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Cumberland PM, Bountziouka V, Hammond CJ, Hysi PG, Rahi JS. Temporal trends in frequency, type and severity of myopia and associations with key environmental risk factors in the UK: Findings from the UK Biobank Study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0260993. [PMID: 35045072 PMCID: PMC8769366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0260993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This study investigated temporal trends in the epidemiology of primary myopia and associations with key environmental risk factors in a UK population. Data were collected at recruitment (non-cycloplegic autorefraction, year of birth, sex, ethnicity, highest educational attainment, reason and age of first wearing glasses and history of eye disease) from 107,442 UK Biobank study participants aged 40 to 69 years, born between 1939 and 1970. Myopia was defined as mean spherical equivalent (MSE) ≤-1 dioptre (D). Temporal changes in myopia frequency by birth cohort (5-year bands using date of birth) and associations with environmental factors were analysed, distinguishing both type (childhood-onset, <18 years versus adult-onset) and severity (three categories: low -1.00 to -2.99D, moderate -3.00 to -5.99D or high ≥-6.00D). Overall myopia frequency increased from 20.0% in the oldest cohort (births 1939–1944) to 29.2% in the youngest (1965–1970), reflecting a relatively higher increase in frequency of adult-onset and low myopia. Childhood-onset myopia peaked in participants born in 1950–54, adult-onset myopia peaked in the cohort born a decade later. The distribution of MSE only shifted for childhood-onset myopia (median: -3.8 [IQR -2.4, -5.4] to -4.4 [IQR -3.0, -6.2]). The magnitude of the association between higher educational attainment (proxy for educational intensity) and myopia overall increased over time (adjusted Odds Ratio (OR) 2.7 [2.5, 2.9] in the oldest versus 4.2 [3.3, 5.2] in the youngest cohort), being substantially greater for childhood-onset myopia (OR 3.3 [2.8, 4.0] to 8.0 [4.2, 13]). Without delineating childhood-onset from adult-onset myopia, important temporal trends would have been obscured. The differential impact of educational experience/intensity on both childhood-onset and high myopia, amplified over time, suggests a cohort effect in gene-environment interaction with potential for increasing myopia frequency if increasing childhood educational intensity is unchecked. However, historical plateauing of myopia frequency does suggest some potential for effective intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa M Cumberland
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Ulverscroft Foundation, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Vasiliki Bountziouka
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Ulverscroft Foundation, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Population, Policy and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Ulverscroft Foundation, Leicester, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
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Bountziouka V, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS. Impact of Persisting Amblyopia on Socioeconomic, Health, and Well-Being Outcomes in Adult Life: Findings From the UK Biobank. Value Health 2021; 24:1603-1611. [PMID: 34711360 DOI: 10.1016/j.jval.2021.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate associations between persisting amblyopia into adulthood and its "real-life" impacts and inform the current debate about the value of childhood vision screening programs. METHODS Associations between persisting amblyopia and diverse socioeconomic, health, and well-being outcomes were investigated in multivariable-adjusted (sex, age, ethnicity, deprivation) regression models, with 126 400 participants (aged 40-70 years) of the UK Biobank with complete ophthalmic data. Analysis by age group (cohort 1, 60-70 years; cohort 2, 50-59 years; cohort 3, 40-49 years) assessed temporal trends. RESULTS Of 3395 (3%) participants with confirmed amblyopia, overall 77% (2627) had persisting amblyopia, declining from 78% in cohort 1 to 73% in cohort 3. The odds of persisting amblyopia were 5.91 (5.24-6.66) and 2.49 (2.21-2.81) times greater in cohort 1 and cohort 2, respectively, than cohort 3. The odds were also higher for more socioeconomically deprived groups and for white ethnicity. Reduced participation in sport, adverse general and mental health, and well-being were all independently associated with persisting amblyopia, with the strongest associations in the youngest cohorts. Associations with lower educational attainment and economic outcomes were only evident in the oldest cohort. CONCLUSIONS There has been a decline in the overall frequency of persisting amblyopia since the introduction of universal child vision screening in the United Kingdom. Nevertheless, most adults treated for amblyopia in childhood have persisting vision deficits. There was no evidence that persisting amblyopia has vision-mediated effects on educational, employment-related, or economic outcomes. The observed adverse outcomes were largely those not directly mediated by vision. Patients undergoing treatment should be counseled about long-term outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Bountziouka
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Population, Policy, and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, England, UK; Departement of Health Sciences and Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Life Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, England, UK; Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, England, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Population, Policy, and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, England, UK; Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, England, UK
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Population, Policy, and Practice Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, England, UK; Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, England, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, England, UK; National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England, UK.
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Hysi PG, Choquet H, Khawaja AP, Wojciechowski R, Tedja MS, Yin J, Simcoe MJ, Patasova K, Mahroo OA, Thai KK, Cumberland PM, Melles RB, Verhoeven VJM, Vitart V, Segre A, Stone RA, Wareham N, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA, Klaver CCW, MacGregor S, Khaw PT, Foster PJ, Guggenheim JA, Rahi JS, Jorgenson E, Hammond CJ. Meta-analysis of 542,934 subjects of European ancestry identifies new genes and mechanisms predisposing to refractive error and myopia. Nat Genet 2020; 52:401-407. [PMID: 32231278 PMCID: PMC7145443 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-020-0599-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Refractive errors, in particular myopia, are a leading cause of morbidity and disability worldwide. Genetic investigation can improve understanding of the molecular mechanisms that underlie abnormal eye development and impaired vision. We conducted a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) that involved 542,934 European participants and identified 336 novel genetic loci associated with refractive error. Collectively, all associated genetic variants explain 18.4% of heritability and improve the accuracy of myopia prediction (area under the curve (AUC) = 0.75). Our results suggest that refractive error is genetically heterogeneous, driven by genes that participate in the development of every anatomical component of the eye. In addition, our analyses suggest that genetic factors controlling circadian rhythm and pigmentation are also involved in the development of myopia and refractive error. These results may enable the prediction of refractive error and the development of personalized myopia prevention strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pirro G Hysi
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK. .,Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK. .,UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Hélène Choquet
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Anthony P Khawaja
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Biophysics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Milly S Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jie Yin
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Mark J Simcoe
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Karina Patasova
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Omar A Mahroo
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Khanh K Thai
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Ronald B Melles
- Department of Ophthalmology Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Redwood City, CA, USA
| | - Virginie J M Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ayellet Segre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard A Stone
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nick Wareham
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Institute of Public Health, University of Cambridge School of Clinical Medicine, Cambridge, UK
| | - Alex W Hewitt
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - David A Mackey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia.,Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, University of Western Australia, Lions Eye Institute, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Peng T Khaw
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Paul J Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Division of Genetics and Epidemiology, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | | | | | | | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology and NIHR, Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Eric Jorgenson
- Division of Research, Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Section of Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
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Ibanez-Bruron MC, Solebo AL, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS. Vulnerabilities in diabetic eye screening for children and young people in England. Pediatr Diabetes 2019; 20:932-940. [PMID: 31270908 DOI: 10.1111/pedi.12887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children and young people (CYP) living with diabetes require integrated child-centered care. We hypothesized that suboptimal uptake to diabetic retinopathy screening in CYP may be partly related to the degree of services integration. We investigated the structure of the current pediatric diabetic eye care pathway and associations between service-level characteristics and screening uptake. METHODS A quality improvement project between January and May 2017 comprising a survey of practice of all 158 pediatric diabetes services (pediatric diabetes units, PDUs) across England and secondary data analysis of routinely collected service data. Generalized linear models for proportional responses were fitted to investigate associations between reported PDU characteristics and screening uptake. RESULTS 124 PDUs (78%) responded. In 67% (n = 83), patients could be referred directly to screening programs; the remainder relied on primary care for onward referral. 97% (n = 120) considered eye screening results useful for counseling patients but only 65% (n = 81) reported it was "easy" to obtain them. Factors independently associated with higher screening uptake were a higher proportion of patients referred from primary care (OR = 1.005; 95%CI = 1.004-1.007 per 1% of increase), absence of "out-of-catchment area" patients (OR = 1.13; 95%CI = 1.04-1.22), and easy access to eye screening results (OR = 1.45; 95%CI = 1.34-1.56). CONCLUSIONS There is limited direct communication between the services involved in diabetic eye care for CYP in England. This risks reducing the effectiveness of diabetic retinopathy screening. Similar vulnerabilities are likely to exist in other countries where retinopathy screening for CYP has been "bolted on" to provision for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Ibanez-Bruron
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Department of Ophthalmology, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ameenat L Solebo
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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Patel DE, Cumberland PM, Walters BC, Russell-Eggitt I, Brookes J, Papadopoulos M, Khaw PT, Viswanathan AC, Garway-Heath D, Cortina-Borja M, Rahi JS. Comparison of Quality and Output of Different Optimal Perimetric Testing Approaches in Children With Glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol 2019; 136:155-161. [PMID: 29285534 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.5898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance There is limited evidence to support the development of guidance for visual field testing in children with glaucoma. Objective To compare different static and combined static/kinetic perimetry approaches in children with glaucoma. Design, Setting, and Participants Cross-sectional, observational study recruiting children prospectively between May 2013 and June 2015 at 2 tertiary specialist pediatric ophthalmology centers in London, England (Moorfields Eye Hospital and Great Ormond Street Hospital). The study included 65 children aged 5 to 15 years with glaucoma (108 affected eyes). Main Outcomes and Measures A comparison of test quality and outcomes for static and combined static/kinetic techniques, with respect to ability to quantify glaucomatous loss. Children performed perimetric assessments using Humphrey static (Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm 24-2 FAST) and Octopus combined static tendency-oriented perimetry/kinetic perimetry (isopter V4e, III4e, or I4e) in a single sitting, using standardized clinical protocols, administered by a single examiner. Information was collected about test duration, completion, and quality (using automated reliability indices and our qualitative Examiner-Based Assessment of Reliability score). Perimetry outputs were scored using the Aulhorn and Karmeyer classification. One affected eye in 19 participants was retested with Swedish Interactive Thresholding Algorithm 24-2 FAST and 24-2 standard algorithms. Results Sixty-five children (33 girls [50.8%]), with a median age of 12 years (interquartile range, 9-14 years), were tested. Test quality (Examiner-Based Assessment of Reliability score) improved with increasing age for both Humphrey and Octopus strategies and were equivalent in children older than 10 years (McNemar test, χ2 = 0.33; P = .56), but better-quality tests with Humphrey perimetry were achieved in younger children (McNemar test, χ2 = 4.0; P = .05). Octopus and Humphrey static MD values worse than or equal to -6 dB showed disagreement (Bland-Altman, mean difference, -0.70; limit of agreement, -7.74 to 6.35) but were comparable when greater than this threshold (mean difference, -0.03; limit of agreement, -2.33 to 2.27). Visual field classification scores for static perimetry tests showed substantial agreement (linearly weighted κ, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.65-0.93), although 25 of 80 (31%) were graded with a more severe defect for Octopus static perimetry. Of the 7 severe cases of visual field loss (grade 5), 5 had lower kinetic than static classification scores. Conclusions and Relevance A simple static perimetry approach potentially yields high-quality results in children younger than 10 years. For children older than 10 years, without penalizing quality, the addition of kinetic perimetry enabled measurement of far-peripheral sensitivity, which is particularly useful in children with severe visual field restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh E Patel
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, England.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, England.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, England.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, England
| | - Bronwen C Walters
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, England.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, England
| | | | - John Brookes
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Maria Papadopoulos
- Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Peng Tee Khaw
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England.,Glaucoma Service, Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, England
| | - Ananth C Viswanathan
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England
| | - David Garway-Heath
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Clinical Epidemiology, Nutrition and Biostatistics Section, National Health Service Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, England
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, England.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, England.,National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England.,Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service Foundation Trust, London, England
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Plotnikov D, Shah RL, Rodrigues JN, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS, Hysi PG, Atan D, Williams C, Guggenheim JA. A commonly occurring genetic variant within the NPLOC4-TSPAN10-PDE6G gene cluster is associated with the risk of strabismus. Hum Genet 2019; 138:723-737. [PMID: 31073882 PMCID: PMC6611893 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-019-02022-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Strabismus refers to an abnormal alignment of the eyes leading to the loss of central binocular vision. Concomitant strabismus occurs when the angle of deviation is constant in all positions of gaze and often manifests in early childhood when it is considered to be a neurodevelopmental disorder of the visual system. As such, it is inherited as a complex genetic trait, affecting 2-4% of the population. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) for self-reported strabismus (1345 cases and 65,349 controls from UK Biobank) revealed a single genome-wide significant locus on chromosome 17q25. Approximately 20 variants across the NPLOC4-TSPAN10-PDE6G gene cluster and in almost perfect linkage disequilibrium (LD) were most strongly associated (lead variant: rs75078292, OR = 1.26, p = 2.24E-08). A recessive model provided a better fit to the data than an additive model. Association with strabismus was independent of refractive error, and the degree of association with strabismus was minimally attenuated after adjustment for amblyopia. The association with strabismus was replicated in an independent cohort of clinician-diagnosed children aged 7 years old (116 cases and 5084 controls; OR = 1.85, p = 0.009). The associated variants included 2 strong candidate causal variants predicted to have functional effects: rs6420484, which substitutes tyrosine for a conserved cysteine (C177Y) in the TSPAN10 gene, and a 4-bp deletion variant, rs397693108, predicted to cause a frameshift in TSPAN10. The population-attributable risk for the locus was approximately 8.4%, indicating an important role in conferring susceptibility to strabismus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis Plotnikov
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Rupal L Shah
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK
| | - Jamille N Rodrigues
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 1-5 Whiteladies Road, Bristol, BS8 1NU, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
- University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 3JH, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | - Denize Atan
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 1-5 Whiteladies Road, Bristol, BS8 1NU, UK
| | - Cathy Williams
- Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 1-5 Whiteladies Road, Bristol, BS8 1NU, UK.
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 4HQ, UK.
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Patel DE, Cumberland PM, Walters BC, Cortina-Borja M, Rahi JS. Study of Optimal Perimetric Testing in Children (OPTIC): evaluation of kinetic approaches in childhood neuro-ophthalmic disease. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 103:1085-1091. [PMID: 30232171 PMCID: PMC6678049 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2018-312591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Aims We compared feasibility, quality and outcomes of visual field (VF) testing in children with neuro-ophthalmic disease between the discontinued ‘gold-standard’ Goldmann and Octopus perimeters. Methods Children with neuro-ophthalmic disease, attending Great Ormond Street Hospital, London, were assessed using standardised protocols by one examiner in a single sitting, using Goldmann and Octopus kinetic perimetry. Outputs were classified to compare severity of loss and defect type. Test quality was assessed using both qualitative and quantitative methods. Results Thirty children (40% female) aged 5–15 years participated. Goldmann perimetry was completed in full by 90.0% vs 72.4% for Octopus. Inability to plot the blind spot was the most common reason for not completing testing. Over 75% completed a test in ≤20 min. Duration was similar between perimeters (paired t-test, mean difference: 0.48min (−1.2, 2.2), p=0.559). The lowest quality tests were for Octopus perimetry in children <8 years, without significant differences between perimeters in older children (McNemar’s test, χ2=1.0, p=0.317). There was broad agreement between Goldmann and Octopus outputs (good quality, n=21, Bland-Altman, mean difference for isopters I4e (−514.3 deg2 (−817.4, –211.2), p=0.814), I2e (−575.5 deg2 (−900.1, –250.9), p=0.450) and blind spot (20.8 deg2 (5.7, 35.8), p=0.451)). However, VF severity grades and defect type matched in only 57% and 69% of tests, respectively. Octopus perimetry underestimated severe VF defects. Conclusions Informative perimetry is feasible in children ≥8 years with neuro-ophthalmic conditions, with either Goldmann or Octopus perimeters. However, meaningful differences exist between the two approaches with implications for consistency in longitudinal assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh E Patel
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
| | - Bronwen C Walters
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK.,Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Clinical Epidemiology, Nutrition and Biostatistics Section, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK .,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK.,NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK.,Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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Tedja MS, Wojciechowski R, Hysi PG, Eriksson N, Furlotte NA, Verhoeven VJ, Iglesias AI, Meester-Smoor MA, Tompson SW, Fan Q, Khawaja AP, Cheng CY, Höhn R, Yamashiro K, Wenocur A, Grazal C, Haller T, Metspalu A, Wedenoja J, Jonas JB, Wang YX, Xie J, Mitchell P, Foster PJ, Klein BE, Klein R, Paterson AD, Hosseini SM, Shah RL, Williams C, Teo YY, Tham YC, Gupta P, Zhao W, Shi Y, Saw WY, Tai ES, Sim XL, Huffman JE, Polašek O, Hayward C, Bencic G, Rudan I, Wilson JF, Joshi PK, Tsujikawa A, Matsuda F, Whisenhunt KN, Zeller T, van der Spek PJ, Haak R, Meijers-Heijboer H, van Leeuwen EM, Iyengar SK, Lass JH, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Uitterlinden AG, Vingerling JR, Lehtimäki T, Raitakari OT, Biino G, Concas MP, Schwantes-An TH, Igo RP, Cuellar-Partida G, Martin NG, Craig JE, Gharahkhani P, Williams KM, Nag A, Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Delcourt C, Bellenguez C, Ried JS, Bergen AA, Meitinger T, Gieger C, Wong TY, Hewitt AW, Mackey DA, Simpson CL, Pfeiffer N, Pärssinen O, Baird PN, Vitart V, Amin N, van Duijn CM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Young TL, Saw SM, Stambolian D, MacGregor S, Guggenheim JA, Tung JY, Hammond CJ, Klaver CC. Genome-wide association meta-analysis highlights light-induced signaling as a driver for refractive error. Nat Genet 2018; 50:834-848. [PMID: 29808027 PMCID: PMC5980758 DOI: 10.1038/s41588-018-0127-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Refractive errors, including myopia, are the most frequent eye disorders worldwide and an increasingly common cause of blindness. This genome-wide association meta-analysis in 160,420 participants and replication in 95,505 participants increased the number of established independent signals from 37 to 161 and showed high genetic correlation between Europeans and Asians (>0.78). Expression experiments and comprehensive in silico analyses identified retinal cell physiology and light processing as prominent mechanisms, and also identified functional contributions to refractive-error development in all cell types of the neurosensory retina, retinal pigment epithelium, vascular endothelium and extracellular matrix. Newly identified genes implicate novel mechanisms such as rod-and-cone bipolar synaptic neurotransmission, anterior-segment morphology and angiogenesis. Thirty-one loci resided in or near regions transcribing small RNAs, thus suggesting a role for post-transcriptional regulation. Our results support the notion that refractive errors are caused by a light-dependent retina-to-sclera signaling cascade and delineate potential pathobiological molecular drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milly S. Tedja
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Epidemiology and Medicine, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Virginie J.M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Adriana I. Iglesias
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Magda A. Meester-Smoor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stuart W. Tompson
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Qiao Fan
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Anthony P. Khawaja
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Bern, Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Adam Wenocur
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Clare Grazal
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Toomas Haller
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Public Health, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Xie
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Paul J. Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Barbara E.K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S. Mohsen Hosseini
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rupal L. Shah
- School of Optometry & Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | - Cathy Williams
- Department of Population Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, Bristol, UK
| | - Yik Ying Teo
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yih Chung Tham
- Ocular Epidemiology Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Preeti Gupta
- Department of Health Service Research, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Wanting Zhao
- Centre for Quantitative Medicine, DUKE-National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Statistics Support Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Yuan Shi
- Statistics Support Platform, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Woei-Yuh Saw
- Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xue Ling Sim
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jennifer E. Huffman
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Goran Bencic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James F. Wilson
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | - Peter K. Joshi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Usher Institute for Population Health Sciences and Informatics, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Akitaka Tsujikawa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiko Matsuda
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kristina N. Whisenhunt
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Roxanna Haak
- Department of Bioinformatics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hanne Meijers-Heijboer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M. van Leeuwen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Genetics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Lass
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University and University Hospitals Eye Institute, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.HChan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, the Hague, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Finnish Cardiovascular Research Center-Tampere, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, University of Tampere
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli T. Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Ginevra Biino
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Pina Concas
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS “Burlo Garofolo”, Trieste, Italy
| | - Tae-Hwi Schwantes-An
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University, School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Robert P. Igo
- Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jamie E. Craig
- Department of Ophthalmology, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Puya Gharahkhani
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Katie M. Williams
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Cécile Delcourt
- Université de Bordeaux, Inserm, Bordeaux Population Health Research Center, team LEHA, UMR 1219, F-33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Céline Bellenguez
- Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
- Inserm, U1167, RID-AGE - Risk factors and molecular determinants of aging-related diseases, Lille, France
- Université de Lille, U1167 - Excellence Laboratory LabEx DISTALZ, Lille, France
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Arthur A. Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- The Netherlands Institute for Neurosciences (NIN-KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München—German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Academic Medicine Research Institute, Singapore
- Retino Center, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Menzies Institute of Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
- Department of Genetics, Genomics and Informatics, University of Tennessee Health Sciences Center, Memphis, Tenessee
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Computational and Statistical Genomics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Terri L. Young
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University Health Systems, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Myopia Research Group, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | | | | | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Section of Academic Ophthalmology, School of Life Course Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Caroline C.W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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9
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Cumberland PM, Bountziouka V, Rahi JS. Impact of varying the definition of myopia on estimates of prevalence and associations with risk factors: time for an approach that serves research, practice and policy. Br J Ophthalmol 2018; 102:1407-1412. [PMID: 29437571 PMCID: PMC6173820 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2017-311557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 12/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Refractive error is an increasing global public health concern that requires robust and reliable research to identify modifiable risk factors and provide accurate estimates of population burden. We investigated the impact of reclassification of individuals when using different threshold values of spherical equivalent (SE) to define myopia, on estimates of frequency, distribution and associations with risk factors, to inform current international initiatives to standardise definitions. METHODS A random sample of 1985 individuals from the 1958 British birth cohort, at age 44, had autorefraction and self-reported on educational attainment and social class.Refraction status assigned in three different models using SE: (A) moderate to high myopia -3 diopters (D) or more extreme (≤-3.00D), (B) hypermetropia +1.00D or more extreme (≥+1.00D) and (C) mild myopia using three different thresholds: -1.00D, -0.75D or -0.50D, hence reciprocal changes in definition of emmetropia. RESULTS Frequency estimates and associations with risk factors altered significantly as the threshold value for myopia moved towards SE 0.0D: prevalence of mild myopia increased from 28% to 47%, the association with highest educational attainment attenuated and with higher social class strengthened, with changes in risk ratios of approximately 20%. CONCLUSION Even small changes in the threshold definition of myopia (±0.25D) can significantly affect the conclusions of epidemiological studies, creating both false-positive and false-negative associations for specific risk factors. An international classification for refractive error, empirically evidenced and cognisant of the question(s) being addressed and the population(s) being studied, is needed to serve better translational research, practice and policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
| | - Vasiliki Bountziouka
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL GOS Institute of Child Health, London, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK.,Great Ormond Street Hospital / UCL GOS Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.,Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust / NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.,UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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Bountziouka V, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS. Trends in Visual Health Inequalities in Childhood Through Associations of Visual Function With Sex and Social Position Across 3 UK Birth Cohorts—Reply. JAMA Ophthalmol 2018; 136:223. [DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.6197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Phillippa M. Cumberland
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Population, London, England
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Population, University College London, London, England
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION The frequency of diabetes mellitus in childhood is increasing. Thus, more children and young people are at risk of developing diabetic retinopathy and diabetes related visual impairment. However, there is no consensus on optimal screening strategies for the paediatric population reflecting the lack of clarity about the current burden of disease in this group. We aim to estimate the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in children and young people living with types 1 or 2 diabetes, and to investigate potential sources of heterogeneity in this figure so as to inform screening strategies for this population. METHODS AND ANALYSIS PubMed and EMBASE will be searched from 1995 to 2016 using the OvidSP platform with no language restriction. Additionally, manual review of the references lists of included articles will be conducted. Two investigators will independently screen titles and abstracts for potential eligibility. Studies which report prevalence of diabetic retinopathy among general populations of children and young people with types 1 or 2 diabetes will be included. Pooled prevalence estimates of diabetic retinopathy reported in studies with sample size greater than 200 participants will be calculated by the random effect model. Forest plots will be used to summarise individual and pooled estimates of the prevalence. Heterogeneity between studies will be assessed using the I2 statistic and explored through meta-regressions and subgroup analyses if the necessary data are available. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION Ethics approval is not required as this is a review of anonymised published data. We will report the findings of this systematic review in a peer-reviewed journal, and share it with the relevant professionals including health authorities through our Diabetic Eye disease in Childhood Study collaborative network. CLINICAL TRAIL REGISTRATION PROSPERO (CRD42017067178).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Carolina Ibanez-Bruron
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
| | - Ameenat L Solebo
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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12
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Bountziouka V, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS. Trends in Visual Health Inequalities in Childhood Through Associations of Visual Function With Sex and Social Position Across 3 UK Birth Cohorts. JAMA Ophthalmol 2017; 135:954-961. [PMID: 28796860 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2017.2812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Importance Despite the existing country-specific strategies tackling social inequalities in visual health in adults, little is known about trends in visual function in childhood and its association with social position. Objective To investigate the distribution of childhood visual function in the United Kingdom and associations with early-life social position between 1961 and 1986, a period of significant social change. Design, Setting, and Participants Longitudinal cohort study using harmonized data sets from the British 1946, 1958, and 1970 national birth cohorts. In total, 14 283 cohort members with complete data on visual acuity at age 15 or 16 years, measured in 1961, 1974, and 1986, respectively, for each cohort, and social position were assessed. Main Outcomes and Measures Using habitual distance visual acuity (with correction if prescribed), participants were assigned to a visual function category ranging from bilateral normal to visual impairment/severe visual impairment/blindness (International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Tenth Revision, Clinical Modification). Distribution of visual function over time and associations with social position (risk ratios [RRs] and 95% confidence intervals) were analyzed. Results Complete data were available for 3152 participants (aged 15 years; 53% boys [n = 1660]) in the 1946 Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development, 6683 participants (aged 16 years; 51% boys [n = 3420]) in the 1958 National Child Development Study, and 4448 participants (aged 16 years; 48% boys [n = 2156]) in the 1970 British Birth Cohort Study. The proportion of children with bilateral normal vision decreased by 1.3% (95% CI, -5.1% to 2.7%) in 1974 and 1.7% (95% CI, -5.9% to 2.7%) in 1986. The risk of overall impaired vision increased by 1.20 times (95% CI, 1.01-1.43) and the risk of visual impairment/severe visual impairment/blindness by 1.75 times (95% CI, 1.03-2.98) during this period. Girls were consistently at increased risk of all vision impairment categories. Higher social position at birth and in childhood was associated with reduced risk of visual impairment/severe visual impairment/blindness (RR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.20-1.68) and unilateral impairment (RR, 0.89; 95% CI, 0.72-1.11), respectively. Conclusions and Relevance Our study provides evidence of temporal decline in childhood visual function between 1961 and 1986. Despite the limited power of the analysis owing to the small sample size of those with impaired vision, we found an emergence of a contribution of sociodemographic status to the cohort effect that may be the antecedent of the current picture of childhood blindness. Equally, early-life social position may also have contributed to the current social patterning in visual function in older adults in the United Kingdom. These findings highlight the potential value of targeting children in national ophthalmic public policies tackling inequalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasiliki Bountziouka
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Population, Policy, and Practice Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, England
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Population, Policy, and Practice Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, England.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, England
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Population, Policy, and Practice Programme, University College London Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, England.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, England.,Great Ormond Street Hospital, Biomedical Research Centre, London, England.,Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, National Institute for Health Research, Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, England.,University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England
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13
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Ibanez-Bruron MC, Solebo AL, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS. Screening for diabetic retinopathy in children and young people in the UK: potential gaps in ascertainment of those at risk. Diabet Med 2017; 34:1012-1013. [PMID: 28375545 DOI: 10.1111/dme.13361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M C Ibanez-Bruron
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
| | - A L Solebo
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - P M Cumberland
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
| | - J S Rahi
- GOS Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
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14
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE The adverse impact of visual impairment and blindness and correlations with socioeconomic position are known. Understanding of the effect of the substantially more common near-normal vision (mild impairment) and associations with social position as well as health and life chances is limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate the association of visual health (across the full acuity spectrum) with social determinants of general health and the association between visual health and health and social outcomes. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS A cross-sectional epidemiologic study was conducted using UK Biobank data from 6 regional centers in England and Wales. A total of 112 314 volunteers (aged 40-73 years) were assessed in June 2009 and July 2010. Data analysis was performed from May 20, 2013, to November 19, 2014. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Habitual (correction if prescribed) distance visual acuity was used to assign participants to 1 of 8 categories from bilateral normal visual acuity (logMAR, 0.2 or better; Snellen equivalent, 6/9.5 or better) to visual impairment or blindness (logMAR, 0.5 or worse; Snellen equivalent, 6/19 or worse) using World Health Organization and International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, Tenth Revision taxonomy. Relationships between vision, key social determinants and health and social outcomes (including the main factors that define an individual's life-the social, economic, educational, and employment opportunities and outcomes experienced by individuals during their life course) were examined using multivariable regression. RESULTS Of the of 112 314 participants, 61 169 were female (54.5%); mean (SD) age was 56.8 (8.1) years. A total of 759 (0.7%) of the participants had visual impairment or blindness, and an additional 25 678 (22.9%) had reduced vision in 1 or both eyes. Key markers of social position were independently associated with vision in a gradient across acuity categories; in a gradient of increasing severity, all-cause impaired visual function was associated with adverse social outcomes and impaired general and mental health. These factors, including having no educational qualifications (risk ratio [RR], 1.86 [95% CI, 1.69-2.04]), having a higher deprivation score (RR, 1.08 [95% CI, 1.07-1.09]), and being in a minority ethnic group (eg, Asian) (RR, 2.05 [95% CI, 1.83-2.30]), were independently associated with being in the midrange vision category (at legal threshold for driving). This level of vision was associated with an increased risk of being unemployed (RR, 1.55 [95% CI, 1.31-1.84]), having a lower-status job (RR, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.09-1.41]), living alone (RR, 1.24 [95% CI, 1.10-1.39]), and having mental health problems (RR, 1.12 [95% CI, 1.04-1.20]). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Impaired vision in adults is common, and even near-normal vision, potentially unrecognized without assessment, has a tangible influence on quality of life. Because inequalities in visual health by social position mirror other health domains, inclusion of vision in generic initiatives addressing health inequalities could address the existing significant burden of underrecognized and/or latent visual disability. Longitudinal investigations are needed to elucidate pathophysiologic pathways and target modifiable mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, England2Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, England
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, England2Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, England3Great Ormond Street Hospital, University College London Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, London, England4Moorfields Eye Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, National Institute for Health Research, Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, England5University College London Institute of Ophthalmology, London, England
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Patel DE, Viswanathan AC, Garway-Heath D, Cumberland PM, Walters BC, Russell-Eggitt I, Cortina-Borja M, Rahi JS. Study of Optimal Perimetric Testing In Children (OPTIC): development and feasibility of the kinetic perimetry reliability measure (KPRM). Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 101:94-96. [PMID: 28108479 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-309402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh E Patel
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Ananth C Viswanathan
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - David Garway-Heath
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
| | - Bronwen C Walters
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
| | | | - Mario Cortina-Borja
- Clinical Epidemiology, Nutrition and Biostatistics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa M. Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, England2Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL, London, England
| | - Antonietta Chianca
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, England2Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL, London, England
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, England2Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL, London, England3Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children National Health Service (NHS)
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Tadić V, Cumberland PM, Lewando-Hundt G, Rahi JS. Do visually impaired children and their parents agree on the child's vision-related quality of life and functional vision? Br J Ophthalmol 2016; 101:244-250. [PMID: 27267607 PMCID: PMC5339549 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2016-308582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 05/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To investigate agreement between children with visual impairment (VI) and their parents on their ratings of the child's vision-related quality of life (VQoL) and functional vision (FV) using two novel self-report patient-reported outcome measures developed for this population. METHODS 99 children aged 10-15 years (mean age=12.2, SD=1.9) with VI (best corrected acuity (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution) 0.50 or worse in better eye) and their parents participated in a national postal survey, completing the child and proxy versions of our novel instruments assessing VQoL and FV of children with VI-the vision-related quality of life instrument for children and young people (VQoL_CYP) and the functional vision questionnaire for children and young people (FVQ_CYP), respectively. Parent-child agreement was investigated using the Bland-Altman (BA) method. Variation across key sociodemographic and clinical characteristics was examined using the Intraclass Correlation Coefficient. RESULTS Average parental ratings of their child's VQoL and FV were significantly lower than the children's own ratings, but the range of disagreement was wide, with parents both overestimating and underestimating their child's VQoL (mean score difference=5.7, BA limits of agreement (LOA): lower -22.10 (CI 95% -24.61 to 19.59) and upper 33.50 (CI 95% 30.99 to 36.01)), but more consistently underestimating the child's FV (mean score difference=-11.8, BA LOA: lower -39.60 (CI 95% -42.12 to 37.08) and upper 16 (CI 95% 13.48 to 18.52)). There was variation in agreement by some child characteristics, including vision level, time of onset and course of VI progression. CONCLUSIONS Visually impaired children and their parents perceive the broader impact of living with VI very differently. There is value in routine capture of information independently from children and their parents for comprehensively gauging the impact of childhood VI and tailoring appropriate interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerija Tadić
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
| | | | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
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18
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Delcourt C, Korobelnik JF, Buitendijk GHS, Foster PJ, Hammond CJ, Piermarocchi S, Peto T, Jansonius N, Mirshahi A, Hogg RE, Bretillon L, Topouzis F, Deak G, Grauslund J, Broe R, Souied EH, Creuzot-Garcher C, Sahel J, Daien V, Lehtimäki T, Hense HW, Prokofyeva E, Oexle K, Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Schmitz-Valckenberg S, Fauser S, Bertelsen G, Hoyng C, Bergen A, Silva R, Wolf S, Lotery A, Chakravarthy U, Fletcher A, Klaver CCW. Ophthalmic epidemiology in Europe: the "European Eye Epidemiology" (E3) consortium. Eur J Epidemiol 2015; 31:197-210. [PMID: 26686680 DOI: 10.1007/s10654-015-0098-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The European Eye Epidemiology (E3) consortium is a recently formed consortium of 29 groups from 12 European countries. It already comprises 21 population-based studies and 20 other studies (case-control, cases only, randomized trials), providing ophthalmological data on approximately 170,000 European participants. The aim of the consortium is to promote and sustain collaboration and sharing of data and knowledge in the field of ophthalmic epidemiology in Europe, with particular focus on the harmonization of methods for future research, estimation and projection of frequency and impact of visual outcomes in European populations (including temporal trends and European subregions), identification of risk factors and pathways for eye diseases (lifestyle, vascular and metabolic factors, genetics, epigenetics and biomarkers) and development and validation of prediction models for eye diseases. Coordinating these existing data will allow a detailed study of the risk factors and consequences of eye diseases and visual impairment, including study of international geographical variation which is not possible in individual studies. It is expected that collaborative work on these existing data will provide additional knowledge, despite the fact that the risk factors and the methods for collecting them differ somewhat among the participating studies. Most studies also include biobanks of various biological samples, which will enable identification of biomarkers to detect and predict occurrence and progression of eye diseases. This article outlines the rationale of the consortium, its design and presents a summary of the methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Delcourt
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France. .,INSERM, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Jean-François Korobelnik
- Univ. Bordeaux, ISPED, 146 rue Léo Saignat, 33076, Bordeaux Cedex, France.,INSERM, Centre INSERM U897-Epidemiologie-Biostatistique, 33000, Bordeaux, France.,Service d'Ophtalmologie, CHU de Bordeaux, 33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Gabriëlle H S Buitendijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J Foster
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Ophthalmology, Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK
| | | | - Tunde Peto
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK
| | - Nomdo Jansonius
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department Ophthalmology, University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Ruth E Hogg
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Lionel Bretillon
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000, Dijon, France.,CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000, Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - Fotis Topouzis
- Laboratory of Research and Clinical Applications in Ophthalmology, Department of Ophthalmology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, AHEPA Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Gabor Deak
- Vienna Reading Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Jakob Grauslund
- Research Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Rebecca Broe
- Research Unit of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark.,Department of Ophthalmology, Odense University Hospital, 5000, Odense, Denmark
| | - Eric H Souied
- Service d'ophtalmologie, Centre Hospitalier Intercommunal de Creteil, CRC, CRB, Universite Paris Est, Creteil, France
| | - Catherine Creuzot-Garcher
- INRA, UMR1324 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000, Dijon, France.,CNRS, UMR6265 Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000, Dijon, France.,Université de Bourgogne, Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, 21000, Dijon, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, CHU, 21000, Dijon, France
| | - José Sahel
- Institut de la Vision, UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S 968, Paris, 75012, France.,INSERM, U968, 75012, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR_7210, 75012, Paris, France.,Centre Hospitalier National d'Ophtalmologie des Quinze-Vingts, INSERM-DHOS CIC 1423, 75012, Paris, France.,Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild, 75019, Paris, France.,Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, EC1V 9EL, UK
| | - Vincent Daien
- INSERM, U1061, 34093, Montpellier, France.,Univ Montpellier 1, 34000, Montpellier, France.,Department of Ophthalmology, Gui De Chauliac Hospital, 34000, Montpellier, France
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland.,University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hans-Werner Hense
- Clinical Epidemiology, Institute of Epidemiology and Social Medicine, University Münster, 48129, Münster, Germany
| | - Elena Prokofyeva
- INSERM, U1018, Centre for Research in Epidemiology and Population Health (CESP), Epidemiology of Occupational and Social Determinants of Health, Villejuif, France.,Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, Villejuif, France.,Northern State Medical University, Arkhangelsk, Russia
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Moorfields Eye Hospital, NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, EC1V 2PD, UK.,Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Population, Policy and Practice Programme, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK.,Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, WC1N 1EH, UK
| | | | - Sascha Fauser
- Center of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Cologne, 50924, Cologne, Germany
| | - Geir Bertelsen
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsø, Norway.,Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Carel Hoyng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur Bergen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rufino Silva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine (FMUC), University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Association for Innovation and Biomedical Research on Light and Image (AIBILI), Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sebastian Wolf
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Lotery
- Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Usha Chakravarthy
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Queen's University of Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Astrid Fletcher
- Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Caroline C W Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Cumberland PM, Chianca A, Rahi JS. Laser refractive surgery in the UK Biobank study. J Cataract Refract Surg 2015; 41:2466-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2015.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Cumberland PM, Bao Y, Hysi PG, Foster PJ, Hammond CJ, Rahi JS. Frequency and Distribution of Refractive Error in Adult Life: Methodology and Findings of the UK Biobank Study. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139780. [PMID: 26430771 PMCID: PMC4591976 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To report the methodology and findings of a large scale investigation of burden and distribution of refractive error, from a contemporary and ethnically diverse study of health and disease in adults, in the UK. Methods U K Biobank, a unique contemporary resource for the study of health and disease, recruited more than half a million people aged 40–69 years. A subsample of 107,452 subjects undertook an enhanced ophthalmic examination which provided autorefraction data (a measure of refractive error). Refractive error status was categorised using the mean spherical equivalent refraction measure. Information on socio-demographic factors (age, gender, ethnicity, educational qualifications and accommodation tenure) was reported at the time of recruitment by questionnaire and face-to-face interview. Results Fifty four percent of participants aged 40–69 years had refractive error. Specifically 27% had myopia (4% high myopia), which was more common amongst younger people, those of higher socio-economic status, higher educational attainment, or of White or Chinese ethnicity. The frequency of hypermetropia increased with age (7% at 40–44 years increasing to 46% at 65–69 years), was higher in women and its severity was associated with ethnicity (moderate or high hypermetropia at least 30% less likely in non-White ethnic groups compared to White). Conclusions Refractive error is a significant public health issue for the UK and this study provides contemporary data on adults for planning services, health economic modelling and monitoring of secular trends. Further investigation of risk factors is necessary to inform strategies for prevention. There is scope to do this through the planned longitudinal extension of the UK Biobank study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa M. Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Yanchun Bao
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Paul J. Foster
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
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Patel DE, Cumberland PM, Walters BC, Russell-Eggitt I, Rahi JS. Study of Optimal Perimetric Testing in Children (OPTIC): Feasibility, Reliability and Repeatability of Perimetry in Children. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0130895. [PMID: 26091102 PMCID: PMC4474916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0130895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate feasibility, reliability and repeatability of perimetry in children. Methods A prospective, observational study recruiting 154 children aged 5–15 years, without an ophthalmic condition that affects the visual field (controls), identified consecutively between May 2012 and November 2013 from hospital eye clinics. Perimetry was undertaken in a single sitting, with standardised protocols, in a randomised order using the Humphrey static (SITA 24–2 FAST), Goldmann and Octopus kinetic perimeters. Data collected included test duration, subjective experience and test quality (incorporating examiner ratings on comprehension of instructions, fatigue, response to visual and auditory stimuli, concentration and co-operation) to assess feasibility and reliability. Testing was repeated within 6 months to assess repeatability. Results Overall feasibility was very high (Goldmann=96.1%, Octopus=89% and Humphrey=100% completed the tests). Examiner rated reliability was ‘good’ in 125 (81.2%) children for Goldmann, 100 (64.9%) for Octopus and 98 (63.6%) for Humphrey perimetry. Goldmann perimetry was the most reliable method in children under 9 years of age. Reliability improved with increasing age (multinomial logistic regression (Goldmann, Octopus and Humphrey), p<0.001). No significant differences were found for any of the three test strategies when examining initial and follow-up data outputs (Bland-Altman plots, n=43), suggesting good test repeatability, although the sample size may preclude detection of a small learning effect. Conclusions Feasibility and reliability of formal perimetry in children improves with age. By the age of 9 years, all the strategies used here were highly feasible and reliable. Clinical assessment of the visual field is achievable in children as young as 5 years, and should be considered where visual field loss is suspected. Since Goldmann perimetry is the most effective strategy in children aged 5–8 years and this perimeter is no longer available, further research is required on a suitable alternative for this age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dipesh E. Patel
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Phillippa M. Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bronwen C. Walters
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, London, United Kingdom
- Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
Amblyopia is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects at least 2% of most populations and can lead to permanently reduced vision if not detected and treated within a specific period in childhood. Whole-population screening of children younger than 5 years is applied in many countries. The substantial diversity in existing programmes reflects their heterogeneous implementation in the absence of the complete evidence base that is now a pre-requisite for instituting screening. The functional importance of amblyopia at an individual level is unclear as data are scarce, but in view of the high prevalence the population-level effect might be notable. Screening of all children aged 4-5 years (eg, at school entry) confers most benefit and addresses inequity in access to timely treatment. Screening at younger ages is associated with increased risk of false-positive results, and at older ages with poor outcomes for children with moderate to severe amblyopia. We suggest that the real-life adverse effects of amblyopia should be characterised and screening and diagnosis should be standardised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameenat Lola Solebo
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust/NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust/NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital/Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK.
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Solebo AL, Russell-Eggitt I, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS. Risks and outcomes associated with primary intraocular lens implantation in children under 2 years of age: the IoLunder2 cohort study. Br J Ophthalmol 2015; 99:1471-6. [PMID: 25947553 DOI: 10.1136/bjophthalmol-2014-306394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS To investigate outcomes following cataract surgery with and without primary intraocular lens (IoL) implantation in children under 2 years of age with congenital or infantile cataract. METHOD Prospective population based cohort study undertaken through the British Isles Congenital Cataract Interest Group, with systematic data collection on children undergoing surgery in UK and Ireland between January 2009 and December 2010. ORs for the association between IoL implantation and visual acuity, postoperative glaucoma and reoperation at 1 year after surgery were estimated using multivariable regression analysis to control for potential confounders. RESULTS Of 221 children, 56/131 with bilateral and 48/90 with unilateral cataract underwent primary IoL implantation. IoL implantation was independently associated with better visual outcome in bilateral (OR 4.6, 95% CI 1.6 to 13.1, p=0.004) but not unilateral disease. IoL use increased the odds of reoperation requiring repeat general anaesthetic (bilateral OR 5.5, p<0.01; unilateral OR 16.7, p<0.01). IoL implantation did not reduce the odds of postoperative glaucoma. CONCLUSIONS The use of IoLs in cataract surgery in young children should be critically reassessed, particularly used in settings/communities where close, long-term follow-up is challenging. The absence of visual benefit and the lack of a previously postulated protective effect against postoperative glaucoma serve to question the value of IoLs in unilateral disease. The potential association between IoL use and better early visual outcomes in bilateral disease needs to be balanced against the risk of reoperation and exposure to additional general anaesthetics during a key period of neurodevelopment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameenat Lola Solebo
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre / Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Isabelle Russell-Eggitt
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London Institute of Child Health, London, UK NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre / Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, UK
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Cumberland PM, Russell-Eggitt I, Rahi JS. Active surveillance of visual impairment due to adverse drug reactions: findings from a national study in the United Kingdom. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00107. [PMID: 25692024 PMCID: PMC4317237 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
As visual impairment (VI) due to adverse drug reactions (ADR) is rare in adults and children, there is an incomplete evidence base to inform guidance for screening and for counseling patients on the potential risks of medications. We report on suspected drugs and the eye conditions found in a national study of incidence of diagnosis of visual impairment due to suspected ADR. Case ascertainment was via the British Ophthalmological Surveillance Unit (BOSU), between March 2010 and February 2012, with follow-up after 6 months. Case definition: any child or adult with bilateral or unilateral visual impairment due to a suspected ADR, using distance acuity worse than Snellen 6/18 (logMAR 0.48) in the better eye (bilateral) or affected eye (unilateral). Anonymized patient information on potential cases was provided by managing ophthalmologists, comprising visual status before and after suspected ADR, ophthalmic condition attributable to the ADR, preexisting eye disease and prescribed medications at the time of the ADR. Permanency and causality of the visual impairment were confirmed by the managing clinician, after 6 months, using the WHO Uppsala Monitoring Committee criteria. Over 2 years, 36 eligible cases were reported of whom 23 had permanent VI. While most cases were due to drugs known to have adverse side-effects, some were unanticipated sporadic cases. Visual impairment due to ADRs is rare. However, with for example, increasing polypharmacy in the elderly, monitoring of ocular ADRs, although challenging, is necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health London, United Kingdom ; Ulverscroft Vision Research Group London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabelle Russell-Eggitt
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group London, United Kingdom ; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London, United Kingdom
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, University College London (UCL) Institute of Child Health London, United Kingdom ; Ulverscroft Vision Research Group London, United Kingdom ; Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust London, United Kingdom ; National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology London, United Kingdom
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25
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Li Q, Wojciechowski R, Simpson CL, Hysi PG, Verhoeven VJM, Ikram MK, Höhn R, Vitart V, Hewitt AW, Oexle K, Mäkelä KM, MacGregor S, Pirastu M, Fan Q, Cheng CY, St Pourcain B, McMahon G, Kemp JP, Northstone K, Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Martin NG, Sanfilippo PG, Lu Y, Wang YX, Hayward C, Polašek O, Campbell H, Bencic G, Wright AF, Wedenoja J, Zeller T, Schillert A, Mirshahi A, Lackner K, Yip SP, Yap MKH, Ried JS, Gieger C, Murgia F, Wilson JF, Fleck B, Yazar S, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Uitterlinden A, Rivadeneira F, Amin N, Karssen L, Oostra BA, Zhou X, Teo YY, Tai ES, Vithana E, Barathi V, Zheng Y, Siantar RG, Neelam K, Shin Y, Lam J, Yonova-Doing E, Venturini C, Hosseini SM, Wong HS, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Raitakari O, Timpson NJ, Evans DM, Khor CC, Aung T, Young TL, Mitchell P, Klein B, van Duijn CM, Meitinger T, Jonas JB, Baird PN, Mackey DA, Wong TY, Saw SM, Pärssinen O, Stambolian D, Hammond CJ, Klaver CCW, Williams C, Paterson AD, Bailey-Wilson JE, Guggenheim JA. Genome-wide association study for refractive astigmatism reveals genetic co-determination with spherical equivalent refractive error: the CREAM consortium. Hum Genet 2015; 134:131-46. [PMID: 25367360 PMCID: PMC4291519 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-014-1500-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To identify genetic variants associated with refractive astigmatism in the general population, meta-analyses of genome-wide association studies were performed for: White Europeans aged at least 25 years (20 cohorts, N = 31,968); Asian subjects aged at least 25 years (7 cohorts, N = 9,295); White Europeans aged <25 years (4 cohorts, N = 5,640); and all independent individuals from the above three samples combined with a sample of Chinese subjects aged <25 years (N = 45,931). Participants were classified as cases with refractive astigmatism if the average cylinder power in their two eyes was at least 1.00 diopter and as controls otherwise. Genome-wide association analysis was carried out for each cohort separately using logistic regression. Meta-analysis was conducted using a fixed effects model. In the older European group the most strongly associated marker was downstream of the neurexin-1 (NRXN1) gene (rs1401327, P = 3.92E-8). No other region reached genome-wide significance, and association signals were lower for the younger European group and Asian group. In the meta-analysis of all cohorts, no marker reached genome-wide significance: The most strongly associated regions were, NRXN1 (rs1401327, P = 2.93E-07), TOX (rs7823467, P = 3.47E-07) and LINC00340 (rs12212674, P = 1.49E-06). For 34 markers identified in prior GWAS for spherical equivalent refractive error, the beta coefficients for genotype versus spherical equivalent, and genotype versus refractive astigmatism, were highly correlated (r = -0.59, P = 2.10E-04). This work revealed no consistent or strong genetic signals for refractive astigmatism; however, the TOX gene region previously identified in GWAS for spherical equivalent refractive error was the second most strongly associated region. Analysis of additional markers provided evidence supporting widespread genetic co-susceptibility for spherical and astigmatic refractive errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Claire L. Simpson
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Kamran Ikram
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Klinik Pallas, Olten, Switzerland
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Kari-Matti Mäkelä
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Filmlab laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics CNR, Traversa La Crucca, 3-07040 Reg. Baldinca, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
| | - Qiao Fan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ching-Yu Cheng
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Beaté St Pourcain
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - George McMahon
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - John P. Kemp
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Kate Northstone
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M. Cumberland
- Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Nicholas G. Martin
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Paul G. Sanfilippo
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Yi Lu
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Ya Xing Wang
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
| | - Goran Bencic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
| | - Juho Wedenoja
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tanja Zeller
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic for general and interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Arne Schillert
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Universität zu Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Dardenne Eye Hospital, Bonn, Germany
| | - Karl Lackner
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Shea Ping Yip
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Maurice K. H. Yap
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Janina S. Ried
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Federico Murgia
- Institute of Population Genetics CNR, Traversa La Crucca, 3-07040 Reg. Baldinca, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
| | - Brian Fleck
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, EH3 9HA UK
| | - Seyhan Yazar
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | | | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
| | - André Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Xin Zhou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - E. Shyong Tai
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders (NBD) Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veluchamy Barathi
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | | | - Kumari Neelam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Youchan Shin
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Janice Lam
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ekaterina Yonova-Doing
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - S. Mohsen Hosseini
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, PGCRL Rm 12.9835, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
| | - Hoi-Suen Wong
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, PGCRL Rm 12.9835, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Filmlab laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Olli Raitakari
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20041 Turku, Finland
| | - Nicholas J. Timpson
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - David M. Evans
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terri L. Young
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
| | - Paul Mitchell
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Western Sydney Local Health Network, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Australia
| | - Barbara Klein
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ocular Epidemiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 North Walnut Street, Room 409, Madison, WI 53726 USA
| | | | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jost B. Jonas
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Rm. 314 Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Williams
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, PGCRL Rm 12.9835, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
- Dala Lanna School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
| | - Jeremy A. Guggenheim
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - The CREAM Consortium
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, 333 Cassell Drive Suite 1200, Baltimore, MD 21224 USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD USA
- Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Office of Clinical Sciences, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Klinik Pallas, Olten, Switzerland
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU UK
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
- Institute of Human Genetics, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Filmlab laboratories, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33520 Tampere, Finland
- Statistical Genetics, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Institute of Population Genetics CNR, Traversa La Crucca, 3-07040 Reg. Baldinca, Li Punti, Sassari, Italy
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit (IEU), University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 2BN UK
- Centre of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Genetic Epidemiology, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute Royal Brisbane Hospital, Brisbane, Australia
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital University of Medical Science, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH8 9AG UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Sisters of Mercy University Hospital, Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Public Health, Hjelt Institute, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- University Heart Center Hamburg, Clinic for general and interventional Cardiology, Hamburg, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Universität zu Lübeck, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Dardenne Eye Hospital, Bonn, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Center Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Health Technology and Informatics, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, EH3 9HA UK
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Neuroscience and Behavioural Disorders (NBD) Program, Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
- Genetics and Genome Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children Research Institute, PGCRL Rm 12.9835, 686 Bay Street, Toronto, ON M5G 0A4 Canada
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, 33521 Tampere, Finland
- Research Centre of Applied and Preventive Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology and Nuclear Medicine, Turku University Hospital, 20041 Turku, Finland
- Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD Australia
- Division of Human Genetics, Genome Institute of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke Eye Center, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC USA
- University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- Western Sydney Local Health Network, Sydney, Australia
- Westmead Millennium Institute, Westmead, Australia
- Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Ocular Epidemiology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 610 North Walnut Street, Room 409, Madison, WI 53726 USA
- Beijing Institute of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Science Key Lab, Beijing, China
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the Ruprecht-Karls-University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences and Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
- University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Rm. 314 Stellar Chance Labs, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, King’s College London, St Thomas’ Hospital Campus, London, UK
- Dala Lanna School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON Canada
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Cumberland PM, Foster PJ, Rahi JS. Understanding visual impairment in UK Biobank. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2014; 35:106. [PMID: 25532548 DOI: 10.1111/opo.12177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Mahroo OA, Williams C, Hysi PG, Williams KM, Kailani O, Thompson J, Cumberland PM, Guggenheim JA, Rahi JS, Harrad RA, Hammond CJ. Interocular asymmetries in axial length and refractive error in 4 cohorts. Ophthalmology 2014; 122:648-9. [PMID: 25543252 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2014.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Mahroo
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, UK; Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Cathy Williams
- Centre for Child and Academic Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK; Bristol Eye Hospital, Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Pirro G Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Katie M Williams
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, UK; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Obeda Kailani
- West Kent Eye Centre, Princess Royal University Hospital, Orpington, Kent, UK
| | - Juliet Thompson
- West Kent Eye Centre, Princess Royal University Hospital, Orpington, Kent, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Life Course, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jeremy A Guggenheim
- Centre for Myopia Research, School of Optometry, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jugnoo S Rahi
- Life Course, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK; Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK; Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust/NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK; Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK; Great Ormond Street Hospital/Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | | | - Christopher J Hammond
- Department of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, UK; Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, UK
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugnoo S Rahi
- Lifecourse Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London WC1N 1EH, UK Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL, London, UK NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Ameenat L Solebo
- Lifecourse Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London WC1N 1EH, UK Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL, London, UK NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M Cumberland
- Lifecourse Epidemiology and Biostatistics Section, Institute of Child Health, UCL, London WC1N 1EH, UK Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, UCL, London, UK NIHR Moorfields Biomedical Research Centre and NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK
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Simpson CL, Wojciechowski R, Oexle K, Murgia F, Portas L, Li X, Verhoeven VJM, Vitart V, Schache M, Hosseini SM, Hysi PG, Raffel LJ, Cotch MF, Chew E, Klein BEK, Klein R, Wong TY, van Duijn CM, Mitchell P, Saw SM, Fossarello M, Wang JJ, Polašek O, Campbell H, Rudan I, Oostra BA, Uitterlinden AG, Hofman A, Rivadeneira F, Amin N, Karssen LC, Vingerling JR, Döring A, Bettecken T, Bencic G, Gieger C, Wichmann HE, Wilson JF, Venturini C, Fleck B, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS, Hammond CJ, Hayward C, Wright AF, Paterson AD, Baird PN, Klaver CCW, Rotter JI, Pirastu M, Meitinger T, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D. Genome-wide meta-analysis of myopia and hyperopia provides evidence for replication of 11 loci. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107110. [PMID: 25233373 PMCID: PMC4169415 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Refractive error (RE) is a complex, multifactorial disorder characterized by a mismatch between the optical power of the eye and its axial length that causes object images to be focused off the retina. The two major subtypes of RE are myopia (nearsightedness) and hyperopia (farsightedness), which represent opposite ends of the distribution of the quantitative measure of spherical refraction. We performed a fixed effects meta-analysis of genome-wide association results of myopia and hyperopia from 9 studies of European-derived populations: AREDS, KORA, FES, OGP-Talana, MESA, RSI, RSII, RSIII and ERF. One genome-wide significant region was observed for myopia, corresponding to a previously identified myopia locus on 8q12 (p = 1.25×10−8), which has been reported by Kiefer et al. as significantly associated with myopia age at onset and Verhoeven et al. as significantly associated to mean spherical-equivalent (MSE) refractive error. We observed two genome-wide significant associations with hyperopia. These regions overlapped with loci on 15q14 (minimum p value = 9.11×10−11) and 8q12 (minimum p value 1.82×10−11) previously reported for MSE and myopia age at onset. We also used an intermarker linkage- disequilibrium-based method for calculating the effective number of tests in targeted regional replication analyses. We analyzed myopia (which represents the closest phenotype in our data to the one used by Kiefer et al.) and showed replication of 10 additional loci associated with myopia previously reported by Kiefer et al. This is the first replication of these loci using myopia as the trait under analysis. “Replication-level” association was also seen between hyperopia and 12 of Kiefer et al.'s published loci. For the loci that show evidence of association to both myopia and hyperopia, the estimated effect of the risk alleles were in opposite directions for the two traits. This suggests that these loci are important contributors to variation of refractive error across the distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L. Simpson
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Federico Murgia
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Veronique Vitart
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Schache
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - S. Mohsen Hosseini
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and DCCT/EDIC Research Group, The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Follow-up Study, The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leslie J. Raffel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Emily Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Barbara E. K. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Ronald Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Tien Yin Wong
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Singapore Eye Research Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Paul Mitchell
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Maurizio Fossarello
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chirurgiche, Clinica Oculistica Universita' degli studi di Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Vision Research, Department of Ophthalmology and Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - DCCT/EDIC Research Group
- The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Follow-up Study, The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ozren Polašek
- Croatian Centre for Global Health, University of Split Medical School, Split, Croatia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Netherlands Consortium for Healthy Ageing, Netherlands Genomics Initiative, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennart C. Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Angela Döring
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bettecken
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Goran Bencic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hospital “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Christian Gieger
- Institute of Genetic Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - H.-Erich Wichmann
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Cristina Venturini
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Brian Fleck
- Princess Alexandra Eye Pavilion, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Phillippa M. Cumberland
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Chris J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research & Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Hayward
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alan F. Wright
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, IGMM, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew D. Paterson
- Program in Genetics and Genome Biology, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, and DCCT/EDIC Research Group, The Diabetes Control and Complications Trial and Follow-up Study, The Biostatistics Center, The George Washington University, Rockville, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jerome I. Rotter
- Institute for Translational Genomics and Population Sciences, Los Angeles BioMedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, United States of America
| | - Mario Pirastu
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council of Italy, Sassari, Italy
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa M Cumberland
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Gabriela Czanner
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK Department of Eye and Vision Science, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Catey Bunce
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Moorfields Eye Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, London, UK
| | - Caroline J Doré
- UCL Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nick Freemantle
- Department of Primary Care and Population Health & PRIMENT Clinical Trials Unit, University College London, London, UK
| | - Marta García-Fiñana
- Department of Biostatistics, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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Verhoeven VJM, Hysi PG, Wojciechowski R, Fan Q, Guggenheim JA, Höhn R, MacGregor S, Hewitt AW, Nag A, Cheng CY, Yonova-Doing E, Zhou X, Ikram MK, Buitendijk GHS, McMahon G, Kemp JP, Pourcain BS, Simpson CL, Mäkelä KM, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Paterson AD, Hosseini SM, Wong HS, Xu L, Jonas JB, Pärssinen O, Wedenoja J, Yip SP, Ho DWH, Pang CP, Chen LJ, Burdon KP, Craig JE, Klein BEK, Klein R, Haller T, Metspalu A, Khor CC, Tai ES, Aung T, Vithana E, Tay WT, Barathi VA, Chen P, Li R, Liao J, Zheng Y, Ong RT, Döring A, Evans DM, Timpson NJ, Verkerk AJMH, Meitinger T, Raitakari O, Hawthorne F, Spector TD, Karssen LC, Pirastu M, Murgia F, Ang W, Mishra A, Montgomery GW, Pennell CE, Cumberland PM, Cotlarciuc I, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Schache M, Janmahasatian S, Jr RPI, Lass JH, Chew E, Iyengar SK, Gorgels TGMF, Rudan I, Hayward C, Wright AF, Polasek O, Vatavuk Z, Wilson JF, Fleck B, Zeller T, Mirshahi A, Müller C, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Amin N, Bergen AAB, Teo YY, Rahi JS, Vitart V, Williams C, Baird PN, Wong TY, Oexle K, Pfeiffer N, Mackey DA, Young TL, van Duijn CM, Saw SM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D, Klaver CC, Hammond CJ. Erratum: Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia. Nat Genet 2013. [DOI: 10.1038/ng0613-712b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Verhoeven VJM, Hysi PG, Wojciechowski R, Fan Q, Guggenheim JA, Höhn R, MacGregor S, Hewitt AW, Nag A, Cheng CY, Yonova-Doing E, Zhou X, Ikram MK, Buitendijk GHS, McMahon G, Kemp JP, Pourcain BS, Simpson CL, Mäkelä KM, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Paterson AD, Hosseini SM, Wong HS, Xu L, Jonas JB, Pärssinen O, Wedenoja J, Yip SP, Ho DWH, Pang CP, Chen LJ, Burdon KP, Craig JE, Klein BEK, Klein R, Haller T, Metspalu A, Khor CC, Tai ES, Aung T, Vithana E, Tay WT, Barathi VA, Chen P, Li R, Liao J, Zheng Y, Ong RT, Döring A, Evans DM, Timpson NJ, Verkerk AJMH, Meitinger T, Raitakari O, Hawthorne F, Spector TD, Karssen LC, Pirastu M, Murgia F, Ang W, Mishra A, Montgomery GW, Pennell CE, Cumberland PM, Cotlarciuc I, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Schache M, Janmahasatian S, Janmahasathian S, Igo RP, Lass JH, Chew E, Iyengar SK, Gorgels TGMF, Rudan I, Hayward C, Wright AF, Polasek O, Vatavuk Z, Wilson JF, Fleck B, Zeller T, Mirshahi A, Müller C, Uitterlinden AG, Rivadeneira F, Vingerling JR, Hofman A, Oostra BA, Amin N, Bergen AAB, Teo YY, Rahi JS, Vitart V, Williams C, Baird PN, Wong TY, Oexle K, Pfeiffer N, Mackey DA, Young TL, van Duijn CM, Saw SM, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D, Klaver CC, Hammond CJ. Genome-wide meta-analyses of multiancestry cohorts identify multiple new susceptibility loci for refractive error and myopia. Nat Genet 2013; 45:314-8. [PMID: 23396134 DOI: 10.1038/ng.2554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 330] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Refractive error is the most common eye disorder worldwide and is a prominent cause of blindness. Myopia affects over 30% of Western populations and up to 80% of Asians. The CREAM consortium conducted genome-wide meta-analyses, including 37,382 individuals from 27 studies of European ancestry and 8,376 from 5 Asian cohorts. We identified 16 new loci for refractive error in individuals of European ancestry, of which 8 were shared with Asians. Combined analysis identified 8 additional associated loci. The new loci include candidate genes with functions in neurotransmission (GRIA4), ion transport (KCNQ5), retinoic acid metabolism (RDH5), extracellular matrix remodeling (LAMA2 and BMP2) and eye development (SIX6 and PRSS56). We also confirmed previously reported associations with GJD2 and RASGRF1. Risk score analysis using associated SNPs showed a tenfold increased risk of myopia for individuals carrying the highest genetic load. Our results, based on a large meta-analysis across independent multiancestry studies, considerably advance understanding of the mechanisms involved in refractive error and myopia.
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Abstract
PURPOSE Visual fields are key functional outcome measures in children with a variety of ophthalmologic disorders. However, reliably assessing fields in children is challenging. We report the findings of a survey of current practices of perimetry in children in the United Kingdom and Ireland. METHODS An electronic questionnaire was sent to Orthoptic Service Heads in July 2008. Respondents were asked for comments regarding visual field testing in children as well as details of the volume and type of perimetry performed in their units, over a 1-year period. RESULTS Of the 98 (62%) completed questionnaires, 16 departments reported not testing visual fields in children. In total 3675 subjects under 16 years of age were reported to have undergone perimetry in 1 year, most in units with a ≥ 50% pediatric caseload for orthoptics. A total of 42% of units used static perimetry alone, 11% kinetic, and 47% used a combination of both. CONCLUSION High numbers of visual field tests are carried out in children in the UK and Ireland annually. Automated perimetry is used predominantly, despite the underlying algorithms having been developed for adult populations. Thus there is a clear need for more research, to ensure that evolving management practices are informed by understanding of the diagnostic accuracy and value of perimetry in children.
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Verhoeven VJM, Hysi PG, Saw SM, Vitart V, Mirshahi A, Guggenheim JA, Cotch MF, Yamashiro K, Baird PN, Mackey DA, Wojciechowski R, Ikram MK, Hewitt AW, Duggal P, Janmahasatian S, Khor CC, Fan Q, Zhou X, Young TL, Tai ES, Goh LK, Li YJ, Aung T, Vithana E, Teo YY, Tay W, Sim X, Rudan I, Hayward C, Wright AF, Polasek O, Campbell H, Wilson JF, Fleck BW, Nakata I, Yoshimura N, Yamada R, Matsuda F, Ohno-Matsui K, Nag A, McMahon G, Pourcain BS, Lu Y, Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Bhattacharya S, Simpson CL, Atwood LD, Li X, Raffel LJ, Murgia F, Portas L, Despriet DDG, van Koolwijk LME, Wolfram C, Lackner KJ, Tönjes A, Mägi R, Lehtimäki T, Kähönen M, Esko T, Metspalu A, Rantanen T, Pärssinen O, Klein BE, Meitinger T, Spector TD, Oostra BA, Smith AV, de Jong PTVM, Hofman A, Amin N, Karssen LC, Rivadeneira F, Vingerling JR, Eiríksdóttir G, Gudnason V, Döring A, Bettecken T, Uitterlinden AG, Williams C, Zeller T, Castagné R, Oexle K, van Duijn CM, Iyengar SK, Mitchell P, Wang JJ, Höhn R, Pfeiffer N, Bailey-Wilson JE, Stambolian D, Wong TY, Hammond CJ, Klaver CCW. Large scale international replication and meta-analysis study confirms association of the 15q14 locus with myopia. The CREAM consortium. Hum Genet 2012; 131:1467-80. [PMID: 22665138 PMCID: PMC3418496 DOI: 10.1007/s00439-012-1176-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Myopia is a complex genetic disorder and a common cause of visual impairment among working age adults. Genome-wide association studies have identified susceptibility loci on chromosomes 15q14 and 15q25 in Caucasian populations of European ancestry. Here, we present a confirmation and meta-analysis study in which we assessed whether these two loci are also associated with myopia in other populations. The study population comprised 31 cohorts from the Consortium of Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM) representing 4 different continents with 55,177 individuals; 42,845 Caucasians and 12,332 Asians. We performed a meta-analysis of 14 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on 15q14 and 5 SNPs on 15q25 using linear regression analysis with spherical equivalent as a quantitative outcome, adjusted for age and sex. We calculated the odds ratio (OR) of myopia versus hyperopia for carriers of the top-SNP alleles using a fixed effects meta-analysis. At locus 15q14, all SNPs were significantly replicated, with the lowest P value 3.87 × 10(-12) for SNP rs634990 in Caucasians, and 9.65 × 10(-4) for rs8032019 in Asians. The overall meta-analysis provided P value 9.20 × 10(-23) for the top SNP rs634990. The risk of myopia versus hyperopia was OR 1.88 (95 % CI 1.64, 2.16, P < 0.001) for homozygous carriers of the risk allele at the top SNP rs634990, and OR 1.33 (95 % CI 1.19, 1.49, P < 0.001) for heterozygous carriers. SNPs at locus 15q25 did not replicate significantly (P value 5.81 × 10(-2) for top SNP rs939661). We conclude that common variants at chromosome 15q14 influence susceptibility for myopia in Caucasian and Asian populations world-wide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie J. M. Verhoeven
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pirro G. Hysi
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Veronique Vitart
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alireza Mirshahi
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | | | - Mary Frances Cotch
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, Intramural Research Program, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA
| | - Kenji Yamashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Paul N. Baird
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - David A. Mackey
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Lions Eye Institute, University of Western Australia, Perth, Australia
| | - Robert Wojciechowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - M. Kamran Ikram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alex W. Hewitt
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Priya Duggal
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Sarayut Janmahasatian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Chiea-Chuen Khor
- Genome Institute of Singapore, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qiao Fan
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xin Zhou
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Terri L. Young
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - E-Shyong Tai
- Department of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liang-Kee Goh
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yi-Ju Li
- Center for Human Genetics, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, USA
| | - Tin Aung
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Eranga Vithana
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yik-Ying Teo
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wanting Tay
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xueling Sim
- Centre for Molecular Epidemiology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Igor Rudan
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Caroline Hayward
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Alan F. Wright
- Medical Research Council Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ozren Polasek
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Split, Split, Croatia
| | - Harry Campbell
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - James F. Wilson
- Centre for Population Health Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Nagahisa Yoshimura
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryo Yamada
- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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- Center for Genomic Medicine, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kyoko Ohno-Matsui
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Abhishek Nag
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - George McMahon
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Beate St. Pourcain
- School of Social and Community Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Yi Lu
- Department of Genetics and Population Health, Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jugnoo S. Rahi
- Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Phillippa M. Cumberland
- Medical Research Council Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, UK
- Ulverscroft Vision Research Group, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Claire L. Simpson
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Larry D. Atwood
- Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA
| | - Xiaohui Li
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Leslie J. Raffel
- Medical Genetics Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Federico Murgia
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Laura Portas
- Institute of Population Genetics, National Research Council, Sassari, Italy
| | - Dominiek D. G. Despriet
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Leonieke M. E. van Koolwijk
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Glaucoma Service, The Rotterdam Eye Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christian Wolfram
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Karl J. Lackner
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anke Tönjes
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center (IFB) AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reedik Mägi
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
- The Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Terho Lehtimäki
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Mika Kähönen
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Tampere School of Medicine, Tampere, Finland
| | - Tõnu Esko
- Estonian Genome Center, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Taina Rantanen
- Department of Health Sciences, Gerontology Research Center, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olavi Pärssinen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Central Hospital of Central Finland, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Barbara E. Klein
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, USA
| | - Thomas Meitinger
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology I, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Timothy D. Spector
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Ben A. Oostra
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert V. Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Paulus T. V. M. de Jong
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Ophthalmogenetics, Netherlands Institute of Neurosciences (NIN), An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Ophthalmology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert Hofman
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Najaf Amin
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lennart C. Karssen
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Rivadeneira
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes R. Vingerling
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Department of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
- Icelandic Heart Association, Kopavogur, Iceland
| | - Angela Döring
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Epidemiology II, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Bettecken
- Center for Applied Genotyping, Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry, German Research Institute of Psychiatry, Munich, Germany
| | - André G. Uitterlinden
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cathy Williams
- Centre for Child and Adolescent Health, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Tanja Zeller
- Clinic for General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Raphaële Castagné
- INSERM UMRS 937, Pierre and Marie Curie University (UPMC, Paris 6) and Medical School, Paris, France
| | - Konrad Oexle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia M. van Duijn
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sudha K. Iyengar
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, USA
| | - Paul Mitchell
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jie Jin Wang
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Centre for Vision Research, Westmead Millennium Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - René Höhn
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Norbert Pfeiffer
- Department of Ophthalmology, J. Gutenberg University Medical Center, Mainz, Germany
| | - Joan E. Bailey-Wilson
- Inherited Disease Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - Dwight Stambolian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Tien-Yin Wong
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Singapore National Eye Centre, Singapore Eye Research Institute, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Ophthalmology, National University Health System, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Christopher J. Hammond
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King’s College London, St. Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK
| | - Caroline C. W. Klaver
- Department of Ophthalmology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology, Erasmus Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Chin RFM, Cumberland PM, Pujar SS, Peckham C, Ross EM, Scott RC. Outcomes of childhood epilepsy at age 33 years: A population-based birth-cohort study. Epilepsia 2011; 52:1513-21. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03170.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES In industrialized countries, there are established programs of childhood vision screening and surveillance, but little is known about their performance. We investigated the patterns of presentation/detection and early treatment of a nationally representative cohort of children with severe visual impairment or blindness (SVI/BL) in 1 year (2000) in the United Kingdom. METHODS All children who were younger than 16 years and had a new diagnosis of SVI/BL were identified by active surveillance through the British Ophthalmological and Pediatric Surveillance Units. Data that were collected up to 1 year after diagnosis included sociodemographic characteristics, detection of SVI/BL, nonophthalmic disorders/impairments, ophthalmic findings, and early management. RESULTS Of 439 identified children, 65% were younger than 1 year at diagnosis, 28% were of nonwhite ethnicity, and 40% in the worst quintile of deprivation score. A total of 77% had associated nonophthalmic disorders/impairments. Although 70% had established symptoms or signs at diagnosis by a health professional, parents had suspected blindness in only 47%. A quarter of isolated SVI/BL was detected through routine vision screening; however, 46% of children's SVI/BL and associated nonophthalmic disorders/impairments were diagnosed through a clinical surveillance examination undertaken because of high risk for a specific eye disease. CONCLUSIONS The "patient journey" of children with visual impairment is markedly influenced by the presence of additional impairments/chronic diseases. Parents' understanding of normal visual development needs to be improved. Increasingly, new evidence-based formal programs of clinical (ophthalmic) surveillance are needed in response to the changing population of children who are at risk for blinding eye disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugnoo S Rahi
- University College London, Institute of Child Health, MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, 30 Guilford St, London WC1N 1EH, UK.
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Cumberland PM, Pathai S, Rahi JS. Prevalence of eye disease in early childhood and associated factors: findings from the millennium cohort study. Ophthalmology 2010; 117:2184-90.e1-3. [PMID: 20561688 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2010.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2009] [Revised: 01/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To report the prevalence and distribution of eye conditions and visual impairment and associations with early social and biological factors using parental report of diagnosed eye conditions and additional chronic illnesses. DESIGN Population-based, cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS We included 14 981 children, aged 3 years, participating in the United Kingdom Millennium Cohort Study. METHODS Data on demographic, socioeconomic, and maternal and child health factors were obtained by maternal report through structured interview and verbatim reports of diagnosed eye problems and additional chronic illnesses were recorded. Multinomial regression analyses were used to calculate risk ratios of the association of eye disease (with or without associated visual impairment), with socioeconomic and early life factors. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Parental report of diagnosed eye conditions and other chronic illnesses. RESULTS Overall, at 3 years, 5.7% (95% confidence interval, 5.2-6.3%; n = 881) of children had ≥ 1 eye condition with 0.24% (0.15-0.3%; n = 45) reported to have associated visual impairment. In the majority, time of onset was reported to be the first year of life. Eye disorders without report of visual impairment were independently associated with lower socioeconomic status, decreasing birth weight, and prematurity. Visual impairment was more likely in those of low birthweight for gestational age and from an ethnic minority group. Maternal illnesses during pregnancy were associated with eye disease without reported visual impairment, as was white ethnicity. CONCLUSIONS Good research opportunities exist within the context of population-based general health surveys to use parental report to estimate minimum prevalence, investigate associations of eye disease with a broad range of environmental factors, and as a mechanism for "flagging" individuals with eye disease in a population sample for further study. Our findings regarding the association of parentally reported childhood eye disease with early life factors such as modest degrees of prematurity, ethnicity and maternal ill-health warrant further investigation. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) The authors have no proprietary or commercial interest in any of the materials discussed in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa M Cumberland
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
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Pathai S, Cumberland PM, Rahi JS. Prevalence of and early-life influences on childhood strabismus: findings from the Millennium Cohort Study. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med 2010; 164:250-7. [PMID: 20194258 DOI: 10.1001/archpediatrics.2009.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Strabismus is a common disorder of largely unknown cause reported to occur more frequently in children with neurodevelopmental conditions and in children born prematurely or of low birth weight. Population-based investigation of other potential early-life influences has been limited. OBJECTIVE To investigate the prevalence of and the early-life risk factors associated with childhood strabismus. DESIGN Cross-sectional analytical study of a nationally representative sample of children participating in the Millennium Cohort Study. SETTING United Kingdom. PARTICIPANTS A population-based sample of 14 980 children aged 3 years. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Parental report of "isolated" strabismus and "neurodevelopmental" strabismus (ie, in the context of neurologic disorders), considered separately. RESULTS Three hundred forty-three children had strabismus (of whom 20 [5.8%] had neurodevelopmental/neurologic disorders), giving a total weighted prevalence of 2.1% (95% confidence interval, 1.8%-2.4%). In multivariable analysis, the risk of isolated strabismus was reduced in children of nonwhite maternal ethnicity and was increased in those born after an assisted or cesarean delivery and in those who were of low birth weight and preterm (in particular, late preterm). An increased risk of neurodevelopmental strabismus was independently associated with maternal smoking into later pregnancy, maternal illnesses in pregnancy, and decreasing birth weight for gestational age and sex. Socioeconomic status was associated with isolated (inverse relationship) and neurodevelopmental (U-shaped relationship) strabismus. CONCLUSIONS Several early-life social and biological factors are associated with strabismus, with differences in patterns between isolated and neurodevelopmental forms. Further collaborative research could explore this hypothesis to identify modifiable risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Pathai
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, 30 Guilford St., London, England
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Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Peckham CS. Visual Function in Working-Age AdultsEarly Life Influences and Associations with Health and Social Outcomes. Ophthalmology 2009; 116:1866-71. [PMID: 19560208 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2008] [Revised: 03/05/2009] [Accepted: 03/05/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Rahi JS, Cumberland PM, Peckham CS. Visual impairment and vision-related quality of life in working-age adults: findings in the 1958 British birth cohort. Ophthalmology 2008; 116:270-4. [PMID: 19091416 DOI: 10.1016/j.ophtha.2008.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2008] [Revised: 09/09/2008] [Accepted: 09/10/2008] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the prevalence of impaired vision and its relative burden, together with the prevalence of impaired vision-related quality of life (VRQOL), and investigate associations with social outcomes in a contemporary and nationally representative population of working age adults. DESIGN Population-based cross-sectional study. PARTICIPANTS We included 9330 members of the 1958 British birth cohort at age 44 and 45 years. METHODS "Habitual" and "best achieved" distance visual acuity in each eye, binocular near vision acuity and stereoacuity (three dimensional/depth perception) were tested during a broader biomedical examination. VRQOL was assessed using the Vision-related Quality of Life Core Measure 1 (VCM1), a validated, 10-item, self-complete instrument. Logistic and proportional odds ordinal logistic regression were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) of the association of VRQOL with visual acuities and social outcomes. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Distance, near, and stereo acuities and VRQOL and social outcomes. RESULTS Of the 1.3% (124) of those with visual loss that precluded driving, a further 0.75% (70) were visually impaired or severely visually impaired and 0.15% (14) blind, the latter accounting for 19% total population (all ages) burden of blindness. Impairment of VRQOL is strongly associated with impaired distance, near, and stereo vision, as well as with adverse occupational and other social outcomes. However, VRQOL impairment is also sometimes reported with unilateral or mild bilateral visual loss. CONCLUSIONS Although impaired vision in working age adults is relatively uncommon, it confers important adverse consequences for the "health and wealth" of the public. This may be captured best by assessment of VRQOL in addition to objective visual function. Ophthalmic disorders occurring or impacting in middle life should be given a higher priority than currently in national and international strategies against avoidable visual disability. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S) Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found after the references.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jugnoo S Rahi
- MRC Centre of Epidemiology for Child Health, Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, London, United Kingdom.
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Rahi JS, Peckham CS, Cumberland PM. Visual impairment due to undiagnosed refractive error in working age adults in Britain. Br J Ophthalmol 2008; 92:1190-4. [DOI: 10.1136/bjo.2007.133454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE Understanding genetic and environmental factors that together contribute to the development of myopia is an international research priority. We have investigated the feasibility and accuracy of identifying and classifying refractive error, without formal refraction, as a means of easily identifying affected individuals in a large-scale, non-ophthalmological, and population-based survey. METHODS At age 44/45 years, members of the 1958 British birth cohort underwent a biomedical, community survey. Refractive error (autorefraction) was measured and categorised by spherical equivalent (SE) measurement; myopia (SE of -1.00 or more extreme), hypermetropia (+1.00 or more extreme), or emmetropia (-0.99 to +0.99). Lenses of prescribed distance glasses, if worn, were assessed as minifying, magnifying, or making no difference to a standard viewed image and cohort members reported on 'short' or 'long' sightedness. RESULTS A total of 2499 cohort members, randomly selected, had formal refraction (autorefraction) and 917 (36.7%) of these individuals had their prescribed distance glasses examined. Sensitivities for myopia and hypermetropia using examination of glasses were over 80% and positive predictive values were 95 and 65% respectively whereas self-report of 'short-sightedness' or 'long-sightedness' had poor accuracy. CONCLUSION We suggest examination of prescribed distance glasses can be an effective method of 'screening' for refractive error in the field, especially where prevalence is high.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Cumberland
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London, UK
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Abstract
AIM To report the usefulness of uncorrected distance visual acuity (DVA) at 16 years to "screen" for myopia status and to assess the lifetime risk of myopia, based on a national birth cohort. METHODS 1867 members of the 1958 British birth cohort for whom there were data on acuity at 16 years had autorefraction, as part of a biomedical survey, at 45 years. Reduced uncorrected DVA at age 16 years (6/12 or worse in both eyes) was compared with adult refraction (spherical equivalent). RESULTS Only a quarter of individuals in the population studied who had developed myopia by 45 years of age had reduced acuity at 16 years of age. Notably, half of all adults with moderate myopia (-2.99 to -5.99) and 31% (11/35) with severe myopia (> or =-6) had good uncorrected DVA in both eyes at 16 years of age. Thus, sensitivities were low, ranging from 16% for all myopia (cut-off point spherical equivalent -0.5) to 69% for severe myopia (cut-off point spherical equivalent -6). However, a high (91%) lifetime probability of primary myopia (spherical equivalent > or =-0.5) given a reduced uncorrected DVA at 16 years was found. CONCLUSION In this population, reduced uncorrected DVA in childhood is an inaccurate and inappropriate intermediate "phenotype" for capturing adult myopia status. However, our findings support assessment of DVA in secondary school children as an effective method of identifying refractive error (both myopia and hypermetropia).
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillippa M Cumberland
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, 30 Guilford Street, London WC1N 1EH, UK
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine any association of amblyopia with diverse educational, health, and social outcomes in order to inform current debate about population screening for this condition. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Comparison of 8432 people with normal vision in each eye with 429 (4.8%) people with amblyopia (childhood unilateral reduced acuity when tested with correction and unaccounted for by eye disease) from the 1958 British birth cohort, with respect to subsequent health and social functioning. RESULTS No functionally or clinically significant differences existed between people with and without amblyopia in educational outcomes, behavioural difficulties or social maladjustment, participation in social activities, unintended injuries (school, workplace, or road traffic accidents as driver), general or mental health and mortality, paid employment, or occupation based social class trajectories. CONCLUSIONS It may be difficult to distinguish, at population level, between the lives of people with amblyopia and those without, in terms of several important outcomes. A pressing need exists for further concerted research on what it means to have amblyopia and, specifically, how this varies with severity and how it changes with treatment, so that screening programmes can best serve those who have the most to gain from early identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Rahi
- Centre for Paediatric Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Child Health, London WC1N 1EH.
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