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Proposal for risk-based scientific approach on full and partial validation for general changes in bioanalytical method. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:577-586. [PMID: 29633860 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2017-0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The guidance and several guidelines on bioanalytical method validation, which were issued by the US FDA, EMA and Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare, list the 'full' validation parameters; however, none of these provide any details for 'partial' validation. Japan Bioanalysis Forum approved a total of three annual discussion groups from 2012 to 2014. In the discussion groups, members from pharmaceutical companies and contract research organizations discussed the details of partial validation from a risk assessment viewpoint based on surveys focusing on bioanalysis of small molecules using LC-MS/MS in Japan. This manuscript presents perspectives and recommendations for most conceivable changes that can be made to full and partial validations by members of the discussion groups based on their experiences and discussions at the Japan Bioanalysis Forum Symposium.
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Mohammed Y, Pan J, Zhang S, Han J, Borchers CH. ExSTA: External Standard Addition Method for Accurate High-Throughput Quantitation in Targeted Proteomics Experiments. Proteomics Clin Appl 2018; 12:1600180. [PMID: 28895300 PMCID: PMC6084352 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201600180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Targeted proteomics using MRM with stable-isotope-labeled internal-standard (SIS) peptides is the current method of choice for protein quantitation in complex biological matrices. Better quantitation can be achieved with the internal standard-addition method, where successive increments of synthesized natural form (NAT) of the endogenous analyte are added to each sample, a response curve is generated, and the endogenous concentration is determined at the x-intercept. Internal NAT-addition, however, requires multiple analyses of each sample, resulting in increased sample consumption and analysis time. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN To compare the following three methods, an MRM assay for 34 high-to-moderate abundance human plasma proteins is used: classical internal SIS-addition, internal NAT-addition, and external NAT-addition-generated in buffer using NAT and SIS peptides. Using endogenous-free chicken plasma, the accuracy is also evaluated. RESULTS The internal NAT-addition outperforms the other two in precision and accuracy. However, the curves derived by internal vs. external NAT-addition differ by only ≈3.8% in slope, providing comparable accuracies and precision with good CV values. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE While the internal NAT-addition method may be "ideal", this new external NAT-addition can be used to determine the concentration of high-to-moderate abundance endogenous plasma proteins, providing a robust and cost-effective alternative for clinical analyses or other high-throughput applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yassene Mohammed
- University of Victoria ‐ Genome British Columbia Proteomics CentreVictoriaCanada
- Center for Proteomics and MetabolomicsLeiden University Medical CenterLeidenthe Netherlands
| | - Jingxi Pan
- University of Victoria ‐ Genome British Columbia Proteomics CentreVictoriaCanada
| | - Suping Zhang
- MRM Proteomics Inc.VictoriaBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | - Jun Han
- University of Victoria ‐ Genome British Columbia Proteomics CentreVictoriaCanada
| | - Christoph H. Borchers
- University of Victoria ‐ Genome British Columbia Proteomics CentreVictoriaCanada
- University of VictoriaDepartment of Biochemistry and MicrobiologyVictoriaBCCanada
- Gerald Bronfman Department of OncologyJewish General HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
- Proteomics CentreSegal Cancer CentreLady Davis InstituteJewish General HospitalMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebecCanada
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Dong S, Zeng Y, Wei G, Si D, Liu C. Determination of human insulin in dog plasma by a selective liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method: Application to a pharmacokinetic study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1077-1078:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Bianchi F, Riboni N, Termopoli V, Mendez L, Medina I, Ilag L, Cappiello A, Careri M. MS-Based Analytical Techniques: Advances in Spray-Based Methods and EI-LC-MS Applications. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2018; 2018:1308167. [PMID: 29850370 PMCID: PMC5937452 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1308167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is the most powerful technique for the detection and identification of organic compounds. It can provide molecular weight information and a wealth of structural details that give a unique fingerprint for each analyte. Due to these characteristics, mass spectrometry-based analytical methods are showing an increasing interest in the scientific community, especially in food safety, environmental, and forensic investigation areas where the simultaneous detection of targeted and nontargeted compounds represents a key factor. In addition, safety risks can be identified at the early stage through online and real-time analytical methodologies. In this context, several efforts have been made to achieve analytical instrumentation able to perform real-time analysis in the native environment of samples and to generate highly informative spectra. This review article provides a survey of some instrumental innovations and their applications with particular attention to spray-based MS methods and food analysis issues. The survey will attempt to cover the state of the art from 2012 up to 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Bianchi
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Nicolò Riboni
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Veronica Termopoli
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Lucia Mendez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Isabel Medina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Spanish National Research Council (IIM-CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Leopold Ilag
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Achille Cappiello
- Department of Pure and Applied Sciences, LC-MS Laboratory, Piazza Rinascimento 6, 61029 Urbino, Italy
| | - Maria Careri
- Department of Chemistry, Life Sciences, and Environmental Sustainability, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 17/A, 43124 Parma, Italy
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55
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De Boeck M, Dubrulle L, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Fast and easy extraction of antidepressants from whole blood using ionic liquids as extraction solvent. Talanta 2017; 180:292-299. [PMID: 29332813 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2017.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
This study aims to prove that ionic liquids (ILs) can be used as extraction solvents in a liquid-liquid microextraction, coupled to LC-MS/MS, for the quantification of a large group of antidepressants in whole blood samples. The sample preparation procedure consisted of adding 1.0mL aqueous buffer pH 3.0 and 60µL of IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate) to 1.0mL whole blood. Subsequently, a 5-min rotary mixing step was performed followed by centrifugation. The lower IL phase was collected, diluted 1:10 in methanol and 10µL was injected into the LC-MS/MS. The following analytes were included in the full-quantitative method: agomelatine, amitriptyline, bupropion, clomipramine, dosulepin, doxepin, duloxetine, escitalopram, fluoxetine, imipramine, maprotiline, mianserin, mirtazapine, nortriptyline, paroxetine, reboxetine, trazodone and venlafaxine. Selectivity was checked for 10 different whole blood matrices. Additionally, possible interferences of deuterated standards or other antidepressants were evaluated. Overall, no interferences were found. For each analyte a matrix-matched calibration curve was constructed (7 levels, n = 6), covering therapeutic and low toxic concentrations. Accuracy and precision were evaluated over eight days, at three concentration levels (n = 2). Bias, repeatability and intermediate precision results met with the proposed validation criteria, except for fluvoxamine, which was therefore only included in the semi-quantitative method. LOQs were set at the lowest calibrator concentration and LOD values were - for most analytes - within a range of 1-2ng/mL. Recoveries (RE) and matrix effects (ME) were evaluated for five types of donor whole blood, at two concentration levels. RE values were within a range of 53.11-132.98%. ME values were within a range of 61.92-123.24%. In conclusion, this study proves the applicability of ILs as extraction solvents for a large group of antidepressants in complex whole blood matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke De Boeck
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lisa Dubrulle
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Arenberg, P.O. Box 2404, Celestijnenlaan 200 F, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jan Tytgat
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Cuypers
- Toxicology and Pharmacology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Leuven (KU Leuven), Campus Gasthuisberg, O&N II, P.O. Box 922, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Clark KD, Emaus MN, Varona M, Bowers AN, Anderson JL. Ionic liquids: solvents and sorbents in sample preparation. J Sep Sci 2017; 41:209-235. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201700864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D. Clark
- Department of Chemistry; Iowa State University; Ames IA USA
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Bienvenu JF, Provencher G, Bélanger P, Bérubé R, Dumas P, Gagné S, Gaudreau É, Fleury N. Standardized Procedure for the Simultaneous Determination of the Matrix Effect, Recovery, Process Efficiency, and Internal Standard Association. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7560-7568. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Bienvenu
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Gilles Provencher
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Patrick Bélanger
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - René Bérubé
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Pierre Dumas
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Sébastien Gagné
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Éric Gaudreau
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
| | - Normand Fleury
- Centre de toxicologie du
Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), 945 Wolfe, Québec, Québec, Canada G1 V 5B3
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58
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De Boeck M, Missotten S, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Development and validation of a fast ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure combined with LC–MS/MS analysis for the quantification of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like hypnotics in whole blood. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 274:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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59
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Corrêa GT, Tanaka AA, Pividori MI, Zanoni MVB. Use of a composite electrode modified with magnetic particles for electroanalysis of azo dye removed from dyed hair strands. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2016.09.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Loos G, Van Schepdael A, Cabooter D. Quantitative mass spectrometry methods for pharmaceutical analysis. PHILOSOPHICAL TRANSACTIONS. SERIES A, MATHEMATICAL, PHYSICAL, AND ENGINEERING SCIENCES 2016; 374:20150366. [PMID: 27644982 PMCID: PMC5031633 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2015.0366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative pharmaceutical analysis is nowadays frequently executed using mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization coupled to a (hybrid) triple quadrupole mass spectrometer is generally used in combination with solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography. Furthermore, isotopically labelled standards are often used to correct for ion suppression. The challenges in producing sensitive but reliable quantitative data depend on the instrumentation, sample preparation and hyphenated techniques. In this contribution, different approaches to enhance the ionization efficiencies using modified source geometries and improved ion guidance are provided. Furthermore, possibilities to minimize, assess and correct for matrix interferences caused by co-eluting substances are described. With the focus on pharmaceuticals in the environment and bioanalysis, different separation techniques, trends in liquid chromatography and sample preparation methods to minimize matrix effects and increase sensitivity are discussed. Although highly sensitive methods are generally aimed for to provide automated multi-residue analysis, (less sensitive) miniaturized set-ups have a great potential due to their ability for in-field usage.This article is part of the themed issue 'Quantitative mass spectrometry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenn Loos
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Deirdre Cabooter
- KU Leuven, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Pharmaceutical Analysis, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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62
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Jeong YD, Suh S, In MK, Paeng KJ, Kim JY. Determination of Toluene and Ethanol in Urine by Headspace and Cryotrapping Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. ANAL LETT 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1219360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu-dong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - SeungIll Suh
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Forensic Science Division II, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Moon Kyo In
- Forensic Chemistry Laboratory, Forensic Science Division II, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ki-Jung Paeng
- Department of Chemistry, Yonsei University, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Forensic Research Institute, Office of Forensic Science Planning, Supreme Prosecutors’ Office, Seoul, South Korea
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63
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Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology — An update. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1051-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Rosano TG, Ohouo PY, LeQue JJ, Freeto SM, Wood M. Definitive Drug and Metabolite Screening in Urine by UPLC–MS-MS Using a Novel Calibration Technique. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:628-638. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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65
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Valen A, Leere Øiestad ÅM, Strand DH, Skari R, Berg T. Determination of 21 drugs in oral fluid using fully automated supported liquid extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:808-823. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anja Valen
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Drug Abuse Research; Lovisenberggata 6 Oslo 0456 Norway
| | - Åse Marit Leere Øiestad
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Drug Abuse Research; Lovisenberggata 6 Oslo 0456 Norway
| | - Dag Helge Strand
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Drug Abuse Research; Lovisenberggata 6 Oslo 0456 Norway
| | - Ragnhild Skari
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Drug Abuse Research; Lovisenberggata 6 Oslo 0456 Norway
| | - Thomas Berg
- Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Drug Abuse Research; Lovisenberggata 6 Oslo 0456 Norway
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66
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Telving R, Hasselstrøm JB, Andreasen MF. Targeted toxicological screening for acidic, neutral and basic substances in postmortem and antemortem whole blood using simple protein precipitation and UPLC-HR-TOF-MS. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 266:453-461. [PMID: 27458995 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Revised: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A broad targeted screening method based on broadband collision-induced dissociation (bbCID) ultra-performance liquid chromatography high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-HR-TOF-MS) was developed and evaluated for toxicological screening of whole blood samples. The acidic, neutral and basic substances covered by the method were identified in postmortem and antemortem whole blood samples from forensic autopsy cases, clinical forensic cases and driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) cases by a reverse target database search. The screening method covered 467 substances. Validation was performed on spiked whole blood samples and authentic postmortem and antemortem whole blood samples. For most of the basic drugs, the established cut-off limits were very low, ranging from 0.25ng/g to 50ng/g. The established cut-off limits for most neutral and acidic drugs, were in the range from 50ng/g to 500ng/g. Sample preparation was performed using simple protein precipitation of 300μL of whole blood with acetonitrile and methanol. Ten microliters of the reconstituted extract were injected and separated within a 13.5min UPLC gradient reverse-phase run. Positive electrospray ionization (ESI) was used to generate the ions in the m/z range of 50-1000. Fragment ions were generated by bbCID. Identification was based on retention time, accurate mass, fragment ion(s) and isotopic pattern. A very sensitive broad toxicological screening method using positive electrospray ionization UPLC-HR-TOF-MS was achieved in one injection. This method covered basic substances, substances traditionally analyzed in negative ESI (e.g., salicylic acid), small highly polar substances such as beta- and gamma-hydroxybutyric acid (BHB and GHB, respectively) and highly non-polar substances such as amiodarone. The new method was shown to combine high sensitivity with a very broad scope that has not previously been reported in toxicological whole blood screening when using only one injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasmus Telving
- Section for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Bo Hasselstrøm
- Section for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Mette Findal Andreasen
- Section for Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Aarhus University, Palle Juul-Jensens Boulevard 99, DK-8200 Aarhus N, Denmark.
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67
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Metabolomics profiling of the free and total oxidised lipids in urine by LC-MS/MS: application in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:6307-19. [PMID: 27405874 PMCID: PMC5009176 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxidised lipids, covering enzymatic and auto-oxidation-synthesised mediators, are important signalling metabolites in inflammation while also providing a readout for oxidative stress, both of which are prominent physiological processes in a plethora of diseases. Excretion of these metabolites via urine is enhanced through the phase-II conjugation with glucuronic acid, resulting in increased hydrophilicity of these lipid mediators. Here, we developed a bovine liver-β-glucuronidase hydrolysing sample preparation method, using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry to analyse the total urinary oxidised lipid profile including the prostaglandins, isoprostanes, dihydroxy-fatty acids, hydroxy-fatty acids and the nitro-fatty acids. Our method detected more than 70 oxidised lipids biosynthesised from two non-enzymatic and three enzymatic pathways in urine samples. The total oxidised lipid profiling method was developed and validated for human urine and was demonstrated for urine samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Pro-inflammatory mediators PGF2α and PGF3α and oxidative stress markers iPF2α- IV, 11-HETE and 14-HDoHE were positively associated with improvement of disease activity score. Furthermore, the anti-inflammatory nitro-fatty acids were negatively associated with baseline disease activity. In conclusion, the developed methodology expands the current metabolic profiling of oxidised lipids in urine, and its application will enhance our understanding of the role these bioactive metabolites play in health and disease.
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68
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Cao ZY, Sun LH, Mou RX, Zhang LP, Lin XY, Zhu ZW, Chen MX. Profiling of phytohormones and their major metabolites in rice using binary solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1451:67-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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69
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Montesano C, Curini R, Sergi M, Compagnone D, Celani G, Varasano V, Petrizzi L, Amorena M. Determination of marbofloxacin in plasma and synovial fluid by ultrafiltration followed by HPLC-MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 123:31-6. [PMID: 26859613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.01.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A rapid LC-MS/MS method for the determination of marbofloxacin in plasma and synovial fluid is presented in this study. The method uses a rapid sample preparation which only requires an ultrafiltration step with centrifugal filter devices. The optimized procedure allows a minimal need of sample (175 μL), particularly useful for synovial fluid samples which amount is rather limited; it is simple, rapid and easily applicable providing anyhow a satisfactory clean up, demonstrated by post-infusion experiments. On the other hand to maximize the speed of the analysis an ultrafast chromatographic separation has been obtained by selecting a column of 20 mm; the reduced run-time is suitable for processing numerous samples on a daily basis. Linearity was assessed in the range 5-2500 ng mL(-1); ofloxacin was used as internal standard. LOD and LOQ were respectively 1 and 5 ng/mL. The method was successfully applied to a set of samples generated during an experimental veterinary study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Montesano
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Sapienza University of Rome, Department of Chemistry, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo, TE, Italy.
| | - Dario Compagnone
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo, TE, Italy
| | - Gianluca Celani
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Varasano
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Lucio Petrizzi
- Veterinary Teaching Hospital, University of Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy
| | - Michele Amorena
- University of Teramo, Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo, TE, Italy
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Bussy U, Li K, Li W. Application of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry in quantitative bioanalyses of organic molecules in aquatic environment and organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:9459-79. [PMID: 26996906 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6433-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Analytical methods using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous determination of metabolites or contaminants (or both) in various tissues of aquatic organisms and in the aquatic environment have received increasing attention in the last few years. This review discusses the findings relevant to such procedures published between 2005 and 2015. The aim is to evaluate the advantages, restrictions, and performances of the procedures from sample preparation to mass spectrometry measurement. To support these discussions, a general knowledge on LC-MS/MS is also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Natural Resources Bldg., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Natural Resources Bldg., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, 480 Wilson Road, Room 13, Natural Resources Bldg., East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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71
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Two Defensive Lines in Juvenile Leaf Beetles; Esters of 3-nitropropionic Acid in the Hemolymph and Aposematic Warning. J Chem Ecol 2016; 42:240-8. [PMID: 27033853 PMCID: PMC4839037 DOI: 10.1007/s10886-016-0684-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Juveniles of the leaf beetles in subtribe Chrysomelina have efficient defense strategies against predators. When disturbed, they transiently expose volatile deterrents in large droplets from nine pairs of defensive glands on their back. Here, we report on an additional line of defense consisting of the non-volatile isoxazolin-5-one glucoside and its 3-nitropropanoyl ester in the larval hemolymph. Because isoxazolin-5-one derivatives were not detectable in related leaf beetle taxa, they serve as a diagnostic marker for the Chrysomelina subtribe. Conjugation of isotopically labelled 3-nitropropionic acid to isoxazolin-5-one glucoside in vivo demonstrates its function as a carrier for the 3-nitropropanoyl esters. The previous identification of characteristic glucosides as precursors of the volatile deterrents underlines the general importance of glucosides for sequestration from food plants, and the subsequent transport in the hemolymph to the defense system. The combination of repellent volatiles with non-volatile toxic compounds in the hemolymph has the potential to create synergistic effects since the odorant stimulus may help predators learn to avoid some foods. The combination of the two defense lines has the advantage, that the hemolymph toxins provide reliable and durable protection, while the repellents may vary after a host plant change.
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72
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Wang Y, Li S, Zhang F, Lu Y, Yang B, Zhang F, Liang X. Study of matrix effects for liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometric analysis of 4 aminoglycosides residues in milk. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1437:8-14. [PMID: 26875117 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2015] [Revised: 01/30/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Matrix effect (ME) is always a major issue for the development of LC-MS/MS method. ME resulting from co-eluting residual matrix components can affect the ionization efficiency of target analytes, leading to quantification errors of the analytes of interest. The present work evaluates MEs of milk samples on simultaneous analysis of four aminoglycosides residues via LC-ESI/MS/MS including streptomycin, dihydrostreptomycin, spectinomycin and kanamycin. Approaches to reduce MEs were examined: optimization of the sample preparation, sample dilution and lower flow rate used. Three commercial sorbents were tested including Oasis MCX, Oasis HLB and Oasis WCX. WCX behaved better for all analytes, but high MEs (80.8-134.9%) were obtained. Therefore, a consecutive SPE of tC18-WCX was found to effectively reduce ME. Milk samples from different manufacturers were analyzed and low MEs (85.6-112.9%) were obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shaohui Li
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feifang Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Yifeng Lu
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Bingcheng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Institute of Food Safety, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, Beijing 100123, China.
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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73
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An alternative approach for assessment of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry matrix effects using auto-sampler programmed co-injection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:2009-17. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9278-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/16/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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74
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Lappas NT, Lappas CM. Methods of Detection, Identification, and Quantitation. Forensic Toxicol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-799967-8.00010-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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75
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Dong SQ, Fan HR, Li QS, Wei GL, Li YZ, Liu CX, Si DY. LC–MS/MS Method for Quantification of Liquiritigenin in Rat Plasma: Application to Pharmacokinetic Study of Liquiritin. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s1674-6384(16)60008-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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76
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Garg U, Zhang YV. Mass Spectrometry in Clinical Laboratory: Applications in Therapeutic Drug Monitoring and Toxicology. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1383:1-10. [PMID: 26660168 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3252-8_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry (MS) has been used in research and specialized clinical laboratories for decades as a very powerful technology to identify and quantify compounds. In recent years, application of MS in routine clinical laboratories has increased significantly. This is mainly due to the ability of MS to provide very specific identification, high sensitivity, and simultaneous analysis of multiple analytes (>100). The coupling of tandem mass spectrometry with gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) has enabled the rapid expansion of this technology. While applications of MS are used in many clinical areas, therapeutic drug monitoring, drugs of abuse, and clinical toxicology are still the primary focuses of the field. It is not uncommon to see mass spectrometry being used in routine clinical practices for those applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttam Garg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Mercy Hospitals and Clinics, 2401 Gillham Road, Kansas City, MO, USA.
| | - Yan Victoria Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
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77
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Montesano C, Simeoni MC, Vannutelli G, Gregori A, Ripani L, Sergi M, Compagnone D, Curini R. Pressurized liquid extraction for the determination of cannabinoids and metabolites in hair: Detection of cut-off values by high performance liquid chromatography–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1406:192-200. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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78
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Ye JH, Pao LH. Using Visualized Matrix Effects to Develop and Improve LC-MS/MS Bioanalytical Methods, Taking TRAM-34 as an Example. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118818. [PMID: 25909956 PMCID: PMC4409340 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Matrix effects (MEs) continue to be an obstacle in the development of the LC-MS/MS method, with phospholipids being the major cause of MEs. Changing the mobile phase has been a common strategy to reduce MEs; however, the underlying mechanism is unclear. "In-source multiple-reaction monitoring" (IS-MRM) for glycerophosphocholines (PCs) has been commonly applied in many bioanalytical methods. "Visualized MEs" is a suitable term to describe the application of IS-MRM to visualize the elution pattern of phospholipids. We selected a real case to discuss the relationship of MEs and phospholipids in different mobile phases by quantitative, qualitative, and visualized MEs in LC-MS/MS bioanalysis. The application of visualized MEs not only predicts the ion-suppression zone but also helps in selecting an appropriate (1) mobile phase, (2) column, (3) needle wash solvent for the residue of analyte and phospholipids, and (4) evaluates the clean-up efficiency of sample preparation. The TRAM-34 LC-MS/MS method, improved by using visualized MEs, was shown to be a precise and accurate analytical method. All data indicated that the use of visualized MEs indeed provided useful information about the LC-MS/MS method development and improvement. In this study, an integrative approach for the qualitative, quantitative, and visualized MEs was used to decipher the complexity of MEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hung Ye
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Heng Pao
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Research Center for Industry of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Graduate Institute of Health-Industry Technology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kweishan, Taoyuan, Taiwan, Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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79
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Schaefer N, Kettner M, Laschke MW, Schlote J, Peters B, Bregel D, Menger MD, Maurer HH, Ewald AH, Schmidt PH. Simultaneous LC-MS/MS determination of JWH-210, RCS-4, ∆9-tetrahydrocannabinol, and their main metabolites in pig and human serum, whole blood, and urine for comparing pharmacokinetic data. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3775-86. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8605-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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80
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Montesano C, Simeoni MC, Curini R, Sergi M, Lo Sterzo C, Compagnone D. Determination of illicit drugs and metabolites in oral fluid by microextraction on packed sorbent coupled with LC-MS/MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:3647-58. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8583-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2014] [Revised: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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81
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Gergov M, Nenonen T, Ojanperä I, Ketola RA. Compensation of matrix effects in a standard addition method for metformin in postmortem blood using liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:359-64. [PMID: 25749607 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This work describes a procedure to evaluate matrix effects in a combined dilution and standard addition method (SAM) using liquid chromatography-electrospray-tandem mass spectrometry. The method was validated and applied to an analysis of metformin in postmortem blood samples. The analytical method included protein precipitation with methanol, followed by liquid chromatographic separation of metformin on Gemini NX-C18 reversed-phase column using a gradient consisting of methanol and ammonium acetate at pH 3.2. The mass spectrometric analysis was performed with a quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer equipped with a turbo ion spray interface in a positive ion mode using selected reaction monitoring. Quantitation was performed based on an SAM. Validation for metformin revealed a practical limit of quantification of 0.1 mg/L, a linear range from 0.1 to 3.0 mg/L, average precision 10%, accuracy (bias) 9% and reproducibility 10%. Combined matrix effects were evaluated by k-values (slopes) of calibration plots, postextraction addition approach and a comparison of within- and between-sample precision (relative standard deviation). It was demonstrated that the method contained matrix effects which were fully compensated for using dilution and the SAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merja Gergov
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 40, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Nenonen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 40, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 40, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raimo A Ketola
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, PO Box 40, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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82
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HOTTA H, TSUNODA KI. Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry for the Quantification of Inorganic Cations and Anions. ANAL SCI 2015; 31:7-14. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.31.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki HOTTA
- Department of Chemistry, Nara University of Education
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83
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Roemmelt AT, Steuer AE, Poetzsch M, Kraemer T. Liquid chromatography, in combination with a quadrupole time-of-flight instrument (LC QTOF), with sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH) acquisition: systematic studies on its use for screenings in clinical and forensic toxicology and comparison with information-dependent acquisition (IDA). Anal Chem 2014; 86:11742-9. [PMID: 25329363 DOI: 10.1021/ac503144p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Forensic and clinical toxicological screening procedures are employing liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) techniques with information-dependent acquisition (IDA) approaches more and more often. It is known that the complexity of a sample and the IDA settings might prevent important compounds from being triggered. Therefore, data-independent acquisition (DIA) methods should be more suitable for systematic toxicological analysis (STA). The DIA method sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment-ion spectra (SWATH), which uses Q1 windows of 20-35 Da for data-independent fragmentation, was systematically investigated for its suitability for STA. Quality of SWATH-generated mass spectra were evaluated with regard to mass error, relative abundance of the fragments, and library hits. With the Q1 window set to 20-25 Da, several precursors pass Q1 at the same time and are fragmented, thus impairing the library search algorithms to a different extent: forward fit was less affected than reverse fit and purity fit. Mass error was not affected. The relative abundance of the fragments was concentration dependent for some analytes and was influenced by cofragmentation, especially of deuterated analogues. Also, the detection rate of IDA compared to SWATH was investigated in a forced coelution experiment (up to 20 analytes coeluting). Even using several different IDA settings, it was observed that IDA failed to trigger relevant compounds. Screening results of 382 authentic forensic cases revealed that SWATH's detection rate was superior to IDA, which failed to trigger ∼10% of the analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas T Roemmelt
- Department of Forensic Pharmacology & Toxicology, Zurich Institute of Forensic Medicine, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
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84
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Viinamäki J, Ojanperä I. Photodiode array to charged aerosol detector response ratio enables comprehensive quantitative monitoring of basic drugs in blood by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 865:1-7. [PMID: 25732578 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2014] [Revised: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative screening for a broad range of drugs in blood is regularly required to assess drug abuse and poisoning within analytical toxicology. Mass spectrometry-based procedures suffer from the large amount of work required to maintain quantitative calibration in extensive multi-compound methods. In this study, a quantitative drug screening method for blood samples was developed based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with two consecutive detectors: a photodiode array detector and a corona charged aerosol detector (UHPLC-DAD-CAD). The 2.1 mm × 150 mm UHPLC column contained a high-strength silica C18 bonded phase material with a particle size of 1.8 μm, and the mobile phase consisted of methanol/0.1% trifluoroacetic acid in gradient mode. Identification was based on retention time, UV spectrum and the response ratio from the two detectors. Using historic calibration over a one-month period, the median precision (RSD) of retention times was 0.04% and the median accuracy (bias) of quantification 6.75%. The median precision of the detector response ratio over two orders of magnitude was 12%. The applicable linear ranges were generally 0.05-5 mg L(-1). The method was validated for 161 compounds, including antipsychotics, antidepressants, antihistamines, opioid analgesics, and adrenergic beta blocking drugs, among others. The main novelty of the method was the proven utility of the response ratio of DAD to CAD, which provided the additional identification efficiency required. Unlike with mass spectrometry, the high stability of identification and quantification allowed the use of facile historic calibration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenni Viinamäki
- University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 40, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Ilkka Ojanperä
- University of Helsinki, Hjelt Institute, Department of Forensic Medicine, P.O. Box 40, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
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85
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Abstract
AbstractBenzodiazepines (BDZs) are generally commonly used as anxiolytic and/or hypnotic drugs as a ligand of the GABAA-benzodiazepine receptor. Moreover, some of benzodiazepines are widely used as an anti-depressive and sedative drugs, and also as anti-epileptic drugs and in some cases can be useful as an adjunct treatment in refractory epilepsies or anti-alcoholic therapy. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) methods, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) methods, gas chromatography (GC) methods, capillary electrophoresis (CE) methods and some of spectrophotometric and spectrofluorometric methods were developed and have been extensively applied to the analysis of number of benzodiazepine derivative drugs (BDZs) providing reliable and accurate results. The available chemical methods for the determination of BDZs in biological materials and pharmaceutical formulations are reviewed in this work.
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86
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Temerdashev AZ, Grigor’ev IM, Rybal’chenko IV. Evolution of new narcotic substances and methods of their determination. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2014. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934814090111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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87
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Methods for urine drug testing using one-step dilution and direct injection in combination with LC–MS/MS and LC–HRMS. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2229-44. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of LC combined with MS made it possible to design analytical methods for urine drug testing based on the very simple concept of diluting urine with an internal standard as the sole preparation procedure prior to instrumental analysis. The number of publications using this method design increased after the development of high-efficiency LC based on sub-2 μm particles. The success of this method design for drug testing, doping control and toxicological investigations of urine is now well documented and comprise both screening and confirmation methods. The nondiscriminating nature of this method design makes it even more attractive in combination with high-resolution MS for multicomponent target and general unknown analysis applications.
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88
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Tahboub YR. Chromatographic behavior of co-eluted plasma compounds and effect on screening of drugs by APCI-LC-MS(/MS): Applications to selected cardiovascular drugs. J Pharm Anal 2014; 4:384-391. [PMID: 29403904 PMCID: PMC5761359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2014] [Revised: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Chromatographic behavior of co-eluted compounds from un-extracted drug-free plasma samples was studied by LC–MS and LC–MS/MS with positive APCI. Under soft gradient, total ion chromatogram (TIC) consisted of two major peaks separated by a constant lower intensity region. Early peak (0.15–0.4 min) belongs to polar plasma compounds and consisted of smaller mass ions (m/z<250); late peak (3.6–4.6 min) belongs to thermally unstable phospholipids and consisted of fragments with m/z<300. Late peak is more sensitive to variations in chromatographic and MS parameters. Screening of most targeted cardiovascular drugs at levels lower than 50 ng/mL has been possible by LC–MS for drugs with retention factors larger than three. Matrix effects and recovery, at 20 and 200 ng/mL, were evaluated for spiked plasma samples with 15 cardiovascular drugs, by MRM–LC–MS/MS. Average recoveries were above 90% and matrix effects expressed as percent matrix factor (% MF) were above 100%, indicating enhancement character for APCI. Large uncertainties were significant for drugs with smaller masses (m/z<250) and retention factors lower than two.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahya R Tahboub
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Islamic University in Medina, Medina, Saudi Arabia
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89
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Baciu T, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Recent trends in analytical methods and separation techniques for drugs of abuse in hair. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 856:1-26. [PMID: 25542354 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hair analysis of drugs of abuse has been a subject of growing interest from a clinical, social and forensic perspective for years because of the broad time detection window after intake in comparison to urine and blood analysis. Over the last few years, hair analysis has gained increasing attention and recognition for the retrospective investigation of drug abuse in a wide variety of contexts, shown by the large number of applications developed. This review aims to provide an overview of the state of the art and the latest trends used in the literature from 2005 to the present in the analysis of drugs of abuse in hair, with a special focus on separation analytical techniques and their hyphenation with mass spectrometry detection. The most recently introduced sample preparation techniques are also addressed in this paper. The main strengths and weaknesses of all of these approaches are critically discussed by means of relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Baciu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - F Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - C Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - M Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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90
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Liao HW, Tsai IL, Chen GY, Lu YS, Lin CH, Kuo CH. Quantification of target analytes in various biofluids using a postcolumn infused-internal standard method combined with matrix normalization factors in liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:85-92. [PMID: 25022483 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS) has become one of the most widely used methods in pharmaceutical laboratories. Although LC-ESI-MS provides high sensitivity and high specificity for quantifying target analytes in complicated biofluids, the associated severe matrix effects (MEs) generally result in large quantification errors. Here, we propose a novel strategy for correcting MEs in various biofluids using a postcolumn infused-internal standard (PCI-IS) method in combination with matrix normalization factors (MNFs). We used the MNFs to normalize the encountered MEs in various biofluids to the MEs encountered in standard solutions. The use of a postcolumn infused-internal standard also corrects the MEs for individual samples. When using the PCI-IS method in combination with MNFs, the calibration curve generated from standard solutions can be applied to quantify the target analytes in various biofluids. We applied this new approach to quantify etoposide and etoposide catechol in plasma and CSF. The accuracy of the test results showed that over 93% of the data have quantification errors less than 20% and that 99% of the data have quantification errors less than 30%. The successful application of this method to evaluate real clinical samples revealed that our proposed MNFs in combination with the PCI-IS method largely simplifies the entire method development and validation processes, saves a great deal of time and cost without sacrificing quantification accuracy, and provides a simple means of quantifying target analytes in various biofluids. This method will be particularly useful in fields in which the same target analytes need to be quantified in various types of matrices, including bioanalysis, forensic toxicology, environmental studies, and food safety control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsiao-Wei Liao
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - I-Lin Tsai
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Yuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Shen Lu
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hung Lin
- Department of Oncology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Hua Kuo
- School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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91
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Bévalot F, Bottinelli C, Cartiser N, Fanton L, Guitton J. Quantification of Five Compounds with Heterogeneous Physicochemical Properties (Morphine, 6-Monoacetylmorphine, Cyamemazine, Meprobamate and Caffeine) in 11 Fluids and Tissues, Using Automated Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 2014; 38:256-64. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bku029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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92
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Multi-target screening of biological samples using LC–MS/MS: focus on chromatographic innovations. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:1255-73. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multi-target screening of biological fluids is a key tool in clinical and forensic toxicology. A complete toxicological analysis encompasses the sample preparation, the chromatographic separation and the detection. The present review briefly covers the new trends in sample preparation and detection and mainly focuses on the chromatographic stage, since a lot of technical improvements have been proposed over the last years. Among them, columns packed with sub-2 μm fully porous particles and sub-3 μm core-shell particles allow for significant improvements of resolution and higher throughput. Even if reversed-phase LC remains the most widely used chromatographic mode for toxicological screening, hydrophilic interaction chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography appear as promising alternatives for attaining orthogonal selectivity, retention of polar compounds, and enhanced MS sensitivity.
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93
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Wang X, Li X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Liu H. Online Coupling of In-Tube Solid-Phase Microextraction with Direct Analysis in Real Time Mass Spectrometry for Rapid Determination of Triazine Herbicides in Water Using Carbon-Nanotubes-Incorporated Polymer Monolith. Anal Chem 2014; 86:4739-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ac500382x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xianjiang Li
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ze Li
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yiding Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu Bai
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huwei Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory
for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and
Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Analytical
Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, People’s Republic of China
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94
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Montenarh D, Hopf M, Warth S, Maurer HH, Schmidt P, Ewald AH. A simple extraction and LC-MS/MS approach for the screening and identification of over 100 analytes in eight different matrices. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:214-40. [PMID: 24753436 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) multi-analyte approach using one single work-up approach in whole blood, plasma, serum, post-mortem blood, liver tissue, gastric content, hair, and urine was developed for fast target screening and reliable identification of 130 analytes often requested in clinical and forensic toxicology. Samples (500 μL each) of whole blood, plasma, serum, post-mortem blood, tissue (homogenized 1 + 4 with water), as well as 3 g of distilled gastric contents, 1 mL of urine, or 20 mg of pulverized hair were extracted at different pH values with an diethyl ether-ethyl acetate mixture (1:1). Separation and identification were performed using LC-QTRAP with electrospray ionization in positive mode. For identification 1 scheduled multi-reaction-mode (sMRM) method with 390 transitions was developed covering benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, antidepressants, neuroleptics, opioids, new synthetic drugs, and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. For positive sMRM transitions with intensities exceeding 5000 cps, dependent scans (EPI scan collision energy, 35 eV, collision energy spread, 15 eV) were performed for library search using our in-house library. The method was developed with respect to selectivity, matrix effects, recovery, process efficiency, limit of detection, and applicability. The simple work-up procedure was suitable for all biosamples with exception of urine in respect to low concentrated analytes, which showed median recovery values of 59%. The method was selective for 130 analytes in all 8 biosamples. For 106 analytes, the limit of detection in whole blood, plasma, and serum was lower than the lowest therapeutic concentration listed in blood level lists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Montenarh
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße Building 42, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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95
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Deventer K, Pozo O, Verstraete A, Van Eenoo P. Dilute-and-shoot-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry for urine analysis in doping control and analytical toxicology. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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96
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Hegstad S, Hermansson S, Betnér I, Spigset O, Falch BMH. Screening and quantitative determination of drugs of abuse in diluted urine by UPLC–MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 947-948:83-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/14/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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97
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Patteet L, Maudens KE, Sabbe B, Morrens M, De Doncker M, Neels H. High throughput identification and quantification of 16 antipsychotics and 8 major metabolites in serum using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 429:51-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2013.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2013] [Revised: 11/19/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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98
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Validation of a method for the targeted analysis of 96 drugs in hair by UPLC–MS/MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 88:295-306. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2013.08.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Revised: 08/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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99
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Liao HW, Chen GY, Tsai IL, Kuo CH. Using a postcolumn-infused internal standard for correcting the matrix effects of urine specimens in liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1327:97-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.12.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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100
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Capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry for direct determination of urinary modified nucleosides. Evaluation of synthetic urine as a surrogate matrix for quantitative analysis. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 942-943:21-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Revised: 09/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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