51
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An interlaboratory comparison of physiological and genetic properties of four Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains. Enzyme Microb Technol 2000; 26:706-714. [PMID: 10862876 DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(00)00162-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 412] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To select a Saccharomyces cerevisiae reference strain amenable to experimental techniques used in (molecular) genetic, physiological and biochemical engineering research, a variety of properties were studied in four diploid, prototrophic laboratory strains. The following parameters were investigated: 1) maximum specific growth rate in shake-flask cultures; 2) biomass yields on glucose during growth on defined media in batch cultures and steady-state chemostat cultures under controlled conditions with respect to pH and dissolved oxygen concentration; 3) the critical specific growth rate above which aerobic fermentation becomes apparent in glucose-limited accelerostat cultures; 4) sporulation and mating efficiency; and 5) transformation efficiency via the lithium-acetate, bicine, and electroporation methods. On the basis of physiological as well as genetic properties, strains from the CEN.PK family were selected as a platform for cell-factory research on the stoichiometry and kinetics of growth and product formation.
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52
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Goñi DT, Azpilicueta CA. Use of nitrogen compounds in spontaneous and inoculated wine fermentations. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 1999; 47:4018-4024. [PMID: 10552759 DOI: 10.1021/jf981238y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this paper the use of nitrogen compounds in garnacha must inoculated with active dry wine yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae subsp. cerevisiae strain Na33 has been studied. The results are compared to garnacha must fermented with indigenous yeasts (control must). In the samples where the inoculated yeast predominated, no qualitative differences were appreciated in the use of amino acids with respect to the control samples, although there were quantitative differences. In the musts where the Na33 strain dominated, a lesser quantity of amino acids were consumed at the beginning of fermentation than in the control samples. For that reason, probably, this yeast showed problems in competing for the nitrogen nutrients of the must; this could have made its implantation in one of the inoculated samples more difficult. At the end of fermentation the Na33 strain continued to consume amino acids at high concentrations of ethanol. Its high tolerance to this toxic could be favored by the production and rehydration of dry wine yeast in the presence of air.
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Affiliation(s)
- D T Goñi
- Departamento de Química Aplicada, Universidad Pública de Navarra, Campus de Arrosadía s/n, 31006 Pamplona, Spain
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53
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Dickinson JR, Harrison SJ, Hewlins MJ. An investigation of the metabolism of valine to isobutyl alcohol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:25751-6. [PMID: 9748245 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.40.25751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of valine to isobutyl alcohol in yeast was examined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The product of valine transamination, alpha-ketoisovalerate, had four potential routes to isobutyl alcohol. The first, via branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase to isobutyryl-CoA is not required for the synthesis of isobutyl alcohol because abolition of branched-chain alpha-ketoacid dehydrogenase activity in an lpd1 disruption mutant did not prevent the formation of isobutyl alcohol. The second route, via pyruvate decarboxylase, is the one that is used because elimination of pyruvate decarboxylase activity in a pdc1 pdc5 pdc6 triple mutant virtually abolished isobutyl alcohol production. A third potential route involved alpha-ketoisovalerate reductase, but this had no role in the formation of isobutyl alcohol from alpha-hydroxyisovalerate because cell homogenates could not convert alpha-hydroxyisovalerate to isobutyl alcohol. The final possibility, use of the pyruvate decarboxylase-like enzyme encoded by YDL080c, seemed to be irrelevant, because a strain with a disruption in this gene produced wild-type levels of isobutyl alcohol. Thus there are major differences in the catabolism of leucine and valine to their respective "fusel" alcohols. Whereas in the catabolism of leucine to isoamyl alcohol the major route is via the decarboxylase encoded by YDL080c, any single isozyme of pyruvate decarboxylase is sufficient for the formation of isobutyl alcohol from valine. Finally, analysis of the 13C-labeled products revealed that the pathways of valine catabolism and leucine biosynthesis share a common pool of alpha-ketoisovalerate.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dickinson
- School of Pure & Applied Biology, University of Wales, Cardiff, CF1 3TL, United Kingdom
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54
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Salmon JM, Barre P. Improvement of nitrogen assimilation and fermentation kinetics under enological conditions by derepression of alternative nitrogen-assimilatory pathways in an industrial Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:3831-7. [PMID: 9758807 PMCID: PMC106562 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.10.3831-3837.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism of nitrogen compounds by yeasts affects the efficiency of wine fermentation. Ammonium ions, normally present in grape musts, reduce catabolic enzyme levels and transport activities for nonpreferred nitrogen sources. This nitrogen catabolite repression severely impairs the utilization of proline and arginine, both common nitrogen sources in grape juice that require the proline utilization pathway for their assimilation. We attempted to improve fermentation performance by genetic alteration of the regulation of nitrogen-assimilatory pathways in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. One mutant carrying a recessive allele of ure2 was isolated from an industrial S. cerevisiae strain. This mutation strongly deregulated the proline utilization pathway. Fermentation kinetics of this mutant were studied under enological conditions on simulated standard grape juices with various nitrogen levels. Mutant strains produced more biomass and exhibited a higher maximum CO2 production rate than the wild type. These differences were primarily due to the derepression of amino acid utilization pathways. When low amounts of dissolved oxygen were added, the mutants could assimilate proline. Biomass yield and fermentation rate were consequently increased, and the duration of the fermentation was substantially shortened. S. cerevisiae strains lacking URE2 function could improve alcoholic fermentation of natural media where proline and other poorly assimilated amino acids are the major potential nitrogen source, as is the case for most fruit juices and grape musts.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Salmon
- Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Technologie des Fermentations, Institut des Produits de la Vigne, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, 34060 Montpellier Cedex 1, France.
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55
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Ayestarân B, Garrido J, Ancín C. Sedimentation clarification of viura musts. Utilization of amino acids during fermentation. Food Chem 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(98)00009-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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56
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Vicente A, Castrillo JI, Teixeira JA, Ugalde U. On-line estimation of biomass through pH control analysis in aerobic yeast fermentation systems. Biotechnol Bioeng 1998. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19980520)58:4<445::aid-bit12>3.0.co;2-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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57
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ter Schure EG, Flikweert MT, van Dijken JP, Pronk JT, Verrips CT. Pyruvate decarboxylase catalyzes decarboxylation of branched-chain 2-oxo acids but is not essential for fusel alcohol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Appl Environ Microbiol 1998; 64:1303-7. [PMID: 9546164 PMCID: PMC106145 DOI: 10.1128/aem.64.4.1303-1307.1998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The fusel alcohols 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-butanol, and 2-methyl-propanol are important flavor compounds in yeast-derived food products and beverages. The formation of these compounds from branched-chain amino acids is generally assumed to occur via the Ehrlich pathway, which involves the concerted action of a branched-chain transaminase, a decarboxylase, and an alcohol dehydrogenase. Partially purified preparations of pyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.1) have been reported to catalyze the decarboxylation of the branched-chain 2-oxo acids formed upon transamination of leucine, isoleucine, and valine. Indeed, in a coupled enzymatic assay with horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase, cell extracts of a wild-type Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain exhibited significant decarboxylation rates with these branched-chain 2-oxo acids. Decarboxylation of branched-chain 2-oxo acids was not detectable in cell extracts of an isogenic strain in which all three PDC genes had been disrupted. Experiments with cell extracts from S. cerevisiae mutants expressing a single PDC gene demonstrated that both PDC1- and PDC5-encoded isoenzymes can decarboxylate branched-chain 2-oxo acids. To investigate whether pyruvate decarboxylase is essential for fusel alcohol production by whole cells, wild-type S. cerevisiae and an isogenic pyruvate decarboxylase-negative strain were grown on ethanol with a mixture of leucine, isoleucine, and valine as the nitrogen source. Surprisingly, the three corresponding fusel alcohols were produced in both strains. This result proves that decarboxylation of branched-chain 2-oxo acids via pyruvate decarboxylase is not an essential step in fusel alcohol production.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G ter Schure
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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58
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Dickinson JR, Lanterman MM, Danner DJ, Pearson BM, Sanz P, Harrison SJ, Hewlins MJ. A 13C nuclear magnetic resonance investigation of the metabolism of leucine to isoamyl alcohol in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:26871-8. [PMID: 9341119 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.43.26871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The metabolism of leucine to isoamyl alcohol in yeast was examined by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The product of leucine transamination, alpha-ketoisocaproate had four potential routes to isoamyl alcohol. The first, via branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase to isovaleryl-CoA with subsequent conversion to isovalerate by acyl-CoA hydrolase operates in wild-type cells where isovalerate appears to be an end product. This pathway is not required for the synthesis of isoamyl alcohol because abolition of branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase activity in an lpd1 disruption mutant did not prevent the formation of isoamyl alcohol. A second possible route was via pyruvate decarboxylase; however, elimination of pyruvate decarboxylase activity in a pdc1 pdc5 pdc6 triple mutant did not decrease the levels of isoamyl alcohol produced. A third route utilizes alpha-ketoisocaproate reductase (a novel activity in Saccharomyces cerevisiae) but with no role in the formation of isoamyl alcohol from alpha-hydroxyisocaproate because cell homogenates could not convert alpha-hydroxyisocaproate to isoamyl alcohol. The final possibility was that a pyruvate decarboxylase-like enzyme encoded by YDL080c appears to be the major route of decarboxylation of alpha-ketoisocaproate to isoamyl alcohol although disruption of this gene reveals that at least one other unidentified decarboxylase can substitute to a minor extent.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dickinson
- School of Pure & Applied Biology, University of Wales, Cardiff CF1 3TL, United Kingdom
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59
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Cai D, Williams NK, Klinman JP. Effect of metal on 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (topa) quinone biogenesis in the Hansenula polymorpha copper amine oxidase. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:19277-81. [PMID: 9235922 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.31.19277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies of wild-type and mutant forms of a recombinant copper amine oxidase from Hansenula polymorpha, expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, have indicated a self-processing mechanism for 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (topa) quinone biogenesis involving the active site copper (Cai, D., and Klinman, J. P. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 32039-32042). In contrast to prokaryotic copper amine oxidases, however, it has not been possible to initiate topa quinone formation by the addition of exogenous copper to precursor H. polymorpha amine oxidase lacking copper. Metal analysis of copper-depleted wild-type enzyme reveals 0.2-0.3 mol copper, together with 0.6 mol zinc. Despite changes in the zinc and copper levels in growth media, the level of zinc in purified enzyme remains fairly constant. Further, we have been unable to displace protein-bound zinc by exogenously added copper. The H. polymorpha amine oxidase gene was subsequently expressed in Escherichia coli and found to be almost completely free of copper and zinc. In vitro reconstitution of this apoprotein confirms that zinc binds to H. polymorpha amine oxidase and prevents reconstitution with copper. By contrast, addition of copper first to apoprotein leads to formation of topa quinone and stable activity in the presence of added zinc. These findings indicate efficient binding of either zinc or copper to a site that undergoes little or no exchange. The data confirm that topa quinone biogenesis in the H. polymorpha system is catalyzed by copper and occurs in the absence of added factors. We conclude that the mechanisms of cofactor biogenesis in pro- and eukaryotic systems are likely to be similar or identical. The results described herein imply different pathways for the in vivo assembly of heterologously expressed amine oxidases in S. cerevisiae and E. coli.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cai
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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60
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61
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Affiliation(s)
- J Horák
- Department of Membrane Transport, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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62
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Mauricio JC, Ortega JM. Nitrogen compounds in wine during its biological aging by two flor film yeasts: An approach to accelerated biological aging of dry sherry-type wines. Biotechnol Bioeng 1997; 53:159-67. [DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0290(19970120)53:2<159::aid-bit5>3.0.co;2-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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63
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Ancín C, Ayestarán B, Corroza M, Garrido J, González A. Influence of prefermentation clarification on the higher alcohol contents of wines. Food Chem 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0308-8146(95)00125-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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64
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Castrillo JI, de Miguel I, Ugalde UO. Proton production and consumption pathways in yeast metabolism. A chemostat culture analysis. Yeast 1995; 11:1353-65. [PMID: 8585319 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320111404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
In this investigation, a method for the accurate quantitative determination of net proton production or consumption in biological cultures has been devised. Cells are cultured under constant pH conditions. The specific rate of proton production or consumption by the culture (qH+, mmol h-1 per g biomass) is proportional to the mmol of base or acid required to maintain constant pH per unit time, and this equivalence is independent of the buffering capacity of the culture medium. The above method has been applied to chemostat cultures of Candida utilis growing on glucose or glycerol as carbon source, and different nitrogen sources. The results indicate that the nitrogen assimilation pathway alone determines the value of qH+, and a fixed stoichiometric relationship between nitrogen uptake rate qN (meq h-1 per g biomass) and qH+ has been found for each nitrogen source employed. Thus, qH+/qN values of +1, 0 and -1 were found for ammonium ions, urea and nitrate respectively. Under oxidative metabolism, the contribution of carbon catabolism to the value of qH+ was undetectable. Sine qN may be related to growth and production of type 1 compounds in fermentation processes, the parameter qH+ was incorporated into a model of growth and energy metabolism in chemostat culture (Castrillo and Ugalde, Yeast 10, 185 - 197, 1994), resulting in adequate simulations of experimentally observed culture performance. Thus, it is suggested that qH+ may be employed as a simple and effective control parameter for biotechnological processes involving biomass-related products.
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Affiliation(s)
- J I Castrillo
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Basque Country, San Sebastián, Spain
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65
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Tipping AJ, McPherson MJ. Cloning and molecular analysis of the pea seedling copper amine oxidase. J Biol Chem 1995; 270:16939-46. [PMID: 7622512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.270.28.16939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
A pea seedling amine oxidase cDNA has been isolated and sequenced. A single long open reading frame has amino acid sequences corresponding to those determined from active site peptide (Janes, S.M., Palcic, M.M., Scaman, C.H., Smith, A.J., Brown, D.E., Dooley, D.M., Mure, M., and Klinman, J.P. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 12147-12154) and N-terminal sequencing experiments. The latter reveals the protein to have a 25-amino acid leader sequence with characteristics of a secretion signal peptide, as expected for this extracellular enzyme. Comparisons of the amino acid sequence of the mature pea enzyme (649 amino acids) with that of the mature lentil enzyme (569 amino acids; Rossi, A., Petruzzelli, R., and Finazzi-Agrò, A. (1992) FEBS Lett. 301, 253-257) reveal important and unexpected differences particularly with regard to protein length. Sequencing of part of the lentil gene identified several frameshift differences within the coding region resulting in a mature lentil protein of exactly the same length, 649 amino acids, as the pea enzyme. Multiple alignments of 10 copper amine oxidase sequences reveal 33 completely conserved residues of which 10 are found within 41 aligned residues at the C-terminal tails, the region missing from the original lentil sequence. One of only four conserved histidines is found in this region and may represent the third ligand to the copper. The pea enzyme contains around 3-4% carbohydrate as judged by deglycosylation experiments. We have also demonstrated by hybridization analysis that copper amine oxidase genes are present in a range of mono- and dicotyledonous plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Tipping
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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66
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Cai D, Klinman JP. Copper amine oxidase: heterologous expression, purification, and characterization of an active enzyme in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biochemistry 1994; 33:7647-53. [PMID: 8011631 DOI: 10.1021/bi00190a019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A copper amine oxidase gene from a methylotrophic yeast Hansenula polymorpha has been expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae under the control of the ADHI promoter and the recombinant protein purified to near homogeneity. The recombinant enzyme is as active as the native enzyme in catalyzing methylamine oxidation. We demonstrate that it is a quinoprotein by redox-cycling staining and titrations with carbonyl reagents. The absorption spectral properties of the recombinant amine oxidase and its phenylhydrazine derivative are very similar to those of other copper amine oxidases. The cofactor in the enzyme is 2,4,5-trihydroxyphenylalanine (topa) quinone, as demonstrated by the pH-dependent shift in the lambda max of the p-nitrophenylhydrazone adduct. Alignment of an active-site peptide and DNA-derived protein sequences reveals a tyrosine residue as the precursor to topa quinone, consistent with findings with other copper amine oxidases. All evidence presented herein indicates that the heterologously expressed copper amine oxidase protein is processed posttranslationally in S. cerevisiae to form an active enzyme with an intact cofactor. This occurs despite an inability of S. cerevisiae to utilize amines as a nitrogen source. The implications of this study for the mechanism of topa quinone biogenesis are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Cai
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720
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67
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Olivera H, González A, Peña A. Regulation of the amino acid permeases in nitrogen-limited continuous cultures of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Yeast 1993; 9:1065-73. [PMID: 8256513 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320091005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, there is a general amino acid permease, regulated by nitrogen catabolite repression, and several specific permeases whose nitrogen regulation is not well understood. In this study, we used continuous cultures to analyse the effect of nitrogen limitation and pH on the activity of general and several specific amino acid permeases. General permease activity was maximal in severe nitrogen limitation and diminished 400-fold in cells grown under nitrogen excess. For the specific permeases, the maximal uptake activity was found between mild limitation and nitrogen excess, while very small activity was detected under strict limitation. These results indicate that the nitrogen regulation of the general and the specific amino acid carriers is coordinated in such a way that no redundancy exists in amino acid transport. The regulation of the specific permeases was similar to that found for a system with anabolic function in nitrogen metabolism. All of these permeases are supposed to work through a proton symport mechanism, and thus rely on pH gradients to carry out their function. We studied the effect of pH on the kinetic constants of the general permease. Our results show that the effect of pH on the Km was different for acidic, neutral and basic amino acids, while the effect on Vmax was independent of the electrical charge of the amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Olivera
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Fisiología Celular, UNAM, México
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Dickinson JR, Norte V. A study of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase and isolation of mutations affecting the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. FEBS Lett 1993; 326:29-32. [PMID: 8325383 DOI: 10.1016/0014-5793(93)81754-n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The specific activity of branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase was highest when S. cerevisiae was grown in minimal medium containing a branched-chain amino acid as nitrogen source. Growth in complex media with glycerol or ethanol gave moderately high levels, whereas with glucose and fructose the specific activity was very low. Mutagenesis defined three genes (BAA1 to BAA3) required for branched-chain amino acid catabolism. The baa1 mutation reduced the specific activity of the aminotransferase, the stationary phase density in YEPD and caused gross morphological disturbance. Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase is essential for sporulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Dickinson
- School of Pure & Applied Biology, University of Wales College, Cardiff, UK
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69
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Abstract
The information currently available on the breakdown of spermidine and putrescine by microorganisms is reviewed. Two major metabolic routes have been described, one for the free bases via delta 1-pyrroline (4-aminobutyraldehyde), the other via N-acetyl derivatives. In both pathways oxidases or aminotransferases are the key enzymes in removing the nitrogen atoms. The two routes converge at 4-aminobutyrate, which is then metabolized via succinate. The degradation of putrescine in Escherichia coli has been well characterized at both genetic and biochemical levels, but for other bacteria much less information is available. The C3 moiety of spermidine is broken down via beta-alanine, but the metabolism of this compound and its precursors is poorly understood. In yeasts, a catabolic route for spermidine and putrescine via N-acetyl derivatives has been described in Candida boidinii, and the evidence for its occurrence in other species is reviewed. Except for the terminal step of this pathway, the same group of enzymes can metabolize both the C3 and C4 moieties of spermidine. It is likely that other routes of polyamine catabolism also exist in both bacteria and yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- P J Large
- Department of Applied Biology, University of Hull, UK
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71
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De Hoop MJ, Valkema R, Kienhuis CB, Hoyer MA, Ab G. The peroxisomal import signal of amine oxidase from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha is not universal. Yeast 1992; 8:243-52. [PMID: 1514323 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320080402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M J De Hoop
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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72
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Chapter 7 Amino acid transporters in yeast: structure, function and regulation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1992. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7306(08)60069-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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73
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Abstract
Yeasts are best known for their beneficial contributions to society, and the literature abounds with discussions of their role in the fermentation of alcoholic beverages, bread, and other products. Yeasts also cause spoilage, but, with a few exceptions, this unwanted activity often goes unrecognized and underestimated as a major problem in the food and beverage industries. In some cases, there is only a fine line between what is perceived as either a spoilage or beneficial activity. This review examines the occurrence and growth of yeasts in foods and beverages with respect to their spoilage activities, the biochemistry of this spoilage, and technologies for the enumeration and identification of spoilage yeasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Fleet
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Australia
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74
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75
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Large PJ, Waterham HR, Veenhuis M. Subcellular location of the enzymes of purine breakdown in the yeast Candida famatagrown on uric acid. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.1990.tb03907.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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76
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Large PJ, Robertson A. The subcellular location of 4-aminobutyrate aminotransferase inCandida boidinii and its probable role in the breakdown of putrescine and spermidine. Yeast 1988. [DOI: 10.1002/yea.320040209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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77
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Middlehoven WJ, Hoogkamer-Te Niet MC, De Laat WT, Weijers C, Bulder CJ. Oxidation of amines by yeasts grown on 1-aminoalkanes or putrescine as the sole source of carbon, nitrogen and energy. Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek 1986; 52:525-35. [PMID: 3813525 DOI: 10.1007/bf00423413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The maximum growth rate of Trichosporon cutaneum CBS 8111 in chemostat cultures was 0.185 h-1 on ethylamine and 0.21 h-1 on butylamine, that of Candida famata CBS 8109 was 0.32 h-1 on putrescine. The amine oxidation pattern of the ascomycetous strains studied, viz. Candida famata CBS 8109, Stephanoascus ciferrii CBS 4856 and Trichosporon adeninovorans CBS 8244 was independent of the amine that had been used as the growth substrate. It resembled that of benzylamine/putrescine oxidase found in other ascomycetous yeasts. However, differences in pH optimum and substrate specificity were observed between the amine-oxidizing systems of these three species. The amine oxidation pattern of cell-free extracts of Trichosporon cutaneum CBS 8111 varied with the amine that was used as growth substrate. The enzyme system produced by Cryptococcus laurentii CBS 7140 failed to oxidize isobutylamine and benzylamine, and showed a high pH optimum. The synthesis of amine oxidase in the four yeast strains studied was not repressed by ammonium chloride and was weakly repressed by glucose but was strongly repressed if both compounds were present in the growth medium.
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Sherlock LA, Large PJ, Whitaker RG. A new type of methylamine oxidase: the sole oxidase produced during growth of Sporobolomyces albo-rubescens on primary alkylamines. Yeast 1986; 2:87-92. [PMID: 3505743 DOI: 10.1002/yea.320020203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Under conditions known to separate methylamine oxidase from benzylamine oxidase in other yeast strains, only a single oxidase could be detected in Sporobolomyces albo-rubescens. This occurred irrespective of whether methylamine or n-butylamine was the nitrogen source for growth. The oxidase did not attack benzylamine. It was concluded that this organism can only produce a methylamine oxidase. The enzyme was purified to 90% homogeneity and found to have properties significantly different from the methylamine oxidases previously characterised. It lost only 40% of its activity in 30 min at 45 degrees C, whereas methylamine oxidases previously described had half-lives of from 2 to 9 min at 45 degrees C. It showed also a lower activity with short chain 1-aminoalkanes and a higher activity with longer chain 1-aminoalkanes than other methylamine oxidases, and had a significantly smaller subunit molecular weight (57,000 compared with 80,000).
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Sherlock
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hull, U.K
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