldi
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Center of Research on Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, INTA CICVyA, Nicolás Repetto y Las Cabañas s/n, 1712 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Martín Zumarraga
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Center of Research on Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, INTA CICVyA, Nicolás Repetto y Las Cabañas s/n, 1712 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mariano Larzabal
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Center of Research on Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, INTA CICVyA, Nicolás Repetto y Las Cabañas s/n, 1712 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sergio Garbaccio
- Instituto de Patobiología, Center of Research on Veterinary and Agronomic Sciences, National Institute of Agricultural Technology, INTA CICVyA, Nicolás Repetto y Las Cabañas s/n, 1712 Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Analía Fernandez
- General Direction of Animal Production, Secretary of Production, Entre Ríos, Argentina
| | - Lucas Dominguez
- Centro de Vigilancia Sanitaria Veterinaria (VISAVET), Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia Aranaz
- Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Rodriguez-Bertos
- Departamento de Medicina Interna y Cirugía, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense, Av. Puerta de Hierro s/n, 28040 Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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79
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Polena H, Boudou F, Tilleul S, Dubois-Colas N, Lecointe C, Rakotosamimanana N, Pelizzola M, Andriamandimby SF, Raharimanga V, Charles P, Herrmann JL, Ricciardi-Castagnoli P, Rasolofo V, Gicquel B, Tailleux L. Mycobacterium tuberculosis exploits the formation of new blood vessels for its dissemination. Sci Rep 2016; 6:33162. [PMID: 27616470 PMCID: PMC5018821 DOI: 10.1038/srep33162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms by which the airborne pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis spreads within the lung and leaves its primary niche to colonize other organs, thus inducing extrapulmonary forms of tuberculosis (TB) in humans, remains poorly understood. Herein, we used a transcriptomic approach to investigate the host cell gene expression profile in M. tuberculosis-infected human macrophages (ΜΦ). We identified 33 genes, encoding proteins involved in angiogenesis, for which the expression was significantly modified during infection, and we show that the potent angiogenic factor VEGF is secreted by M. tuberculosis-infected ΜΦ, in an RD1-dependent manner. In vivo these factors promote the formation of blood vessels in murine models of the disease. Inhibiting angiogenesis, via VEGF inactivation, abolished mycobacterial spread from the infection site. In accordance with our in vitro and in vivo results, we show that the level of VEGF in TB patients is elevated and that endothelial progenitor cells are mobilized from the bone marrow. These results strongly strengthen the most recent data suggesting that mycobacteria take advantage of the formation of new blood vessels to disseminate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Polena
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France.,Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Frédéric Boudou
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Tilleul
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Dubois-Colas
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France.,Univ. Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Cellule Pasteur, rue du Dr. Roux, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Cécile Lecointe
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Niaina Rakotosamimanana
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France.,Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité des Mycobactéries, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Mattia Pelizzola
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Patricia Charles
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Louis Herrmann
- INSERM U1173, UFR Sciences de la Santé Simone Veil, Université Versailles-Saint-Quentin, 78180 Saint-Quentin en Yvelines, France.,Service de Microbiologie, Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, 92380 Garches, France
| | - Paola Ricciardi-Castagnoli
- University of Milano-Bicocca, Department of Biotechnology and Bioscience, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milan, Italy
| | - Voahangy Rasolofo
- Institut Pasteur de Madagascar, Unité des Mycobactéries, Antananarivo, Madagascar
| | - Brigitte Gicquel
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France
| | - Ludovic Tailleux
- Institut Pasteur, Unité de Génétique Mycobactérienne, Paris, France
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80
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Bhavanam S, Rayat GR, Keelan M, Kunimoto D, Drews SJ. Understanding the pathophysiology of the human TB lung granuloma using in vitro granuloma models. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1073-89. [PMID: 27501829 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains a major human health threat that infects one in three individuals worldwide. Infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a standoff between host and bacteria in the formation of a granuloma. This review will introduce a variety of bacterial and host factors that impact individual granuloma fates. The authors describe advances in the development of in vitro granuloma models, current evidence surrounding infection and granuloma development, and the applicability of existing in vitro models in the study of human disease. In vitro models of infection help improve our understanding of pathophysiology and allow for the discovery of other potential models of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Bhavanam
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Gina R Rayat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Monika Keelan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Dennis Kunimoto
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Steven J Drews
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Surgical-Medical Research Institute, Alberta Diabetes Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.,Provincial Laboratory for Public Health, Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
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81
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Schinköthe J, Köhler H, Liebler-Tenorio EM. Characterization of tuberculous granulomas in different stages of progression and associated tertiary lymphoid tissue in goats experimentally infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. hominissuis. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2016; 47:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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82
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Agrawal N, Bhattacharyya C, Mukherjee A, Ullah U, Pandit B, Rao KVS, Majumder PP. Dissecting host factors that regulate the early stages of tuberculosis infection. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2016; 100:102-113. [PMID: 27553417 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Incomplete understanding of mechanisms involved in the host-pathogen interactions constrains our efforts to eliminate tuberculosis. In many individuals, resulting from immune response to mycobacterial infection organised structures called granulomas are formed. To identify host responses that may control at least the early stages of infection, we employed an in vitro granuloma model. Here, human PBMCs were infected with live Mycobacterium tuberculosis in culture, and the appearance of granuloma-like structures was monitored over the next several days. Production of cytokines and chemokines in culture supernatants was monitored at various times, and the resulting temporal profiles were examined for possible correlations with either granuloma formation, or bacterial growth. While a positive association of TNF-α and IFN-γ secretion levels with extent of granuloma formation could clearly be identified, we were, however, unable to detect any statistically significant relationship between any cytokine/chemokine and bacterial growth. Examination of specific host cellular biochemical pathways revealed that either modulation of neutral lipid homeostasis through inhibition of the Gi-protein coupled receptor GPR109A, or regulation of host metabolic pathways through addition of vitamin D, provided a more effective means of controlling infection. A subsequent genotypic analysis for a select subset of genes belonging to pathways known to be significant for TB pathology revealed associations of polymorphisms with cytokine secretions and bacterial growth independently. Collectively therefore, the present study supports that key metabolic pathways of the host cell, rather than levels of relevant cytokines/chemokines might be more critical for regulating the intracellular mycobacterial load, in the context of granuloma formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neha Agrawal
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 110067 New Delhi, India.
| | | | - Ankur Mukherjee
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, 741251 West Bengal, India.
| | - Ubaid Ullah
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 110067 New Delhi, India.
| | - Bhaswati Pandit
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, 741251 West Bengal, India.
| | - Kanury V S Rao
- Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, 110067 New Delhi, India.
| | - Partha P Majumder
- National Institute of Biomedical Genomics, Kalyani, 741251 West Bengal, India.
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83
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STAT3 Represses Nitric Oxide Synthesis in Human Macrophages upon Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29297. [PMID: 27384401 PMCID: PMC4935992 DOI: 10.1038/srep29297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a successful intracellular pathogen. Numerous host innate immune responses signaling pathways are induced upon mycobacterium invasion, however their impact on M. tuberculosis replication is not fully understood. Here we reinvestigate the role of STAT3 specifically inside human macrophages shortly after M. tuberculosis uptake. We first show that STAT3 activation is mediated by IL-10 and occurs in M. tuberculosis infected cells as well as in bystander non-colonized cells. STAT3 activation results in the inhibition of IL-6, TNF-α, IFN-γ and MIP-1β. We further demonstrate that STAT3 represses iNOS expression and NO synthesis. Accordingly, the inhibition of STAT3 is detrimental for M. tuberculosis intracellular replication. Our study thus points out STAT3 as a key host factor for M. tuberculosis intracellular establishment in the early stages of macrophage infection.
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84
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O'Connor G, Gleeson LE, Fagan-Murphy A, Cryan SA, O'Sullivan MP, Keane J. Sharpening nature's tools for efficient tuberculosis control: A review of the potential role and development of host-directed therapies and strategies for targeted respiratory delivery. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 102:33-54. [PMID: 27151307 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Centuries since it was first described, tuberculosis (TB) remains a significant global public health issue. Despite ongoing holistic measures implemented by health authorities and a number of new oral treatments reaching the market, there is still a need for an advanced, efficient TB treatment. An adjunctive, host-directed therapy designed to enhance endogenous pathways and hence compliment current regimens could be the answer. The integration of drug repurposing, including synthetic and naturally occurring compounds, with a targeted drug delivery platform is an attractive development option. In order for a new anti-tubercular treatment to be produced in a timely manner, a multidisciplinary approach should be taken from the outset including stakeholders from academia, the pharmaceutical industry, and regulatory bodies keeping the patient as the key focus. Pre-clinical considerations for the development of a targeted host-directed therapy are discussed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma O'Connor
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Laura E Gleeson
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Aidan Fagan-Murphy
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Sally-Ann Cryan
- School of Pharmacy, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin 2, Ireland; Trinity Centre for Bioengineering, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland; SFI Centre for Research in Medical Devices (CURAM), Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Mary P O'Sullivan
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Joseph Keane
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Institute of Molecular Medicine, Trinity College Dublin and St. James's Hospital, D08 W9RT, Dublin, Ireland.
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85
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Kaufmann SHE. EFIS lecture. Immune response to tuberculosis: How to control the most successful pathogen on earth. Immunol Lett 2016; 175:50-7. [PMID: 27181094 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major health threat and general agreement exists that better control measures are needed. These include better diagnostics, drugs and vaccines. In particular, vaccines will be critical for better TB control. Based on knowledge about protective immunity against TB, a vaccine was created, VPM1002, which shows high protective efficacy and safety in experimental animal models. The vaccine has proven safe and immunogenic in human adults and neonates and is currently assessed in clinical trials in the context of HIV exposure. As a next step, a phase III efficacy trial in adults and a phase IIb efficacy trial in neonates are being planned. Biosignatures that differentially diagnose TB disease versus latent infection with high sensitivity and specificity have been designed. Most recently, a prognostic biosignature which predicts progression from latent infection to active TB has been identified. Biosignatures are not only of great value for improved diagnosis and prognosis of TB, they can also provide guidelines for better understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying disease. Accordingly, distinct biomarkers of diagnostic and prognostic value but of unknown biological function are being characterized functionally. In this way, deeper insights have been obtained on the role of type I interferon and of neutrophils in TB in experimental animal models of TB. In conclusion, clinical and basic research further supported by computational biology can complement each other in the pursuit of knowledge-based development of improved intervention measures for TB control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan H E Kaufmann
- Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Department of Immunology, Berlin, Germany.
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86
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Manipulator of Protective Immunity. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:131. [PMID: 26927066 PMCID: PMC4813124 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) is one of the most successful pathogens in human history and remains a global health challenge. MTB has evolved a plethora of strategies to evade the immune response sufficiently to survive within the macrophage in a bacterial-immunological equilibrium, yet causes sufficient immunopathology to facilitate its transmission. This review highlights MTB as the driver of disease pathogenesis and presents evidence of the mechanisms by which MTB manipulates the protective immune response into a pathological productive infection.
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87
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Kaufmann E, Spohr C, Battenfeld S, De Paepe D, Holzhauser T, Balks E, Homolka S, Reiling N, Gilleron M, Bastian M. BCG Vaccination Induces Robust CD4+ T Cell Responses to Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex–Specific Lipopeptides in Guinea Pigs. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 196:2723-32. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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88
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Audemard-Verger A, Lepennec V, Galateau-Salle F, Verdon R. [The man who just wanted to quit smoking…]. Rev Mal Respir 2016; 33:264-6. [PMID: 26857199 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmr.2015.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A Audemard-Verger
- Département de médecine interne, CHU de Caen, 17, rue de Bayeux, 14000 Caen, France; Département des maladies infectieuses, CHU de Caen, 14000 Caen, France.
| | - V Lepennec
- Département de radiologie, CHU de Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - F Galateau-Salle
- Département d'anatomie pathologique, CHU de Caen, 14000 Caen, France
| | - R Verdon
- Département des maladies infectieuses, CHU de Caen, 14000 Caen, France
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89
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Abstract
While much progress has been made in the fight against the scourge of tuberculosis (TB), we are still some way from reaching the ambitious targets of eliminating it as a global public health problem by the mid twenty-first century. A new and effective vaccine that protects against pulmonary TB disease will be an essential element of any control strategy. Over a dozen vaccines are currently in development, but recent efficacy trial data from one of the most advanced candidates have been disappointing. Limitations of current preclinical animal models exist, together with a lack of a complete understanding of host immunity to TB or robust correlates of disease risk and protection. Therefore, in the context of such obstacles, we discuss the lessons identified from recent efficacy trials, current concepts of biomarkers and correlates of protection, the potential of innovative clinical models such as human challenge and conducting trials in high-incidence settings to evaluate TB vaccines in humans, and the use of systems vaccinology and novel technologies including transcriptomics and metabolomics, that may facilitate their utility.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Helen McShane
- a The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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90
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv infected THP-1 cells induce epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) in lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line (A549). Cell Immunol 2015; 300:33-40. [PMID: 26677761 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2015.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic infections of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) cause oxidative stress, TLR activation and production of inflammatory cytokines and thus can create an environment reinforcing tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis. Epidemiological studies have established a relation between lung cancer and tuberculosis but cellular mechanism is still poorly understood. In present study, we have shown for the first time that MTB infection in human monocytic cell line (THP-1) enhances invasion and induces EMT characteristics in lung adenocarcinoma cell line (A549) during co-culture. After co-culture with MTB infected THP-1 cells A549 cells exhibited morphological and molecular signatures of EMT. During co-culture, expression of inflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 was enhanced in the microenvironment of A549 cells in comparison to single culture of A549 cells. Using pharmacological inhibitors of JNK (SP-600125) and p38 MAPK (SB-203580), we demonstrated the involvement of JNK and p38 MAPK in MTB induced EMT induction in A549 cells. To the best of our knowledge this is the first report demonstrating the role of MTB infection in induction of metastasis associated EMT in lung cancer.
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91
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Lenaerts A, Barry CE, Dartois V. Heterogeneity in tuberculosis pathology, microenvironments and therapeutic responses. Immunol Rev 2015; 264:288-307. [PMID: 25703567 PMCID: PMC4368385 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) lesions are extremely complex and dynamic. Here, we review the multiple types and fates of pulmonary lesions that form following infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the impact of this spatial and temporal heterogeneity on the bacteria they harbor. The diverse immunopathology of granulomas and cavities generates a plethora of microenvironments to which M. tuberculosis bacilli must adapt. This in turn affects the replication, metabolism, and relative density of bacterial subpopulations, and consequently their respective susceptibility to chemotherapy. We outline recent developments that support a paradigm shift in our understanding of lesion progression. The simple model according to which lesions within a single individual react similarly to the systemic immune response no longer prevails. Host-pathogen interactions within lesions are a dynamic process, driven by subtle and local differences in signaling pathways, resulting in diverging trajectories of lesions within a single host. The spectrum of TB lesions is a continuum with a large overlap in the lesion types found in latently infected and active TB patients. We hope this overview will guide TB researchers in the design, choice of read-outs, and interpretation of future studies in the search for predictive biomarkers and novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Lenaerts
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Ft. Collins, CO, USA
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92
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Voelz K, Gratacap RL, Wheeler RT. A zebrafish larval model reveals early tissue-specific innate immune responses to Mucor circinelloides. Dis Model Mech 2015; 8:1375-88. [PMID: 26398938 PMCID: PMC4631785 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.019992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an emerging fungal infection that is clinically difficult to manage, with increasing incidence and extremely high mortality rates. Individuals with diabetes, suppressed immunity or traumatic injury are at increased risk of developing disease. These individuals often present with defects in phagocytic effector cell function. Research using mammalian models and phagocytic effector cell lines has attempted to decipher the importance of the innate immune system in host defence against mucormycosis. However, these model systems have not been satisfactory for direct analysis of the interaction between innate immune effector cells and infectious sporangiospores in vivo. Here, we report the first real-time in vivo analysis of the early innate immune response to mucormycete infection using a whole-animal zebrafish larval model system. We identified differential host susceptibility, dependent on the site of infection (hindbrain ventricle and swim bladder), as well as differential functions of the two major phagocyte effector cell types in response to viable and non-viable spores. Larval susceptibility to mucormycete spore infection was increased upon immunosuppressant treatment. We showed for the first time that macrophages and neutrophils were readily recruited in vivo to the site of infection in an intact host and that spore phagocytosis can be observed in real-time in vivo. While exploring innate immune effector recruitment dynamics, we discovered the formation of phagocyte clusters in response to fungal spores that potentially play a role in fungal spore dissemination. Spores failed to activate pro-inflammatory gene expression by 6 h post-infection in both infection models. After 24 h, induction of a pro-inflammatory response was observed only in hindbrain ventricle infections. Only a weak pro-inflammatory response was initiated after spore injection into the swim bladder during the same time frame. In the future, the zebrafish larva as a live whole-animal model system will contribute greatly to the study of molecular mechanisms involved in the interaction of the host innate immune system with fungal spores during mucormycosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Voelz
- Institute of Microbiology and Infection, School of Biosciences, University of Birmingham B15 2TT, UK Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA National Institute of Health Research Surgical Reconstruction and Microbiology Research Centre, Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham B15 2TH, UK
| | - Remi L Gratacap
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
| | - Robert T Wheeler
- Department of Molecular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Maine, Orono, ME 04469, USA
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93
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Mascart F, Locht C. Integrating knowledge ofMycobacterium tuberculosispathogenesis for the design of better vaccines. Expert Rev Vaccines 2015; 14:1573-85. [DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.1102638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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94
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Abstract
The emerging epidemic of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphomas worldwide continues to defy our understanding and forces the search for the causative factors. Adjuvants are known to act as triggers of immune and inflammatory responses. Animal experiments have demonstrated that long-term inflammation is related to aggravation of the immune network resulting in cellular and humoral responses leading to autoimmunity and lymphoma development. Chronic stimulation of the immune system is thought to be the key mechanism through which infectious diseases as well as autoimmune diseases can lead to lymphomagenesis. Many adjuvants can act similarly perturbing immune system's function, inducing a state of prolonged immune activation related to chronic lymphatic drainage. Several mechanisms were proposed by which adjuvants induce inflammation, and they are discussed herein. Some of them are triggering inflammasome; others bind DNA, lipid moieties in cells, induce uric acid production or act as lipophilic and/or hydrophobic substances. The sustained inflammation increases the risk of genetic aberrations, where the initial polyclonal activation ends in monoclonality. The latter is the hallmark of malignant lymphoma. Thus, chronic adjuvant stimulation may lead to lymphoma.
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95
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Masood KI, Pervez S, Rottenberg ME, Umar B, Hasan Z. Suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 and chemokine (C-X-C Motif) receptor 3 expressions are associated with caseous necrosis in granulomas from patients with tuberculous lymphadenitis. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2015; 49:984-987. [PMID: 26455487 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2015.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the role of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1 (SOCS1) and SOCS3 molecules in lymph nodes from tuberculous lymphadenitis patients (LNTB). Fewer T cells were noted in LNTB cases, which also had raised chemokine (C-X-C motif) receptor 3 (CXCR3) levels. In addition, we observed a positive correlation between CXCR3 and SOCS1 expression. Our data suggest that upregulation of SOCS1 molecules may contribute to the dissemination of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from granulomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran I Masood
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Pervez
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Martin E Rottenberg
- Department of Microbiology and Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Beena Umar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Zahra Hasan
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Aga Khan University, Karachi, Pakistan.
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96
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LL-37 immunomodulatory activity during Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in macrophages. Infect Immun 2015; 83:4495-503. [PMID: 26351280 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00936-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the most important infectious diseases worldwide. The susceptibility to this disease depends to a great extent on the innate immune response against mycobacteria. Host defense peptides (HDP) are one of the first barriers to counteract infection. Cathelicidin (LL-37) is an HDP that has many immunomodulatory effects besides its weak antimicrobial activity. Despite advances in the study of the innate immune response in tuberculosis, the immunological role of LL-37 during M. tuberculosis infection has not been clarified. Monocyte-derived macrophages were infected with M. tuberculosis strain H37Rv and then treated with 1, 5, or 15 μg/ml of exogenous LL-37 for 4, 8, and 24 h. Exogenous LL-37 decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-17 (IL-17) while inducing anti-inflammatory IL-10 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) production. Interestingly, the decreased production of anti-inflammatory cytokines did not reduce antimycobacterial activity. These results are consistent with the concept that LL-37 can modulate the expression of cytokines during mycobacterial infection and this activity was independent of the P2X7 receptor. Thus, LL-37 modulates the response of macrophages during infection, controlling the expression of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines.
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97
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George R, Cavalcante R, Jr CC, Marques E, Waugh JB, Unlap MT. Use of siRNA molecular beacons to detect and attenuate mycobacterial infection in macrophages. World J Exp Med 2015; 5:164-181. [PMID: 26309818 PMCID: PMC4543811 DOI: 10.5493/wjem.v5.i3.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2015] [Revised: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is one of the leading infectious diseases plaguing mankind and is mediated by the facultative pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB). Once the pathogen enters the body, it subverts the host immune defenses and thrives for extended periods of time within the host macrophages in the lung granulomas, a condition called latent tuberculosis (LTB). Persons with LTB are prone to reactivation of the disease when the body’s immunity is compromised. Currently there are no reliable and effective diagnosis and treatment options for LTB, which necessitates new research in this area. The mycobacterial proteins and genes mediating the adaptive responses inside the macrophage is largely yet to be determined. Recently, it has been shown that the mce operon genes are critical for host cell invasion by the mycobacterium and for establishing a persistent infection in both in vitro and in mouse models of tuberculosis. The YrbE and Mce proteins which are encoded by the MTB mce operons display high degrees of homology to the permeases and the surface binding protein of the ABC transports, respectively. Similarities in structure and cell surface location impute a role in cell invasion at cholesterol rich regions and immunomodulation. The mce4 operon is also thought to encode a cholesterol transport system that enables the mycobacterium to derive both energy and carbon from the host membrane lipids and possibly generating virulence mediating metabolites, thus enabling the bacteria in its long term survival within the granuloma. Various deletion mutation studies involving individual or whole mce operon genes have shown to be conferring varying degrees of attenuation of infectivity or at times hypervirulence to the host MTB, with the deletion of mce4A operon gene conferring the greatest degree of attenuation of virulence. Antisense technology using synthetic siRNAs has been used in knocking down genes in bacteria and over the years this has evolved into a powerful tool for elucidating the roles of various genes mediating infectivity and survival in mycobacteria. Molecular beacons are a newer class of antisense RNA tagged with a fluorophore/quencher pair and their use for in vivo detection and knockdown of mRNA is rapidly gaining popularity.
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98
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Dendritic Cell Activity Driven by Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Producing Human IL-18, in Healthy BCG Vaccinated Adults. J Immunol Res 2015; 2015:359153. [PMID: 26339658 PMCID: PMC4539176 DOI: 10.1155/2015/359153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis remains an enormous global burden, despite wide vaccination coverage with the Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), the only vaccine available against this disease, indicating that BCG-driven immunity is insufficient to protect the human population against tuberculosis. In this study we constructed recombinant BCG producing human IL-18 (rBCGhIL-18) and investigated whether human IL-18 produced by rBCGhIL-18 modulates DC functions and enhances Th1 responses to mycobacterial antigens in humans. We found that the costimulatory CD86 and CD80 molecules were significantly upregulated on rBCGhIL-18-infected DCs, whereas the stimulation of DCs with nonrecombinant BCG was less effective. In contrast, both BCG strains decreased the DC-SIGN expression on human DCs. The rBCGhIL-18 increased IL-23, IL-10, and IP-10 production by DCs to a greater extent than nonrecombinant BCG. In a coculture system of CD4+ T cells and loaded DCs, rBCGhIL-18 favoured strong IFN-γ but also IL-10 production by naive T cells but not by memory T cells. This was much less the case for nonrecombinant BCG. Thus the expression of IL-18 by recombinant BCG increases IL-23, IP-10, and IL-10 expression by human DCs and enhances their ability to induce IFN-γ and IL-10 expression by naive T cells, without affecting the maturation phenotype of the DCs.
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99
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Yu Y, Jin D, Hu S, Zhang Y, Zheng X, Zheng J, Liao M, Chen X, Graner M, Liu H, Jin Q. A novel tuberculosis antigen identified from human tuberculosis granulomas. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 14:1093-103. [PMID: 25605460 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m114.045237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis is a global infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb). Although novel Mtb biomarkers from both the pathogen and host have been studied, more breakthroughs are still needed to meet different clinic requirements. In an effort to identify Mtb antigens, chaperone-peptide complexes were purified from TB infected lungs using free-solution isoelectric focusing combined with high resolution LTQ Orbitrap Velos mass spectrometry. Antigen specific cellular immune responses in vitro were then examined. Those efforts led to the identification of six Mtb peptides only identified in Tuberculosis lung samples and that were not found in the control samples. Additionally, antigen-specific IFN-γ secretion, T-cell proliferation, cytokine expression, and a cytotoxic assay were also evaluated. Among the peptides isolated, we identified a 34 amino acid peptide named PKAp belonging to a serine/threonine-protein kinase, as being able to generate Mtb-specific cellular immune responses as noted by elevated antigen-specific cytokine secretion levels, increased CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and a strong cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) response. Moreover, the immune stimulating abilities of PKAp were further validated in vivo, with target peptide immunized mice showing an increased cellular IFN-γ in both the lungs and spleen without causing immunopathogenesis. In conclusion, we identified novel functional Mtb antigens directly from the granulomatous lesions of Tuberculosis patients, inducing not only significant antigen-specific IFN-γ secretion but also a marked cytotoxic lymphocyte functional response. These findings indicated that PKAp has potential as a novel antigen biomarker for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yu
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Dongdong Jin
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Shizong Hu
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Xiaojing Zheng
- §Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute, 101149, China
| | - Jianhua Zheng
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
| | - Mingfeng Liao
- ¶Guangdong Key Laboratory for emerging infectious diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Xinchun Chen
- ¶Guangdong Key Laboratory for emerging infectious diseases, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Shenzhen Third People's Hospital, Guangdong Medical College, Shenzhen, 518020, China
| | - Michael Graner
- ‖Department of Neurosurgery, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado 80045
| | - Haiying Liu
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China;
| | - Qi Jin
- From the ‡MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100176, China
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100
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Emerging Roles for RIPK1 and RIPK3 in Pathogen-Induced Cell Death and Host Immunity. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2015; 403:37-75. [PMID: 26385769 DOI: 10.1007/82_2015_449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein kinases 1 and 3 (RIPK1 and RIPK3 ) are homologous serine-threonine kinases that were recognized for their roles in directing programmed necrotic cell death or necroptosis under a broad range of pathologic settings. Emerging evidence suggests new physiologic roles for RIPK1 and RIPK3 in mediating cell death of innate immune responses. Our review discusses current evidence on the mechanisms and the impact of RIPK1- and/or RIPK3-dependent cell death in responses to a variety of viral and bacterial pathogens. Furthermore, the discussion also summarizes emerging roles for RIPK1 and RIPK3 in other facets of host immunity, including the maintenance of epithelial barrier function and pro-inflammatory processes that may, in some cases, manifest independent of cell death. Finally, we briefly consider the therapeutic opportunities in targeting RIPK1- and RIPK3-dependent processes in infection and immunity.
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