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Ortiz-Dosal A, Rodil-García P, Salazar-Olivo LA. Circulating microRNAs in human obesity: a systematic review. Biomarkers 2019; 24:499-509. [PMID: 30990364 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2019.1606279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Context: Differential expression profiles of microRNAs have been reported in human obesity suggesting a miRNAs role in the development of obesity and associated disorders. Objective: To review circulating microRNAs (c-miRNAs) dysregulated in human obesity and to predict their possible target genes. Methods: We performed a systematic review on PubMed database (PROSPERO, CRD42017077742) for original works on c-miRNAs and human obesity and recorded c-miRNAs with differential expression profiles. Potential target genes and metabolic pathways for dysregulated miRNAs with at least two independent reports were searched using bioinformatic tools. Results: Twenty-two c-miRNAs are overexpressed, nine underexpressed and two c-miRNAs dysregulated in both directions in people with obesity compared to lean controls. Bioinformatic analyses suggest these c-miRNAs target on genes associated with fatty acid metabolism and PI3k/Akt pathway. Conclusion: Literature records 33 c-miRNAs confirmedly dysregulated in human obesity. Their predicted target genes are involved in pathways that could explain the development of obesity and its comorbidities. Further research will clarify the role of these miRNAs on metabolic diseases and their usefulness for the prognosis, prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Ortiz-Dosal
- a Division of Molecular Biology, Institute Potosino of Scientific and Technological Research , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Patricia Rodil-García
- a Division of Molecular Biology, Institute Potosino of Scientific and Technological Research , San Luis Potosí , México
| | - Luis A Salazar-Olivo
- a Division of Molecular Biology, Institute Potosino of Scientific and Technological Research , San Luis Potosí , México
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52
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Iacobini C, Pugliese G, Blasetti Fantauzzi C, Federici M, Menini S. Metabolically healthy versus metabolically unhealthy obesity. Metabolism 2019; 92:51-60. [PMID: 30458177 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 233] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 11/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related disease complications reduce life quality and expectancy and increase health-care costs. Some studies have suggested that obesity not always entails metabolic abnormalities and increased risk of cardiometabolic complications. Because of the lack of universally accepted criteria to identify metabolically healthy obesity (MHO), its prevalence varies widely among studies. Moreover, the prognostic value of MHO is hotly debated, mainly because it likely shifts gradually towards metabolically unhealthy obesity (MUO). In this review, we outline the differential factors contributing to the metabolic heterogeneity of obesity by discussing the behavioral, genetic, phenotypical, and biological aspects associated with each of the two metabolic phenotypes (MHO and MUO) of obesity and their clinical implications. Particular emphasis will be laid on the role of adipose tissue biology and function, including genetic determinants of body fat distribution, depot-specific fat metabolism, adipose tissue plasticity and, particularly, adipogenesis. Finally, the emerging role of gut microbiota in obesity and adipose tissue dysfunction as well as the search for novel biomarkers for the obesity-related metabolic traits and associated diseases will be briefly presented. A better understanding of the main determinants of a healthy metabolic status in obesity would allow promotion of this favorable condition by targeting the relevant pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Iacobini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Pugliese
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Federici
- Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Menini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, "La Sapienza" University, Rome, Italy.
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53
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Ahn J, Wu H, Lee K. Integrative Analysis Revealing Human Adipose-Specific Genes and Consolidating Obesity Loci. Sci Rep 2019; 9:3087. [PMID: 30816281 PMCID: PMC6395763 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Identification of adipose-specific genes has contributed to an understanding of mechanisms underlying adipocyte development and obesity. Herein, our analyses of the recent Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx) database revealed 38 adipose-specific/enhanced protein coding genes, among which 3 genes were novel adipose-specific, and 414 highly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between subcutaneous and omental adipose depots. By integrative analyses of genome-wide association studies (GWASs), 14 adipose-specific/enhanced genes and 60 DEGs were found to be associated with obesity-related traits and diseases, consolidating evidence for contribution of these genes to the regional fat distribution and obesity phenotypes. In addition, expression of HOXC cluster was up-regulated in subcutaneous adipose tissue, and the majority of the HOXB cluster was expressed highly in omental adipose tissue, indicating differential expression patterns of HOX clusters in adipose depots. Our findings on the distinct gene expression profiles in adipose tissue and their relation to obesity provide an important foundation for future functional biological studies and therapeutic targets in obesity and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsoo Ahn
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Huiguang Wu
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Kichoon Lee
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
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Insulin and Insulin Receptors in Adipose Tissue Development. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20030759. [PMID: 30754657 PMCID: PMC6387287 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20030759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin is a major endocrine hormone also involved in the regulation of energy and lipid metabolism via the activation of an intracellular signaling cascade involving the insulin receptor (INSR), insulin receptor substrate (IRS) proteins, phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (AKT). Specifically, insulin regulates several aspects of the development and function of adipose tissue and stimulates the differentiation program of adipose cells. Insulin can activate its responses in adipose tissue through two INSR splicing variants: INSR-A, which is predominantly expressed in mesenchymal and less-differentiated cells and mainly linked to cell proliferation, and INSR-B, which is more expressed in terminally differentiated cells and coupled to metabolic effects. Recent findings have revealed that different distributions of INSR and an altered INSR-A:INSR-B ratio may contribute to metabolic abnormalities during the onset of insulin resistance and the progression to type 2 diabetes. In this review, we discuss the role of insulin and the INSR in the development and endocrine activity of adipose tissue and the pharmacological implications for the management of obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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55
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Tam V, Turcotte M, Meyre D. Established and emerging strategies to crack the genetic code of obesity. Obes Rev 2019; 20:212-240. [PMID: 30353704 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Tremendous progress has been made in the genetic elucidation of obesity over the past two decades, driven largely by technological, methodological and organizational innovations. Current strategies for identifying obesity-predisposing loci/genes, including cytogenetics, linkage analysis, homozygosity mapping, admixture mapping, candidate gene studies, genome-wide association studies, custom genotyping arrays, whole-exome sequencing and targeted exome sequencing, have achieved differing levels of success, and the identified loci in aggregate explain only a modest fraction of the estimated heritability of obesity. This review outlines the successes and limitations of these approaches and proposes novel strategies, including the use of exceptionally large sample sizes, the study of diverse ethnic groups and deep phenotypes and the application of innovative methods and study designs, to identify the remaining obesity-predisposing genes. The use of both established and emerging strategies has the potential to crack the genetic code of obesity in the not-too-distant future. The resulting knowledge is likely to yield improvements in obesity prediction, prevention and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Tam
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - M Turcotte
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - D Meyre
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada.,Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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56
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Selthofer-Relatić K, Kibel A, Delić-Brkljačić D, Bošnjak I. Cardiac Obesity and Cardiac Cachexia: Is There a Pathophysiological Link? J Obes 2019; 2019:9854085. [PMID: 31565432 PMCID: PMC6745151 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9854085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a risk factor for cardiometabolic and vascular diseases like arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus type 2, dyslipidaemia, and atherosclerosis. A special role in obesity-related syndromes is played by cardiac visceral obesity, which includes epicardial adipose tissue and intramyocardial fat, leading to cardiac steatosis; hypertensive heart disease; atherosclerosis of epicardial coronary artery disease; and ischemic cardiomyopathy, cardiac microcirculatory dysfunction, diabetic cardiomyopathy, and atrial fibrillation. Cardiac expression of these changes in any given patient is unique and multimodal, varying in clinical settings and level of expressed changes, with heart failure development depending on pathophysiological mechanisms with preserved, midrange, or reduced ejection fraction. Progressive heart failure with misbalanced metabolic and catabolic processes will change muscle, bone, and fat mass and function, with possible changes in the cardiac fat state from excessive accumulation to reduction and cardiac cachexia with a worse prognosis. The question we address is whether cardiac obesity or cardiac cachexia is to be more feared.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Selthofer-Relatić
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - A. Kibel
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
- Department for Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Osijek, University Josip Juraj Strossmayer Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
| | - D. Delić-Brkljačić
- Department for Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, Šalata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Clinic for Cardiology, University Hospital “Sestre Milosrdnice”, Vinogradska Cesta 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I. Bošnjak
- Department for Cardiovascular Disease, University Hospital Osijek, Josipa Huttlera 4, 31000 Osijek, Croatia
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57
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Wu W, Yin Y, Xu K, Peng Y, Zhang J. Knockdown of LGALS12 inhibits porcine adipocyte adipogenesis via PKA-Erk1/2 signaling pathway. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:960-967. [PMID: 30165571 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing intramuscular (IM) fat while concomitantly decreasing subcutaneous (SC) fat content is one major goal of pig breeding. Identifying genes involved in lipid metabolism is critical for this goal. Galectin-12 (LGALS12) has been proven to be an important regulator of fat deposition in mouse models; however, the effect and regulatory mechanisms of LGALS12 on porcine adipogenesis are still unknown. In this study, the effects of LGALS12 on fat deposition were explored with primary culture of porcine SC and IM adipocytes. Analysis of LGALS12 expression across different tissues revealed that LGALS12 was predominantly expressed in adipose tissue. The LGALS12 expression patterns across stages of adipocyte differentiation were also evaluated, with differences observed between SC and IM fat. Small interfering RNA (siRNA) of LGALS12 was designed and transfected into porcine adipocytes derived from SC and IM fat. After transfection, the expression level of LGALS12 was significantly reduced, and the number of lipid droplets was reduced in adipocytes from both SC and IM fat. Simultaneously, the levels of adipogenic markers, including PPARγ and aP2, were decreased, whereas hydrolysis markers, including adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) and hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL), were increased. Furthermore, the activation of lipolysis signals, such as the phosphorylation of PKA and Erk1/2, were observed with LGALS12 knockdown in terminally differentiated adipocytes from both SC and IM sources. Taken together, these results suggest that LGALS12 knockdown can inhibit adipogenesis of porcine adipocytes by downregulating lipogenic genes and activating the PKA-Erk1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Wu
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Yajun Yin
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Ke Xu
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, Hebei Normal University of Science and Technology, Qinhuangdao, China
| | - Yongjia Peng
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, China
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58
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Ejarque M, Ceperuelo-Mallafré V, Serena C, Maymo-Masip E, Duran X, Díaz-Ramos A, Millan-Scheiding M, Núñez-Álvarez Y, Núñez-Roa C, Gama P, Garcia-Roves PM, Peinado MA, Gimble JM, Zorzano A, Vendrell J, Fernández-Veledo S. Adipose tissue mitochondrial dysfunction in human obesity is linked to a specific DNA methylation signature in adipose-derived stem cells. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:1256-1268. [PMID: 30262812 PMCID: PMC6760577 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0219-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 08/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background A functional population of adipocyte precursors, termed adipose-derived stromal/stem cells (ASCs), is crucial for proper adipose tissue (AT) expansion, lipid handling, and prevention of lipotoxicity in response to chronic positive energy balance. We previously showed that obese human subjects contain a dysfunctional pool of ASCs. Elucidation of the mechanisms underlying abnormal ASC function might lead to therapeutic interventions for prevention of lipotoxicity by improving the adipogenic capacity of ASCs. Methods Using epigenome-wide association studies, we explored the impact of obesity on the methylation signature of human ASCs and their differentiated counterparts. Mitochondrial phenotyping of lean and obese ASCs was performed. TBX15 loss- and gain-of-function experiments were carried out and western blotting and electron microscopy studies of mitochondria were performed in white AT biopsies from lean and obese individuals. Results We found that DNA methylation in adipocyte precursors is significantly modified by the obese environment, and adipogenesis, inflammation, and immunosuppression were the most affected pathways. Also, we identified TBX15 as one of the most differentially hypomethylated genes in obese ASCs, and genetic experiments revealed that TBX15 is a regulator of mitochondrial mass in obese adipocytes. Accordingly, morphological analysis of AT from obese subjects showed an alteration of the mitochondrial network, with changes in mitochondrial shape and number. Conclusions We identified a DNA methylation signature in adipocyte precursors associated with obesity, which has a significant impact on the metabolic phenotype of mature adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Ejarque
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII-Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Ceperuelo-Mallafré
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII-Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carolina Serena
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII-Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elsa Maymo-Masip
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII-Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xevi Duran
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Angels Díaz-Ramos
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Monica Millan-Scheiding
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII-Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Yaiza Núñez-Álvarez
- Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)-Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Catalina Núñez-Roa
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII-Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain.,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pau Gama
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pablo M Garcia-Roves
- Department of Physiological Sciences II, Faculty of Medicine-University of Barcelona, Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miquel A Peinado
- Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol (IGTP)-Institute of Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer (IMPPC), Badalona, Spain
| | - Jeffrey M Gimble
- LaCell LLC and Center for Stem Cell Research and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Antonio Zorzano
- CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.,Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament de Bioquímica i Biomedicina Molecular, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Vendrell
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII-Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain. .,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sonia Fernández-Veledo
- Hospital Universitari de Tarragona Joan XXIII-Institut d´Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili-Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain. .,CIBER de Diabetes y Enfermedades Metabólicas Asociadas (CIBERDEM)-Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Cinti
- Professor of Human Anatomy, Director, Center of Obesity, University of Ancona (Politecnica delle Marche), Ancona, Italy
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60
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Genetic contribution to waist-to-hip ratio in Mexican children and adolescents based on 12 loci validated in European adults. Int J Obes (Lond) 2018; 43:13-22. [PMID: 29777226 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0055-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES The prevalence of abdominal obesity in Mexican children has risen dramatically in the past decade. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) for waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) performed predominantly in European descent adult populations have identified multiple single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with larger effects in women. The contribution of these SNPs to WHR in non-European children is unknown. SUBJECTS/METHODS Mexican children and adolescents (N = 1421, 5-17 years) were recruited in Mexico City. Twelve GWAS SNPs were genotyped using TaqMan Open Array and analyzed individually and as a gene score (GS). RESULTS Mexican boys and girls displayed 2.81 ± 0.29 and 3.10 ± 0.31 WHR standard deviations higher than children and adolescents from the United States. WHR was positively associated with TG (β = 0.733 ± 0.190, P = 1.1 × 10-4) and LDL-C (β = 0.491 ± 0.203, P = 1.6 × 10-2), and negatively associated with HDL-C (β = -0.652 ± 0.195, P = 8.0 × 10-4), independently of body mass index. The effect allele frequency (EAF) of 8 of 12 (67%) SNPs differed significantly (P < 4.17 × 10-3) in Mexican children and European adults, with no evidence of effect allele enrichment in both populations (4 depleted and 4 enriched; binomial test, P = 1). Ten out of 12 SNPs (83.3%) had effects that were directionally consistent with those reported in GWAS (P = 0.04). HOXC13 rs1443512 displayed the best fit when modeled recessively, and was significantly associated with WHR under a recessive mode of inheritance (β = 0.140 ± 0.06, P = 2.3 × 10-2). Significant interactions with sex were also observed for HOXC13 rs1443512 and the GS on WHR (P = 2.2 × 10-2 and 1.2 × 10-2, respectively). HOXC13 rs1443512 (β = 0.022 ± 0.012, P = 4.7 × 10-2) and the GS (β = 0.007 ± 0.003, P = 7.0 × 10-3) were significantly associated with WHR in girls only. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that Mexican children are at high risk for abdominal obesity and detrimental lipid profiles. Our data support a partial transferability of sex-specific European GWAS WHR association signals in children and adolescents from the admixed Mexican population.
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Rattarasarn C. Dysregulated lipid storage and its relationship with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk factors in non-obese Asian patients with type 2 diabetes. Adipocyte 2018; 7:71-80. [PMID: 29411678 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2018.1429784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of non-obese type 2 diabetes in Asians is up to 50%. This review aims to summarize the role of regional fat in the development of insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in non-obese Asian type 2 diabetes as well as the role of intra-pancreatic fat and β-cell dysfunction. The body fat content of non-obese Asian type 2 diabetic patients is not different from that of non-diabetic subjects but the proportion of intra-abdominal and intra-hepatic fat are greater. Visceral fat contributes to insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in non-obese Asian type 2 diabetes. Intra-hepatic fat and the hypertrophic abdominal subcutaneous adipocytes are associated with insulin resistance and cardiovascular risk in non-obese, non-diabetic Asian subjects. It may be true in non-obese Asian type 2 diabetic patients. The role of intra-myocellular lipid and insulin resistance is uncertain. Intra-pancreatic fat may not be involved in β-cell dysfunction in non-obese Asian type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chatchalit Rattarasarn
- Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Ramathibodi hospital, Mahidol university, Bangkok, Thailand
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Associations of adult genetic risk scores for adiposity with childhood abdominal, liver and pericardial fat assessed by magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017; 42:897-904. [PMID: 29437161 PMCID: PMC5985956 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2017.302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Background Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) involved in adult fat distribution. Whether these SNPs also affect abdominal and organ-specific fat accumulation in children is unknown. Methods In a population-based prospective cohort study among 1 995 children (median age: 9.8 years, 95% range 9.4;10.8), We tested the associations of six genetic risk scores based on previously identified SNPs for childhood BMI, adult BMI, liver fat, WHR, pericardial fat mass, visceral- and subcutaneous adipose tissue ratio (VAT/SAT ratio), and four individual SAT and VAT associated SNPs, for association with SAT (N=1 746), VAT (N=1 742), VAT/SAT ratio (N=1 738), liver fat fraction (N=1 950), and pericardial fat mass (N=1 803) measured by Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Results Per additional risk allele in the childhood BMI genetic risk score, SAT increased 0.020 standard deviation scores (SDS), (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.009;0.031, p-value:3.28*10-4) and VAT increased 0.021 SDS, 95% CI:0.009;0.032, p-value:4.68*10-4). The adult BMI risk score was positively associated with SAT (0.022 SDS increase, CI:0.015;0.029, p-value:1.33*10-9), VAT (0.017 SDS increase, CI:0.010;0.025, p-value:7.00*10-6), and negatively with VAT/SAT ratio (-0.012 SDS decrease, CI:-0.019;-0.006, p-value:2.88*10-4). The liver fat risk score was associated with liver fat fraction (0.121 SDS, CI:0.086;0.157, p-value:2.65*10-11). Rs7185735 (SAT), was associated with SAT (0.151 SDS, CI:0.087;0.214, p-value:3.00*10-6) and VAT/SAT ratio (-0.126 SDS, CI:-0.186;-0.065, p-value:4.70*10-5). After stratification by sex the associations of the adult BMI risk score with SAT and VAT and of the liver fat risk score with liver fat fraction remained in both sexes. Associations of the childhood BMI risk score with SAT, and the adult BMI risk score with VAT/SAT ratio were present among boys only, whereas the association of the pericardial fat risk score with pericardial fat was present among girls only. Conclusion Genetic variants associated with BMI, body fat distribution, liver and pericardial fat already affect body fat distribution in childhood.
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IRS1 DNA promoter methylation and expression in human adipose tissue are related to fat distribution and metabolic traits. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12369. [PMID: 28959056 PMCID: PMC5620072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12393-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SNP variant rs2943650 near IRS1 gene locus was previously associated with decreased body fat and IRS1 gene expression as well as an adverse metabolic profile in humans. Here, we hypothesize that these effects may be mediated by an interplay with epigenetic alterations. We measured IRS1 promoter DNA methylation and mRNA expression in paired human subcutaneous and omental visceral adipose tissue samples (SAT and OVAT) from 146 and 41 individuals, respectively. Genotyping of rs2943650 was performed in all individuals (N = 146). We observed a significantly higher IRS1 promoter DNA methylation in OVAT compared to SAT (N = 146, P = 8.0 × 10−6), while expression levels show the opposite effect direction (N = 41, P = 0.011). OVAT and SAT methylation correlated negatively with IRS1 gene expression in obese subjects (N = 16, P = 0.007 and P = 0.010). The major T-allele is related to increased DNA methylation in OVAT (N = 146, P = 0.019). Finally, DNA methylation and gene expression in OVAT correlated with anthropometric traits (waist- circumference waist-to-hip ratio) and parameters of glucose metabolism in obese individuals. Our data suggest that the association between rs2943650 near the IRS1 gene locus with clinically relevant variables may at least be modulated by changes in DNA methylation that translates into altered IRS1 gene expression.
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Fehlert E, Wagner R, Ketterer C, Böhm A, Machann J, Fritsche L, Machicao F, Schick F, Staiger H, Stefan N, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Heni M. Genetic determination of body fat distribution and the attributive influence on metabolism. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2017; 25:1277-1283. [PMID: 28544651 DOI: 10.1002/oby.21874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with estimates of body fat distribution. Using predefined risk allele scores, the correlation of these scores with precisely quantified body fat distribution assessed by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging techniques and with metabolic traits was investigated. METHODS Data from 4,944 MR scans from 915 subjects of European ancestry were analyzed. Body fat distribution was determined by MR imaging and liver fat content by 1 H-MR spectroscopy. All subjects underwent a five-point 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. A total of 65 SNPs with reported genome-wide significant associations regarding estimates of body fat distribution were genotyped. Four genetic risk scores were created by summation of risk alleles. RESULTS A higher allelic load of waist-to-hip ratio SNPs was associated with lower insulin sensitivity, higher postchallenge glucose levels, and more visceral and less subcutaneous fat mass. CONCLUSIONS GWAS-derived polymorphisms estimating body fat distribution are associated with distinct patterns of body fat distribution exactly measured by MR. Only the risk score associated with the waist-to-hip ratio in GWAS showed an unhealthy pattern of metabolism and body fat distribution. This score might be useful for predicting diseases associated with genetically determined, unhealthy obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fehlert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Róbert Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Caroline Ketterer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Anja Böhm
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Machann
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Louise Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fausto Machicao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Fritz Schick
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Section on Experimental Radiology, Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Harald Staiger
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Norbert Stefan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Hans-Ulrich Häring
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
- Interfaculty Center for Pharmacogenomics and Pharma Research at the Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andreas Fritsche
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Heni
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Angiology, Nephrology and Clinical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
- Institute for Diabetes Research and Metabolic Diseases of the Helmholtz Center Munich at the University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Tübingen, Germany
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Scheffler C, Dammhahn M. Feminization of the fat distribution pattern of children and adolescents in a recent German population. Am J Hum Biol 2017; 29. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Scheffler
- Human Biology; University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; Potsdam 14469 Germany
| | - Melanie Dammhahn
- Animal Ecology; University of Potsdam, Institute of Biochemistry and Biology; Potsdam 14469 Germany
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Seroussi E, Rosov A, Shirak A, Lam A, Gootwine E. Unveiling genomic regions that underlie differences between Afec-Assaf sheep and its parental Awassi breed. Genet Sel Evol 2017; 49:19. [PMID: 28187715 PMCID: PMC5301402 DOI: 10.1186/s12711-017-0296-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sheep production in Israel has improved by crossing the fat-tailed local Awassi breed with the East Friesian and later, with the Booroola Merino breed, which led to the formation of the highly prolific Afec-Assaf strain. This strain differs from its parental Awassi breed in morphological traits such as tail and horn size, coat pigmentation and wool characteristics, as well as in production, reproductive and health traits. To identify major genes associated with the formation of the Afec-Assaf strain, we genotyped 41 Awassi and 141 Afec-Assaf sheep using the Illumina Ovine SNP50 BeadChip array, and analyzed the results with PLINK and EMMAX software. The detected variable genomic regions that differed between Awassi and Afec-Assaf sheep (variable genomic regions; VGR) were compared to selection signatures that were reported in 48 published genome-wide association studies in sheep. Because the Afec-Assaf strain, but not the Awassi breed, carries the Booroola mutation, association analysis of BMPR1B used as the test gene was performed to evaluate the ability of this study to identify a VGR that includes such a major gene. RESULTS Of the 20 detected VGR, 12 were novel to this study. A ~7-Mb VGR was identified on Ovies aries chromosome OAR6 where the Booroola mutation is located. Similar to other studies, the most significant VGR was detected on OAR10, in a region that contains candidate genes affecting horn type (RXFP2), climate adaptation (ALOX5AP), fiber diameter (KATNAl1), coat pigmentation (FRY) and genes associated with fat distribution. The VGR on OAR2 included BNC2, which is also involved in controlling coat pigmentation in sheep. Six other VGR contained genes that were shown to be involved in coat pigmentation by analyzing their mammalian orthologues. Genes associated with fat distribution in humans, including GRB14 and COBLL1, were located in additional VGR. Sequencing DNA from Awassi and Afec-Assaf individuals revealed non-synonymous mutations in some of these candidate genes. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight VGR that differentiate the Awassi breed from the Afec-Assaf strain, some of which may include genes that confer an advantage to Afec-Assaf and Assaf over Awassi sheep with respect to intensive sheep production under Mediterranean conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eyal Seroussi
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Alexander Rosov
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Andrey Shirak
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Alon Lam
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Elisha Gootwine
- Institute of Animal Science, ARO, The Volcani Center, PO Box 15159, 7528809 Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Venniyoor A. The most important questions in cancer research and clinical oncology-Question 2-5. Obesity-related cancers: more questions than answers. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2017; 36:18. [PMID: 28143590 PMCID: PMC5286818 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-017-0185-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is recognized as the second highest risk factor for cancer. The pathogenic mechanisms underlying tobacco-related cancers are well characterized and effective programs have led to a decline in smoking and related cancers, but there is a global epidemic of obesity without a clear understanding of how obesity causes cancer. Obesity is heterogeneous, and approximately 25% of obese individuals remain healthy (metabolically healthy obese, MHO), so which fat deposition (subcutaneous versus visceral, adipose versus ectopic) is "malignant"? What is the mechanism of carcinogenesis? Is it by metabolic dysregulation or chronic inflammation? Through which chemokines/genes/signaling pathways does adipose tissue influence carcinogenesis? Can selective inhibition of these pathways uncouple obesity from cancers? Do all obesity related cancers (ORCs) share a molecular signature? Are there common (over-lapping) genetic loci that make individuals susceptible to obesity, metabolic syndrome, and cancers? Can we identify precursor lesions of ORCs and will early intervention of high risk individuals alter the natural history? It appears unlikely that the obesity epidemic will be controlled anytime soon; answers to these questions will help to reduce the adverse effect of obesity on human condition.
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Tang HN, Tang CY, Man XF, Tan SW, Guo Y, Tang J, Zhou CL, Zhou HD. Plasticity of adipose tissue in response to fasting and refeeding in male mice. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2017; 14:3. [PMID: 28070205 PMCID: PMC5217231 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0159-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Fasting is the most widely prescribed and self-imposed strategy for treating excessive weight gain and obesity, and has been shown to exert a number of beneficial effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the exact role of fasting and subsequent refeeding on fat distribution in mice. Methods C57/BL6 mice fasted for 24 to 72 h and were then subjected to refeeding for 72 h. At 24, 48 and 72 h of fasting, and 12, 24, 48 and 72 h of refeeding, the mice were sacrificed, and serum and various adipose tissues were collected. Serum biochemical parameters, adipose tissue masses and histomorphological analysis of different depots were detected. MRNA was isolated from various adipose tissues, and the expressions of thermogenesis, visceral signature and lipid metabolism-related genes were examined. The phenotypes of adipose tissues between juvenile and adult mice subjected to fasting and refeeding were also compared. Results Fasting preferentially consumed mesenteric fat mass and decreased the cell size of mesenteric depots; however, refeeding recovered the mass and morphology of inguinal adipose tissues preferentially compared with visceral depots. Thermogenesis-related gene expression in the inguinal WAT and interscapular BAT were suppressed. Mitochondrial biogenesis was affected by fasting in a depot-specific manner. Furthermore, a short period of fasting led to an increase in visceral signature genes (Wt1, Tcf21) in subcutaneous adipose tissue, while the expression of these genes decreased sharply as the fasting time increased. Additionally, lipogenesis-related markers were enhanced to a greater extent greater in subcutaneous depots compared with those in visceral adipose tissues by refeeding. Although similar phenotypic changes in adipose tissue were observed between juvenile mice and adult mice subjected to fasting and refeeding, the alterations appeared earlier and more sensitively in juvenile mice. Conclusions Fasting preferentially consumes lipids in visceral adipose tissues, whereas refeeding recovers lipids predominantly in subcutaneous adipose tissues, which indicated the significance of plasticity of adipose organs for fat distribution when subject to food deprivation or refeeding. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12986-016-0159-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Neng Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China ; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second XiangYa Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Chen-Yi Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Xiao-Fei Man
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Shu-Wen Tan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Yue Guo
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Jun Tang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Ci-La Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
| | - Hou-De Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, 139 Ren-Min Middle Road, Changsha, Hunan 410011 China
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H3Africa AWI-Gen Collaborative Centre: a resource to study the interplay between genomic and environmental risk factors for cardiometabolic diseases in four sub-Saharan African countries. GLOBAL HEALTH EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GENOMICS 2016; 1:e20. [PMID: 29276616 PMCID: PMC5732578 DOI: 10.1017/gheg.2016.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Africa is experiencing a rapid increase in adult obesity and associated cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). The H3Africa AWI-Gen Collaborative Centre was established to examine genomic and environmental factors that influence body composition, body fat distribution and CMD risk, with the aim to provide insights towards effective treatment and intervention strategies. It provides a research platform of over 10 500 participants, 40–60 years old, from Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya and South Africa. Following a process that involved community engagement, training of project staff and participant informed consent, participants were administered detailed questionnaires, anthropometric measurements were taken and biospecimens collected. This generated a wealth of demographic, health history, environmental, behavioural and biomarker data. The H3Africa SNP array will be used for genome-wide association studies. AWI-Gen is building capacity to perform large epidemiological, genomic and epigenomic studies across several African counties and strives to become a valuable resource for research collaborations in Africa.
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Keller M, Hopp L, Liu X, Wohland T, Rohde K, Cancello R, Klös M, Bacos K, Kern M, Eichelmann F, Dietrich A, Schön MR, Gärtner D, Lohmann T, Dreßler M, Stumvoll M, Kovacs P, DiBlasio AM, Ling C, Binder H, Blüher M, Böttcher Y. Genome-wide DNA promoter methylation and transcriptome analysis in human adipose tissue unravels novel candidate genes for obesity. Mol Metab 2016; 6:86-100. [PMID: 28123940 PMCID: PMC5220399 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective/methods DNA methylation plays an important role in obesity and related metabolic complications. We examined genome-wide DNA promoter methylation along with mRNA profiles in paired samples of human subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) and omental visceral adipose tissue (OVAT) from non-obese vs. obese individuals. Results We identified negatively correlated methylation and expression of several obesity-associated genes in our discovery dataset and in silico replicated ETV6 in two independent cohorts. Further, we identified six adipose tissue depot-specific genes (HAND2, HOXC6, PPARG, SORBS2, CD36, and CLDN1). The effects were further supported in additional independent cohorts. Our top hits might play a role in adipogenesis and differentiation, obesity, lipid metabolism, and adipose tissue expandability. Finally, we show that in vitro methylation of SORBS2 directly represses gene expression. Conclusions Taken together, our data show distinct tissue specific epigenetic alterations which associate with obesity. Obesity-associated differences in DNA promoter methylation and transcriptome in human adipose tissue (ETV6). Depot-specific analyses revealed novel/known genes (HAND2, HOXC6, PPARG, SORBS2, CD36, CLDN1). EWAS revealed SSPN and CCDC125 associated to BMI in SAT or OVAT, respectively. Differentially methylated genes overlap in part with GWAS hits for obesity and fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Keller
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Lydia Hopp
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Xuanshi Liu
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany; Bioinformatics Group, Department of Computer Science, University of Leipzig, 04107, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Wohland
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Kerstin Rohde
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Raffaella Cancello
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, 20149, Italy
| | - Matthias Klös
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Karl Bacos
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, 205 02, Malmoe, Sweden
| | - Matthias Kern
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Fabian Eichelmann
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Arne Dietrich
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany; Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Michael R Schön
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, Karlsruhe, 76133, Germany
| | - Daniel Gärtner
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, Karlsruhe, 76133, Germany
| | - Tobias Lohmann
- Municipal Clinic Dresden-Neustadt, Dresden, 01129, Germany
| | - Miriam Dreßler
- Municipal Clinic Dresden-Neustadt, Dresden, 01129, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany; Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Peter Kovacs
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Anna-Maria DiBlasio
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Istituto Auxologico Italiano IRCCS, Milan, 20149, Italy
| | - Charlotte Ling
- Epigenetics and Diabetes Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University Diabetes Centre, Scania University Hospital, 205 02, Malmoe, Sweden
| | - Hans Binder
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany; Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, 04103, Germany.
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Matthews DG, D'Angelo J, Drelich J, Welsh J. Adipose-specific Vdr deletion alters body fat and enhances mammary epithelial density. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 164:299-308. [PMID: 26429395 PMCID: PMC4814372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 09/16/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin D status has been associated with obesity, metabolic syndrome and several cancers including colon and breast. Since adipocytes express VDR and obesity is a known risk factor for cancer, vitamin D actions in adipose tissue may contribute to its cancer protective effects. In the mammary gland, signaling from adipocytes to epithelial cells is necessary for breast cancer initiation, but the impact of vitamin D on this cross-talk is unclear. To examine the role of VDR in adipose tissue, particularly in the context of the mammary gland, we crossed Vdr-flox mice with Fabp4-cre mice to generate mice with adipose-specific Vdr deletion (termed CVF mice). CVF mice and Fabp4-cre control mice (termed CN1 mice) were reared on high calcium "rescue" diets (for comparison to global VDRKO mice) or on high fat diets (to stimulate adiposity). Vdr expression was significantly reduced in adipose tissue of CVF mice compared to CN1 mice. In contrast to global VDRKO mice (which exhibit adipose atrophy), female CVF mice exhibited higher growth rates and increased visceral fat pad weight compared to control mice. Expression of Ucp1 and Pparg were elevated in white adipose tissue of CVF mice supporting these genes as Vdr targets in mature adipocytes. Adipose-specific Vdr deletion did not impair glucose tolerance or alter the weight of brown adipose tissue, liver, pancreas or bone in response to high fat feeding. In contrast to the effect of adipose-specific Vdr deletion on visceral fat pads, the weight of the subcutaneous (mammary) fat pad was not increased in high fat fed CVF female mice compared to control mice. Quantitative analysis of mammary ductal development on whole mounts and H&E stained sections indicated that adipose-deletion of Vdr significantly enhanced mammary epithelial density and branching. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that Vdr in mature adipocytes alters the metabolic response to high fat diets and exerts anti-proliferative effects on the mammary epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald G Matthews
- University at Albany Cancer Research Center, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Joseph D'Angelo
- University at Albany Cancer Research Center, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Jordan Drelich
- University at Albany Cancer Research Center, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - JoEllen Welsh
- University at Albany Cancer Research Center, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States.
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Motawi TK, Shaker OG, Shahin NN, Ahmed NM. Angiotensin-converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism association with obesity and some related disorders in Egyptian females: a case-control observational study. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:68. [PMID: 27777603 PMCID: PMC5062892 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0127-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND According to the WHO report in 2015, obesity is the fifth leading cause of death worldwide, and the prevalence of Egyptian female obesity is 37.5 %. Since obesity is highly influenced by genetics, and adipose tissue renin-angiotensin system is over-activated in obesity, the effect of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism on obesity and related disorders was studied in several populations, because of its effect on ACE activity. Our objective was to study the association of ACE I/D polymorphism with obesity and certain related disorders, namely hypertension, insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome, in Egyptian females. METHODS Eighty female volunteers were recruited, blood pressure and body measurements were recorded and a fasting blood sample was obtained for the quantitation of glucose, lipid profile, insulin, leptin and identification of ACE I/D polymorphs. Subjects were grouped based on hypertension and obesity states. Comparisons of continuous parameters were made with independent sample t-test between two groups. The frequencies of ACE genotypes and alleles, and the association between gene polymorphism and metabolic parameters were assessed using chi-square or Fisher's exact test. RESULTS Genotype frequencies were in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium for all groups. Genotype distribution did not differ significantly between controls and cases of all the studied disorders. Although DD carriers had apparently higher parameters of blood pressure, lipid profile and insulin resistance, only diastolic blood pressure was almost significant (p = 0.057). I-carriers were significantly less susceptible to hypertension than DD carriers having normal waist/hip ratio (p = 0.007, OR = 17.29, CI = 1.81-164.96) and normal conicity index (p = 0.024, OR = 7.00, CI = 1.36-35.93). In DD genotype carriers, a significant association was found between insulin resistance and high body mass index (p = 0.004, OR = 8.89, CI = 1.94-40.71), waist circumference (p = 0.003, OR = 9.63, CI = 2.14-43.36) and waist/height ratio (p = 0.034, OR = 6.86, CI = 1.25-37.61), although the variations in percentages between DD and I-carriers were not high enough to conclude an effect of ACE I/D on such an association. CONCLUSIONS In this sample of Egyptian females, ACE I/D polymorphism was not significantly associated with obesity nor with any of its related disorders studied. The I allele seemed protective against hypertension in subjects with normal, not high, waist/hip ratio and conicity index compared to DD genotype carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek K Motawi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Olfat G Shaker
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nancy N Shahin
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nancy M Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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Miele L, Giorgio V, Alberelli MA, De Candia E, Gasbarrini A, Grieco A. Impact of Gut Microbiota on Obesity, Diabetes, and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Curr Cardiol Rep 2016; 17:120. [PMID: 26497040 DOI: 10.1007/s11886-015-0671-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Gut microbiota has been recently established to have a contributory role in the development of cardiometabolic disorders, such as atherosclerosis, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. Growing interest has focused on the modulation of gut microbiota as a therapeutic strategy in cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. In this paper, we have reviewed the impact of gut microbiota on metabolic disorders and cardiovascular disease risk, focusing on the newest findings in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Miele
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Policlinico Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, Rome, Italy. .,Clinical Division of Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Complesso Integrato Columbus Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Pediatric Department, Policlinico Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Adele Alberelli
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Policlinico Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Erica De Candia
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Policlinico Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Policlinico Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, Rome, Italy.
| | - Antonio Grieco
- Institute of Internal Medicine, Policlinico Gemelli Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Li HY, Chen BD, Ma YT, Yang YN, Ma X, Liu F, Fu ZY, Xie X, Li XM, Pan S, He CH, Zheng YY, Wu Y, Tao J, Dong CL, Wu TT. Optimal cutoff of the triglyceride to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio to detect cardiovascular risk factors among Han adults in Xinjiang. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2016; 35:30. [PMID: 27586369 PMCID: PMC5025992 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-016-0067-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To determine whether TG/HDL-C ratio, which has been shown to be an indicator of the metabolic syndrome (MetS) and insulin resistance (IR), can predict cardiovascular risk factors in the Chinese Han population in Xinjiang. METHODS The cardiovascular risk survey (CRS) was conducted from October 2007 to March 2010. A total of 14,618 representative participants were selected using a four-stage stratified sampling method. A total of 5757 Han participants were included in the study. The present statistical analysis was restricted to the 5595 Han subjects who had complete anthropometric data. The sensitivity, specificity, and distance on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve in each TG/HDL level were calculated. The shortest distance in the ROC curves was used to determine the optimal cutoff of the TG/HDL-C ratio for detecting cardiovascular risk factors. RESULTS The prevalence of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, and hypertriglyceridemia was higher with higher TG/HDL-C ratio for both men and women. The TG/HDL-C ratio was positively associated with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and serum concentrations of total cholesterol. The optimal TG/HDL-C ratio cutoffs for predicting hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes, and ≥2 of these risk factors for Han adults in Xinjiang were 1.3, 1.3, 1.4, and 1.4 in men and 0.9, 1.0, 1.0, and 1.1 in women, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The evaluation of TG/HDL-C ratio should be considered for one of cardiovascular risk factor predictors among Han adults in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua-Yin Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Bang-Dang Chen
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yi-Tong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China.
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China.
| | - Yi-Ning Yang
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiang Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Fen Liu
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Zhen-Yan Fu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Li
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Shuo Pan
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chun-Hui He
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ying-Ying Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Yun Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Tao
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Chun-Lan Dong
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
| | - Ting-Ting Wu
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830054, China
- Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease, Clinical Medical Research Institute, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, China
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Adami GF, Scopinaro N, Cordera R. Adipokine Pattern After Bariatric Surgery: Beyond the Weight Loss. Obes Surg 2016; 26:2793-2801. [DOI: 10.1007/s11695-016-2347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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78
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Chen LW, Tint MT, Fortier MV, Aris IM, Bernard JY, Colega M, Gluckman PD, Saw SM, Chong YS, Yap F, Godfrey KM, Kramer MS, van Dam RM, Chong MFF, Lee YS. Maternal Macronutrient Intake during Pregnancy Is Associated with Neonatal Abdominal Adiposity: The Growing Up in Singapore Towards healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) Study. J Nutr 2016; 146:1571-9. [PMID: 27385763 PMCID: PMC4973884 DOI: 10.3945/jn.116.230730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Infant body composition has been associated with later metabolic disease risk, but few studies have examined the association between maternal macronutrient intake and neonatal body composition. Furthermore, most of those studies have used proxy measures of body composition that may not reflect body fat distribution, particularly abdominal internal adiposity. OBJECTIVE We investigated the relation between maternal macronutrient intake and neonatal abdominal adiposity measured by using MRI in a multiethnic Asian mother-offspring cohort. METHODS The macronutrient intake of mothers was ascertained by using a 24-h dietary recall at 26-28 wk gestation. Neonatal abdominal adiposity was assessed by using MRI in week 2 of life. Mother-offspring dyads with complete macronutrient intake and adiposity information (n = 320) were included in the analysis. Associations were assessed by both substitution and addition models with the use of multivariable linear regressions. RESULTS Mothers (mean age: 30 y) consumed (mean ± SD) 15.5% ± 4.3% of their energy from protein, 32.4% ± 7.7% from fat, and 52.1% ± 9.0% from carbohydrate. A higher-protein, lower-carbohydrate or -fat diet during pregnancy was associated with lower abdominal internal adipose tissue (IAT) in the neonates [β (95% CI): -0.18 mL (-0.35, -0.001 mL) per 1% protein-to-carbohydrate substitution and -0.25 mL (-0.46, -0.04 mL) per 1% protein-to-fat substitution]. These associations were stronger in boys than in girls (P-interaction < 0.05). Higher maternal intake of animal protein, but not plant protein, was associated with lower offspring IAT. In contrast, maternal macronutrient intake was not associated consistently with infant anthropometric measurements, including abdominal circumference and subscapular skinfold thickness. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal protein intake at the expense of carbohydrate or fat intake at 26-28 wk gestation was associated with lower abdominal internal adiposity in neonates. Optimizing maternal dietary balance might be a new approach to improve offspring body composition. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mya-Thway Tint
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Marielle V. Fortier
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore
| | - Izzuddin M. Aris
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Jonathan Y. Bernard
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Marjorelee Colega
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Peter D. Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore,Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Seang-Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, KK Women’s and Children’s Hospital, Singapore,Duke-NUS Graduate Medical School, Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Singapore
| | - Keith M. Godfrey
- MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit & NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton & University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, UK
| | - Michael S. Kramer
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Departments of Pediatrics and of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, McGill University Faculty of Medicine, Canada
| | - Rob M. van Dam
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mary Foong-Fong Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore,Clinical Nutrition Research Centre, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, A*STAR, Singapore,Ling-Wei Chen, Mary Foong-Fong Chong, and Yung Seng Lee are joint corresponding authors for this work, Address correspondence and requests for reprints to: Yung Seng Lee(to whom the proofs should be sent), Department of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, NUHS Tower Block, Level 12, 1E Kent Ridge Road, Singapore 119228; Phone: (65) 67724420; Fax: (65) 67797486; , Mary Foong-Fong Chong, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Brenner Centre for Molecular Medicine, 30 Medical Drive, Singapore 117609; Phone: (65) 6407 4364; Fax: (65) 6774 7134; , Ling-Wei Chen, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, MD1 Tahir Foundation Building, #12-02/03, 12 Science Drive 2, Singapore 117549; Phone: (65) 91181595;
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Department of Paediatrics, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore; Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore
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Maddaloni E, Pozzilli P. Why China guidelines for type 2 diabetes represent an opportunity for treating this disease. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:438-9. [PMID: 27464263 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
More than one quarter of people affected by type 2 diabetes worldwide live in China, where an alarming increase in diabetes incidence is taking place. However, most of the evidence about diabetes management derives from studies conducted on non-Asian people, raising concerns about their validity in other ethnic groups, including the Chinese. The guidelines proposed by the Chinese Diabetes Society suggest tools for medical doctors in China and worldwide to appropriately face diabetes in Chinese people, whose number in non-Chinese countries is continuously increasing. However, additional efforts are still needed to achieve an evidence-based tailored therapy for type 2 diabetes in Chinese people. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Maddaloni
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Department of Medicine, Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University Campus Bio-Medico of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Centre of Immunobiology, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary, University of London, London, UK
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Scott WR, Zhang W, Loh M, Tan ST, Lehne B, Afzal U, Peralta J, Saxena R, Ralhan S, Wander GS, Bozaoglu K, Sanghera DK, Elliott P, Scott J, Chambers JC, Kooner JS. Investigation of Genetic Variation Underlying Central Obesity amongst South Asians. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0155478. [PMID: 27195708 PMCID: PMC4873263 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0155478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
South Asians are 1/4 of the world's population and have increased susceptibility to central obesity and related cardiometabolic disease. Knowledge of genetic variants affecting risk of central obesity is largely based on genome-wide association studies of common SNPs in Europeans. To evaluate the contribution of DNA sequence variation to the higher levels of central obesity (defined as waist hip ratio adjusted for body mass index, WHR) among South Asians compared to Europeans we carried out: i) a genome-wide association analysis of >6M genetic variants in 10,318 South Asians with focused analysis of population-specific SNPs; ii) an exome-wide association analysis of ~250K SNPs in protein-coding regions in 2,637 South Asians; iii) a comparison of risk allele frequencies and effect sizes of 48 known WHR SNPs in 12,240 South Asians compared to Europeans. In genome-wide analyses, we found no novel associations between common genetic variants and WHR in South Asians at P<5x10-8; variants showing equivocal association with WHR (P<1x10-5) did not replicate at P<0.05 in an independent cohort of South Asians (N = 1,922) or in published, predominantly European meta-analysis data. In the targeted analyses of 122,391 population-specific SNPs we also found no associations with WHR in South Asians at P<0.05 after multiple testing correction. Exome-wide analyses showed no new associations between genetic variants and WHR in South Asians, either individually at P<1.5x10-6 or grouped by gene locus at P<2.5x10-6. At known WHR loci, risk allele frequencies were not higher in South Asians compared to Europeans (P = 0.77), while effect sizes were unexpectedly smaller in South Asians than Europeans (P<5.0x10-8). Our findings argue against an important contribution for population-specific or cosmopolitan genetic variants underlying the increased risk of central obesity in South Asians compared to Europeans.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Scott
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Weihua Zhang
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Marie Loh
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sian-Tsung Tan
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Lehne
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Uzma Afzal
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Juan Peralta
- Genomics Computer Centre, South Texas Diabetes and Obesity Institute, University of Texas at the Rio Grande Valley, Brownsville, Texas, United States of America
| | - Richa Saxena
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Sarju Ralhan
- Hero DMC Heart Institute, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | | | - Kiymet Bozaoglu
- Genomics and Systems Biology, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, VIC Australia
| | - Dharambir K. Sanghera
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Genetics, College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
- Oklahoma Center for Neuroscience, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States of America
| | - Paul Elliott
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - James Scott
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
| | - John C. Chambers
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- MRC-PHE Centre for Environment and Health, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaspal S. Kooner
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
- Ealing Hospital NHS Trust, Southall, Middlesex, United Kingdom
- Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Du Cane Road, London, United Kingdom
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Strawbridge RJ, Laumen H, Hamsten A, Breier M, Grallert H, Hauner H, Arner P, Dahlman I. Effects of Genetic Loci Associated with Central Obesity on Adipocyte Lipolysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153990. [PMID: 27104953 PMCID: PMC4841524 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Numerous genetic loci have been associated with measures of central fat accumulation, such as waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (WHRadjBMI). However the mechanisms by which genetic variations influence obesity remain largely elusive. Lipolysis is a key process for regulation of lipid storage in adipocytes, thus is implicated in obesity and its metabolic complications. Here, genetic variants at 36 WHRadjBMI-associated loci were examined for their influence on abdominal subcutaneous adipocyte lipolysis. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Fasting subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies were collected from 789 volunteers (587 women and 202 men, body mass index (BMI) range 17.7-62.3 kg/m2). We quantified subcutaneous adipocyte lipolysis, both spontaneous and stimulated by the catecholamine isoprenaline or a cyclic AMP analogue. DNA was extracted from peripheral blood mononuclear cells and genotyping of SNPs associated with WHRadjBMI conducted. The effects on adipocyte lipolysis measures were assessed for SNPs individually and combined in a SNP score. RESULTS The WHRadjBMI-associated loci CMIP, PLXND1, VEGFA and ZNRF3-KREMEN1 demonstrated nominal associations with spontaneous and/or stimulated lipolysis. Candidate genes in these loci have been reported to influence NFκB-signaling, fat cell size and Wnt signalling, all of which may influence lipolysis. SIGNIFICANCE This report provides evidence for specific WHRadjBMI-associated loci as candidates to modulate adipocyte lipolysis. Additionally, our data suggests that genetically increased central fat accumulation is unlikely to be a major cause of altered lipolysis in abdominal adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rona J. Strawbridge
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helmut Laumen
- Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine and ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anders Hamsten
- Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michaela Breier
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
- Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hans Hauner
- Chair of Nutritional Medicine, Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine and ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Clinical Cooperation Group Nutrigenomics and Type 2 Diabetes, Helmholtz Zentrum Muenchen and Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
- Else Kröner-Fresenius-Center for Nutritional Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Alman AC, Jacobs DR, Lewis CE, Snell-Bergeon JK, Carnethon MR, Terry JG, Goff DC, Ding J, Carr JJ. Higher pericardial adiposity is associated with prevalent diabetes: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2016; 26:326-32. [PMID: 26803596 PMCID: PMC4823150 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2015.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Pericardial adipose tissue (PAT) is located on both sides of the pericardium. We tested whether PAT was associated with prevalent diabetes at the year 25 exam of the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) study. METHODS AND RESULTS The CARDIA Year 25 exam (2010-2011) included complete data for all covariates on 3107 participants. Prevalent diabetes (n = 436) was defined as high fasting (≥126 mg/dl) or 2-h postload glucose (≥200 mg/dl) or HbA1c (≥6.5%) or use of diabetes medications. Volume of PAT was measured from computed tomographic scans. Logistic regression was performed to examine the relationship between quartiles of PAT and diabetes. In regression models adjusted for field center, sex, race, age, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol, log triglycerides, and treatment with blood pressure and cholesterol lowering medication, PAT volume in the 4th quartile was significantly associated with diabetes status after adjustment for BMI (OR 2.57, 95% CI 1.66, 3.98) or visceral adipose tissue (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.32, 3.29). PAT volume in the 2nd and 3rd quartiles was not significantly associated with diabetes status relative to the first quartile. CONCLUSIONS Metabolically active pericardial adipose tissue is associated with prevalent diabetes only at higher volumes independent of overall obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C Alman
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Public Health, University of South Florida, 13201 Bruce B Downs Blvd, MDC 56, Tampa, FL 33612-3805, USA.
| | - D R Jacobs
- Division of Epidemiology & Community Health, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - C E Lewis
- Division of Preventive Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - J K Snell-Bergeon
- Barbara Davis Center for Diabetes, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - M R Carnethon
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - J G Terry
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - D C Goff
- Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - J Ding
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - J J Carr
- Department of Radiology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA; Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
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83
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Maddaloni E, D'Onofrio L, Pozzilli P. Frailty and geography: should these two factors be added to the ABCDE contemporary guide to diabetes therapy? Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2016; 32:169-75. [PMID: 26484614 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Revised: 09/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
On the road towards personalized treatments for type 2 diabetes, we suggest here that two parameters could be added to the ABCDE algorithm, 'F' for frailty and 'G' for geography. Indeed, the progressive ageing of population is causing a simultaneous increase of frailty worldwide. The identification of the optimal therapeutic approach is often difficult in frail subjects because of the complexity of 'frailty syndrome'. Nevertheless, given the relevance of diabetes in the development and progression of frailty, a safe and effective cure of diabetes is extremely important to guarantee a good medical outcome. There are few data about diabetes treatment in this delicate category of patients, and the choice of the appropriate therapy mostly remains a challenge. Moreover, type 2 diabetes affects more than 382 million people of different countries, races and ethnicities. To face the lack of solid evidence-based medicine for the treatment of diabetes in different ethnic groups, it is extremely important to increase knowledge about the different pathophysiology of diabetes according to ethnicity. In this way, a tailored approach to treatment of various ethnic groups living in the same or different regions can eventually be developed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Maddaloni
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Italy
| | - Luca D'Onofrio
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Pozzilli
- Unit of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Università Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Italy
- Centre of Immunobiology, The Blizard Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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84
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Dahlman I, Rydén M, Brodin D, Grallert H, Strawbridge RJ, Arner P. Numerous Genes in Loci Associated With Body Fat Distribution Are Linked to Adipose Function. Diabetes 2016; 65:433-7. [PMID: 26798124 DOI: 10.2337/db15-0828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Central fat accumulation is a strong risk factor for type 2 diabetes. Genome-wide association studies have identified numerous loci associated with body fat distribution. The objectives of the current study are to examine whether genes in genetic loci linked to fat distribution can be linked to fat cell size and number (morphology) and/or adipose tissue function. We show, in a cohort of 114 women, that almost half of the 96 genes in these loci are indeed associated with abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue parameters. Thus, adipose mRNA expression of the genes is strongly related to adipose morphology, catecholamine-induced lipid mobilization (lipolysis), or insulin-stimulated lipid synthesis in adipocytes (lipogenesis). In conclusion, the genetic influence on body fat distribution could be mediated via several specific alterations in adipose tissue morphology and function, which in turn may influence the development of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Dahlman
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mikael Rydén
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - David Brodin
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harald Grallert
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany Research Unit of Molecular Epidemiology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany Institute of Epidemiology II, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Rona J Strawbridge
- Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics Group, Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Department of Medicine, Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter Arner
- Department of Medicine, Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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85
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Schleinitz D. Genetic Determination of Serum Levels of Diabetes-Associated Adipokines. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 12:277-98. [PMID: 26859657 PMCID: PMC5275755 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2015.12.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue secretes an abundance of proteins. Some of these proteins are known as adipokines and adipose-derived hormones which have been linked with metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, and even with cancer. Variance in serum adipokine concentration is often closely associated with an increase (obesity) or decrease (lipodystrophy) in fat tissue mass, and it is affected by age, gender, and localization of the adipose tissue. However, there may be genetic variants which, in consequence, influence the serum concentration of a certain adipokine, and thereby promote metabolic disturbances or, with regard to the "protective" allele, exert beneficial effects. This review focuses on the genetic determination of serum levels of the following adipokines: adiponectin, chemerin, leptin, progranulin, resistin, retinol binding protein 4, vaspin, adipsin, apelin, and omentin. The article reports on the latest findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies, showing variants located in/nearby the adipokine genes and other (non-receptor) genes. An extra chapter highlights adipokine-receptor variants. Epigenetic studies on adipokines are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Schleinitz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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86
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Beyond Body Mass Index: Advantages of Abdominal Measurements for Recognizing Cardiometabolic Disorders. Am J Med 2016; 129:74-81.e2. [PMID: 26302146 PMCID: PMC5292922 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The clinical recognition of cardiometabolic disorders might be enhanced by anthropometry based on the sagittal abdominal diameter (SAD; also called "abdominal height") or waist circumference rather than on weight. Direct comparisons of body mass index (BMI, weight/height(2)) with SAD/height ratio (SADHtR) or waist circumference/height ratio (WHtR) have not previously been tested in nationally representative populations. METHODS Nonpregnant adults without diagnosed diabetes (ages 20-64 years; n = 3071) provided conventional anthropometry and supine SAD (by sliding-beam caliper) in the 2011-2012 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Population-weighted, logistic models estimated how strongly each anthropometric indicator was associated with 5 cardiometabolic disorders: Dysglycemia (glycated hemoglobin ≥5.7%), HyperNonHDLc (non-high-density-lipoprotein [HDL] cholesterol ≥4.14 mmol/L, or taking anticholesteremic medications), Hypertension (systolic blood pressure ≥140 mm Hg or diastolic blood pressure ≥90 mm Hg, or taking antihypertensive medications), HyperALT (alanine transaminase ≥p75 [75th percentile, sex-specific]), and HyperGGT (gamma-glutamyltransferase ≥p75 [sex-specific]). RESULTS After scaling each indicator, adjusted odds ratios (aORs) tended to be highest for SADHtR and lowest for BMI when identifying each disorder except dysglycemia. When SADHtR entered models simultaneously with BMI, the aORs for BMI no longer directly identified any condition, whereas SADHtR identified persons with HyperNonHDLc by aOR 2.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.71-4.51), Hypertension by aOR 2.51 (95% CI, 1.22-5.15), HyperALT by aOR 2.89 (95% CI, 1.56-5.37), and HyperGGT by aOR 5.43 (95% CI, 3.01-9.79). WHtR competed successfully against BMI with regard to Dysglycemia, HyperNonHDLc, and HyperGGT. c-Statistics of SADHtR and WHtR were higher than those of BMI (P <.001) for identifying HyperNonHDLc and HyperGGT. CONCLUSIONS Among nonelderly adults, SADHtR or WHtR recognized cardiometabolic disorders better than did the BMI.
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87
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Mardinoglu A, Heiker JT, Gärtner D, Björnson E, Schön MR, Flehmig G, Klöting N, Krohn K, Fasshauer M, Stumvoll M, Nielsen J, Blüher M. Extensive weight loss reveals distinct gene expression changes in human subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14841. [PMID: 26434764 PMCID: PMC4593186 DOI: 10.1038/srep14841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Weight loss has been shown to significantly improve Adipose tissue (AT) function, however changes in AT gene expression profiles particularly in visceral AT (VAT) have not been systematically studied. Here, we tested the hypothesis that extensive weight loss in response to bariatric surgery (BS) causes AT gene expression changes, which may affect energy and lipid metabolism, inflammation and secretory function of AT. We assessed gene expression changes by whole genome expression chips in AT samples obtained from six morbidly obese individuals, who underwent a two step BS strategy with sleeve gastrectomy as initial and a Roux-en-Y gastric bypass as second step surgery after 12 ± 2 months. Global gene expression differences in VAT and subcutaneous (S)AT were analyzed through the use of genome-scale metabolic model (GEM) for adipocytes. Significantly altered gene expressions were PCR-validated in 16 individuals, which also underwent a two-step surgery intervention. We found increased expression of cell death-inducing DFFA-like effector a (CIDEA), involved in formation of lipid droplets in both fat depots in response to significant weight loss. We observed that expression of the genes associated with metabolic reactions involved in NAD+, glutathione and branched chain amino acid metabolism are significantly increased in AT depots after surgery-induced weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adil Mardinoglu
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John T Heiker
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Gärtner
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Elias Björnson
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michael R Schön
- Städtisches Klinikum Karlsruhe, Clinic of Visceral Surgery, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Gesine Flehmig
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nora Klöting
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Junior Research Group 2 "Animal models of obesity"
| | - Knut Krohn
- Core Unit DNA-Technologies, Interdisziplinäres Zentrum für Klinische Forschung (IZKF) Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | - Jens Nielsen
- Department of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Science for Life Laboratory, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-171 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthias Blüher
- University of Leipzig, Department of Medicine, Leipzig, Germany
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88
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Rohde K, Keller M, Stumvoll M, Dietrich A, Blüher M, Böttcher Y. DNA 5-hydroxymethylation in human adipose tissue differs between subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue depots. Epigenomics 2015; 7:911-20. [PMID: 26418625 DOI: 10.2217/epi.15.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A stable intermediate during DNA demethylation, 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmC), raises questions about its function and distribution. Therefore, we tested whether 5-hmC exists in human adipose tissue depots and correlates with clinical variables. MATERIALS & METHODS We measured the % 5-hmC content in both subcutaneous adipose tissue and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) from 81 individuals by using ELISA technology. To test for associations with several clinical variables we used paired students t-tests and linear regression analyses. RESULTS We observed an average % 5-hmC content of 0.47% ± 0.093 in subcutaneous adipose tissue, while VAT (0.51% ± 0.122) is higher hydroxymethylated (p = 0.005). In the total cohort we observed a positive association of % 5-hmC in VAT with age (p = 0.034) and a negative relationship with low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (p = 0.008). CONCLUSION Our data suggest adipose tissue depot specific 5-hmC levels with higher levels in VAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Rohde
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maria Keller
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Arne Dietrich
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Surgery, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Yvonne Böttcher
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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89
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Energy homeostasis genes and breast cancer risk: The influence of ancestry, body size, and menopausal status, the breast cancer health disparities study. Cancer Epidemiol 2015; 39:1113-22. [PMID: 26395295 DOI: 10.1016/j.canep.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity and breast cancer risk is multifaceted and genes associated with energy homeostasis may modify this relationship. METHODS We evaluated 10 genes that have been associated with obesity and energy homeostasis to determine their association with breast cancer risk in Hispanic/Native American (2111 cases, 2597 controls) and non-Hispanic white (1481 cases, 1585 controls) women. RESULTS Cholecystokinin (CCK) rs747455 and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) rs6713532 and rs7565877 (for low Indigenous American (IA) ancestry); CCK rs8192472 and neuropeptide Y (NYP) rs16141 and rs14129 (intermediate IA ancestry); and leptin receptor (LEPR) rs11585329 (high IA ancestry) were strongly associated with multiple indicators of body size. There were no significant associations with breast cancer risk between genes and SNPs overall. However, LEPR was significantly associated with breast cancer risk among women with low IA ancestry (PARTP=0.024); POMC was significantly associated with breast cancer risk among women with intermediate (PARTP=0.015) and high (PARTP=0.012) IA ancestry. The overall pathway was statistically significant for pre-menopausal women with low IA ancestry (PARTP=0.05), as was cocaine and amphetamine regulated transcript protein (CARTPT) (PARTP=0.014) and ghrelin (GHRL) (PARTP=0.007). POMC was significantly associated with breast cancer risk among post-menopausal women with higher IA ancestry (PARTP=0.005). Three SNPs in LEPR (rs6704167, rs17412175, and rs7626141), and adiponectin (ADIPOQ); rs822391) showed significant 4-way interactions (GxExMenopausexAncestry) for multiple indicators of body size among pre-menopausal women. CONCLUSIONS Energy homeostasis genes were associated with breast cancer risk; menopausal status, body size, and genetic ancestry influenced this relationship.
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90
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Fasshauer M, Blüher M. Adipokines in health and disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:461-70. [PMID: 26022934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 667] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Obesity increases the risk for metabolic, cardiovascular, chronic inflammatory, and several malignant diseases and, therefore, may contribute to shortened lifespan. Adipokines are peptides that signal the functional status of adipose tissue to targets in the brain, liver, pancreas, immune system, vasculature, muscle, and other tissues. Secretion of adipokines, including leptin, adiponectin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4), bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-4, BMP-7, vaspin, apelin, and progranulin, is altered in adipose tissue dysfunction and may contribute to a spectrum of obesity-associated diseases. Adipokines are promising candidates both for novel pharmacological treatment strategies and as diagnostic tools, provided that we can develop a better understanding of the function and molecular targets of the more recently discovered adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Fasshauer
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 20, D-04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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91
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Luna-Luna M, Medina-Urrutia A, Vargas-Alarcón G, Coss-Rovirosa F, Vargas-Barrón J, Pérez-Méndez Ó. Adipose Tissue in Metabolic Syndrome: Onset and Progression of Atherosclerosis. Arch Med Res 2015; 46:392-407. [PMID: 26009250 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2015.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) should be considered a clinical entity when its different symptoms share a common etiology: obesity/insulin resistance as a result of a multi-organ dysfunction. The main interest in treating MetS as a clinical entity is that the addition of its components drastically increases the risk of atherosclerosis. In MetS, the adipose tissue plays a central role along with an unbalanced gut microbiome, which has become relevant in recent years. Once visceral adipose tissue (VAT) increases, dyslipidemia and endothelial dysfunction follow as additive risk factors. However, when the nonalcoholic fatty liver is present, risk of a cardiovascular event is highly augmented. Epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) seems to increase simultaneously with the VAT. In this context, the former may play a more important role in the development of the atherosclerotic plaque than the latter. Hence, EAT may act as a paracrine tissue vis-à-vis the coronary arteries favoring the local inflammation and the atheroma calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Luna-Luna
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Gilberto Vargas-Alarcón
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Jesús Vargas-Barrón
- Echocardiography, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Óscar Pérez-Méndez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico; Study Group of Atherosclerosis, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Mexico City, Mexico.
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93
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Blüher M, Mantzoros CS. From leptin to other adipokines in health and disease: facts and expectations at the beginning of the 21st century. Metabolism 2015; 64:131-45. [PMID: 25497344 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
This year marks the 20th anniversary of the discovery of leptin, which has tremendously stimulated translational obesity research. The discovery of leptin has led to realizations that have established adipose tissue as an endocrine organ, secreting bioactive molecules including hormones now termed adipokines. Through adipokines, the adipose tissue influences the regulation of several important physiological functions including but not limited to appetite, satiety, energy expenditure, activity, insulin sensitivity and secretion, glucose and lipid metabolism, fat distribution, endothelial function, hemostasis, blood pressure, neuroendocrine regulation, and function of the immune system. Adipokines have a great potential for clinical use as potential therapeutics for obesity, obesity related metabolic, cardiovascular and other diseases. After 20 years of intense research efforts, recombinant leptin and the leptin analog metreleptin are already available for the treatment of congenital leptin deficiency and lipodystrophy. Other adipokines are also emerging as promising candidates for urgently needed novel pharmacological treatment strategies not only in obesity but also other disease states associated with and influenced by adipose tissue size and activity. In addition, prediction of reduced type 2 diabetes risk by high circulating adiponectin concentrations suggests that adipokines have the potential to be used as biomarkers for individual treatment success and disease progression, to monitor clinical responses and to identify non-responders to anti-obesity interventions. With the growing number of adipokines there is an increasing need to define their function, molecular targets and translational potential for the treatment of obesity and other diseases. In this review we present research data on adipose tissue secreted hormones, the discovery of which followed the discovery of leptin 20 years ago pointing to future research directions to unravel mechanisms of action for adipokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Blüher
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, VA Boston Medical Health Center, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Christos S Mantzoros
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany; Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, VA Boston Medical Health Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Abstract
Obesity is frequently associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic and vascular alterations which predispose to the development of the Metabolic Syndrome (MetS). However, the individual obesity-related risk for the MetS is not determined by increased fat mass alone. Heterogeneity of body composition, fat distribution and adipose tissue (AT) function may underly the variable risk to develop metabolic and cardiovascular diseases associated with increased body fat mass. Importantly, an inability to increase AT mass by adipocyte hyperplasia may lead to adipocyte hypertrophy and could induce dysfunction of adipose tissue characterized by decreased insulin sensitivity, hypoxia, increased parameters of intracellular stress, increased autophagy and apoptosis and tissue inflammation. As a result, adipocytes and other AT cells release signals (e.g. adipokines, cells, metabolites) resulting in a proinflammatory, diabetogenic and atherogenic serum profile. These adverse signals may contribute to further AT inflammation and secondary organ damage in target tissues such as liver, brain, endothelium, vasculature, endocrine organs and skeletal muscle. Recently, a specific adipocyte volume threshold has been shown to predict the risk for obesity-associated type 2 diabetes. Most likely, impaired adipocyte function is caused by genetic, behavioural and environmental factors which are not entirely understood. Elucidating the mechanisms of adipocyte dysfunction may lead to the identification of novel treatment targets for obesity and the MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Klöting
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
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95
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Li SS, Pan S, Ma YT, Yang YN, Ma X, Li XM, Fu ZY, Xie X, Liu F, Chen Y, Chen BD, Yu ZX, He CH, Zheng YY, Abudukeremu N, Abuzhalihan J, Wang YT. Optimal cutoff of the waist-to-hip ratio for detecting cardiovascular risk factors among Han adults in Xinjiang. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2014; 14:93. [PMID: 25074400 PMCID: PMC4122671 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2261-14-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The optimal cutoff of the waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) among Han adults in Xinjiang, which is located in the center of Asia, is unknown. We aimed to examine the relationship between different WHRs and cardiovascular risk factors among Han adults in Xinjiang, and determine the optimal cutoff of the WHR. Methods The Cardiovascular Risk Survey was conducted from October 2007 to March 2010. A total of 14618 representative participants were selected using a four-stage stratified sampling method. A total of 5757 Han participants were included in the study. The present statistical analysis was restricted to the 5595 Han subjects who had complete anthropometric data. The sensitivity, specificity, and distance on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve in each WHR level were calculated. The shortest distance in the ROC curves was used to determine the optimal cutoff of the WHR for detecting cardiovascular risk factors. Results In women, the WHR was positively associated with systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and serum concentrations of serum total cholesterol. The prevalence of hypertension and hypertriglyceridemia increased as the WHR increased. The same results were not observed among men. The optimal WHR cutoffs for predicting hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia and ≥ two of these risk factors for Han adults in Xinjiang were 0.92, 0.92, 0.91, 0.92 in men and 0.88, 0.89, 0.88, 0.89 in women, respectively. Conclusions Higher cutoffs for the WHR are required in the identification of Han adults aged ≥ 35 years with a high risk of cardiovascular diseases in Xinjiang.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yi-Tong Ma
- Department of Cardiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi 830054, China.
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Chandra S, Baribault C, Lacey M, Ehrlich M. Myogenic differential methylation: diverse associations with chromatin structure. BIOLOGY 2014; 3:426-51. [PMID: 24949935 PMCID: PMC4085616 DOI: 10.3390/biology3020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Revised: 05/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Employing a new algorithm for identifying differentially methylated regions (DMRs) from reduced representation bisulfite sequencing profiles, we identified 1972 hypermethylated and 3250 hypomethylated myogenic DMRs in a comparison of myoblasts (Mb) and myotubes (Mt) with 16 types of nonmuscle cell cultures. DMRs co-localized with a variety of chromatin structures, as deduced from ENCODE whole-genome profiles. Myogenic hypomethylation was highly associated with both weak and strong enhancer-type chromatin, while hypermethylation was infrequently associated with enhancer-type chromatin. Both myogenic hypermethylation and hypomethylation often overlapped weak transcription-type chromatin and Polycomb-repressed-type chromatin. For representative genes, we illustrate relationships between DNA methylation, the local chromatin state, DNaseI hypersensitivity, and gene expression. For example, MARVELD2 exhibited myogenic hypermethylation in transcription-type chromatin that overlapped a silenced promoter in Mb and Mt while TEAD4 had myogenic hypomethylation in intronic subregions displaying enhancer-type or transcription-type chromatin in these cells. For LSP1, alternative promoter usage and active promoter-type chromatin were linked to highly specific myogenic or lymphogenic hypomethylated DMRs. Lastly, despite its myogenesis-associated expression, TBX15 had multiple hypermethylated myogenic DMRs framing its promoter region. This could help explain why TBX15 was previously reported to be underexpressed and, unexpectedly, its promoter undermethylated in placentas exhibiting vascular intrauterine growth restriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sruti Chandra
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Carl Baribault
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Michelle Lacey
- Tulane Cancer Center, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Melanie Ehrlich
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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