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Finesilver G, Bailly J, Kahana M, Mitrani E. Kidney derived micro-scaffolds enable HK-2 cells to develop more in-vivo like properties. Exp Cell Res 2014; 322:71-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2013] [Revised: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Hünefeld C, Mezger M, Kern JS, Nyström A, Bruckner-Tuderman L, Müller I, Handgretinger R, Röcken M. One goal, different strategies--molecular and cellular approaches for the treatment of inherited skin fragility disorders. Exp Dermatol 2013; 22:162-7. [PMID: 23489418 DOI: 10.1111/exd.12084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a heterogeneous group of inherited diseases characterized by the formation of blisters in the skin and mucosa. There is no cure or effective treatment for these potentially severe and fatal diseases. Over the past few years, several reports have proposed different molecular strategies as new therapeutic options for the management of EB. From classical vector-based gene therapy to cell-based strategies such as systemic application of bone marrow stem cells or local application of fibroblasts, a broad range of molecular approaches have been explored. This array also includes novel methods, such as protein replacement therapy, gene silencing and the use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPCs). In this review, we summarize current concepts of how inherited blistering diseases might be treated in the future and discuss the opportunities, promises, concerns and risks of these innovative approaches.
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53
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Proregenerative properties of ECM molecules. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:981695. [PMID: 24195084 PMCID: PMC3782155 DOI: 10.1155/2013/981695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/04/2013] [Accepted: 08/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
After traumatic injuries to the nervous system, regrowing axons encounter a complex microenvironment where mechanisms that promote regeneration compete with inhibitory processes. Sprouting and axonal regrowth are key components of functional recovery but are often counteracted by inhibitory molecules. This review covers extracellular matrix molecules that support neuron axonal outgrowth.
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Nyström A, Velati D, Mittapalli VR, Fritsch A, Kern JS, Bruckner-Tuderman L. Collagen VII plays a dual role in wound healing. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:3498-509. [PMID: 23867500 PMCID: PMC3726167 DOI: 10.1172/jci68127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Although a host of intracellular signals is known to contribute to wound healing, the role of the cell microenvironment in tissue repair remains elusive. Here we employed 2 different mouse models of genetic skin fragility to assess the role of the basement membrane protein collagen VII (COL7A1) in wound healing. COL7A1 secures the attachment of the epidermis to the dermis, and its mutations cause a human skin fragility disorder coined recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB) that is associated with a constant wound burden. We show that COL7A1 is instrumental for skin wound closure by 2 interconnected mechanisms. First, COL7A1 was required for re-epithelialization through organization of laminin-332 at the dermal-epidermal junction. Its loss perturbs laminin-332 organization during wound healing, which in turn abrogates strictly polarized expression of integrin α6β4 in basal keratinocytes and negatively impacts the laminin-332/integrin α6β4 signaling axis guiding keratinocyte migration. Second, COL7A1 supported dermal fibroblast migration and regulates their cytokine production in the granulation tissue. These findings, which were validated in human wounds, identify COL7A1 as a critical player in physiological wound healing in humans and mice and may facilitate development of therapeutic strategies not only for RDEB, but also for other chronic wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Nyström
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences — LifeNet, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Daniela Velati
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences — LifeNet, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Venugopal R. Mittapalli
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences — LifeNet, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anja Fritsch
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences — LifeNet, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Johannes S. Kern
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences — LifeNet, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Leena Bruckner-Tuderman
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center, Freiburg, Germany.
Freiburg Institute for Advanced Studies, School of Life Sciences — LifeNet, Freiburg, Germany
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Verhoeven VJM, Hysi PG, Wojciechowski R, Fan Q, Guggenheim JA, Höhn R, MacGregor S, Hewitt AW, Nag A, Cheng CY, Yonova-Doing E, Zhou X, Ikram MK, Buitendijk GHS, McMahon G, Kemp JP, Pourcain BS, Simpson CL, Mäkelä KM, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Paterson AD, Hosseini SM, Wong HS, Xu L, Jonas JB, Pärssinen O, Wedenoja J, Yip SP, Ho DWH, Pang CP, Chen LJ, Burdon KP, Craig JE, Klein BEK, Klein R, Haller T, Metspalu A, Khor CC, Tai ES, Aung T, Vithana E, Tay WT, Barathi VA, Chen P, Li R, Liao J, Zheng Y, Ong RT, Döring A, Evans DM, Timpson NJ, Verkerk AJMH, Meitinger T, Raitakari O, Hawthorne F, Spector TD, Karssen LC, Pirastu M, Murgia F, Ang W, Mishra A, Montgomery GW, Pennell CE, Cumberland PM, Cotlarciuc I, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Schache M, Janmahasatian S, Janmahasathian S, Igo RP, Lass JH, Chew E, Iyengar SK, Gorgels TGMF, Rudan I, Hayward C, Wright AF, Polasek O, Vatavuk Z, Wilson JF, Fleck B, Zeller T, Mirshahi A, Müller C, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Amin N, Bergen AAB, Teo YY, Rahi JS, Vitart V, Williams C, Baird PN, Wong TY, Oexle K, Pfeiffer N, Mackey DA, Young TL, van Duijn CM, Saw SM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D, Klaver CC, Hammond CJ. Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia. Nat Genet 2013; 45:314-8. [PMID: 23396134 PMCID: PMC3740568 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 336] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Refractive error is the most common eye disorder worldwide and is a prominent cause of blindness. Myopia affects over 30% of Western populations and up to 80% of Asians. The CREAM consortium conducted genome-wide meta-analyses, including 37,382 individuals from 27 studies of European ancestry and 8,376 from 5 Asian cohorts. We identified 16 new loci for refractive error in individuals of European ancestry, of which 8 were shared with Asians. Combined analysis identified 8 additional associated loci. The new loci include candidate genes with functions in neurotransmission (GRIA4), ion transport (KCNQ5), retinoic acid metabolism (RDH5), extracellular matrix remodeling (LAMA2 and BMP2) and eye development (SIX6 and PRSS56). We also confirmed previously reported associations with GJD2 and RASGRF1. Risk score analysis using associated SNPs showed a tenfold increased risk of myopia for individuals carrying the highest genetic load. Our results, based on a large meta-analysis across independent multiancestry studies, considerably advance understanding of the mechanisms involved in refractive error and myopia.
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Wang XM, Li J, Yan MX, Liu L, Jia DS, Geng Q, Lin HC, He XH, Li JJ, Yao M. Integrative analyses identify osteopontin, LAMB3 and ITGB1 as critical pro-metastatic genes for lung cancer. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55714. [PMID: 23441154 PMCID: PMC3575388 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the key regulatory genes associated with lung cancer in order to reduce its occurrence and progress through silencing these key genes. METHODS To identify the key regulatory genes involved in lung cancer, we performed a combination of gene array and bioinformatics analyses to compare gene transcription profiles in 3 monoclonal cell strains with high, medium or low metastatic abilities, which were separated from the SPC-A-1sci and SPC-A-1 cell lines by limiting dilution monoclone assay. We then analyzed those genes' biological activities by knocking down their expression in SPC-A-1sci cells using siRNA and lenti-viral shRNA vectors, followed by determinations of the invasion and migration capabilities of the resulting cell lines in vitro as well as their potential for inducing occurrence and metastasis of lung cancer in vivo. To examine the clinical relevance of these findings, we analyzed the expression levels of the identified genes in human lung cancer tissues (n = 135) and matched adjacent normal tissues by immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. RESULTS Three monoclonal cell strains characterized with high, medium or low metastatic abilities were successfully selected. Gene array and bioinformatics analyses implied that osteopontin, LAMB3 and ITGB1 were key genes involved in lung cancer. Knockdown of these genes suppressed human lung cancer cell invasion and metastasis in vitro and in vivo. Clinical sample analyses indicated that osteopontin, LAMB3 and ITGB1 protein expression levels were higher in lung cancer patients, compared to non-cancerous adjacent tissues, and correlated with lymphatic metastasis. CONCLUSIONS We confirmed that osteopontin, LAMB3 and ITGB1 played important roles in the occurrence and metastasis of lung cancer, thus provided important clues to understanding the molecular mechanism of metastasis and contributing to the therapeutic treatment of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Min Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming-Xia Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - De-Shui Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Geng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Chun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang-Huo He
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin-Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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The diagnostic and biological implications of laminin expression in serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2013; 36:1826-34. [PMID: 22892598 DOI: 10.1097/pas.0b013e31825ec07a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
There is compelling evidence to suggest that serous tubal intraepithelial carcinoma (STIC) is the likely primary site for the development of many pelvic high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs). Identifying molecules that are upregulated in STIC is important not only to provide biomarkers to assist in the diagnosis of STIC but also to elucidate our understanding of the pathogenesis of HGSC. In this study, we performed RNA sequencing to compare transcriptomes between HGSC and normal fallopian tube epithelium (FTE), and we identified LAMC1 encoding laminin γ1 as one of the preferentially upregulated genes associated with HGSC. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction further validated LAMC1 upregulation in HGSC as compared with normal FTE. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed on 32 cases of concurrent HGSC and STIC. The latter was diagnosed on the basis of morphology, TP53 mutations, and p53 and Ki-67 immunohistochemical patterns. Laminin γ1 immunostaining intensity was found to be significantly higher in STIC and HGSC compared with adjacent FTE in all cases (P<0.001). In normal FTE, laminin γ1 immunoreactivity was predominantly localized in the basement membrane or on the apical surface of ciliated cells, whereas in STIC and HGSC cells, laminin γ1 staining was diffuse and intense throughout the cytoplasm. More importantly, strong laminin γ1 staining was detected in all 13 STICs, which lacked p53 immunoreactivity because of null mutations. These findings suggest that the overexpression of laminin γ1 immunoreactivity and alteration of its staining pattern in STICs can serve as a useful tissue biomarker, especially for those STICs that are negative for p53 and have a low Ki-67 labeling index.
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58
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Wondimu Z, Omrani S, Ishikawa T, Javed F, Oikawa Y, Virtanen I, Juronen E, Ingerpuu S, Patarroyo M. A novel monoclonal antibody to human laminin α5 chain strongly inhibits integrin-mediated cell adhesion and migration on laminins 511 and 521. PLoS One 2013; 8:e53648. [PMID: 23308268 PMCID: PMC3538678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0053648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminins, a large family of αβγ heterotrimeric proteins mainly found in basement membranes, are strong promoters of adhesion and migration of multiple cell types, such as tumor and immune cells, via several integrin receptors. Among laminin α (LMα) chains, α5 displays the widest tissue distribution in adult life and is synthesized by most cell types. Here, we have generated and characterized five novel monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to the human LMα5 chain to further study the biological relevance of α5 laminins, such as laminins 511 (α5β1γ1) and 521 (α5β2γ1). As detected by ELISA, immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation and Western blotting, each antibody displayed unique properties when compared to mAb 4C7, the prototype LMα5 antibody. Of greatest interest, mAb 8G9, but not any other antibody, strongly inhibited α3β1/α6β1 integrin-mediated adhesion and migration of glioma, melanoma, and carcinoma cells on laminin-511 and, together with mAb 4C7, on laminin-521. Accordingly, mAb 8G9 abolished the interaction of soluble α3β1 integrin with immobilized laminins 511 and 521. Binding of mAb 8G9 to laminin-511 was unaffected by the other mAbs to the LMα5 chain but largely hindered by mAb 4E10 to a LMβ1 chain epitope near the globular domain of laminin-511. Thus, mAb 8G9 defines a novel epitope localized at or near the integrin-binding globular domain of the LMα5 chain, which is essential for cell adhesion and migration, and identifies a potential therapeutic target in malignant and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenebech Wondimu
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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59
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Yousif LF, Di Russo J, Sorokin L. Laminin isoforms in endothelial and perivascular basement membranes. Cell Adh Migr 2012; 7:101-10. [PMID: 23263631 DOI: 10.4161/cam.22680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminins, one of the major functional components of basement membranes, are found underlying endothelium, and encasing pericytes and smooth muscle cells in the vessel wall. Depending on the type of blood vessel (capillary, venule, postcapillary venule, vein or artery) and their maturation state, both the endothelial and mural cell phenotype vary, with associated changes in laminin isoform expression. Laminins containing the α4 and α5 chains are the major isoforms found in the vessel wall, with the added contribution of laminin α2 in larger vessels. We here summarize current data on the precise localization of these laminin isoforms and their receptors in the different layers of the vessel wall, and their potential contribution to vascular homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lema F Yousif
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
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60
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Singh B, Fleury C, Jalalvand F, Riesbeck K. Human pathogens utilize host extracellular matrix proteins laminin and collagen for adhesion and invasion of the host. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2012; 36:1122-80. [PMID: 22537156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2012.00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 206] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 03/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Laminin (Ln) and collagen are multifunctional glycoproteins that play an important role in cellular morphogenesis, cell signalling, tissue repair and cell migration. These proteins are ubiquitously present in tissues as a part of the basement membrane (BM), constitute a protective layer around blood capillaries and are included in the extracellular matrix (ECM). As a component of BMs, both Lns and collagen(s), thus function as major mechanical containment molecules that protect tissues from pathogens. Invasive pathogens breach the basal lamina and degrade ECM proteins of interstitial spaces and connective tissues using various ECM-degrading proteases or surface-bound plasminogen and matrix metalloproteinases recruited from the host. Most pathogens associated with the respiratory, gastrointestinal, or urogenital tracts, as well as with the central nervous system or the skin, have the capacity to bind and degrade Lns and collagen(s) in order to adhere to and invade host tissues. In this review, we focus on the adaptability of various pathogens to utilize these ECM proteins as enhancers for adhesion to host tissues or as a targets for degradation in order to breach the cellular barriers. The major pathogens discussed are Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas, Salmonella, Yersinia, Treponema, Mycobacterium, Clostridium, Listeria, Porphyromonas and Haemophilus; Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, Cryptococcus and Coccidioides; Acanthamoeba, Trypanosoma and Trichomonas; retrovirus and papilloma virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birendra Singh
- Medical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine Malmö, Skåne University Hospital, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
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Hozumi K, Sasaki A, Yamada Y, Otagiri D, Kobayashi K, Fujimori C, Katagiri F, Kikkawa Y, Nomizu M. Reconstitution of laminin-111 biological activity using multiple peptide coupled to chitosan scaffolds. Biomaterials 2012; 33:4241-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2012.02.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Hozumi K, Ishikawa M, Hayashi T, Yamada Y, Katagiri F, Kikkawa Y, Nomizu M. Identification of cell adhesive sequences in the N-terminal region of the laminin α2 chain. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:25111-22. [PMID: 22654118 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.348151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The laminin α2 chain is specifically expressed in the basement membrane surrounding muscle and nerve. We screened biologically active sequences in the mouse laminin N-terminal region of α2 chain using 216 soluble peptides and three recombinant proteins (rec-a2LN, rec-a2LN+, and rec-a2N) by both the peptide- or protein-coated plate and the peptide-conjugated Sepharose bead assays. Ten peptides showed cell attachment activity in the plate assay, and 8 peptides were active in the bead assay. Seven peptides were active in the both assays. Five peptides promoted neurite outgrowth with PC12 cells. To clarify the cellular receptors, we examined the effects of heparin and EDTA on cell attachment to 11 active peptides. Heparin inhibited cell attachment to 10 peptides, and EDTA significantly affected only A2-8 peptide (YHYVTITLDLQQ, mouse laminin α2 chain, 117-128)-mediated cell attachment. Cell attachment to A2-8 was also specifically inhibited by anti-integrin β1 and anti-integrin α2β1 antibodies. These results suggest that A2-8 promotes an integrin α2β1-mediated cell attachment. The rec-a2LN protein, containing the A2-8 sequence, bound to integrin α2β1 and cell attachment to rec-a2LN was inhibited by A2-8 peptide. Further, alanine substitution analysis of both the A2-8 peptide and the rec-a2LN+ protein revealed that the amino acids Ile-122, Leu-124, and Asp-125 were involved in integrin α2β1-mediated cell attachment, suggesting that the A2-8 site plays a functional role as an integrin α2β1 binding site in the LN module. These active peptides may provide new insights on the molecular mechanism of laminin-receptor interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Hozumi
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
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Specificity of peripheral nerve regeneration: interactions at the axon level. Prog Neurobiol 2012; 98:16-37. [PMID: 22609046 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 04/12/2012] [Accepted: 05/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerves injuries result in paralysis, anesthesia and lack of autonomic control of the affected body areas. After injury, axons distal to the lesion are disconnected from the neuronal body and degenerate, leading to denervation of the peripheral organs. Wallerian degeneration creates a microenvironment distal to the injury site that supports axonal regrowth, while the neuron body changes in phenotype to promote axonal regeneration. The significance of axonal regeneration is to replace the degenerated distal nerve segment, and achieve reinnervation of target organs and restitution of their functions. However, axonal regeneration does not always allows for adequate functional recovery, so that after a peripheral nerve injury, patients do not recover normal motor control and fine sensibility. The lack of specificity of nerve regeneration, in terms of motor and sensory axons regrowth, pathfinding and target reinnervation, is one the main shortcomings for recovery. Key factors for successful axonal regeneration include the intrinsic changes that neurons suffer to switch their transmitter state to a pro-regenerative state and the environment that the axons find distal to the lesion site. The molecular mechanisms implicated in axonal regeneration and pathfinding after injury are complex, and take into account the cross-talk between axons and glial cells, neurotrophic factors, extracellular matrix molecules and their receptors. The aim of this review is to look at those interactions, trying to understand if some of these molecular factors are specific for motor and sensory neuron growth, and provide the basic knowledge for potential strategies to enhance and guide axonal regeneration and reinnervation of adequate target organs.
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Satish L, LaFramboise WA, Johnson S, Vi L, Njarlangattil A, Raykha C, Krill-Burger JM, Gallo PH, O'Gorman DB, Gan BS, Baratz ME, Ehrlich GD, Kathju S. Fibroblasts from phenotypically normal palmar fascia exhibit molecular profiles highly similar to fibroblasts from active disease in Dupuytren's Contracture. BMC Med Genomics 2012; 5:15. [PMID: 22559715 PMCID: PMC3375203 DOI: 10.1186/1755-8794-5-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dupuytren's contracture (DC) is a fibroproliferative disorder characterized by the progressive development of a scar-like collagen-rich cord that affects the palmar fascia of the hand and leads to digital flexion contractures. DC is most commonly treated by surgical resection of the diseased tissue, but has a high reported recurrence rate ranging from 27% to 80%. We sought to determine if the transcriptomic profiles of fibroblasts derived from DC-affected palmar fascia, adjacent phenotypically normal palmar fascia, and non-DC palmar fascial tissues might provide mechanistic clues to understanding the puzzle of disease predisposition and recurrence in DC. METHODS To achieve this, total RNA was obtained from fibroblasts derived from primary DC-affected palmar fascia, patient-matched unaffected palmar fascia, and palmar fascia from non-DC patients undergoing carpal tunnel release (6 patients in each group). These cells were grown on a type-1 collagen substrate (to better mimic their in vivo environments). Microarray analyses were subsequently performed using Illumina BeadChip arrays to compare the transcriptomic profiles of these three cell populations. Data were analyzed using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM v3.02), hierarchical clustering, concordance mapping and Venn diagram. RESULTS We found that the transcriptomic profiles of DC-disease fibroblasts and fibroblasts from unaffected fascia of DC patients exhibited a much greater overlap than fibroblasts derived from the palmar fascia of patients undergoing carpal tunnel release. Quantitative real time RT-PCR confirmed the differential expression of select genes validating the microarray data analyses. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that predisposition and recurrence in DC may stem, at least in part, from intrinsic similarities in the basal gene expression of diseased and phenotypically unaffected palmar fascia fibroblasts. These data also demonstrate that a collagen-rich environment differentially alters gene expression in these cells. In addition, Ingenuity pathway analysis of the specific biological pathways that differentiate DC-derived cells from carpal tunnel-derived cells has identified the potential involvement of microRNAs in this fibroproliferative disorder. CONCLUSIONS These data show that the transcriptomic profiles of DC-disease fibroblasts and fibroblasts from unaffected palmar fascia in DC patients are highly similar, and differ significantly from the transcriptomic profiles of fibroblasts from the palmar fascia of patients undergoing carpal tunnel release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Latha Satish
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | - Sandra Johnson
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Linda Vi
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Anna Njarlangattil
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Christina Raykha
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | | | - Phillip H Gallo
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - David B O'Gorman
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Bing Siang Gan
- Cell and Molecular Biology Laboratory of the Hand and Upper Limb Centre, St. Joseph's Hospital, London, ON, Canada
| | - Mark E Baratz
- Division of Upper Extremity Surgery, Department of Orthopaedics, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Garth D Ehrlich
- Center for Genomic Sciences, Allegheny-Singer Research Institute, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sandeep Kathju
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Schaeffer V, Hansen KM, Morris DR, LeBoeuf RC, Abrass CK. RNA-binding protein IGF2BP2/IMP2 is required for laminin-β2 mRNA translation and is modulated by glucose concentration. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 303:F75-82. [PMID: 22513850 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00185.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminin-β2 (LAMB2) is a critical component of the glomerular basement membrane as content of LAMB2 in part determines glomerular barrier permeability. Previously, we reported that high concentrations of glucose reduce expression of this laminin subunit at the translational level. The present studies were undertaken to further define systems that control Lamb2 translation and the effect of high glucose on those systems. Complementary studies were performed using in vitro differentiation of cultured podocytes and mesangial cells exposed to normal and elevated concentrations of glucose, and tissues from control and diabetic rats. Together, these studies provide evidence for regulation of Lamb2 translation by IMP2, an RNA binding protein that targets Lamb2 mRNA to the actin cytoskeleton. Expression of Imp2 itself is regulated by the transcription factor HMGA2, which in turn is regulated by the microRNA let-7b. Elevated concentrations of glucose increase let-7b, which reduces HMGA2 expression, in turn reducing IMP2 and LAMB2. Correlative changes in kidney tissues from control and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats suggest these control mechanisms are operative in vivo and may contribute to proteinuria in diabetic nephropathy. To our knowledge, this is the first time that translation of Lamb2 mRNA has been linked to the actin cytoskeleton, as well as to specific RNA-binding proteins. These translational control points may provide new targets for therapy in proteinuric disorders such as diabetic nephropathy where LAMB2 levels are reduced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerie Schaeffer
- Primary and Specialty Care Medicine, Department of Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
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66
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Stratman AN, Davis GE. Endothelial cell-pericyte interactions stimulate basement membrane matrix assembly: influence on vascular tube remodeling, maturation, and stabilization. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2012; 18:68-80. [PMID: 22166617 PMCID: PMC3919655 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611012402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition surrounding the developing vasculature are critical for vessel remodeling and maturation events. Although the basement membrane is an integral structure underlying endothelial cells (ECs), few studies, until recently, have been performed to understand its formation in this context. In this review article, we highlight new data demonstrating a corequirement for ECs and pericytes to properly deposit and assemble vascular basement membranes during morphogenic events. In EC only cultures or under conditions whereby pericyte recruitment is blocked, there is a lack of basement membrane assembly, decreased vessel stability (with increased susceptibility to pro-regressive stimuli), and increased EC tube widths (a marker of dysfunctional EC-pericyte interactions). ECs and pericytes both contribute basement membrane components and, furthermore, both cells induce the expression of particular components as well as integrins that recognize them. The EC-derived factors--platelet derived growth factor-BB and heparin binding-epidermal growth factor--are both critical for pericyte recruitment to EC tubes and concomitant vascular basement membrane formation in vitro and in vivo. Thus, heterotypic EC-pericyte interactions play a fundamental role in vascular basement membrane matrix deposition, a critical tube maturation event that is altered in key disease states such as diabetes and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber N. Stratman
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri- Columbia, 65212
| | - George E. Davis
- Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri- Columbia, 65212
- Department of Pathology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Missouri- Columbia, 65212
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Freire E, Barroso MMS, Klier RN, Coelho-Sampaio T. Biocompatibility and structural stability of a laminin biopolymer. Macromol Biosci 2011; 12:67-74. [PMID: 21994040 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.201100125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2011] [Revised: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Polylaminin (polyLM) is a polymerized form of the extracellular matrix protein laminin obtained upon pH acidification. Here microscopy and spectroscopic tools are used to study the cell compatibility and the structural stability of polyLM, aiming at establishing its robustness as a biopolymer for therapeutic use. PolyLM is cell compatible as judged by the efficiency of attachment and neuritogenesis. It is resistant to low temperature. Addition of urea or an increase in hydrostatic pressure leads to polymer disassembly. PolyLM biofilms remain stable for 48 h in contact with cell culture medium. The sedimented polymer recovered after centrifugation and adsorbed on a glass coverslip preserved its original structure and its biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabete Freire
- Department of Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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Kusuma N, Anderson RL, Pouliot N. Laminin α5-derived peptides modulate the properties of metastatic breast tumour cells. Clin Exp Metastasis 2011; 28:909-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s10585-011-9422-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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69
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Hongisto H, Vuoristo S, Mikhailova A, Suuronen R, Virtanen I, Otonkoski T, Skottman H. Laminin-511 expression is associated with the functionality of feeder cells in human embryonic stem cell culture. Stem Cell Res 2011; 8:97-108. [PMID: 22099024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2011.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2011] [Revised: 08/19/2011] [Accepted: 08/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast feeder cells play an important role in supporting the derivation and long term culture of undifferentiated, pluripotent human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). The feeder cells secrete various growth factors and extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins into extracellular milieu. However, the roles of the feeder cell-secreted factors are largely unclear. Animal feeder cells and use of animal serum also make current feeder cell culture conditions unsuitable for derivation of clinical grade hESCs. We established xeno-free feeder cell lines using human serum (HS) and studied their function in hESC culture. While human foreskin fibroblast (hFF) feeder cells were clearly hESC supportive, none of the established xeno-free human dermal fibroblast (hDF) feeder cells were able to maintain undifferentiated hESC growth. The two fibroblast types were compared for their ECM protein synthesis, integrin receptor expression profiles and key growth factor secretion. We show that hESC supportive feeder cells produce laminin-511 and express laminin-binding integrins α3ß1, α6ß1 and α7ß1. These results indicate specific laminin isoforms and integrins in maintenance of hESC pluripotency in feeder-dependent cultures. In addition, several genes with a known or possible role for hESC pluripotency were differentially expressed in distinct feeder cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Hongisto
- Regea - Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
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70
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Peculiarities of the extracellular matrix in the interstitium of the renal stem/progenitor cell niche. Histochem Cell Biol 2011; 136:321-34. [PMID: 21822715 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-011-0851-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The development of the nephron is piloted by interactions between epithelial and surrounding mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. Data show that an astonishingly wide interstitial space separates both kinds of stem/progenitor cells. A simple contrasting procedure was applied to visualize features that keep renal epithelial and mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells in distance. The kidney of neonatal rabbits was fixed in solutions containing glutaraldehyde (GA) in combination with alcian blue, lanthanum, ruthenium red, or tannic acid. To obtain a comparable view to the renal stem/progenitor cell niche, the tissue was exactly orientated along the axis of collecting ducts. Fixation with GA or in combination with alcian blue or lanthanum revealed an inconspicuous interstitial space. In contrast, fixation with GA containing ruthenium red exhibits strands of extracellular matrix lining from epithelial stem/progenitor cells through the interstitium up to the surface of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells. Fixation with GA containing tannic acid shows that the basal lamina of epithelial stem/progenitor cells, the adjacent interstitial space and also the surface of mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells are connected over a net of extracellular matrix. The applied technique appears to be a suitable method to illuminate the interstitium in stem/progenitor cell niches of specialized tissues, the microenvironment of tumors and extension of degeneration.
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71
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Metastasis Update: Human Prostate Carcinoma Invasion via Tubulogenesis. Prostate Cancer 2011; 2011:249290. [PMID: 21949592 PMCID: PMC3177701 DOI: 10.1155/2011/249290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper proposes that human prostate carcinoma primarily invades as a cohesive cell collective through a mechanism similar to embryonic tubulogenesis, instead of the popular epithelial-mesenchymal transformation (EMT) model. Evidence supporting a tubulogenesis model is presented, along with suggestions for additional research. Additionally, observations documenting cell adhesion molecule changes in tissue and stromal components are reviewed, allowing for comparisons between the current branching morphogenesis models and the tubulogenesis model. Finally, the implications of this model on prevailing views of therapeutic and diagnostic strategies for aggressive prostatic disease are considered.
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73
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An adhesion protein of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi is required for pathogenesis and potential target for vaccine development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:3348-53. [PMID: 21300870 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1016180108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
More than half of all Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi genes still remain unannotated. Although pathogenesis of S. Typhi is incompletely understood, treatment of typhoid fever is complicated by the emergence of drug resistance. Effectiveness of the currently available vaccines is also limited. In search of novel virulence proteins, we have identified several putative adhesins of S. Typhi through computational approaches. Our experiment shows that a 27-kDa outer membrane protein (T2544) plays a major role in bacterial adhesion to the host through high-affinity binding to laminin. Its role in bacterial pathogenesis is underscored by reduced systemic invasion and a 10-fold higher LD(50) of the mutant bacteria in mice. T2544 is strongly immunogenic as revealed by the detection of sustained high titers of serum IgG and intestinal secretory IgA in the immunized mice. In vitro, T2544 antiserum enhanced uptake and clearance of Salmonella by macrophages and augmented complement-mediated lysis, indicating a contribution of T2544-specific antibodies to the killing process. This correlates well with the observed protection of mice immunized with recombinant T2544 or passively immunized with T2544 antiserum against subsequent bacterial challenge, suggesting that T2544-specific antibodies are involved in protection. The present study describes an adhesion protein of S. Typhi that contributes to bacterial pathogenesis. Protective antibodies in mice, rapid seroconversion of naturally infected individuals with increasing titers of anti-T2544 IgG from acute to convalescent sera suggesting antibody response in humans, and wide distribution and conservation of the cell-surface adhesin in the clinical isolates of different Salmonella serovars make T2544 a potential vaccine candidate.
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74
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Thomasen H, Pauklin M, Noelle B, Geerling G, Vetter J, Steven P, Steuhl KP, Meller D. The Effect of Long-Term Storage on the Biological and Histological Properties of Cryopreserved Amniotic Membrane. Curr Eye Res 2011; 36:247-55. [DOI: 10.3109/02713683.2010.542267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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75
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Schaefer A, Tarakhovsky A, Greengard P. Epigenetic mechanisms of mental retardation. PROGRESS IN DRUG RESEARCH. FORTSCHRITTE DER ARZNEIMITTELFORSCHUNG. PROGRES DES RECHERCHES PHARMACEUTIQUES 2011; 67:125-146. [PMID: 21141728 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-7643-8989-5_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Mental retardation is a common form of cognitive impairment affecting approximately 3% of the population in industrialized countries. The mental retardation syndrome incorporates a highly diverse group of mental disorders characterized by the combination of cognitive impairment and defective adaptive behavior. The genetic basis of the disease is strongly supported by identification of the genetic lesions associated with impaired cognition, learning, and social adaptation in many mental retardation syndromes. Several of the impaired genes encode epigenetic regulators of gene expression. These regulators exert their function through genome-wide posttranslational modification of histones or by mediating and/or recognizing DNA methylation. In this chapter, we review the most recent advances in the field of epigenetic mechanisms of mental retardation. In particular, we focus on animal models of the human diseases and the mechanism of transcriptional deregulation associated with changes in the cell epigenome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Schaefer
- Laboratory of Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience, The Rockefeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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76
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Oikawa Y, Hansson J, Sasaki T, Rousselle P, Domogatskaya A, Rodin S, Tryggvason K, Patarroyo M. Melanoma cells produce multiple laminin isoforms and strongly migrate on α5 laminin(s) via several integrin receptors. Exp Cell Res 2010; 317:1119-33. [PMID: 21195710 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2010.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 12/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma cells express and interact with laminins (LMs) and other basement membrane components during invasion and metastasis. In the present study we have investigated the production and migration-promoting activity of laminin isoforms in melanoma. Immunohistochemistry of melanoma specimens and immunoprecipitation/western blotting of melanoma cell lines indicated expression of laminin-111/121, laminin-211, laminin-411/421, and laminin-511/521. Laminin-332 was not detected. In functional assays, laminin-111, laminin-332, and laminin-511, but not laminin-211 and laminin-411, strongly promoted haptotactic cell migration either constitutively or following stimulation with insulin-like growth factors. Both placenta and recombinant laminin-511 preparations were highly active, and the isolated recombinant IVa domain of LMα5 also promoted cell migration. Function-blocking antibodies in cell migration assays revealed α6β1 integrin as the major receptor for laminin-111, and both α3β1 and α6β1 integrins for laminin-332 and laminin-511. In contrast, isolated LMα5 IVa domain-promoted melanoma cell migration was largely mediated via αVβ3 integrin and inhibited by RGD peptides. Given the ubiquitous expression of α5 laminins in melanoma cells and in melanoma-target tissues/anatomical structures, as well as the strong migration-promoting activity of these laminin isoforms, the α5 laminins emerge as putative primary extracellular matrix mediators of melanoma invasion and metastasis via α3β1 and other integrin receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Oikawa
- Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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77
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Warstat K, Meckbach D, Weis-Klemm M, Hack A, Klein G, de Zwart P, Aicher WK. TGF-beta enhances the integrin alpha2beta1-mediated attachment of mesenchymal stem cells to type I collagen. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 19:645-56. [PMID: 19827952 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The heterodimeric integrins are important receptors for the attachment of cells to their extracellular matrix. Here, we studied the attachment of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to type I collagen (col-1), which is part of the extracellular matrix in bone, skin, and connective tissues. Furthermore, we examined how TGF-beta influences the integrin expression and attachment of MSC. Using flow cytometry, immunoblot, and RT-PCR, we report that MSC express several integrin subunits, including the alpha(2)beta(1) integrin (VLA-2, CD49b/CD29). TGF-beta increases the expression of integrin subunits alpha(2), alpha(6), and beta(1) in MSC, thereby enhancing the attachment of MSC to col-1. The TGF-beta-mediated up-regulation of the expression of the integrin subunits alpha(2) and alpha(6) is mainly mediated in MSC by Smad2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Warstat
- Center for Regenerative Biology and Medicine, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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78
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Kruegel J, Miosge N. Basement membrane components are key players in specialized extracellular matrices. Cell Mol Life Sci 2010; 67:2879-95. [PMID: 20428923 PMCID: PMC2921489 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-010-0367-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2010] [Accepted: 03/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
More than three decades ago, basement membranes (BMs) were described as membrane-like structures capable of isolating a cell from and connecting a cell to its environment. Since this time, it has been revealed that BMs are specialized extracellular matrices (sECMs) with unique components that support important functions including differentiation, proliferation, migration, and chemotaxis of cells during development. The composition of these sECM is as unique as the tissues to which they are localized, opening the possibility that such matrices can fulfill distinct functions. Changes in BM composition play significant roles in facilitating the development of various diseases. Furthermore, tissues have to provide sECM for their stem cells during development and for their adult life. Here, we briefly review the latest research on these unique sECM and their components with a special emphasis on embryonic and adult stem cells and their niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Kruegel
- Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nicolai Miosge
- Tissue Regeneration Work Group, Department of Prosthodontics, Georg August University, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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VP23R of infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus mediates formation of virus-mock basement membrane to provide attaching sites for lymphatic endothelial cells. J Virol 2010; 84:11866-75. [PMID: 20810728 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00990-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Putative open reading frames (ORFs) encoding laminin-like proteins are found in all members of the genus Megalocytivirus, family Iridoviridae. This is the first study that identified the VP23R protein encoded by ORF23R of the infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), a member of these genes of megalocytiviruses. The VP23R mRNA covering the ISKNV genomic coordinates 19547 to 22273 was transcribed ahead of the major capsid protein. Immunofluorescence analysis demonstrated that VP23R was expressed on the plasma membrane of the ISKNV-infected cells and could not be a viral envelope protein. Residues 292 to 576 of VP23R are homologous to the laminin γ1III2-6 fragment, which covers the nidogen-binding site. An immunoprecipitation assay showed that VP23R could interact with nidogen-1, and immunohistochemistry showed that nidogen-1 was localized on the outer membrane of the infected cells. Electron microscopy showed that a virus-mock basement membrane (VMBM) was formed on the surface of the infected cells and a layer of endothelial cells (ECs) was attached to the VMBM. The VMBM contained VP23R and nidogen-1 but not collagen IV. The attached ECs were identified as lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs), which have unique feature of overlapping intercellular junctions and can be stained by immunohistochemistry using an antibody against a specific lymphatic marker, Prox-1. Such infection signs have never been described in viruses. Elucidating the functions of LECs attached to the surface of the infected cells may be useful for studies on the pathogenic mechanisms of megalocytiviruses and may also be important for studies on lymphangiogenesis and basement membrane functions.
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80
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Menezes K, de Menezes JRL, Nascimento MA, Santos RDS, Coelho-Sampaio T. Polylaminin, a polymeric form of laminin, promotes regeneration after spinal cord injury. FASEB J 2010; 24:4513-22. [PMID: 20643907 DOI: 10.1096/fj.10-157628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of spinal cord injury (SCI) is a major topic of biomedical research. Laminin is an extracellular matrix protein implicated in neural development and regeneration, but despite that, there are no reports of exogenous laminin contributing to improve the outcome of experimental SCI. Here we investigated whether a biomimetic polymer of laminin assembled on pH acidification, henceforth called polylaminin, could be used to treat SCI in rats. Acute local injection of polylaminin, but not of nonpolymerized laminin, improved motor function after thoracic compression, partial or complete transection. In the latter case, the BBB score for open field locomotion 8 wk after lesion increased from 4.2 ± 0.48 to 8.8 ± 1.14 in animals treated with polylaminin of human origin. Accordingly, neurons retrogradely labeled from the sublesion stump were detected in the spinal cord and brain stem, indicating regrowth of short and long fibers across a complete transection. Polylaminin also played an unsuspected anti-inflammatory role, which underlies the early onset of its positive effects on locomotion from the first week after treatment. The beneficial effects of polylaminin were not observed in animals treated with the nonpolymerized protein or vehicle only. We propose that polylaminin is a promising therapeutic agent to treat human SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Menezes
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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81
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Crockett J, Newman DK, Newman PJ. PECAM-1 functions as a negative regulator of laminin-induced platelet activation. J Thromb Haemost 2010; 8:1584-93. [PMID: 20403098 PMCID: PMC2909358 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2010.03883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY BACKGROUND Interaction of resting platelets with exposed components of the subendothelial matrix is an important early activating event that takes place at sites of vascular injury. Platelet responses to collagen are mediated by integrin alpha(2)beta(1) and the glycoprotein (GP)VI-Fc receptor (FcR) gamma-chain complex, whereas platelet activation by laminin is mediated by the related integrin, alpha(6)beta(1), and similarly requires signaling through GPVI-FcR gamma-chain. OBJECTIVE Because the cell adhesion and signaling receptor PECAM-1 has previously been shown to dampen collagen-induced platelet activation, we sought to determine whether PECAM-1 might similarly regulate platelet activation by laminin. METHODS/RESULTS We found that PECAM-1 became tyrosine phosphorylated on its cytoplasmic immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs following adhesion of either human or murine platelets to immobilized laminin. Whereas the presence or absence of PECAM-1 had no effect on either the rate or extent of platelet adhesion or spreading on laminin, PECAM-1 inhibited laminin-induced phosphorylation of GPVI-FcR gamma-chain immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motifs (ITAMs) and activation of its downstream effector, Syk kinase, and suppressed granule secretion. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, these data are consistent with previous findings in platelets and other blood and vascular cells that PECAM-1 functions by modulating ITAM-mediated signaling pathways that amplify cellular activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jimmy Crockett
- Blood Research Institute BloodCenter of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53201
| | - Debra K. Newman
- Department of Microbiology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Peter J. Newman
- Blood Research Institute BloodCenter of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53201
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Department of Cellular Biology, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53226
- The Cardiovascular Research Center Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, WI 53226
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Emblom-Callahan MC, Chhina MK, Shlobin OA, Ahmad S, Reese ES, Iyer EPR, Cox DN, Brenner R, Burton NA, Grant GM, Nathan SD. Genomic phenotype of non-cultured pulmonary fibroblasts in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Genomics 2010; 96:134-45. [PMID: 20451601 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2010.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activated fibroblasts are the central effector cells of the progressive fibrotic process in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Characterizing the genomic phenotype of isolated fibroblasts is essential to understanding IPF pathogenesis. Comparing the genomic phenotype of non-cultured pulmonary fibroblasts from advanced IPF patients' and normal lungs revealed novel genes, biological processes and concomitant pathways previously unreported in IPF fibroblasts. We demonstrate altered expression in proteasomal constituents, ubiquitination-mediators, Wnt, apoptosis and vitamin metabolic pathways and cell cycle regulators, suggestive of loss of cellular homeostasis. Specifically, FBXO32, CXCL14, BDKRB1 and NMNAT1 were up-regulated, while RARA and CDKN2D were down-regulated. Paradoxically, pro-apoptotic inducers TNFSF10, BAX and CASP6 were also found to be increased. This comprehensive description of altered gene expression in isolated IPF fibroblasts underscores the complex biological processes characteristic of IPF and may provide a foundation for future research into this devastating disease.
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83
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Venge P. The eosinophil and airway remodelling in asthma. CLINICAL RESPIRATORY JOURNAL 2010; 4 Suppl 1:15-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1752-699x.2010.00192.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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84
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Bentley AA, Adams JC. The evolution of thrombospondins and their ligand-binding activities. Mol Biol Evol 2010; 27:2187-97. [PMID: 20427418 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msq107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex, multiprotein network that has essential roles in tissue integrity and intercellular signaling in the metazoa. Thrombospondins (TSPs) are extracellular, calcium-binding glycoproteins that have biologically important roles in mammals in angiogenesis, vascular biology, connective tissues, immune response, and synaptogenesis. The evolution of these complex functional properties is poorly understood. We report here on the evolution of TSPs and their ligand-binding capacities, from comparative genomics of species representing the major phyla of metazoa and experimental analyses of the oligomerization properties of noncanonical TSPs of basal deuterostomes. Monomeric, dimeric, trimeric, and pentameric TSPs have arisen through separate evolutionary events involving gain, loss, or modification of a coiled-coil domain or distinct domains at the amino-terminus. The relative transience of monomeric forms under evolution implicates a biological importance for multivalency of the C-terminal region of TSPs. Most protostomes have a single TSP gene encoding a pentameric TSP. The pentameric form is also present in deuterostomes, and gene duplications at the origin of deuterostomes and gene loss and further gene duplication events in the vertebrate lineage gave rise to distinct forms and novel domain architectures. Parallel analysis of the major ligands of mammalian TSPs revealed that many binding activities are neofunctions representing either coevolutionary innovations in the deuterostome lineage or neofunctions of ancient molecules such as CD36. Contrasting widely conserved capacities include binding to heparan glycosaminoglycans, fibrillar collagen, or RGD-dependent integrins. These findings identify TSPs as fundamental components of the extracellular interaction systems of metazoa and thus impact understanding of the evolution of ECM networks. The widely conserved activities of TSPs in binding to ECM components or PS2 clade integrins will be relevant to use of TSPs in synthetic extracellular matrices or tissue engineering. In contrast, the neofunctions of vertebrate TSPs likely include interactions suitable for therapeutic targeting without general disruption of ECM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber A Bentley
- Department of Cell Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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85
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Reed UC. Congenital muscular dystrophy. Part II: a review of pathogenesis and therapeutic perspectives. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2010; 67:343-62. [PMID: 19547838 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2009000200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2008] [Accepted: 03/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) are a group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous hereditary myopathies with preferentially autosomal recessive inheritance, that are characterized by congenital hypotonia, delayed motor development and early onset of progressive muscle weakness associated with dystrophic pattern on muscle biopsy. The clinical course is broadly variable and can comprise the involvement of the brain and eyes. From 1994, a great development in the knowledge of the molecular basis has occurred and the classification of CMDs has to be continuously up dated. In the last number of this journal, we presented the main clinical and diagnostic data concerning the different subtypes of CMD. In this second part of the review, we analyse the main reports from the literature concerning the pathogenesis and the therapeutic perspectives of the most common subtypes of CMD: MDC1A with merosin deficiency, collagen VI related CMDs (Ullrich and Bethlem), CMDs with abnormal glycosylation of alpha-dystroglycan (Fukuyama CMD, Muscle-eye-brain disease, Walker Warburg syndrome, MDC1C, MDC1D), and rigid spine syndrome, another much rare subtype of CMDs not related with the dystrophin/glycoproteins/extracellular matrix complex.
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86
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Control of cognition and adaptive behavior by the GLP/G9a epigenetic suppressor complex. Neuron 2010; 64:678-91. [PMID: 20005824 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2009.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The genetic basis of cognition and behavioral adaptation to the environment remains poorly understood. Here we demonstrate that the histone methyltransferase complex GLP/G9a controls cognition and adaptive responses in a region-specific fashion in the adult brain. Using conditional mutagenesis in mice, we show that postnatal, neuron-specific deficiency of GLP/G9a leads to derepression of numerous nonneuronal and neuron progenitor genes in adult neurons. This transcriptional alteration is associated with complex behavioral abnormalities, including defects in learning, motivation, and environmental adaptation. The behavioral changes triggered by GLP/G9a deficiency are similar to key symptoms of the human 9q34 mental retardation syndrome that is associated with structural alterations of the GLP/EHMT1 gene. The likely causal role of GLP/G9a in mental retardation in mice and humans suggests a key role for the GLP/G9a-controlled histone H3K9 dimethylation in regulation of brain function through maintenance of the transcriptional homeostasis in adult neurons.
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87
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Abstract
In recent years, significant advances have been made in the definition of regulatory pathways that control normal and abnormal cardiac valve development. Here, we review the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the early development of valve progenitors and establishment of normal valve structure and function. Regulatory hierarchies consisting of a variety of signaling pathways, transcription factors, and downstream structural genes are conserved during vertebrate valvulogenesis. Complex intersecting regulatory pathways are required for endocardial cushion formation, valve progenitor cell proliferation, valve cell lineage development, and establishment of extracellular matrix compartments in the stratified valve leaflets. There is increasing evidence that the regulatory mechanisms governing normal valve development also contribute to human valve pathology. In addition, congenital valve malformations are predominant among diseased valves replaced late in life. The understanding of valve developmental mechanisms has important implications in the diagnosis and management of congenital and adult valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle D Combs
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center ML7020, 240 Albert Sabin Way, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
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88
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Carafoli F, Clout NJ, Hohenester E. Crystal structure of the LG1-3 region of the laminin alpha2 chain. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:22786-92. [PMID: 19553699 PMCID: PMC2755686 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.026658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Laminins are large heterotrimeric glycoproteins with many essential functions in basement membrane assembly and function. Cell adhesion to laminins is mediated by a tandem of five laminin G-like (LG) domains at the C terminus of the alpha chain. Integrin binding requires an intact LG1-3 region, as well as contributions from the coiled coil formed by the alpha, beta, and gamma chains. We have determined the crystal structure at 2.8-A resolution of the LG1-3 region of the laminin alpha2 chain (alpha 2LG1-3). The three LG domains adopt typical beta-sandwich folds, with canonical calcium binding sites in LG1 and LG2. LG2 and LG3 interact through a substantial interface, but LG1 is completely dissociated from the LG2-3 pair. We suggest that the missing gamma chain tail may be required to stabilize the interaction between LG1 and LG2-3 in the biologically active conformation. A global analysis of N-linked glycosylation sites shows that the beta-sandwich faces of LG1 are free of carbohydrate modifications in all five laminin alpha chains, suggesting that these surfaces may harbor the integrin binding site. The alpha 2LG1-3 structure provides the first atomic view of the integrin binding region of laminins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carafoli
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Naomi J. Clout
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Erhard Hohenester
- From the Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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89
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Comparison of cryopreserved and air-dried human amniotic membrane for ophthalmologic applications. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2009; 247:1691-700. [PMID: 19693529 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-009-1162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 06/19/2009] [Accepted: 07/22/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryopreserved amniotic membrane (Cryo-AM) is widely used in ocular surface surgery because of its positive effect on wound healing and its anti-inflammatory properties. A new peracetic acid/ethanol sterilized air-dried amniotic membrane (AD-AM) recently became available which might be an alternative to Cryo-AM. Our aim was to compare AM preserved with both methods with regard to the release of wound-healing modulating proteins, the preservation of basement membrane components, and the ability to serve as a substrate for the cultivation of human limbal epithelial cells (HLECs). METHODS Pieces of Cryo-AM and AD-AM from three different donors were incubated in DMEM for five days. The culture supernatant was collected after an incubation period of 0.1, 24, 48, 72 and 120 h; in the case of AD-AM, this period was extended up to 14 days. TIMP-1, IL-1ra, CTGF and TGF-beta1 were detected in the culture supernatant using Western blotting. Twenty human limbal epithelial cultures were initiated on both AD- and Cryo-AM. The cultures were analyzed morphologically, and the outgrowth area was measured in 3-day intervals. Cryosections of Cryo- and AD-AM from three different donors were analyzed histochemically to detect the basement membrane components collagen IV, collagen VII, laminin, laminin 5 and fibronectin. RESULTS The release of TIMP-1, IL-1ra and TGF-beta1 from Cryo-AM was constant for the studied period. CTGF showed a stronger signal after 120 h. None of the analyzed proteins, except for a small amount of IL-1ra, could be detected in the supernatant of AD-AM. An outgrowth of HLEC was observed in all cultures on Cryo-AM, but in only 30% of cultures on AD-AM. The outgrowth area on Cryo-AM was at all time points significantly higher than on AD-AM (p < 0.0001). Collagen IV, -VII, laminins and fibronectin were detectable in the basement membrane of Cryo-AM, but only collagen IV and fibronectin in AD-AM. CONCLUSIONS Cryo-AM is a more suitable substrate for the cultivation of HLECs than AD-AM. The higher outgrowth rate of cultured limbal epithelium, release of intact soluble wound-healing modulating factors and a better preservation of basement membrane components suggest the superiority of Cryo-AM for use in ophthalmology in comparison to AD-AM.
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90
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Abstract
Laminins are cell adhesion molecules that comprise a family of glycoproteins found predominantly in basement membranes, which are the thin sheets of extracellular matrix that underlie epithelial and endothelial cells and surround muscle cells, Schwann cells, and fat cells. Many laminins self-assemble to form networks that remain in close association with cells through interactions with cell surface receptors. Laminins are vital for many physiological functions. They are essential for early embryonic development and organogenesis and have crucial functions in several tissues including muscle, nerve, skin, kidney, lung, and the vasculature. A great wealth of data on laminins is available, and an in-depth description is not attempted here. In this review, I will instead provide a snapshot of laminin structure, tissue distribution, and interactions with other matrix molecules and receptors and briefly describe laminin mutations in mice and humans. Several illuminating and timely reviews are cited that can be consulted for references to original articles and more detailed information concerning laminins.
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91
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The laminin-binding protein Lbp from Streptococcus pyogenes is a zinc receptor. J Bacteriol 2009; 191:5814-23. [PMID: 19617361 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00485-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The common pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes colonizes the human skin and tonsils and can invade underlying tissues. This requires the adhesion of S. pyogenes to host surface receptors mediated through adhesins. The laminin-binding protein Lbp has been suggested as an adhesin, specific for the human extracellular matrix protein laminin. Sequence alignments, however, indicate a relationship between Lbp and a family of bacterial metal-binding receptors. To further analyze the role of Lbp in S. pyogenes and its potential role in pathogenicity, Lbp has been crystallized, and its structure has been solved at a resolution of 2.45 A (R = 0.186; R(free) = 0.251). Lbp has the typical metal-binding receptor fold, comprising two globular (beta/alpha)(4) domains connected by a helical backbone. The two domains enclose the metal-binding site, which contains a zinc ion. The interaction of Lbp with laminin was further investigated and shown to be specific in vitro. Localization studies with antibodies specific for Lbp show that the protein is attached to the membrane. The data suggest that Lbp is primarily a zinc-binding protein, and we suggest that its interaction with laminin in vivo may be mediated via zinc bound to laminin.
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92
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Arnaoutova I, George J, Kleinman HK, Benton G. The endothelial cell tube formation assay on basement membrane turns 20: state of the science and the art. Angiogenesis 2009; 12:267-74. [PMID: 19399631 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-009-9146-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2009] [Accepted: 04/11/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
It has been more than 20 years since it was first demonstrated that endothelial cells will rapidly form capillary-like structures in vitro when plated on top of a reconstituted basement membrane extracellular matrix (BME, Matrigel, EHS matrix, etc.). Subsequently, this morphological differentiation has been demonstrated with a variety of endothelial cells; with endothelial progenitor cells; and with transformed/immortalized endothelial cells. The differentiation process involves several steps in blood vessel formation, including cell adhesion, migration, alignment, protease secretion, and tubule formation. Because the formation of vessel structures is rapid and quantifiable, endothelial cell differentiation on basement membrane has found numerous applications in assays. Such differentiation has been used (1) to study angiogenic and antiangiogenic factors, (2) to define mechanisms and pathways involved in angiogenesis, and (3) to define endothelial cell populations. Further, the endothelial cell differentiation assay has been successfully used to study processes ranging from wound repair and reproduction to development and tumor growth. The assay is easy to perform and is the most widely used in vitro angiogenesis assay.
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93
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Vuoristo S, Virtanen I, Takkunen M, Palgi J, Kikkawa Y, Rousselle P, Sekiguchi K, Tuuri T, Otonkoski T. Laminin isoforms in human embryonic stem cells: synthesis, receptor usage and growth support. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:2622-2633. [PMID: 19397785 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00643.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the functional intrinsic niche of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) we examined the production of basement membrane (BM) proteins and the presence of their receptors in feeder-free cell culture conditions. In addition, we investigated binding of hESCs to purified human BM proteins and identified the receptors mediating these contacts. Also, we tested whether purified human laminin (Lm) isoforms have a role in hESC self-renewal and growth in short-term cultures. The results show that hESCs synthesize Lm alpha(1) and Lm alpha(5) chains together with Lm beta(1) and gamma(1) chains suggesting the production of Lms-111 and -511 into the culture medium and deposits on cells. hESCs contain functionally important integrin (Int) subunits, Int beta(1), alpha(3), alpha(6), alpha(5), beta(5) and alpha(V), as well as the Lm alpha(5) receptor, Lutheran (Lu) glycoprotein and its truncated form, basal cell adhesion molecule (B-CAM). In cell adhesion experiments, Int beta(1) was crucial for adhesion to most of the purified human BM proteins. Lu/B-CAM mediated adhesion to Lm-511 together with Int alpha(3)beta(1), and was essential for the adhesion of hESCs to embryonic feeder cells. Adhesion to Lm-411 was mediated by Int alpha(6)beta(1). Lm-511 supported hESC growth in defined medium equally well as Matrigel. These results provide consequential information of the biological role of BM in hESCs, warranting further investigation of BM biology of human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanna Vuoristo
- Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ismo Virtanen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Minna Takkunen
- Institute of Biomedicine/Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan Palgi
- Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yamato Kikkawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Pharmacy, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Patricia Rousselle
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, Unité Mixte de Recherche, Institut Fédératif de Recherche BioSciences Lyon-Gerland, Lyon, France
| | - Kiyotoshi Sekiguchi
- Laboratory of Extracellular Matrix Biochemistry, Institute for Protein Research, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Timo Tuuri
- Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Hospital for Children and Adolescents, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Rooney JE, Gurpur PB, Yablonka-Reuveni Z, Burkin DJ. Laminin-111 restores regenerative capacity in a mouse model for alpha7 integrin congenital myopathy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2008; 174:256-64. [PMID: 19074617 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.080522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the alpha7 integrin gene cause congenital myopathy characterized by delayed developmental milestones and impaired mobility. Previous studies in dystrophic mice suggest the alpha7beta1 integrin may be critical for muscle repair. To investigate the role that alpha7beta1 integrin plays in muscle regeneration, cardiotoxin was used to induce damage in the tibialis anterior muscle of alpha7 integrin-null mice. Unlike wild-type muscle, which responded rapidly to repair damaged myofibers, alpha7 integrin-deficient muscle exhibited defective regeneration. Analysis of Pax7 and MyoD expression revealed a profound delay in satellite cell activation after cardiotoxin treatment in alpha7 integrin-null animals when compared with wild type. We have recently demonstrated that the muscle of alpha7 integrin-null mice exhibits reduced laminin-alpha2 expression. To test the hypothesis that loss of laminin contributes to the defective muscle regeneration phenotype observed in alpha7 integrin-null mice, mouse laminin-111 (alpha1, beta1, gamma1) protein was injected into the tibialis anterior muscle 3 days before cardiotoxin-induced injury. The injected laminin-111 protein infiltrated the entire muscle and restored myogenic repair and muscle regeneration in alpha7 integrin-null muscle to wild-type levels. Our data demonstrate a critical role for a laminin-rich microenvironment in muscle repair and suggest laminin- 111 protein may serve as an unexpected and novel therapeutic agent for patients with congenital myopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jachinta E Rooney
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Nevada School of Medicine, Reno, Nevada 89557, USA
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95
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Extracellular matrix mediates a molecular balance between vascular morphogenesis and regression. Curr Opin Hematol 2008; 15:197-203. [PMID: 18391785 DOI: 10.1097/moh.0b013e3282fcc321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW We discuss very recent studies that address the critical role of extracellular matrix in controlling the balance between vascular morphogenesis and regression. Much of this work suggests that a balance mechanism exists for controlling the extent of tissue vascularization involving downstream signaling events regulating endothelial cell behaviors in relation to their interactions with extracellular matrix molecules. RECENT FINDINGS Endothelial gene expression changes and signaling lead to events that not only stimulate vascular morphogenesis but also suppress mechanisms mediated through pro-regression factors such as Rho kinase. At the same time, vascular networks are susceptible to regression mediated by factors such as matrix metalloproteinase-1, matrix metalloproteinase-10, thrombospondin-1, extracellular matrix matricryptic fragments and angiopoietin-2. Pericyte recruitment to such vascular tubes can prevent regression events by delivering molecules such as tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-3 and angiopoietin-1 that promote vascular stabilization by decreasing tube susceptibility to these regression stimuli. SUMMARY Extracellular matrix-derived signals lead to critical morphologic changes mediated through cytoskeletal rearrangements that control the shape, function and signaling events in endothelial cell-lined vessels regulating tube formation, remodeling, stabilization and regression. These signals control both vascular morphogenic and regression events, and thus a molecular balance exists to control the extent and function of vascular tube networks within tissues.
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96
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Plantman S, Patarroyo M, Fried K, Domogatskaya A, Tryggvason K, Hammarberg H, Cullheim S. Integrin-laminin interactions controlling neurite outgrowth from adult DRG neurons in vitro. Mol Cell Neurosci 2008; 39:50-62. [PMID: 18590826 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2008.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2008] [Revised: 05/13/2008] [Accepted: 05/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
A prerequisite for axon regeneration is the interaction between the growth cone and the extracellular matrix (ECM). Laminins are prominent constituents of ECM throughout the body, known to support axon growth in vitro and in vivo. The regenerative capacity of adult neurons is greatly diminished compared to embryonic or early postnatal neurons. Since most lesions in the nervous system occur in the adult, we have examined neurite outgrowth from adult mouse DRG neurons on four laminin isoforms (laminin-1/LM-111, laminin-2/LM-211, laminin-8/LM-411 and laminin-10/LM-511) in vitro. The growth on laminin-1 and -10 was trophic factor-independent and superior to the one on laminin-2 and -8, where growth was very poor in the absence of neurotrophins. Among other ECM proteins, laminins were by far the most active molecules. Using function-blocking antibodies to laminin-binding integrins, we identified non-overlapping functions of integrins alpha3beta1, alpha7beta1 and alpha6beta1 on different laminin isoforms, in that alpha3beta1 and alpha7beta1 integrins appeared to be specific receptors for both laminin-1 and-2, whereas integrin alpha6beta1 was a receptor for laminin-8 and-10. Lastly, by use of immunohistochemistry, expression of subunits of laminin-1, -2, -8 and -10 in sensory organs in the human epidermis could be demonstrated, supporting an important role for these laminins in relation to primary sensory axons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Plantman
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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97
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Castaldo C, Di Meglio F, Nurzynska D, Romano G, Maiello C, Bancone C, Müller P, Böhm M, Cotrufo M, Montagnani S. CD117-positive cells in adult human heart are localized in the subepicardium, and their activation is associated with laminin-1 and alpha6 integrin expression. Stem Cells 2008; 26:1723-31. [PMID: 18436868 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-0732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
CD117-positive cells contributing to cardiac cell turnover in normal and pathological conditions have recently been described in adult human heart. Since the precise spatial and temporal expression of extracellular matrix proteins and their receptors is critical for organ formation, we compared the distribution of cardiac primitive CD117-positive cells in the human adult normal and pathological hearts with ischemic cardiomyopathy, with respect to localization and expression of laminin and integrin isoforms. In the pathological hearts, CD117-positive cells were significantly more numerous than in the normal hearts. They were localized mainly in the atria and were up to 38-fold more numerous in the subepicardium than in the myocardium. Compared with normal hearts, most CD117-positive cells in the subepicardium of pathological hearts were alpha(6) integrin-positive. Laminin-1, typical of developing heart, was found predominantly in the subepicardium of adult heart. Immunoblotting revealed its highest expression in the normal atrium and pathological left ventricle. Both laminin isoforms reduced apoptosis and increased proliferation and migration of CD117-positive cells in vitro with respect to control, but the effects of laminin-1 significantly outweighed those of laminin-2. Signaling mediated by alpha(6) integrin was implicated in the migration and protection from apoptosis, as documented by transfection with specific small interfering RNA. These data reveal that the increase in the number of cardiac CD117-positive cells and the expression of laminin-1 are observed in ischemic cardiomyopathy. Subepicardial localization of CD117-positive cells and expression of laminin-1 and alpha(6) integrin subunits may all correspond to the activation of regeneration involving an epithelial-mesenchymal transition recently described in adult heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clotilde Castaldo
- aDepartment of Biomorphological and Functional Sciences, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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98
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Gama-de-Souza LN, Cyreno-Oliveira E, Freitas VM, Melo ES, Vilas-Boas VF, Moriscot AS, Jaeger RG. Adhesion and protease activity in cell lines from human salivary gland tumors are regulated by the laminin-derived peptide AG73, syndecan-1 and beta1 integrin. Matrix Biol 2008; 27:402-19. [PMID: 18378436 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2008.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2007] [Revised: 02/16/2008] [Accepted: 02/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied the induction of protease activity by the laminin alpha1-derived peptide AG73 in cells from adenoid cystic carcinoma (CAC2) and myoepithelioma (M1), respectively a malignant and a benign salivary gland tumors. Laminin alpha1 chain and MMP9 were immunolocalized in adenoid cystic carcinoma and myoepithelioma in vivo and in vitro. Cells grown inside AG73-enriched laminin-111 exhibited large spaces in the extracellular matrix, suggestive of remodeling. The broad spectrum MMP inhibitor GM6001 decreased spaces induced by AG73 in CAC2 and M1 cells. This result strongly suggests that AG73-mediated matrix remodeling involves matrix metalloproteinases. CAC2 and M1 cells cultured on AG73 showed a dose-dependent increase of MMP9 secretion, as detected by zymography. Furthermore, siRNA silencing of MMP9 decreased remodeling in 3D cultures. We searched for AG73 receptors regulating MMP9 activity in our cell lines. CAC2 and M1 cells grown on AG73 exhibited colocalization of syndecan-1 and beta1 integrin. siRNA knockdown of syndecan-1 expression in these cells resulted in decreased adhesion to AG73 and reduced protease and remodeling activity. We investigated syndecan-1 co-receptors in both cell lines. Silencing beta1 integrin inhibited adhesion to AG73, matrix remodeling and protease activity. Double-knockdown experiments were carried out to further explore syndecan-1 and beta1 integrin cooperation. CAC2 cells transfected with both syndecan-1 and beta1 integrin siRNA oligos showed significant decrease in adhesion to AG73. Simultaneous silencing of receptors also induced a decrease in protease activity. Our results suggest that syndecan-1 and beta1 integrin signaling downstream of AG73 regulate adhesion and MMP production by CAC2 and M1 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia N Gama-de-Souza
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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99
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The extracellular matrix of the spleen as a potential organizer of immune cell compartments. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:4-13. [PMID: 18243017 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2007.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/06/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Until recently little information was available on the molecular details of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of secondary lymphoid tissues. There is now growing evidence that these ECMs are unique structures, combining characteristics of basement membranes and interstitial or fibrillar matrices, resulting in scaffolds that are strong and highly flexible and, in certain secondary lymphoid compartments, also forming conduit networks for rapid fluid transport. This review will address the structural characteristics of the ECM of the murine spleen and its potential role as an organizer of immune cell compartments, with reference to the lymph node where relevant.
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100
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Acott TS, Kelley MJ. Extracellular matrix in the trabecular meshwork. Exp Eye Res 2008; 86:543-61. [PMID: 18313051 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2008.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2007] [Revised: 01/11/2008] [Accepted: 01/14/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) of the trabecular meshwork (TM) is thought to be important in regulating intraocular pressure (IOP) in both normal and glaucomatous eyes. IOP is regulated primarily by a fluid resistance to aqueous humor outflow. However, neither the exact site nor the identity of the normal resistance to aqueous humor outflow has been established. Whether the site and nature of the increased outflow resistance, which is associated with open-angle glaucoma, is the same or different from the normal resistance is also unclear. The ECMs of the TM beams, juxtacanalicular region (JCT) and Schlemm's canal (SC) inner wall are comprised of fibrillar and non-fibrillar collagens, elastin-containing microfibrils, matricellular and structural organizing proteins, glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans. Both basement membranes and stromal ECM are present in the TM beams and JCT region. Cell adhesion proteins, cell surface ECM receptors and associated binding proteins are also present in the beams, JCT and SC inner wall region. The outflow pathway ECM is relatively dynamic, undergoing constant turnover and remodeling. Regulated changes in enzymes responsible for ECM degradation and biosynthetic replacement are observed. IOP homeostasis, triggered by pressure changes or mechanical stretching of the TM, appears to involve ECM turnover. Several cytokines, growth factors and drugs, which affect the outflow resistance, change ECM component expression, mRNA alternative splicing, cellular cytoskeletal organization or all of these. Changes in ECM associated with open-angle glaucoma have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ted S Acott
- Casey Eye Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3375 SW Terwilliger, Portland, OR 97239-4197, USA.
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