51
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Wood RA, Guthridge L, Thurmond E, Guthridge CJ, Kheir JM, Bourn RL, Wagner CA, Chen H, DeJager W, Macwana SR, Kamp S, Lu R, Arriens C, Chakravarty EF, Thanou A, Merrill JT, Guthridge JM, James JA. Serologic markers of Epstein-Barr virus reactivation are associated with increased disease activity, inflammation, and interferon pathway activation in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. J Transl Autoimmun 2022; 4:100117. [PMID: 35005588 PMCID: PMC8716608 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtauto.2021.100117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
SLE is a clinically heterogeneous disease characterized by an unpredictable relapsing-remitting disease course. Although the etiology and mechanisms of SLE flares remain elusive, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) reactivation is implicated in SLE pathogenesis. This study examined the relationships between serological measures of EBV reactivation, disease activity, and interferon (IFN)-associated immune pathways in SLE patients. Sera from adult SLE patients (n = 175) and matched unaffected controls (n = 47) were collected and tested for antibodies against EBV-viral capsid antigen (EBV-VCA; IgG and IgA), EBV-early antigen (EBV-EA; IgG), cytomegalovirus (CMV; IgG), and herpes simplex virus (HSV-1; IgG). Serological evidence of EBV reactivation was more common in SLE patients compared to controls as demonstrated by seropositivity to EBV-EA IgG (39% vs 13%; p = 0.0011) and EBV-VCA IgA (37% vs 17%; p = 0.018). EBV-VCA, CMV1, and HSV-1 IgG seropositivity rates did not differ between SLE patients and controls. Furthermore, concentrations of EBV-VCA (IgG and IgA) and EBV-EA (IgG) were higher in SLE patients. SLE patients with high disease activity had increased concentrations of EBV-VCA IgA (mean ISR 1.34 vs. 0.97; p = 0.041) and EBV-EA IgG levels (mean ISR 1.38 vs. 0.90; p = 0.007) compared with those with lower disease activity. EBV reactivation was associated with enhanced levels of the IFN-associated molecule IP-10 (p < 0.001) and the soluble mediators BLyS (p < 0.001) and IL-10 (p = 0.0011). In addition, EBV-EA IgG responses were enriched in two previously defined patient clusters with robust expression of IFN and inflammatory or lymphoid and monocyte responses. Patients in these clusters were also more likely to have major organ involvement, such as renal disease. This study supports a possible role for EBV reactivation in SLE disease activity. Serologic markers of EBV reactivation are more common in SLE patients. Elevated EBV reactivation is associated with higher SLE disease activity. EBV serologic reactivation correlates with elevated IP-10, IL-10, and BLyS levels. EBV reactivation occurs in SLE clusters with robust inflammatory and IFN responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A Wood
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Lauren Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Emma Thurmond
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Carla J Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Joseph M Kheir
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Rebecka L Bourn
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Catriona A Wagner
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Hua Chen
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Wade DeJager
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Susan R Macwana
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Stan Kamp
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Rufei Lu
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Cristina Arriens
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Eliza F Chakravarty
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Aikaterini Thanou
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Joan T Merrill
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Joel M Guthridge
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
| | - Judith A James
- Arthritis and Clinical Immunology Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA.,Departments of Medicine and Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, 73104, USA
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52
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Chen H, Lin S, Wang Y, Fu S, Ma Y, Xia Q, Lin Y. Paper-based detection of Epstein-Barr virus using asymmetric polymerase chain reaction and gold silicon particles. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1197:339514. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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53
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Manuel Lopes de Sousa H, Patrícia Costa Ribeiro J, Basílio Timóteo M. Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Gastric Cancer: Old Entity with New Relevance. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.93649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) represents a major public health issue worldwide, being the fifth most common cancer and one of the leading causes of death by cancer. In 2014, The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) established that tumors positive for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) are considered a specific subtype of GC (EBVaGC). Several meta-analyses have shown that EBVaGC represents almost 10% of all gastric cancer worldwide, with small differences in the geographic distribution. This tumor subtype has a high potential of being clinically relevant and studies have shown that it has specific features, a better prognosis, and increased overall survival. In this review, we summarize some of the most frequent aspects of EBVaGC, including the specific features of this GC subtype, data regarding the potential steps of EBVaGC carcinogenesis, and perspectives on treatment opportunities.
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54
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Heawchaiyaphum C, Pientong C, Yoshiyama H, Iizasa H, Panthong W, Ekalaksananan T. General Features and Novel Gene Signatures That Identify Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Epithelial Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 14:cancers14010031. [PMID: 35008199 PMCID: PMC8750470 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with various types of human malignancies, including nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), EBV-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC), and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The present study aimed to identify gene signatures and common signaling pathways that can be used to predict the prognosis of EBV-associated epithelial cancers (EBVaCAs) by performing an integrated bioinformatics analysis of cell lines and tumor tissues. We identified 12 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the EBVaCA cell lines. Among them, only four DEGs, including BAMBI, SLC26A9, SGPP2, and TMC8, were significantly upregulated. However, SLC26A9 and TMC8, but not BAMBI and SGPP2, were significantly upregulated in EBV-positive tumor tissues compared to EBV-negative tumor tissues. Next, we identified IL6/JAK/STAT3 and TNF-α/NF-κB signaling pathways as common hallmarks of EBVaCAs. The expression of key genes related to the two hallmarks was upregulated in both EBV-infected cell lines and EBV-positive tumor tissues. These results suggest that SLC26A9 and TMC8 might be gene signatures that can effectively predict the prognosis of EBVaCAs and provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms of EBV-driven epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukkris Heawchaiyaphum
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (C.H.); (C.P.); (W.P.)
- HPV&EBV and Carcinogenesis (HEC) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chamsai Pientong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (C.H.); (C.P.); (W.P.)
- HPV&EBV and Carcinogenesis (HEC) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (H.Y.); (H.I.)
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Shimane University Faculty of Medicine, Izumo 693-8501, Japan; (H.Y.); (H.I.)
| | - Watcharapong Panthong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (C.H.); (C.P.); (W.P.)
- HPV&EBV and Carcinogenesis (HEC) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Tipaya Ekalaksananan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; (C.H.); (C.P.); (W.P.)
- HPV&EBV and Carcinogenesis (HEC) Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-4336-3808; Fax:+66-4334-8385
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55
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Han S, Tay JK, Loh CJL, Chu AJM, Yeong JPS, Lim CM, Toh HC. Epstein–Barr Virus Epithelial Cancers—A Comprehensive Understanding to Drive Novel Therapies. Front Immunol 2021; 12:734293. [PMID: 34956172 PMCID: PMC8702733 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.734293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a ubiquitous oncovirus associated with specific epithelial and lymphoid cancers. Among the epithelial cancers, nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC), and EBV-associated gastric cancers (EBVaGC) are the most common. The role of EBV in the pathogenesis of NPC and in the modulation of its tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) has been increasingly well described. Much less is known about the pathogenesis and tumour–microenvironment interactions in other EBV-associated epithelial cancers. Despite the expression of EBV-related viral oncoproteins and a generally immune-inflamed cancer subtype, EBV-associated epithelial cancers have limited systemic therapeutic options beyond conventional chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitors are effective only in a minority of these patients and even less efficacious with molecular targeting drugs. Here, we examine the key similarities and differences of NPC, LELC, and EBVaGC and comprehensively describe the clinical, pathological, and molecular characteristics of these cancers. A deeper comparative understanding of these EBV-driven cancers can potentially uncover targets in the tumour, TIME, and stroma, which may guide future drug development and cast light on resistance to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Han
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Joshua K. Tay
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head & Neck Surgery, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Joe Poh Sheng Yeong
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chwee Ming Lim
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Han Chong Toh
- Division of Medical Oncology, National Cancer Centre Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- *Correspondence: Han Chong Toh,
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56
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Yang Y, Zhou T, Chen X, Li J, Pan J, He X, Lin L, Shi YR, Feng W, Xiong J, Yang K, Yu Q, Zhang Q, Hu D, Sun Y, Hu G, Li P, Shen L, Lin Q, Zhang B, Qu X, Zou J, Zhang L, Fang W, Zhao Y. Efficacy, safety, and biomarker analysis of Camrelizumab in Previously Treated Recurrent or Metastatic Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (CAPTAIN study). J Immunother Cancer 2021; 9:e003790. [PMID: 34933967 PMCID: PMC8693086 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2021-003790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the antitumor activity of camrelizumab, an antiprogrammed cell death-1 antibody, in pretreated recurrent or metastatic nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) and to explore predictive biomarkers. METHODS Patients with recurrent (not amenable to locally curative treatment) or metastatic NPC who had failed at least two lines of chemotherapy were eligible to receive camrelizumab (200 mg intravenously every 2 weeks) for 2 years or until disease progression, intolerable adverse events, withdrawal of consents, or investigator decision. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) assessed by an independent review committee (IRC). Programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Other immune-related biomarkers including major histocompatibility complex class I and major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II) were assessed by multiplex immunofluorescence staining. RESULTS Between August 14, 2018, and December 30, 2019, a total of 156 patients were enrolled. The IRC-assessed ORR was 28.2% (95% CI 21.3% to 36.0%). The median progression-free survival was 3.7 months (95% CI 2.0 to 4.1) per IRC, and the median overall survival was 17.4 months (95% CI 15.2 to 21.9). The ORRs were 35.2% (95% CI 25.3% to 46.1%) vs 19.4% (95% CI 10.4% to 31.4%) in patients with tumor PD-L1 expression of ≥10% and<10%, respectively. Patients with durable clinical benefit (DCB), which was defined as complete response, partial response or stable disease of ≥18 weeks, had higher density of MHC-II+ cell in stroma than patients without DCB (median 868.1 (IQR 413.4-2854.0) cells/mm2 vs median 552.4 (IQR 258.4 to 1242.1) cells/mm2). MHC-II+ cell density did not correlate with PD-L1 expression, and a composite of high stromal MHC-II+ cell density and tumor PD-L1 expression further enriched patients who could benefit from camrelizumab. CONCLUSIONS Camrelizumab had clinically meaningful antitumor activity in patients with recurrent or metastatic NPC. The composition of both MHC-II+ cell density and PD-L1 expression could result in better patient selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunpeng Yang
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaozhong Chen
- Department of Radiology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jingao Li
- Department of Head and Neck Radiotherapy, Jiangxi Cancer Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Jianji Pan
- Department of Head and Neck Radiation Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaohui He
- Department of Oncology, Cancer Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhu Lin
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying-Rui Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weineng Feng
- Department of Head, Neck and Thoracic Oncology, Foshan First People's Hospital, Foshan, China
| | - Jianping Xiong
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Kunyu Yang
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, Union Hospital Tongji Medical College Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Qitao Yu
- Department of Respiratory Oncology, Guangxi Medical University Affiliated Tumor Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Qunling Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Desheng Hu
- Department of Head and Neck Tumor Radiotherapy, Hubei Cancer Hospital, Wuhan, China
| | - Yan Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, Beijing Cancer Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Guangyuan Hu
- Department of Comprehensive Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Head and Neck Oncology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Liangfang Shen
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Ben Zhang
- Clinical Research & Development, Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao Qu
- Clinical Research & Development, Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianjun Zou
- Clinical Research & Development, Jiangsu Hengrui Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Fang
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhao
- Department of Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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57
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Chen W, Xie Y, Wang T, Wang L. New insights into Epstein‑Barr virus‑associated tumors: Exosomes (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 47:13. [PMID: 34779497 PMCID: PMC8600424 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is endemic worldwide and is associated with a number of human tumors. EBV-associated tumors have unique mechanisms of tumorigenesis. EBV encodes multiple oncogenic molecules that can be loaded into exosomes released by EBV+ tumor cells to mediate intercellular communication. Moreover, different EBV+ tumor cells secrete exosomes that act on various target cells with various biological functions. In addition to oncogenicity, EBV+ exosomes have potential immunosuppressive effects. Investigating EBV+ exosomes could identify the role of EBV in tumorigenesis and progression. The present review summarized advances in studies focusing on exosomes and the functions of EBV+ exosomes derived from different EBV-associated tumors. EBV+ exosomes are expected to become a new biomarker for disease diagnosis and prognosis. Therefore, exosome-targeted therapy displays potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Chen
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yao Xie
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Dermatology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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58
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Jauhiainen MK, Xu M, Pyöriä L, Atula T, Aro K, Markkanen A, Haglund C, Hagström J, Mäkitie AA, Söderlund-Venermo M, Sinkkonen ST. The presence of herpesviruses in malignant but not in benign or recurrent pleomorphic adenomas. Tumour Biol 2021; 43:249-259. [PMID: 34602506 DOI: 10.3233/tub-211519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The etiology of salivary gland tumors is mainly unknown. The anatomical location of the salivary glands, with the mucosal pathway to the oral cavity and its rich microbiome, raises the question of potential viral background. OBJECTIVE This study focuses on the potential presence of herpes-, polyoma- and parvoviruses in pleomorphic adenoma (PA), recurrent pleomorphic adenoma (RPA) and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (CaxPA). METHODS Thirty different viruses were analyzed by PCR-based assays in 68 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded salivary gland tumors (25 PA, 31 RPA and 12 CaxPA). RESULTS Virus DNA was detected altogether in 19/68 (28%) tumor samples. Human herpesviruses 6B and 7 (HHV-6B and HHV-7) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) were frequently and almost exclusively found in CaxPA (5/12, 7/12, and 3/12, respectively). Within the 7 CaxPA that were virus-positive, 3 samples contained 3, and 1 sample even 4, different viruses. Infrequent viral positivity was shown for parvovirus B19 and cutavirus, as well as Merkel cell and Malawi polyomaviruses. CONCLUSIONS Our unexpected finding of herpesvirus DNA almost exclusively in CaxPA tissues deserves further in-depth studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria K Jauhiainen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Man Xu
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lari Pyöriä
- Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Atula
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Katri Aro
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anttoni Markkanen
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Helsinki and Turku, Helsinki and Turku, Finland
| | - Caj Haglund
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Helsinki and Turku, Helsinki and Turku, Finland.,Translational Cancer Medicine, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Hagström
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Helsinki and Turku, Helsinki and Turku, Finland.,Translational Cancer Medicine, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Department of Oral Pathology and Radiology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti A Mäkitie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Program in Systems Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Saku T Sinkkonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital and University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Stress-Induced Epstein-Barr Virus Reactivation. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11091380. [PMID: 34572593 PMCID: PMC8470332 DOI: 10.3390/biom11091380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is typically found in a latent, asymptomatic state in immunocompetent individuals. Perturbations of the host immune system can stimulate viral reactivation. Furthermore, there are a myriad of EBV-associated illnesses including various cancers, post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease, and autoimmune conditions. A thorough understanding of this virus, and the interplay between stress and the immune system, is essential to establish effective treatment. This review will provide a summary of the interaction between both psychological and cellular stressors resulting in EBV reactivation. It will examine mechanisms by which EBV establishes and maintains latency and will conclude with a brief overview of treatments targeting EBV.
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60
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Chung YL, Wu ML. Clonal dynamics of tumor-infiltrating T-cell receptor beta-chain repertoires in the peripheral blood in response to concurrent chemoradiotherapy for Epstein-Barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Oncoimmunology 2021; 10:1968172. [PMID: 34513316 PMCID: PMC8425724 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2021.1968172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The nasopharyngeal epithelium is highly susceptible to pathogenic infection. More than 95% of nasopharyngeal carcinomas (NPCs) are Epstein–Barr virus (EBV)-associated epithelial cancers densely infiltrated with EBV-free lymphocytes. It remains unknown whether the immune modulating effects of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) on the tumor-infiltrating T-cell priming against EBV, tumor-associated antigens, and/or neoantigens can elicit systemic anti-tumor immunity and decrease recurrence or distant metastasis. Using matched EBV-associated NPCs, nasopharyngeal mucosal tissues, and longitudinal serial peripheral blood samples, we explored the spatiotemporal and quantitative changes in expansion and contraction of intratumoral T-cell clonotypes (ITCs) in peripheral blood samples from before, during, and after CCRT. The pre-treatment nasopharyngeal ITC repertoire contained unique mucosa-resident and commonly system-shared T-cell receptors (TCRs), portraying an individualized tumor-associated and/or metagenomic landscape. We found that the long-term disease-free patients had significantly more robust unique mucosa-resident ITCs that migrated into and expanded in the peripheral blood after CCRT than in the patients with recurrence or distant metastasis (Mann–Whitney U test, p = .0110). However, the system-shared productive ITC TCRs specific to the common viruses, such as EBV, cytomegalovirus, and influenzaA, in all the patients with and without recurrence demonstrated almost no expansion after CCRT. Thus, these findings underline the importance of determining the impact of unique intratumoral immune responses, reflected in the peripheral blood, on disease prognosis after treatment and challenge of mechanistically understanding the common systemic immune evasion of EBV in NPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yih-Lin Chung
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Koo Foundation Sun-Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Mei-Ling Wu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Koo Foundation Sun-Yat-Sen Cancer Center, Taipei, Taiwan
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61
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Marongiu L, Allgayer H. Viruses in colorectal cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:1423-1450. [PMID: 34514694 PMCID: PMC8978519 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that microorganisms might represent at least highly interesting cofactors in colorectal cancer (CRC) oncogenesis and progression. Still, associated mechanisms, specifically in colonocytes and their microenvironmental interactions, are still poorly understood. Although, currently, at least seven viruses are being recognized as human carcinogens, only three of these – Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), human papillomavirus (HPV) and John Cunningham virus (JCV) – have been described, with varying levels of evidence, in CRC. In addition, cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been associated with CRC in some publications, albeit not being a fully acknowledged oncovirus. Moreover, recent microbiome studies set increasing grounds for new hypotheses on bacteriophages as interesting additional modulators in CRC carcinogenesis and progression. The present Review summarizes how particular groups of viruses, including bacteriophages, affect cells and the cellular and microbial microenvironment, thereby putatively contributing to foster CRC. This could be achieved, for example, by promoting several processes – such as DNA damage, chromosomal instability, or molecular aspects of cell proliferation, CRC progression and metastasis – not necessarily by direct infection of epithelial cells only, but also by interaction with the microenvironment of infected cells. In this context, there are striking common features of EBV, CMV, HPV and JCV that are able to promote oncogenesis, in terms of establishing latent infections and affecting p53‐/pRb‐driven, epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT)‐/EGFR‐associated and especially Wnt/β‐catenin‐driven pathways. We speculate that, at least in part, such viral impacts on particular pathways might be reflected in lasting (e.g. mutational or further genomic) fingerprints of viruses in cells. Also, the complex interplay between several species within the intestinal microbiome, involving a direct or indirect impact on colorectal and microenvironmental cells but also between, for example, phages and bacterial and viral pathogens, and further novel species certainly might, in part, explain ongoing difficulties to establish unequivocal monocausal links between specific viral infections and CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luigi Marongiu
- Department of Experimental Surgery - Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Heike Allgayer
- Department of Experimental Surgery - Cancer Metastasis, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
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Chen ZH, Yan SM, Chen XX, Zhang Q, Liu SX, Liu Y, Luo YL, Zhang C, Xu M, Zhao YF, Huang LY, Liu BL, Xia TL, Xu DZ, Liang Y, Chen YM, Wang W, Yuan SQ, Zhang HZ, Yun JP, Zhai WW, Zeng MS, Bai F, Zhong Q. The genomic architecture of EBV and infected gastric tissue from precursor lesions to carcinoma. Genome Med 2021; 13:146. [PMID: 34493320 PMCID: PMC8422682 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-021-00963-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated gastric carcinomas (EBVaGCs) present unique molecular signatures, but the tumorigenesis of EBVaGCs and the role EBV plays during this process remain poorly understood. METHODS We applied whole-exome sequencing, EBV genome sequencing, and whole-genome bisulfite sequencing to multiple samples (n = 123) derived from the same patients (n = 25), which covered saliva samples and different histological stages from morphologically normal epithelial tissues to dysplasia and EBVaGCs. We compared the genomic landscape between EBVaGCs and their precursor lesions and traced the clonal evolution for each patient. We also analyzed genome sequences of EBV from samples of different histological types. Finally, the key molecular events promoting the tumor evolution were demonstrated by MTT, IC50, and colony formation assay in vitro experiments and in vivo xenograft experiments. RESULTS Our analysis revealed increasing mutational burden and EBV load from normal tissues and low-grade dysplasia (LD) to high-grade dysplasia (HD) and EBVaGCs, and oncogenic amplifications occurred late in EBVaGCs. Interestingly, within each patient, EBVaGCs and HDs were monoclonal and harbored single-strain-originated EBV, but saliva or normal tissues/LDs had different EBV strains from that in EBVaGCs. Compared with precursor lesions, tumor cells showed incremental methylation in promotor regions, whereas EBV presented consistent hypermethylation. Dominant alterations targeting the PI3K-Akt and Wnt pathways were found in EBV-infected cells. The combinational inhibition of these two pathways in EBV-positive tumor cells confirmed their synergistic function. CONCLUSIONS We portrayed the (epi) genomic evolution process of EBVaGCs, revealed the extensive genomic diversity of EBV between tumors and normal tissue sites, and demonstrated the synergistic activation of the PI3K and Wnt pathways in EBVaGCs, offering a new potential treatment strategy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhang-Hua Chen
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Integrated Research Building Room 330, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road No.5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Shu-Mei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi-Xi Chen
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Integrated Research Building Room 330, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road No.5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Ultrasound, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China
- Department of Oncology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shang-Xin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Integrated Research Building Room 330, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road No.5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yi-Ling Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Yi-Fan Zhao
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Integrated Research Building Room 330, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road No.5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Li-Yun Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin-Liu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Tian-Liang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Da-Zhi Xu
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yao Liang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Ming Chen
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Qiang Yuan
- Department of Gastric Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Zhong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Ping Yun
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Centre, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei-Wei Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Zoological Systematics and Evolution, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Center for Excellence in Animal Evolution and Genetics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China
| | - Fan Bai
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Integrated Research Building Room 330, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Yiheyuan Road No.5, Haidian District, Beijing, 100871, China.
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics (ICG), Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, China.
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Martínez LE, Daniels-Wells TR, Guo Y, Magpantay LI, Candelaria PV, Penichet ML, Martínez-Maza O, Epeldegui M. Targeting TfR1 with the ch128.1/IgG1 Antibody Inhibits EBV-driven Lymphomagenesis in Immunosuppressed Mice Bearing EBV + Human Primary B-cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2021; 20:1592-1602. [PMID: 34158342 PMCID: PMC8419068 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-21-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is a human gammaherpesvirus associated with the development of hematopoietic cancers of B-lymphocyte origin, including AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (AIDS-NHL). Primary infection of B-cells with EBV results in their polyclonal activation and immortalization. The transferrin receptor 1 (TfR1), also known as CD71, is important for iron uptake and regulation of cellular proliferation. TfR1 is highly expressed in proliferating cells, including activated lymphocytes and malignant cells. We developed a mouse/human chimeric antibody targeting TfR1 (ch128.1/IgG1) that has previously shown significant antitumor activity in immunosuppressed mouse models bearing human malignant B-cells, including multiple myeloma and AIDS-NHL cells. In this article, we examined the effect of targeting TfR1 to inhibit EBV-driven activation and growth of human B-cells in vivo using an immunodeficient NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl /SzJ [NOD/SCID gamma (NSG)] mouse model. Mice were implanted with T-cell-depleted, human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), either without EBV (EBV-), or exposed to EBV in vitro (EBV+), intravenously via the tail vein. Mice implanted with EBV+ cells and treated with an IgG1 control antibody (400 μg/mouse) developed lymphoma-like growths of human B-cell origin that were EBV+, whereas mice implanted with EBV+ cells and treated with ch128.1/IgG1 (400 μg/mouse) showed increased survival and significantly reduced inflammation and B-cell activation. These results indicate that ch128.1/IgG1 is effective at preventing the growth of EBV+ human B-cell tumors in vivo, thus, indicating that there is significant potential for agents targeting TfR1 as therapeutic strategies to prevent the development of EBV-associated B-cell malignancies. SIGNIFICANCE: An anti-TfR1 antibody, ch128.1/IgG1, effectively inhibits the activation, growth, and immortalization of EBV+ human B-cells in vivo, as well as the development of these cells into lymphoma-like tumors in immunodeficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Martínez
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tracy R Daniels-Wells
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yu Guo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Larry I Magpantay
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Pierre V Candelaria
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Manuel L Penichet
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Division of Surgical Oncology, Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- The Molecular Biology Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Otoniel Martínez-Maza
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Molecular Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Epidemiology, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Marta Epeldegui
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
- AIDS Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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64
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Stępień E, Strycharz-Dudziak M, Malm M, Drop B, Polz-Dacewicz M. Serum and Tissue Level of TLR9 in EBV-Associated Oropharyngeal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163981. [PMID: 34439137 PMCID: PMC8394560 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is associated with the development and progression of various epithelial malignancies including cancer in the head and neck region. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are molecules distinguishing self and non-self antigens. They are required for congenital immune response to infections with viruses such as EBV because, during viral infection, the congenital immunity is the first line of human defense preventing the replication of the virus. Moreover, TLR response may influence the transformation to malignancy. The aim of our study was to assess TLR9 level in patients with diagnosed oropharyngeal cancer with or without EBV infection. We wanted to know whether infection with EBV influences TLR9 level and maybe changes the immune response which may lead to malignant transformation. The results obtained in our research may improve understanding of the role viral infections play in head and neck cancers and influence future diagnosis, prevention and treatment strategies in these malignancies. Abstract The Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is associated with the development of various epithelial malignancies including cancer in the head and neck region. Several studies have shown that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are required for an innate immune response to infection with human DNA viruses, e.g., EBV. During viral infections, TLR response may influence the transformation to malignancy. The aim of the study was to assess TLR9 serum and tissue level in EBV(+) and EBV(−) oropharyngeal cancer patients. The study involved 78 patients: 42 EBV(+) and 36 EBV(−). EBV DNA was detected in fresh frozen tumor tissue. TLR9 level was measured in homogenate of tumor tissue and in serum. Moreover, in serum samples IL-10, VEGF, TGFβ, TNFα and antibodies against EBV were detected using ELISA test. TLR9 level was significantly lower in EBV(+) patients, both in tissue and serum, while EBVCA, EBNA and VEGF level was statistically higher in EBV(+) patients. An increase in EBVCA and EBNA antibodies titer was correlated with a TLR9 level decrease. TLR9 level was higher in poorly-differentiated tumors (G3), in tumor of larger dimensions (T3-T4) and with lymph nodes involvement (N3-N4) but without statistical significance. High levels of anti-EA antibodies in the majority of EBV(+) patients may point to the reactivation of EBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Stępień
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
| | - Małgorzata Strycharz-Dudziak
- Chair and Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Maria Malm
- Department of Information Technology and Medical Statistics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (B.D.)
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Information Technology and Medical Statistics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (B.D.)
| | - Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (E.S.); (M.P.-D.)
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65
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Jiang Y, Ding Y, Liu S, Luo B. The role of Epstein–Barr virus-encoded latent membrane proteins in host immune escape. Future Virol 2021. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl-2020-0320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a type IV herpesvirus that widely infects the vast majority of adults, and establishes a latent infection pattern in host cells to escape the clearance of immune system. The virus is intimately associated with the occurrence and progression of lymphomas and epithelial cell cancers. EBV latent membrane proteins (LMPs) can assist its immune escape by downregulating host immune response. Besides EBV, LMPs have important effects on the functions of exosomes and autophagy, which also help EBV to escape immune surveillance. These escape mechanisms may provide conditions for further development of EBV-associated tumors. In this article, we discussed the potential functions of EBV-encoded LMPs in promoting immune escape.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Jiang
- Department of Medical Affairs of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
| | - Yuan Ding
- Department of Special Examination, Qingdao Women & Children Hospital, Qingdao, 266035, China
| | - Shuzhen Liu
- Department of Medical Affairs of The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, No. 1677 Wutaishan Road, Qingdao, 266000, China
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao, 266021, China
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66
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Pan X, Liu JH. Identification of four key biomarkers and small molecule drugs in nasopharyngeal carcinoma by weighted gene co-expression network analysis. Bioengineered 2021; 12:3647-3661. [PMID: 34261404 PMCID: PMC8806459 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1949844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a heterogeneous carcinoma whose underlying molecular mechanisms involved in tumor initiation, progression, and migration are largely unclear. The aim of the present study was to identify key biomarkers and small-molecule drugs for screening, diagnosing, and treating NPC via gene expression profile analysis. Raw microarray data was used to identify 430 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The key modules associated with histological grade and tumor stage were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis. qRT-PCR was used to verify the differential expression of hub genes. Gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), and the connectivity map database were used to identify potential mechanisms and screen small-molecule drugs targeting hub genes. Functional enrichment analysis showed that genes in the green module were enriched in the regulation of cell cycle, p53 signaling pathway, and cell part morphogenesis. Four DEG-related hub genes (CRIP1, KITLG, MARK1, and PGAP1) in the green module, which were considered potential diagnostic biomarkers, were taken as the final hub genes. The expression levels of these four hub genes were verified via qRT-PCR, and the results were consistent with findings from the GEO analysis. Screening was also conducted to identify small-molecule drugs with potential therapeutic effects against NPC. In conclusion, four potential prognostic biomarkers and several candidate small-molecule drugs, which may provide new insights for NPC therapy, were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Pan
- Department of Oncology, Xiangya Third Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jian-Hao Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Central South University, Changsha, 410078, China
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67
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Lei F, Lei T, Huang Y, Yang M, Liao M, Huang W. Radio-Susceptibility of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: Focus on Epstein- Barr Virus, MicroRNAs, Long Non-Coding RNAs and Circular RNAs. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 13:192-205. [PMID: 31880267 DOI: 10.2174/1874467213666191227104646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a type of head and neck cancer. As a neoplastic disorder, NPC is a highly malignant squamous cell carcinoma that is derived from the nasopharyngeal epithelium. NPC is radiosensitive; radiotherapy or radiotherapy combining with chemotherapy are the main treatment strategies. However, both modalities are usually accompanied by complications and acquired resistance to radiotherapy is a significant impediment to effective NPC therapy. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover effective radio-sensitization and radio-resistance biomarkers for NPC. Recent studies have shown that Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded products, microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs), which share several common signaling pathways, can function in radio-related NPC cells or tissues. Understanding these interconnected regulatory networks will reveal the details of NPC radiation sensitivity and resistance. In this review, we discuss and summarize the specific molecular mechanisms of NPC radio-sensitization and radio-resistance, focusing on EBV-encoded products, miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs. This will provide a foundation for the discovery of more accurate, effective and specific markers related to NPC radiotherapy. EBVencoded products, miRNAs, lncRNAs and circRNAs have emerged as crucial molecules mediating the radio-susceptibility of NPC. This understanding will improve the clinical application of markers and inform the development of novel therapeutics for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanghong Lei
- Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (2016TP1015), Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Tongda Lei
- Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin, 300060, China
| | - Yun Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (2016TP1015), Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mingxiu Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (2016TP1015), Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Mingchu Liao
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of University of South China, Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
| | - Weiguo Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical College of University of South China; Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology (2016TP1015), Hengyang 421001, Hunan Province, China
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68
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Bruce JP, To KF, Lui VWY, Chung GTY, Chan YY, Tsang CM, Yip KY, Ma BBY, Woo JKS, Hui EP, Mak MKF, Lee SD, Chow C, Velapasamy S, Or YYY, Siu PK, El Ghamrasni S, Prokopec S, Wu M, Kwan JSH, Liu Y, Chan JYK, van Hasselt CA, Young LS, Dawson CW, Paterson IC, Yap LF, Tsao SW, Liu FF, Chan ATC, Pugh TJ, Lo KW. Whole-genome profiling of nasopharyngeal carcinoma reveals viral-host co-operation in inflammatory NF-κB activation and immune escape. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4193. [PMID: 34234122 PMCID: PMC8263564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24348-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Interplay between EBV infection and acquired genetic alterations during nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) development remains vague. Here we report a comprehensive genomic analysis of 70 NPCs, combining whole-genome sequencing (WGS) of microdissected tumor cells with EBV oncogene expression to reveal multiple aspects of cellular-viral co-operation in tumorigenesis. Genomic aberrations along with EBV-encoded LMP1 expression underpin constitutive NF-κB activation in 90% of NPCs. A similar spectrum of somatic aberrations and viral gene expression undermine innate immunity in 79% of cases and adaptive immunity in 47% of cases; mechanisms by which NPC may evade immune surveillance despite its pro-inflammatory phenotype. Additionally, genomic changes impairing TGFBR2 promote oncogenesis and stabilize EBV infection in tumor cells. Fine-mapping of CDKN2A/CDKN2B deletion breakpoints reveals homozygous MTAP deletions in 32-34% of NPCs that confer marked sensitivity to MAT2A inhibition. Our work concludes that NPC is a homogeneously NF-κB-driven and immune-protected, yet potentially druggable, cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff P Bruce
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Vivian W Y Lui
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Grace T Y Chung
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuk-Yu Chan
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chi Man Tsang
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Kevin Y Yip
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Brigette B Y Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - John K S Woo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Edwin P Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Sir Y.K. Pao Centre for Cancer, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Michael K F Mak
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sau-Dan Lee
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chit Chow
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sharmila Velapasamy
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yvonne Y Y Or
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Pui Kei Siu
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Samah El Ghamrasni
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Stephenie Prokopec
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Johnny S H Kwan
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yuchen Liu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jason Y K Chan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - C Andrew van Hasselt
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Prince of Wales Hospital, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | | | | | - Ian C Paterson
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lee-Fah Yap
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Sciences and Oral Cancer Research and Coordinating Centre, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Fei-Fei Liu
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Anthony T C Chan
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Trevor J Pugh
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. .,Ontario Institute for Cancer Research, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Kwok-Wai Lo
- Department of Anatomical and cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. .,State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
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69
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Charostad J, Nakhaei M, Azaran A, Kaydani GA, Astani A, Motamedfar A, Makvandi M. MiRNA-218 Is Frequently Downregulated in Malignant Breast Tumors: A Footprint of Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2021; 16:376-385. [PMID: 34567186 PMCID: PMC8463758 DOI: 10.30699/ijp.20201.521107.2550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE The role of Epstein-Barr Virus in development of breast cancer is frequently studied. In this regard, miRNAs are among the contributing elements in the molecular pathophysiology of EBV-related diseases. In addition, a growing number of host miRNAs are believed to be implicated in pathogenesis of breast cancer. MiR-218 is a tumor suppressive miRNA that is subjected to dysregulation in various EBV-associated cancers. We aimed to investigate the frequency of EBV and its relationship with expression status of tumor suppressive miR-218 in breast cancer and adjacent normal tissue. METHODS A total number of 51 fresh malignant breast cancer tissues (cases) and their adjacent normal tissues (controls) were collected. Nested-PCR and RT-qPCR were set to identify EBV frequency and miR-218 expression in cases and controls, respectively. RESULTS Out of all samples, 6.8% (7/102) comprising 11.6% (6/51) in malignant tissues and 1.9% (1/51) in normal control tissues were positive for EBV (P<0.05). Quantitative data showed that miR-218 was significantly downregulated in malignant tissues compared to control tissues (P<0.0001). In addition, reduced expression of miR-218 was associated with adverse clinical outcomes, metastasis, and higher grades of malignancy. Given the presence of EBV, lower expression of miR-218 was observed in breast cancer group in comparison with normal group (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our results raise the possibility of the relation between EBV infection and miR-218 downregulation in breast cancer and propose further investigations in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Charostad
- Cancer Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Mohsen Nakhaei
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Azarakhsh Azaran
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Gholam Abbas Kaydani
- Department of Laboratory Sciences, School of Allied Health Sciences, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Akram Astani
- Department of Microbiology, Shahid Sadoghi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Azim Motamedfar
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, School of Medicine, Golestan Hospital, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Manoochehr Makvandi
- Cancer Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Department of Virology, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
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70
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Linton RE, Daker M, Khoo ASB, Choo DCY, Viljoen M, Neilsen PM. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma among the Bidayuh of Sarawak, Malaysia: History and risk factors. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:514. [PMID: 33986874 PMCID: PMC8114476 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a cancer of the epithelial cells lining the nasopharynx. The incidence of NPC has a distinct geographical distribution, mainly affecting the Chinese population of Southern China. In Malaysia, this cancer is exceptionally prevalent among males. There is a high incidence rate of NPC among the Bidayuh natives in Sarawak, Malaysia. Other than epidemiology reports, there has not been an article describing plausible cancer risk factors contributing to NPC within this native group. Researchers are still trying to understand the reasons the Bidayuh and Southern Chinese are highly susceptible to NPC. This article discusses the risk factors of developing NPC: Epstein-Barr virus infection, genetic predisposition, diet, environmental exposure and tobacco smoking. There is a need to improve the understanding of the role of risk factors to identify new ways to prevent cancer, especially among high-risk groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reagan Entigu Linton
- School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak 93350, Malaysia
| | - Maelinda Daker
- School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak 93350, Malaysia
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor 40170, Malaysia
| | - Alan Soo-Beng Khoo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak 93350, Malaysia
- Molecular Pathology Unit, Cancer Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health, Shah Alam, Selangor 40170, Malaysia
| | - Diana Chung Yiing Choo
- School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak 93350, Malaysia
| | - Mignon Viljoen
- College of Clinical Sciences, School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
| | - Paul M. Neilsen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Science, Faculty of Engineering, Computing and Science, Swinburne University of Technology Sarawak Campus, Kuching, Sarawak 93350, Malaysia
- College of Clinical Sciences, School of Health, Medical and Applied Science, Central Queensland University, North Rockhampton, Queensland 4702, Australia
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71
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Zhang S, Wang B, Zheng L, Fu Z, Fu Y, Huang W, Cheng A. Advances in research on microRNAs related to the invasion and metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Curr Mol Pharmacol 2021; 15:463-474. [PMID: 34126919 DOI: 10.2174/1874467214666210614150720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), which is associated with latent Epstein-Barr virus infection in most cases, is a unique epithelial malignancy arising from the nasopharyngeal mucosal lining. Accumulating evidence provides insights into the genetic and molecular aberrations that likely drive nasopharyngeal tumor development and progression. We review recent analyses of microRNAs (miRNAs), including Epstein-Barr virus-encoded miRNAs (EBV-encoded miRNAs) and dysregulated cellular miRNAs, that may be related to the metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma. The studies summarized herein have greatly expanded our knowledge of the molecular biology of NPC involving miRNAs, and they may provide new biological targets for clinical diagnosis and reveal the potential of microRNA therapeutics. However, much information remains to be uncovered.
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Affiliation(s)
- ShanShan Zhang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - BaiQi Wang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - LuLu Zheng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - ZhuQiong Fu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - YiTing Fu
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - WeiGuo Huang
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - AiLan Cheng
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Cellular & Molecular Pathology, Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang School of Medicine, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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72
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Pezeshki PS, Mahdavi Sharif P, Rezaei N. Resistance mechanisms to programmed cell death protein 1 and programmed death ligand 1 inhibitors. Expert Opin Biol Ther 2021; 21:1575-1590. [PMID: 33984254 DOI: 10.1080/14712598.2021.1929919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: In the past few years, administrating monoclonal humanized antibodies, namely checkpoint inhibitors, against programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), and its ligand (PD-L1), has yielded reassuring tumor regression rates. Anti-PD-1/PD-L1 checkpoint inhibitors disrupt the engagement of PD-1 on T-cells and their ligands on tumor or other target cells and reactivate the tumor-specific T infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), which are mostly in a state of anergy before the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. However, a limited number of patients initially respond, and the others show a primary (innate) resistance. Moreover, the rate of relapse and tumor progression after a partial, or even complete response (secondary or acquired resistance) is relatively considerable.Areas covered: This paper presents a comprehensive discussion on the mechanisms of primary and secondary resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Loss of T-cell infiltration or T-cell exclusion, lack of PD-L1 or PD-1 expression, and also lack of tumor immunogenicity are among the most important mechanisms, and also biomarkers of resistance in patients undergoing PD-1/PD-L1 blockade. Several somatic mutations in tumors are known to be related to at least one of the resistance mechanisms.Expert opinion: Identification of the novel resistance mechanisms suggests further combinatorial therapies to tackle primary and secondary resistance to PD-1/PD-L1 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parmida Sadat Pezeshki
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pouya Mahdavi Sharif
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran.,School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Sheffield, UK
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73
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Dzobo K. The Role of Viruses in Carcinogenesis and Molecular Targeting: From Infection to Being a Component of the Tumor Microenvironment. OMICS-A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2021; 25:358-371. [PMID: 34037476 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2021.0052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
About a tenth of all cancers are caused by viruses or associated with viral infection. Recent global events including the coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic means that human encounter with viruses is increased. Cancer development in individuals with viral infection can take many years after infection, demonstrating that the involvement of viruses in cancer development is a long and complex process. This complexity emanates from individual genetic heterogeneity and the many steps involved in cancer development owing to viruses. The process of tumorigenesis is driven by the complex interaction between several viral factors and host factors leading to the creation of a tumor microenvironment (TME) that is ideal and promotes tumor formation. Viruses associated with human cancers ensure their survival and proliferation through activation of several cellular processes including inflammation, migration, and invasion, resistance to apoptosis and growth suppressors. In addition, most human oncoviruses evade immune detection and can activate signaling cascades including the PI3K-Akt-mTOR, Notch and Wnt pathways associated with enhanced proliferation and angiogenesis. This expert review examines and synthesizes the multiple biological factors related to oncoviruses, and the signaling cascades activated by these viruses contributing to viral oncogenesis. In particular, I examine and review the Epstein-Barr virus, human papillomaviruses, and Kaposi's sarcoma herpes virus in a context of cancer pathogenesis. I conclude with a future outlook on therapeutic targeting of the viruses and their associated oncogenic pathways within the TME. These anticancer strategies can be in the form of, but not limited to, antibodies and inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Dzobo
- International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Cape Town Component, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Medical Biochemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Integrative Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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74
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Su CY, Shigeishi H, Murodumi H, SugiyaMa M, Ohta K, Takemoto T. Association of oral Epstein-Barr virus with periodontal health in Japanese adults. Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:767. [PMID: 34055066 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that oral Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is associated with periodontitis. However, the relationship between periodontitis and oral EBV has not been fully elucidated by reducing the effects of confounding factors. The aim of the present study was to clarify the association between oral Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and oral health status among middle-aged and older Japanese individuals. A total of 124 patients (46 males and 78 females; mean age, 69.2 years; age range, 35-90 years) who visited Hiroshima University Hospital between October 2018 and December 2019 were recruited into the present study. EBV DNA positivity was determined in 124 oral rinse samples using quantitative PCR. Periodontal disease-related bacteria were also detected by PCR analysis. EBV DNA was determined as positive in 16 of the 124 enrolled patients (12.9%). No significant difference was identified between EBV DNA and clinical factors (sex, age, remaining teeth, denture use, smoking or medical history). Of the 38 patients with periodontal pockets ≥6 mm, 10 were EBV DNA positive (26.3%). There was a significant association between EBV DNA positivity and probing depth (P=0.01). Additionally, a significant association was identified between bleeding on probing (BOP) and EBV DNA positivity (P=0.03). To investigate the relationship between EBV and periodontal health status, propensity score-matching was determined between participants without ≥4 mm periodontal pockets and BOP (participants with good periodontal health) and those with ≥4 mm periodontal pockets, BOP or both (participants with poor periodontal health). A total of 35 matched pairs were identified among the patients. Patients with poor periodontal health exhibited a higher EBV DNA positivity rate (25.7%) than those with good periodontal health (0.0%). Additionally, there was a significant association between EBV DNA positivity and periodontal health status (P=0.001). T. denticola-positive participants exhibited a higher EBV DNA positivity rate than negative participants (17.6 vs. 9.6%). However, there was no significant difference. The results indicated that oral EBV may be markedly associated with periodontitis in middle-aged and older Japanese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Yih Su
- Department of Oral Health Management, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hideo Shigeishi
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Murodumi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Program of Dentistry, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Masaru SugiyaMa
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Kouji Ohta
- Department of Public Oral Health, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
| | - Toshinobu Takemoto
- Department of Oral Health Management, Program of Oral Health Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima 734-8553, Japan
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75
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Liu Y, Li Y, Li Y, Wu S, Tian X, Tang T, Sun H, He C. Clinical Features of Intestinal Ulcers Complicated by Epstein-Barr Virus Infection: Importance of Active Infection. DISEASE MARKERS 2021; 2021:6627620. [PMID: 34007344 PMCID: PMC8110392 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6627620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Clinical characteristics of intestinal ulcers complicated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection remain poorly studied. This study is aimed at providing further insight into clinical features of this patient cohort. The presence of serum EBV DNA was assessed in 399 patients with colonic ulcers, of which 30 cases were positive. In EBV-positive patients, the EBV-encoded RNA (EBER) was detected in intestinal tissues of 13 patients (EBER-positive group). The test was negative in 17 patients (EBER-negative group). Acute EBV infection rate in patients with colonic ulcer was 7.52%. Age and sex differences between two groups were not statistically significant. Fever, abdominal lymph node enlargement, and crater-like gouged ulcer morphology were more common in the EBER-positive group (P < 0.05). The albumin level in the EBER-positive group was significantly lower compared to that in the EBER-negative group (P < 0.05). The copy count of EBV DNA in the blood of patients from the EBER-positive group was higher, and the prognosis was worse (P < 0.05). Clinical manifestations were more severe in the EBER-positive group. Endoscopic, histopathological, and biochemical findings were also more serious in this group of patients. The findings point to the importance of assessing the EBER expression in patients with intestinal ulcers of various etiology. EBER positivity should be viewed as a diagnostic marker of more severe condition requiring more aggressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyuan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yuqin Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Yajun Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong Medical College, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Shuang Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xinyue Tian
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Tongyu Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Haibo Sun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chuan He
- Department of Gastroenterology, Bethune First Affiliated Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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76
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Li P, Zhu K, Mo Y, Deng X, Jiang X, Shi L, Guo C, Zhang W, Zeng Z, Li G, Xiong W, Zhang S, Gong Z. Research Progress of circRNAs in Head and Neck Cancers. Front Oncol 2021; 11:616202. [PMID: 33996542 PMCID: PMC8117014 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.616202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are a novel type of non-coding RNAs. Because of their characteristics of a closed loop structure, disease- and tissue-specificity, and high conservation and stability, circRNAs have the potential to be biomarkers for disease diagnosis. Head and neck cancers are one of the most common malignant tumors with high incidence rates globally. Affected patients are often diagnosed at the advanced stage with poor prognosis, owing to the concealment of anatomic sites. The characteristics, functions, and specific mechanisms of circRNAs in head and neck cancers are increasingly being discovered, and they have important clinical significance for the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis evaluation of patients with cancer. In this study, the generation, characteristics, and functions of circRNAs, along with their regulatory mechanisms in head and neck cancers have been summarized. We report that circRNAs interact with molecules such as transcription and growth factors to influence specific pathways involved in tumorigenesis. We conclude that circRNAs have an important role to play in the proliferation, invasion, metastasis, energy and substance metabolism, and treatment resistance in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panchun Li
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Kunjie Zhu
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yongzhen Mo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangying Deng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xianjie Jiang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Pathology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Can Guo
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyang Zeng
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Guiyuan Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, The Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of the Chinese Ministry of Education, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaojian Gong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Tiri A, Masetti R, Conti F, Tignanelli A, Turrini E, Bertolini P, Esposito S, Pession A. Inborn Errors of Immunity and Cancer. BIOLOGY 2021; 10:biology10040313. [PMID: 33918597 PMCID: PMC8069273 DOI: 10.3390/biology10040313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Simple Summary Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a defect in the function of at least one, and often more, components of the immune system. The overall risk for cancer in children with IEI ranges from 4 to 25%. Several factors, namely, age of the patient, viral infection status and IEI type can influence the development of different cancer types. Immunologists and oncologists should interact to monitor and promptly diagnose the potential development of cancer in known IEI patients, as well as an underlying IEI in newly diagnosed cancers with suggestive medical history or high rate of therapy-related toxicity. The creation of an international registry of IEI cases with detailed information on the occurrence of cancer is fundamental to optimizing the diagnostic process and to evaluating the outcomes of new therapeutic options, with the aim of improving prognosis and reducing comorbidities. Abstract Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI) are a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by a defect in the function of at least one, and often more, components of the immune system. The aim of this narrative review is to discuss the epidemiology, the pathogenesis and the correct management of tumours in patients with IEI. PubMed was used to search for all of the studies published over the last 20 years using the keywords: “inborn errors of immunity” or “primary immunodeficiency” and “cancer” or “tumour” or “malignancy”. Literature analysis showed that the overall risk for cancer in children with IEI ranges from 4 to 25%. Several factors, namely, age of the patient, viral infection status and IEI type can influence the development of different cancer types. The knowledge of a specific tumour risk in the presence of IEI highlights the importance of a synergistic effort by immunologists and oncologists in tracking down the potential development of cancer in known IEI patients, as well as an underlying IEI in patients with newly diagnosed cancers. In the current genomic era, the creation of an international registry of IEI cases integrated with malignancies occurrence information is fundamental to optimizing the diagnostic process and to evaluating the outcomes of new therapeutic options, with the hope to obtain a better prognosis for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Tiri
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.T.); (A.T.); (E.T.)
| | - Riccardo Masetti
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (R.M.); (F.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Francesca Conti
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (R.M.); (F.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Tignanelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.T.); (A.T.); (E.T.)
| | - Elena Turrini
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.T.); (A.T.); (E.T.)
| | - Patrizia Bertolini
- Pediatric Oncohematology Unit, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy;
| | - Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Clinic, Pietro Barilla Children’s Hospital, University of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy; (A.T.); (A.T.); (E.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0521-903-524
| | - Andrea Pession
- Pediatric Unit, IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Bologna, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy; (R.M.); (F.C.); (A.P.)
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Migration of immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelia and carcinoma cells through porous membrane in 3D platforms. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:224916. [PMID: 32440676 PMCID: PMC7273909 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20194113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, 3D biomimetic platforms were fabricated with guiding grating to mimic extracellular matrix topography, porous membrane to resemble the epithelial porous interface and trenches below to represent blood vessels as an in vitro tissue microenvironment. Fabrication technologies were developed to integrate the transparent biocompatible polydimethylsiloxane platforms with preciously controlled dimensions. Cell migration behaviors of an immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line (NP460) and a nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line (NPC43) were studied on the 2D and 3D platforms. The NP460 and NPC43 cells traversing through the porous membrane and migrating in the trenches below were studied by time-lapse imaging. Before traversing through the pores, NP460 and NPC43 cells migrated around the pores but NPC43 cells had a lower migration speed with less lamellipodia spreading. After traversing to trenches below, NPC43 cells moved faster with an alternated elongated morphology (mesenchymal migration mode) and round morphology (amoeboid migration mode) compared with only mesenchymal migration mode for NP460 cells. The cell traversing probability through porous membrane on platforms with 30 μm wide trenches below was found to be the highest when the guiding grating was perpendicular to the trenches below and the lowest when the guiding grating was parallel to the trenches below. The present study shows important information on cell migration in complex 3D microenvironment with various dimensions and could provide insight for pathology and treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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79
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Li W, Yi W, Yang D, Li G. Epstein -Barr virus -encoded microRNAs involve in tumorigenesis and development. ZHONG NAN DA XUE XUE BAO. YI XUE BAN = JOURNAL OF CENTRAL SOUTH UNIVERSITY. MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021; 46:300-308. [PMID: 33927078 PMCID: PMC10929937 DOI: 10.11817/j.issn.1672-7347.2021.190744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), a definite tumorigenic virus, is closely related to the development of nasopharyngeal cancer, gastric cancer, lymphoma and other tumors. EBV encodes a total of 44 mature microRNAs, which can regulate the expression of virus and host genes. EBV-encoded microRNAs and their regulated target molecules participate in the biological functions of tumor apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis during tumorigenesis and development, and play an important role in the development of tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiming Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Guangdong 518000.
- Institute of Cancer Research, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Weihong Yi
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Guangdong 518000
| | - Dazhi Yang
- Department of Orthopedics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Union Shenzhen Hospital, Shenzhen Guangdong 518000
| | - Guiyuan Li
- Institute of Cancer Research, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
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80
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Li X, Zhang W. Expression of PD-L1 in EBV-associated malignancies. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 95:107553. [PMID: 33765613 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.107553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus infection is closely related to the occurrence and development of a variety of malignant tumors. Tumor immunotherapy has been combined with modern biological high-tech technology, and has become the fourth cancer treatment mode after surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. In 2013, immunotherapy was named the first of ten scientific breakthroughs by science. It aims to control and destroy tumor cells by stimulating and enhancing autoimmune function. In recent years, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting PD-L1 have become a research hotspot in the field of cancer. Recent studies have shown that EBV infection can upregulate PD-L1 through complex mechanisms. Further understanding of these mechanisms and prevention of hyperprogressive disease (HPD) can make PD-L1 immune checkpoint inhibitors an effective way of immunotherapy for EBV related malignant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxu Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu City, Wuhu 241001, Anhui, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenling Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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81
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Wang HY, Sun L, Li P, Liu W, Zhang ZG, Luo B. Sequence Variations of Epstein-Barr Virus-Encoded Small Noncoding RNA and Latent Membrane Protein 1 in Hematologic Tumors in Northern China. Intervirology 2021; 64:69-80. [PMID: 33709967 DOI: 10.1159/000510398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the relationship between hematologic tumors and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small noncoding RNA (EBER) variations as well as latent membrane protein 1 (LMP1) variations. METHODS Patients with leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) were selected as subjects. Genotypes 1/2 and genotypes F/f were analyzed using the nested PCR technology, while EBER and LMP1 subtypes were analyzed by the nested PCR and DNA sequencing. RESULTS Type 1 was more dominant than type 2, found in 59 out of 82 (72%) leukemia and in 31 out of 35 (88.6%) MDS, while type F was more prevalent than type f in leukemia (83/85, 97.6%) and MDS (29/31, 93.5%) samples. The distribution of EBV genotypes 1/2 was not significantly different among leukemia, MDS, and healthy donor groups, neither was that of EBV genotypes F/f. EB-6m prototype was the dominant subtype of EBER in leukemia and MDS (73.2% [30/41] and 83.3% [10/12], respectively). The frequency of EB-6m was lower than that of healthy people (96.7%, 89/92), and the difference was significant (p < 0.05). China 1 subtype was the dominant subtype of LMP1 in leukemia and MDS (70% [28/40] and 90% [9/10], respectively), and there was no significant difference in the distribution of LMP1 subtypes among the 3 groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION The distribution of EBV 1/2, F/f, EBER, and LMP1 subtypes in leukemia and MDS was similar to that in the background population in Northern China, which means that these subtypes may be rather region-restricted but not associated with leukemia and MDS pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yu Wang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China.,Department of Infection-Control, The First People's Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, China
| | - Lingling Sun
- Department of Pathology, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhong-Guang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China,
| | - Bing Luo
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, Qingdao University Medical College, Qingdao, China
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82
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Lee BE. Epstein-Barr Virus-associated Gastric Carcinoma. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HELICOBACTER AND UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.7704/kjhugr.2020.0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus-associated gastric carcinoma (EBVaGC) comprises approximately 10% of all gastric cancers and is now defined as one of the four subtypes of gastric cancer according to the molecular classification proposed by the Cancer Genome Atlas project. EBVaGC has characteristic genetic profiles that harbor a DNA methylation phenotype, frequent mutations in PIK3CA and ARID1A, and amplification of JAK2 and programmed death-ligand (PD-L)1/PD-L2. Therefore, EBVaGC shows several distinct clinicopathological features, including a male predominance, proximal stomach location, gastric carcinoma with lymphoid stroma histology, low risk of lymph node metastasis, and favorable prognosis. In clinical practice, patients with early EBVaGC might be good candidates for endoscopic resection or minimally invasive surgery since the rate of lymph node metastasis is very low, even with deep submucosal invasion. Furthermore, in the case of advanced EBVaGC, the applicability of immunotherapy has been investigated based on its increased expression of PD-L1 and high immunogenicity. In conclusion, EBV can serve as a biomarker in gastric cancer, and further identification of other molecular characteristics of EBVaGC is essential for new potential therapeutic targets.
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83
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The Role of NK Cells in EBV Infection and EBV-Associated NPC. Viruses 2021; 13:v13020300. [PMID: 33671917 PMCID: PMC7918975 DOI: 10.3390/v13020300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A vast majority of the population worldwide are asymptomatic carriers of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV). However, some infected individuals eventually develop EBV-related cancers, including Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma (NPC). NPC is one of the most common EBV-associated epithelial cancers, and is highly prevalent in Southern China and Southeast Asia. While NPC is highly sensitive to radiotherapy and chemotherapy, there is a lack of effective and durable treatment among the 15%–30% of patients who subsequently develop recurrent disease. Natural Killer (NK) cells are natural immune lymphocytes that are innately primed against virus-infected cells and nascent aberrant transformed cells. As EBV is found in both virally infected and cancer cells, it is of interest to examine the NK cells’ role in both EBV infection and EBV-associated NPC. Herein, we review the current understanding of how EBV-infected cells are cleared by NK cells, and how EBV can evade NK cell-mediated elimination in the context of type II latency in NPC. Next, we summarize the current literature about NPC and NK cell biology. Finally, we discuss the translational potential of NK cells in NPC. This information will deepen our understanding of host immune interactions with EBV-associated NPC and facilitate development of more effective NK-mediated therapies for NPC treatment.
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84
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Pirofski LA, Casadevall A. The state of latency in microbial pathogenesis. J Clin Invest 2021; 130:4525-4531. [PMID: 32804154 DOI: 10.1172/jci136221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The state of latency occurs when a microbe's persistence in a host produces host damage without perturbing homeostasis sufficiently to cause clinical symptoms or disease. The mechanisms contributing to latency are diverse and depend on the nature of both the microbe and the host. Latency has advantages for both host and microbe. The host avoids progressive damage caused by interaction with the microbe that may translate into disease, and the microbe secures a stable niche in which to survive. Latency is clinically important because some latent microbes can be transmitted to other hosts, and it is associated with a risk for recrudescent microbial growth and development of disease. In addition, it can predispose the host to other diseases, such as malignancies. Hence, latency is a temporally unstable state with an eventual outcome that mainly depends on host immunity. Latency is an integral part of the pathogenic strategies of microbes that require human (and/or mammalian) hosts, including herpesviruses, retroviruses, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Toxoplasma gondii. However, latency is also an outcome of infection with environmental organisms such as Cryptococcus neoformans, which require no host in their replicative cycles. For most microbes that achieve latency, there is a need for a better understanding and more investigation of host and microbial mechanisms that result in this state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liise-Anne Pirofski
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Albert Einstein College of Medicine and Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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85
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The role of Toll-like receptors (TLRs) in virus-related cancers: a mini review. CURRENT ISSUES IN PHARMACY AND MEDICAL SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.2478/cipms-2020-0038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The modulation of the host innate immune system is a well-established carcinogenesis feature of several tumors, including human Epstein-Barr (EBV) and Papillomavirus-(HPV) related cancers. These viruses are able to interrupt the initial events of the immune response, including the expression of Toll-like receptors (TLRs), cytokines, and inflammation. The aim of the study is to review current data and summarize knowledge on the TLRs and their role in the development of cancer, especially viral-related cancers (EBV and HPV). Research work shows a correlation between the TLRs polymorphism and the development of oropharyngeal and gastric cancer (GC), especially related to viral infections. Many studies suggest the important role for TLRs in inflammatory, autoimmune disease and human cancers. However, further efforts are necessary to draw a precise conclusion.
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86
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Zhang WG, Liu ZY, Pang SW. Separation of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells from carcinoma cells on 3D scaffold platforms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2020; 118:1444-1455. [PMID: 33241857 DOI: 10.1002/bit.27640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Scaffold microstructures were developed to mimic a three-dimensional extracellular matrix in studying cell migration and invasion. The multiple-layer scaffold platforms were designed to investigate cell migration and separation from top to bottom layer. Two cell lines including immortalized nasopharyngeal epithelial (NP460) cells and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC43) cells with Epstein-Barr virus were compared in this study. On one-layer platforms with trench depth of 15 µm, both NP460 and NPC43 cells were guided to migrate along the 18-µm-wide trenches, and exhibited random migration directions when the trench width was 10 or 50 µm. Nearly no cell was found to migrate in the 10-µm-wide trenches on one-layer platforms. However, the NP460 and NPC43 cells showed very different probability in the narrow trenches on two-layer platforms, making it possible to separate the nasopharyngeal epithelial cells from the carcinoma cells. Moreover, 1-µm deep grating topography on the top layer inhibited NP460 cells to migrate from top ridges to the 10-µm-wide trenches, but promoted such behavior for NPC43 cells. The results demonstrated in This study suggest that the engineered multiple-layer scaffold platforms could be used to separate carcinoma cells in NPC tumor as a potential treatment of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- W G Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Z Y Liu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - S W Pang
- Department of Electrical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,Centre for Biosystems, Neuroscience, and Nanotechnology, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
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87
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Ferreira DA, Tayyar Y, Idris A, McMillan NAJ. A "hit-and-run" affair - A possible link for cancer progression in virally driven cancers. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1875:188476. [PMID: 33186643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well-known that certain cancers are caused by viruses. However, viral oncogenesis is complex and only a small fraction of the infected people develop cancer. Indeed, a number of environmental factors can contribute to virally infected cells developing cancer hallmarks, promoting tumorigenesis. SCOPE OF REVIEW The hit-and-run theory proposes that viruses facilitate the accumulation of mutations and promote genomic instability until the virus becomes dispensable for tumour maintenance. Indeed, several studies have reported viral genome, episome and/or oncogene loss in tumour cells without losing malignant phenotype. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS The current evidence supports the clear contribution of certain viruses to develop cancers. Importantly, the evidence supporting the sustained maintenance of malignancy after the loss of viral "presence" is sufficient to support the hit-and-run hypothesis of viral cancer development. Long-term tracking of vaccination outcome over the decades will test this theory. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE If the hit-and-run theory is true, viruses might cause more cancers than previously thought and will have implications in the prevention of many cancers through implementing vaccination programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danyelle A Ferreira
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Yaman Tayyar
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adi Idris
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Nigel A J McMillan
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, School of Medical Science, Griffith University, Southport, Queensland, Australia
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88
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The interplay between EBV and KSHV viral products and NF-κB pathway in oncogenesis. Infect Agent Cancer 2020; 15:62. [PMID: 33072180 PMCID: PMC7559203 DOI: 10.1186/s13027-020-00317-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Among the DNA tumor viruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus (KSHV), account for a considerable percentage of virus-associated cancers. Deregulation of transcription factors signaling pathways is one of the most significant oncogenic characteristics of EBV and KSHV. NF-κB is a transcription factor that play a remarkable role in oncogenesis because of its function as a master regulator of a spectrum of genes involved in physiological and pathophysiological process. Constitutive activation of NF-κB is a frequent and well-described event in many human malignancies. Compelling evidence represent EBV and KSHV are capable of targeting different components of NF-κB cascade. Here, we summarized recent findings to clarify the precise relationship between dysregulation of NF-κB and EBV and KSHV-related malignancies. This essay also emphasizes on contribution of various viral products in developing cancer through alteration of NF-κB signaling pathway.
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89
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McCall C, Wu H, Miyani B, Xagoraraki I. Identification of multiple potential viral diseases in a large urban center using wastewater surveillance. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116160. [PMID: 32738707 PMCID: PMC7342010 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Viruses are linked to a multitude of human illnesses and can disseminate widely in urbanized environments causing global adverse impacts on communities and healthcare infrastructures. Wastewater-based epidemiology was employed using metagenomics and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays to identify enteric and non-enteric viruses collected from a large urban area for potential public health monitoring and outbreak analysis. Untreated wastewater samples were collected from November 2017 to February 2018 (n = 54) to evaluate the diversity of human viral pathogens in collected samples. Viruses were classified into virus types based on primary transmission routes and reviewed against viral associated diseases reported in the catchment area. Metagenomics detected the presence of viral pathogens that cause clinically significant diseases reported within the study area during the sampling year. Detected viruses belong to the Adenoviridae, Astroviridae, Caliciviridae, Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, Hepeviridae, Herpesviridae, Matonaviridae, Papillomaviridae, Parvoviridae, Picornaviridae, Poxviridae, Retroviridae, and Togaviridae families. Furthermore, concentrations of adenovirus, norovirus GII, sapovirus, hepatitis A virus, human herpesvirus 6, and human herpesvirus 8 were measured in wastewater samples and compared to metagenomic findings to confirm detected viral genus. Hepatitis A virus obtained the greatest average viral load (1.86 × 107 genome copies/L) in wastewater samples compared to other viruses quantified using qPCR with a 100% detection rate in metagenomic samples. Average concentration of sapovirus (1.36 × 106 genome copies/L) was significantly greater than norovirus GII (2.94 × 104 genome copies/L) indicating a higher burden within the study area. Findings obtained from this study aid in evaluating the utility of wastewater-based epidemiology for identification and routine monitoring of various viruses in large communities. This methodology has the potential to improve public health responses to large scale outbreaks and viral pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille McCall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Huiyun Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Brijen Miyani
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA
| | - Irene Xagoraraki
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48823, USA.
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90
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Epstein-Barr Virus Infection of Pseudostratified Nasopharyngeal Epithelium Disrupts Epithelial Integrity. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092722. [PMID: 32972034 PMCID: PMC7564236 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Nasopharyngeal carcinoma is associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection and originates junction of the oropharynx and nasal cavity, where stratified squamous epithelium and respiratory epithelium are the lining. To elucidate the mechanisms by which EBV transforms the nasopharyngeal epithelium, a pseudostratified multiple-layer model with cilia forming on the apical surface by air-liquid interface (ALI) culture of primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cells was established. We showed: (1) ALI cultures formed stratified epithelia and maintained the diversity of cells found in the airway epithelium, such as ciliated, muco-secretory, and basal cells. (2) Polarized stratified epithelium was more susceptible to EBV infection than monolayer cells. (3) EBV infection in ALI cultures was verified by showing EBV-encoded RNA expressions. (4) EBV infection disrupted the integrity of the epithelium. Thus, our model can be used not only to examine the pathogenesis of pre-neoplastic EBV-infected cells, but also to develop anti-EBV therapy or early stage NPC treatment. Abstract Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) is a human oncogenic virus that causes several types of tumor, such as Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). NPC tumor cells are clonal expansions of latently EBV-infected epithelial cells. However, the mechanisms by which EBV transforms the nasopharyngeal epithelium is hampered, because of the lack of good in vitro model to pursue oncogenic process. Our primary nasopharyngeal epithelial cell cultures developed pseudostratified epithelium at the air-liquid interface, which was susceptible to EBV infection. Using the highly sensitive RNA in situ hybridization technique, we detected viral infection in diverse cell types, including ciliated cells, goblet cells, and basal cells. EBV-encoded small RNA-positive cells were more frequently detected in the suprabasal layer than in the basal layer. We established the most physiologically relevant EBV infection model of nasopharyngeal epithelial cells. This model will advance our understanding of EBV pathogenesis in the development of NPC.
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91
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Strycharz-Dudziak M, Fołtyn S, Dworzański J, Kiełczykowska M, Malm M, Drop B, Polz-Dacewicz M. Glutathione Peroxidase (GPx) and Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) in Oropharyngeal Cancer Associated with EBV and HPV Coinfection. Viruses 2020; 12:E1008. [PMID: 32917014 PMCID: PMC7551554 DOI: 10.3390/v12091008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent reports have pointed to the link between persistent inflammation, oxidative stress, and carcinogenesis; however most of the studies concerning the role of viruses in head and neck cancer (HNC) are focused mainly on one type of virus. Our present study aimed to study the relationship between Epstein-Barr virus/human papilloma virus (EBV/HPV) coinfection and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in oropharyngeal cancer. Fresh-frozen tumor tissue samples were collected from 128 patients with oropharyngeal cancer infected with EBV or HPV or with EBV/HPV coinfection. After DNA extraction, EBV and HPV DNA was detected using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay. GPx and SOD activity was determined in homogenates of cancer tissue using diagnostic kits produced by Randox Laboratories. Both GPx and SOD activity was statistically lower in patients with EBV/HPV coinfection than in a single EBV or HPV infection. Analysis of GPx and SOD activity in relation to histological grading and tumor, node (TN) classification revealed that in poorly-differentiated tumors, the level of antioxidant enzymes was lower compared with well-differentiated lesions and in cases with greater tumor dimensions and lymph-node involvement, both GPx and SOD activity was decreased. Further studies are necessary to clarify the influence of interplay between EBV, HPV, and oxidative stress on malignant transformation of upper aerodigestive tract epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Strycharz-Dudziak
- Chair and Department of Conservative Dentistry with Endodontics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Sylwia Fołtyn
- Department of Otolaryngology, Masovian Specialist Hospital, 26-617 Radom, Poland;
| | - Jakub Dworzański
- Department of Internal Diseases, Masovian Specialist Hospital, 26-617 Radom, Poland;
| | | | - Maria Malm
- Department of Information Technology and Medical Statistics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (B.D.)
| | - Bartłomiej Drop
- Department of Information Technology and Medical Statistics, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (B.D.)
| | - Małgorzata Polz-Dacewicz
- Department of Virology with SARS Laboratory, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland;
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92
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Li SB, Liu YY, Yuan L, Ji MF, Zhang A, Li HY, Tang LQ, Fang SG, Zhang H, Xing S, Li MZ, Zhong Q, Lin SJ, Liu WL, Huang P, Zeng YX, Zheng YM, Ling ZQ, Sui JH, Zeng MS. Autocrine INSL5 promotes tumor progression and glycolysis via activation of STAT5 signaling. EMBO Mol Med 2020; 12:e12050. [PMID: 32657028 PMCID: PMC7507000 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.202012050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming plays important roles in development and progression of nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC), but the underlying mechanism has not been completely defined. In this work, we found INSL5 was elevated in NPC tumor tissue and the plasma of NPC patients. Plasma INSL5 could serve as a novel diagnostic marker for NPC, especially for serum VCA-IgA-negative patients. Moreover, higher plasma INSL5 level was associated with poor disease outcome. Functionally, INSL5 overexpression increased, whereas knockdown of its receptor GPCR142 or inhibition of INSL5 reduced cell proliferation, colony formation, and cell invasion in vitro and tumorigenicity in vivo. Mechanistically, INSL5 enhanced phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT5 and promoted glycolytic gene expression, leading to induced glycolysis in cancer cells. Pharmaceutical inhibition of glycolysis by 2-DG or blockade of INSL5 by a neutralizing antibody reversed INSL5-induced proliferation and invasion, indicating that INSL5 can be a potential therapeutic target in NPC. In conclusion, INSL5 enhances NPC progression by regulating cancer cell metabolic reprogramming and is a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker as well as a therapeutic target for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan-Yan Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Division of Internal Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Fang Ji
- Cancer Research Institute of Zhongshan City, Zhongshan, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui-Yu Li
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lin-Quan Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuo-Gui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hua Zhang
- School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Man-Zhi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shao-Jun Lin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Wan-Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ming Zheng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Wuzhou Red Cross Hospital, Wuzhou, China
| | | | - Jian-Hua Sui
- National Institute of Biological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mu-Sheng Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
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93
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Wang J, Jiang Q, Faleti OD, Tsang CM, Zhao M, Wu G, Tsao SW, Fu M, Chen Y, Ding T, Chong T, Long Y, Yang X, Zhang Y, Cai Y, Li H, Peng M, Lyu X, Li X. Exosomal Delivery of AntagomiRs Targeting Viral and Cellular MicroRNAs Synergistically Inhibits Cancer Angiogenesis. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2020; 22:153-165. [PMID: 32927364 PMCID: PMC7494942 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2020.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated cancer characterized by a high degree of recurrence, angiogenesis, and metastasis. The importance of alternative pro-angiogenesis pathways including viral factors has emerged after decades of directly targeting various signaling components. Using NPC as a model, we identified an essential oncogenic pathway underlying angiogenesis regulation that involves the inhibition of a tumor suppressor, Spry3, and its downstream targets by EBV-miR-BART10-5p (BART10-5p) and hsa-miR-18a (miR-18a). Overexpression of EBV-miR-BART10-5p and hsa-miR-18a strongly promotes angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo by regulating the expression of VEGF and HIF1-α in a Spry3-dependent manner. In vitro or in vivo treatment with iRGD-tagged exosomes containing antagomiR-BART10-5p and antagomiR-18a preferentially suppressed the angiogenesis and growth of NPC. Our findings first highlight the role of EBV-miR-BART10-5p and oncogenic hsa-miR-18a in NPC angiogenesis and also shed new insights into the clinical intervention and therapeutic strategies for nasopharyngeal carcinoma and other virus-associated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China; Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Qiang Jiang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Oluwasijibomi Damola Faleti
- Departmrent of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chi-Man Tsang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, State Key Laboratory of Translational Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Min Zhao
- PANACRO (Hefei) Pharmaceutical Technology Co., Ltd., Hefei, China
| | - Gongfa Wu
- Department of Pathology, Zengcheng District People's Hospital of Guangzhou City, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sai-Wah Tsao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Minyi Fu
- Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery Department, Zhongshan City People's Hospital, Zhongshan, China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tengteng Ding
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Tuotuo Chong
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yufei Long
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yuanbin Zhang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yunxi Cai
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanzhao Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Manli Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xiaoming Lyu
- Departmrent of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Xin Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Viral Oncology, The Clinical Innovation & Research Center (CIRC), Shenzhen Hospital, Southern Medical University, Shenzhen, China.
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94
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Almeida JFM, Proenca-Modena JL, Bufalo NE, Peres KC, de Souza Teixeira E, Teodoro L, Beck RM, Moraes AP, Tincani AJ, Arns CW, Ward LS. Epstein-Barr virus induces morphological and molecular changes in thyroid neoplastic cells. Endocrine 2020; 69:321-330. [PMID: 32166585 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-020-02253-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Although the evolution of differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) is usually indolent, some tumors grow fast, metastasize, and may be fatal. Viruses have been associated with many human tumors, especially the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which shows a high viral load in DTC. In order to evaluate the ability of the virus to cause morphological and molecular changes in neoplastic thyroid cell lines TPC-1, BCPAP, and 8505C, a viral adaptation was performed for the analysis of EBV cytopathic effect (CPE), viral kinetics and gene expression analysis of oncogenes KRAS, NRAS, HRAS, and TP53. Comparison of inoculated cells with non-inoculated control cells showed that all tumor cell lines were permissive to the virus. The virus caused CPE in the TPC-1 and 8505C, but not in BCPAP cells. Viral kinetic was similar in both BCPAP and 8505C with a point of eclipse at 24 h post infection. TPC-1 cell line displayed a decreasing growth curve, with highest viral load right after inoculation, which decreased over time. There was hyperexpression of TP53 and NRAS in BCPAP cell (p = 0.012 and p = 0.0344, respectively). The 8505C cell line presented NRAS hyperexpression (p = 0.0255), but lower TP53 expression (p = 0.0274). We concluded that neoplastic thyroid cell lines are permissive to EBV that the virus presents different viral kinetic patterns in different cell lines and produces a CPE on both well-differentiated and undifferentiated thyroid cell lines. We also demonstrated that EBV interferes in oncogene expression in thyroid neoplastic cell lines, suggesting that these effects could be related to different tumor progression patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline Fátima Martins Almeida
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics (Gemoca), Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - José Luiz Proenca-Modena
- Emerging virus Research Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Evolution, Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (IB-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Natássia Elena Bufalo
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics (Gemoca), Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Karina Colombera Peres
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics (Gemoca), Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Elisângela de Souza Teixeira
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics (Gemoca), Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Teodoro
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics (Gemoca), Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Marques Beck
- Animal Virology Laboratory-Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (IB-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Moraes
- Animal Virology Laboratory-Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (IB-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Alfio José Tincani
- Head and Neck Surgery Department-State University of Campinas, University Clinical Hospital (HC-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Clarice Weis Arns
- Animal Virology Laboratory-Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (IB-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Laura Sterian Ward
- Laboratory of Cancer Molecular Genetics (Gemoca), Department of Medical Clinic, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (FCM-Unicamp), Campinas, SP, Brazil
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95
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Distinct Molecular Landscape of Epstein-Barr Virus Associated Pulmonary Lymphoepithelioma-Like Carcinoma Revealed by Genomic Sequencing. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12082065. [PMID: 32726920 PMCID: PMC7463519 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12082065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (LELC) is a subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) characterized by marked lymphocytic infiltration and association with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). The molecular basis underlying the disease remains unclear. We sought to study the molecular landscape by multiple approaches including whole genomic sequencing, capture-based targeted sequencing, fluorescent in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. Tumor cells from 57 EBV-positive pulmonary LELCs were isolated by careful microdissection prior to genomic sequencing. Integrated analysis revealed a distinct genomic landscape of low TP53 mutation rate (11%), low incidence of known drivers in the RTK/RAS/RAF (11%) and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathways (7%), but enriched for loss-of-function mutations in multiple negative regulators of the NF-κB pathway. High level programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression was shown with 47% and 79% of the cases showing positive PD-L1 immunoreactivity at ≥50% and ≥1% tumor proportion score, respectively. Subsets of the patients with actionable fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) aberrations (4%) and mismatch repair deficiency (4%) were potentially eligible for precision medicine. Pulmonary LELC showed a distinct genomic landscape, different from major NSCLC subtypes but resembled that of EBV-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Our work facilitated the understanding of molecular basis underlying pulmonary LELC to explore potential therapeutic options.
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96
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Zhang H, Song Y, Du Z, Li X, Zhang J, Chen S, Chen F, Li T, Zhan Q. Exome sequencing identifies new somatic alterations and mutation patterns of tongue squamous cell carcinoma in a Chinese population. J Pathol 2020; 251:353-364. [PMID: 32432340 DOI: 10.1002/path.5467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is an aggressive group of tumors characterized by high rates of regional lymph node metastasis and local recurrence. Emerging evidence has revealed genetic variations of TSCC across different geographical regions due to the impact of multiple risk factors such as chewing betel-quid. However, we know little of the mutational processes of TSCC in the Chinese population without the history of chewing betel-quid/tobacco. To explore the mutational spectrum of this disease, we performed whole-exome sequencing of sample pairs, comprising tumors and normal tissue, from 82 TSCC patients. In addition to identifying seven previously known TSCC-associated genes (TP53, CDKN2A, PIK3CA, NOTCH1, ASXL1, USH2A, and CSMD3), the analysis revealed six new genes (GNAQ, PRG4, RP1, ZNF16, NBEA, and PTPRC) that had not been reported previously in TSCC. Our in vitro experiments identified ZNF16 for the first time as a solid tumor associated gene to promote malignancy of TSCC cells. We also identified a microRNA (miR-585-5p) encoded by the 5q35.1 region and characterized it as a tumor suppressor by targeting SOX9. At least one non-silent mutation of genes involved in the 10 canonical oncogenic pathways (Notch, RTK-RAS, PI3K, Wnt, Cell cycle, p53, Myc, Hippo, TGFβ, and Nrf2) was found in 82.9% of cases. Collectively, our data extend the spectrum of TSCC mutations and define novel diagnosis markers and potential clinical targets for TSCC. © 2020 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heyu Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, PR China
| | - Yongmei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
| | - Zhenglin Du
- China National Center for Bioinformation & National Genomics Data Center, Beijing Institute of Genomics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Xuefen Li
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Jianyun Zhang
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, PR China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China
| | - Tiejun Li
- Central Laboratory, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.,Department of Oral Pathology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.,National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, PR China.,Research Unit of Precision Pathologic Diagnosis in Tumors of the Oral and Maxillofacial Regions, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences (2019RU034), Beijing, PR China
| | - Qimin Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Translational Research (Ministry of Education/Beijing), Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Peking University Cancer Hospital & Institute, Beijing, PR China.,State Key Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, PR China
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97
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Ai QY, King AD, So TY, Lam WKJ, Mo FKF, Tse IOL, Woo JKS, Chan KCA. MRI of benign hyperplasia in the nasopharynx: is there an association with Epstein-Barr virus? Clin Radiol 2020; 75:711.e13-711.e18. [PMID: 32571521 DOI: 10.1016/j.crad.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate whether there is an association between persistently positive plasma Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA and the presence and the change in benign hyperplasia. MATERIALS AND METHODS One hundred and seventeen participants with positive-plasma EBV-DNA, but without NPC from previous nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) screening, underwent follow-up magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and plasma EBV-DNA after 2 years. Logistic regression was used to analyse associations between MRI (benign hyperplasia on the follow-up MRI and change from 2 years earlier), and plasma EBV-DNA, smoking, and age. RESULTS At follow-up, EBV-DNA positivity and smoking were independent parameters for the presence of benign hyperplasia (p=0.027 and 0.023 respectively). Compared with participants in whom EBV-DNA became negative (n=44/117 37.6%), those in whom EBV-DNA remained positive (n=73/117 62.4%) had a greater risk of benign hyperplasia developing (previous MRI normal), being stable or processing (52/73 71.2% versus 18/44 40.9%; p=0.001). CONCLUSION These results suggest a potential link between benign hyperplasia on MRI and the EBV. As EBV contributes to NPC oncogenesis, future MRI research is warranted to determine if persistent benign hyperplasia is a risk marker for development of NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q-Y Ai
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - A D King
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - T Y So
- Department of Imaging and Interventional Radiology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - W K J Lam
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - F K F Mo
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; Department of Clinical Oncology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - I O L Tse
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - J K S Woo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Prince of Wales Hospital, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - K C A Chan
- Department of Chemical Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China; Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong SAR, China
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98
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Huang Z, Su B, Liu F, Zhang N, Ye Y, Zhang Y, Zhen Z, Liang S, Liang S, Chen L, Luo W, Claret FX, Huang Y, Xu T. YAP1 Promotes Tumor Invasion and Metastasis in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with Hepatitis B Virus Infection. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:5629-5642. [PMID: 32606777 PMCID: PMC7306475 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s247699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) patients with HBsAg (+) commonly present with high frequencies of distant metastasis and poor survival rate; however, the mechanism has not been elucidated. MATERIALS AND METHODS We analyzed the yes-associated protein 1 (YAP1) expression between HBsAg (+) and HBsAg (-) of NPC patients, then analyzed the relationship of YAP1 with survival. We further explored the anti-tumor role in NPC cell lines using YAP1 siRNA technique, and checked whether YAP1 regulatesepithelial-mesenchymal transition ( EMT). The relationship between HBV X protein (HBx) and YAP1 was also tested using Dual-Luciferase reporter assay. Finally, we explored anti-YAP1 to inhibit tumor metastasis using the xenograft mice model. RESULTS In the current study, we found that YAP1 expression was higher in HBsAg (+) samples than in the HBsAg (-) samples, as a clinical signature, suggesting that YAP1 could be used as a prognostic factor for NPC. Our results showed that the HBx could regulate YAP1, further promoting cellular invasiveness through EMT. Anti-YAP1 can also decrease metastasis in vivo. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that YAP1 is a promising prognostic factor in NPC and could be used as a potential treatment target for NPC with HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeli Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan528000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bojin Su
- Department of Pathology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510630, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fang Liu
- Department of Pathology, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan528000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan528000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yilong Ye
- Department of Infection, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan528000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan528000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghe Zhen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan528000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaoqiang Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan528000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shaobo Liang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan528000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lushi Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan528000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weijun Luo
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan528000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - François X Claret
- Department of Systems Biology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX77030, USA
- Experimental Therapeutics Academic Program and Cancer Biology Program, The University of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, Houston, TX77030, USA
| | - Ying Huang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou510080, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou510060, People’s Republic of China
| | - Tao Xu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cancer Center, First People’s Hospital of Foshan, Foshan528000, Guangdong Province, People’s Republic of China
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99
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Abstract
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is the most common malignant tumor with a remarkable racial and geographical distribution including people in southern China, South East Asia, and the Middle East/North Africa. DNA methylation is an important manifestation of epigenetic modification, has been studied over several decades, and by regulating and controlling the expression of cancer-related genesits, abnormal DNA methylation can influence in a variety of human malignancy tumors.Until now, there is no analysis focus on differentially methylated, differential expressed genes (MDEGs) study, so we make a joint analysis for both gene methylation profiling microarray and gene expression profiling microarray in NPC. Two gene expression datasets (GSE64634 and GSE12452) and gene methylation profiling data set (GSE62336) were downloaded from GEO and analyzed using the online tool GEO2R to identify MDEGs. Gene ontology (GO) functional analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially methylated genes were performed. The STRING database was used to evaluate the interactions of MDEGs and to construct a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network using Cytoscape software. Hub genes were validated with the cBioPortal database.The overlap among the 3 datasets contained 135 hypermethylation genes and 541 hypomethylation genes between NPC and non-NPC samples. A total of 4 genes (TROAP, PCOLCE2, HOXA4, and C1QB) in Hyper-LGs and 14 genes (DYNC1H1, LNX1, RAB37, ALDH3A1, SLC24A4, CP, CEP250, ANK2, DNAI2, MUC13, ACACB, GABRP, STX7, and TTC9) in Hypo-HGs were identified as hub genes.The study of DNA methylation and gene expression provides us a strong support as well as new comprehensive information of MDEGs to the revelation of nasopharyngeal carcinoma's complex pathogenesis. However, further studies are needed to elucidate the biological function of these genes in NPC in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng-hong Wu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Hai-Ying Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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Song Y, Li Q, Liao S, Zhong K, Jin Y, Zeng T. Epstein-Barr virus-encoded miR-BART11 promotes tumor-associated macrophage-induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition via targeting FOXP1 in gastric cancer. Virology 2020; 548:6-16. [PMID: 32530809 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2020.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Gastric carcinoma (GC) is an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-associated malignancy characterized by early metastasis. Unlike that of cellular micro(mi)RNAs, the role of viral miRNAs in epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and metastasis in cancers has not been fully investigated. In this study, we elucidated the involvement of miR-BART11, an EBV-encoded viral miRNA, in the EMT and metastasis of GC cells. EBV-miR-BART11 upregulation can lead to downregulation of forkhead box protein P1 (FOXP1) in both tissues and cell lines of gastric carcinoma. Downregulation of FOXP1 might trigger the secretion of interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and 1L-10 in cancer cells, resulting in poor survival of GC patients. We found that the observed EMT phenotypes resulted from the EBV-miR-BART11 overexpression-induced FOXP1 downregulation, which impacted the expression of the EMT-transcription factors E-cadherin and snail. We further demonstrated that conditioned medium-derived tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) promoted phenotypic changes and expression of EMT-related molecules in GC cells. Additionally, EMT changes were significantly promoted in GC cells cultured in conditioned medium from TAMs infected with EBV-miR-BART11-containing lentivirus. On the contrary, GC cells cultured in conditioned medium from TAMs infected with FOXP1-carrying lentivirus showed little or no EMT change. Taken together, our results suggest that EBV-encoded viral miRNA BART11 downregulates the FOXP1 transcription factor, and promotes EMT by directly influencing gastric tumor cells or indirectly affecting the tumor microenvironment, which might, in turn, accelerate cancer invasion and metastasis, thereby affecting the survival and prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Song
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qiao Li
- Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Children Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shan Liao
- Department of Pathology, The Third Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Kangying Zhong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaxiong Jin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Tingting Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine; West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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