51
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Meneses A, Gasbarri B. Editorial: Serotonin and Memory. Front Pharmacol 2016; 7:8. [PMID: 26869925 PMCID: PMC4734172 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2016.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Meneses
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
| | - B Gasbarri
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnologic Sciences, University of L'Aquila L'Aquila, Italy
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52
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Hettie KS, Glass TE. Turn-On Near-Infrared Fluorescent Sensor for Selectively Imaging Serotonin. ACS Chem Neurosci 2016; 7:21-5. [PMID: 26521705 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A molecular imaging tool that provides for the direct visualization of serotonin would significantly aid in the investigation of neuropsychiatric disorders that are attributed to its neuronal dysregulation. Here, the design, synthesis, and evaluation of NeuroSensor 715 (NS715) is presented. NS715 is the first molecular sensor that exhibits a turn-on near-infrared fluorescence response toward serotonin. Density functional theory calculations facilitated the design of a fluorophore based on a coumarin-3-aldehyde scaffold that derives from an electron-rich 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoxaline framework, which provides appropriate energetics to prevent the hydroxyindole moiety of serotonin from quenching its fluorescence emission. Spectroscopic studies revealed that NS715 produces an 8-fold fluorescence enhancement toward serotonin with an emission maximum at 715 nm. Accompanying binding studies indicated NS715 displays a 19-fold selective affinity for serotonin and a modest affinity for catecholamines over other primary-amine neurotransmitters. The utility of NS715 toward neuroimaging applications was validated by selectively labeling and directly imaging norepinephrine within secretory vesicles using live chromaffin cells, which serve as a model system for specialized neurons that synthesize, package, and release only a single, unique type of neurotransmitter. In addition, NS715 effectively differentiated between cell populations that express distinct neurotransmitter phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth S. Hettie
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
| | - Timothy E. Glass
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, United States
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Taylor O, Van Laeken N, De Vos F, Polis I, Bosmans T, Goethals I, Achten R, Dobbeleir A, Vandermeulen E, Baeken C, Saunders J, Peremans K. In vivo quantification of the [(11)C]DASB binding in the normal canine brain using positron emission tomography. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:308. [PMID: 26704517 PMCID: PMC4690221 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0622-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background [11C]-3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethyl-phenylsulfanyl)-benzonitrile ([11C]DASB) is currently the mostly used radiotracer for positron emission tomography (PET) quantitative studies of the serotonin transporter (SERT) in the human brain but has never been validated in dogs. The first objective was therefore to evaluate normal [11C]DASB distribution in different brain regions of healthy dogs using PET. The second objective was to provide less invasive and more convenient alternative methods to the arterial sampling-based kinetic analysis. Results A dynamic acquisition of the brain was performed during 90 min. The PET images were coregistered with the magnetic resonance images taken prior to the study in order to manually drawn 20 regions of interest (ROIs). The highest radioactivity concentration of [11C]DASB was observed in the hypothalamus, raphe nuclei and thalamus and lowest levels in the parietal cortex, occipital cortex and cerebellum. The regional radioactivity in those 20 ROIs was quantified using the multilinear reference tissue model 2 (MRTM2) and a semi-quantitative method. The values showed least variability between 40 and 60 min and this time interval was set as the optimal time interval for [11C]DASB quantification in the canine brain. The correlation (R2) between the MRTM2 and the semi-quantitative method using the data between 40 and 60 min was 99.3 % (two-tailed p-value < 0.01). Conclusions The reference tissue models and semi-quantitative method provide a more convenient alternative to invasive arterial sampling models in the evaluation of the SERT of the normal canine brain. The optimal time interval for static scanning is set at 40 to 60 min after tracer injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia Taylor
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Nick Van Laeken
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Filip De Vos
- Laboratory of Radiopharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Ingeborgh Polis
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Tim Bosmans
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Ingeborg Goethals
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Rik Achten
- Department of Radiology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Andre Dobbeleir
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium. .,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Chris Baeken
- Department of Psychiatry and Medical Psychology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 185, 9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jimmy Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - Kathelijne Peremans
- Department of Medical Imaging and Small Animal Orthopedics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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54
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Kumar JSD, Mann JJ. PET tracers for serotonin receptors and their applications. Cent Nerv Syst Agents Med Chem 2015; 14:96-112. [PMID: 25360773 DOI: 10.2174/1871524914666141030124316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin receptors (5-HTRs) are implicated in the pathophysiology of a variety of neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders and are also targets for drug therapy. In the CNS, most of these receptors are expressed in high abundance in specific brain regions reflecting their role in brain functions. Quantifying binding to 5-HTRs in vivo may permit assessment of physiologic and pathologic conditions, and monitoring disease progression, evaluating treatment response, and for investigating new treatment modalities. Positron emission tomography (PET) molecular imaging has the sensitivity to quantify binding of 5-HTRs in CNS disorders and to measure drug occupancy as part of a process of new drug development. Although research on PET imaging of 5-HTRs have been performed more than two decades, the successful radiotracers so far developed for human studies are limited to 5-HT₁AR, 5-HT₁BR, 5-HT₂AR, 5-HT₄R and 5-HT₆R. Herein we review the development and application of radioligands for PET imaging of 5-HTRs in living brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J John Mann
- Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, New York State Psychiatric institute, 1051 Riverside Drive, Box: 42, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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55
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Abstract
Diverse neuropsychiatric disorders present dysfunctional memory and no effective treatment exits for them; likely as result of the absence of neural markers associated to memory. Neurotransmitter systems and signaling pathways have been implicated in memory and dysfunctional memory; however, their role is poorly understood. Hence, neural markers and cerebral functions and dysfunctions are revised. To our knowledge no previous systematic works have been published addressing these issues. The interactions among behavioral tasks, control groups and molecular changes and/or pharmacological effects are mentioned. Neurotransmitter receptors and signaling pathways, during normal and abnormally functioning memory with an emphasis on the behavioral aspects of memory are revised. With focus on serotonin, since as it is a well characterized neurotransmitter, with multiple pharmacological tools, and well characterized downstream signaling in mammals' species. 5-HT1A, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors as well as SERT (serotonin transporter) seem to be useful neural markers and/or therapeutic targets. Certainly, if the mentioned evidence is replicated, then the translatability from preclinical and clinical studies to neural changes might be confirmed. Hypothesis and theories might provide appropriate limits and perspectives of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Meneses
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
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56
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Prabhakaran J, Underwood MD, Kumar JSD, Simpson NR, Kassir SA, Bakalian MJ, Mann JJ, Arango V. Synthesis and in vitro evaluation of [18F]FECIMBI-36: A potential agonist PET ligand for 5-HT2A/2C receptors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:3933-6. [PMID: 26253634 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2015] [Revised: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Radiosynthesis and in vitro evaluation of [(18)F]-2-(4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-(2-fluoroethoxy)benzyl)ethanamine, ([(18)F]FECIMBI-36) or ([(18)F]1), a potential agonist PET imaging agent for 5-HT2A/2C receptors is described. Syntheses of reference standard 1 and the corresponding des-fluoroethyl radiolabeling precursor (2) were achieved with 75% and 65% yields, respectively. In vitro pharmacology assay of FECIMBI-36 by [(3)H]-ketanserin competition binding assay obtained from NIMH-PDSP showed high affinities to 5-HT2AR (Ki = 1nM) and 5-HT2CR (Ki=1.7 nM). Radiolabeling of FECIMBI-36 was achieved from the boc-protected precursor 2 using [(18)F]-fluoroethyltosylate in presence of Cs2CO3 in DMSO followed by removal of the protective group. [(18)F]1 was isolated using RP-HPLC in 25 ± 5% yield, purity > 95% and specific activity 1-2Ci/μmol (N = 6). In vitro autoradiography studies demonstrate that [(18)F]1 selectively label 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors in slide-mounted sections of postmortem human brain using phosphor imaging. Our results indicate the potential of [(18)F]1 for imaging 5-HT2A/2C receptors in the high affinity state in vivo using PET imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaya Prabhakaran
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Mark D Underwood
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - J S Dileep Kumar
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Norman R Simpson
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Suham A Kassir
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mihran J Bakalian
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - J John Mann
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Victoria Arango
- Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology Division, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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57
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Vialou V, Thibault M, Kaska S, Cooper S, Gajewski P, Eagle A, Mazei-Robison M, Nestler EJ, Robison AJ. Differential induction of FosB isoforms throughout the brain by fluoxetine and chronic stress. Neuropharmacology 2015; 99:28-37. [PMID: 26164345 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is thought to arise in part from dysfunction of the brain's "reward circuitry", consisting of the mesolimbic dopamine system and the glutamatergic and neuromodulatory inputs onto this system. Both chronic stress and antidepressant treatment regulate gene transcription in many of the brain regions that make up these circuits, but the exact nature of the transcription factors and target genes involved in these processes remain unclear. Here, we demonstrate induction of the FosB family of transcription factors in ∼25 distinct regions of adult mouse brain, including many parts of the reward circuitry, by chronic exposure to the antidepressant fluoxetine. We further uncover specific patterns of FosB gene product expression (i.e., differential expression of full-length FosB, ΔFosB, and Δ2ΔFosB) in brain regions associated with depression--the nucleus accumbens (NAc), prefrontal cortex (PFC), and hippocampus--in response to chronic fluoxetine treatment, and contrast these patterns with differential induction of FosB isoforms in the chronic social defeat stress model of depression with and without fluoxetine treatment. We find that chronic fluoxetine, in contrast to stress, causes induction of the unstable full-length FosB isoform in the NAc, PFC, and hippocampus even 24 h following the final injection, indicating that these brain regions may undergo chronic activation when fluoxetine is on board, even in the absence of stress. We also find that only the stable ΔFosB isoform correlates with behavioral responses to stress. These data suggest that NAc, PFC, and hippocampus may present useful targets for directed intervention in mood disorders (ie, brain stimulation or gene therapy), and that determining the gene targets of FosB-mediated transcription in these brain regions in response to fluoxetine may yield novel inroads for pharmaceutical intervention in depressive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Vialou
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, UM CR18, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Mackenzie Thibault
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sophia Kaska
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Sarah Cooper
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Paula Gajewski
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Andrew Eagle
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | | | - Eric J Nestler
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience and Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - A J Robison
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA.
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58
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Brichard L, Aigbirhio FI. An Efficient Method for Enhancing the Reactivity and Flexibility of [18F]Fluoride Towards Nucleophilic Substitution Using Tetraethylammonium Bicarbonate. European J Org Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.201402587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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59
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Gryglewski G, Lanzenberger R, Kranz GS, Cumming P. Meta-analysis of molecular imaging of serotonin transporters in major depression. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2014; 34:1096-103. [PMID: 24802331 PMCID: PMC4083395 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2014.82] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2014] [Revised: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The success of serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors has lent support to the monoamine theory of major depressive disorder (MDD). This issue has been addressed in a number of molecular imaging studies by positron emission tomography or single-photon emission computed tomography of serotonin reuptake sites (5-HTT) in the brain of patients with MDD, with strikingly disparate conclusions. Our meta-analysis of the 18 such studies, totaling 364 MDD patients free from significant comorbidities or medication and 372 control subjects, revealed reductions in midbrain 5-HTT (Hedges' g=-0.49; 95% CI: (-0.84, -0.14)) and amygdala (Hedges' g=-0.50; 95% CI: (-0.78, -0.22)), which no individual study possessed sufficient power to detect. Only small effect sizes were found in other regions with high binding (thalamus: g=-0.24, striatum: g=-0.32, and brainstem g=-0.22), and no difference in the frontal or cingulate cortex. Age emerged as an important moderator of 5-HTT availability in MDD, with more severe reductions in striatal 5-HTT evident with greater age of the study populations (P<0.01). There was a strong relationship between severity of depression and 5-HTT reductions in the amygdala (P=0.01). Thus, molecular imaging findings indeed reveal widespread reductions of ∼10% in 5-HTT availability in MDD, which may predict altered spatial-temporal dynamics of serotonergic neurotransmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Gryglewski
- Functional, Molecular & Translational Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rupert Lanzenberger
- Functional, Molecular & Translational Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg S Kranz
- Functional, Molecular & Translational Neuroimaging Lab, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Paul Cumming
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Friederich-Alexanders Universitaet, Erlangen/Nurenberg, Germany
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60
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Meneses A. 5-HT systems: emergent targets for memory formation and memory alterations. Rev Neurosci 2014; 24:629-64. [PMID: 24259245 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2013-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drugs acting through 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin or 5-HT) systems modulate memory and its alterations, although the mechanisms involved are poorly understood. 5-HT drugs may present promnesic and/or antiamnesic (or even being amnesic) effects. Key questions regarding 5-HT markers include whether receptors directly or indirectly participate and/or contribute to the physiological and pharmacological basis of memory and its pathogenesis; hence, the major aim of this article was to examine recent advances in emergent targets of the 5-HT systems for memory formation and memory alterations. Recent reviews and findings are summarized, mainly in the context of the growing notion of memory deficits in brain disorders (e.g., posttraumatic stress disorder, mild cognitive impairment, consumption of drugs, poststroke cognitive dysfunctions, schizophrenia, Parkinson disease, and infection-induced memory impairments). Mainly, mammalian and (some) human data were the focus. At least agonists and antagonists for 5-HT1A/1B, 5-HT2A/2B/2C, 5-HT3, 5-HT4, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors as well as serotonin uptake inhibitors seem to have a promnesic and/or antiamnesic effect in different conditions and 5-HT markers seem to be associated to neural changes. Available evidence offers clues about the possibilities, but the exact mechanisms remain unclear. For instance, 5-HT transporter expression seems to be a reliable neural marker related to memory mechanisms and its alterations.
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61
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A potential ethnic difference in the association between 5-HTTLPR polymorphisms and the brain default mode network. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11434-014-0185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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62
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Geurts DEM, Huys QJM, den Ouden HEM, Cools R. Serotonin and aversive Pavlovian control of instrumental behavior in humans. J Neurosci 2013; 33:18932-9. [PMID: 24285898 PMCID: PMC6618702 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2749-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 10/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptive decision-making involves interaction between systems regulating Pavlovian and instrumental control of behavior. Here we investigate in humans the role of serotonin in such Pavlovian-instrumental transfer in both the aversive and the appetitive domain using acute tryptophan depletion, known to lower central serotonin levels. Acute tryptophan depletion attenuated the inhibiting effect of aversive Pavlovian cues on instrumental behavior, while leaving unaltered the activating effect of appetitive Pavlovian cues. These data suggest that serotonin is selectively involved in Pavlovian inhibition due to aversive expectations and have implications for our understanding of the mechanisms underlying a range of affective, impulsive, and aggressive neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk E M Geurts
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Centre for Cognitive Neuroimaging and Department of Psychiatry, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands, Gatsby Computational Neuroscience Unit and Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL, WC1N 3AR, London, United Kingdom, Translational Neuromodeling Unit, ETH, University of Zurich, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland, and Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, CH-8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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63
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Zhu L, Li G, Choi SR, Plössl K, Chan P, Qiao H, Zha Z, Kung HF. An improved preparation of [18F]FPBM: A potential serotonin transporter (SERT) imaging agent. Nucl Med Biol 2013; 40:974-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nucmedbio.2013.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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64
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Trent S, Davies W. Cognitive, behavioural and psychiatric phenotypes associated with steroid sulfatase deficiency. World J Transl Med 2013; 2:1-12. [DOI: 10.5528/wjtm.v2.i1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The enzyme steroid sulfatase (STS) desulfates a variety of steroid compounds thereby altering their activity. STS is expressed in the skin, and its deficiency in this tissue has been linked to the dermatological condition X-linked ichthyosis. STS is also highly expressed in the developing and adult human brain, and in a variety of steroidogenic organs (including the placenta and gonads); therefore it has the potential to influence brain development and function directly and/or indirectly (through influencing the hormonal milieu). In this review, we first discuss evidence from human and animal model studies suggesting that STS deficiency might predispose to neurobehavioural abnormalities and certain psychiatric disorders. We subsequently discuss potential mechanisms that may underlie these vulnerabilities. The data described herein have potential implications for understanding the complete spectrum of clinical phenotypes associated with X-linked ichthyosis, and may indicate novel pathogenic mechanisms underlying psychological dysfunction in developmental disorders such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and Turner syndrome.
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65
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Kamlet AS, Neumann CN, Lee E, Carlin SM, Moseley CK, Stephenson N, Hooker JM, Ritter T. Application of palladium-mediated (18)F-fluorination to PET radiotracer development: overcoming hurdles to translation. PLoS One 2013; 8:e59187. [PMID: 23554994 PMCID: PMC3595243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0059187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
New chemistry methods for the synthesis of radiolabeled small molecules have the potential to impact clinical positron emission tomography (PET) imaging, if they can be successfully translated. However, progression of modern reactions from the stage of synthetic chemistry development to the preparation of radiotracer doses ready for use in human PET imaging is challenging and rare. Here we describe the process of and the successful translation of a modern palladium-mediated fluorination reaction to non-human primate (NHP) baboon PET imaging–an important milestone on the path to human PET imaging. The method, which transforms [18F]fluoride into an electrophilic fluorination reagent, provides access to aryl–18F bonds that would be challenging to synthesize via conventional radiochemistry methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam S. Kamlet
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Constanze N. Neumann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Eunsung Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Stephen M. Carlin
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Christian K. Moseley
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Nickeisha Stephenson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Tobias Ritter
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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66
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Lenze EJ, Dixon D, Nowotny P, Lotrich FE, Doré PM, Pollock BG, Hinrichs AL, Butters MA. Escitalopram reduces attentional performance in anxious older adults with high-expression genetic variants at serotonin 2A and 1B receptors. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:279-88. [PMID: 22717018 PMCID: PMC3967864 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145712000351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Older adults are among the most vulnerable to adverse cognitive effects of psychotropic medications and, therefore, the personalization of psychotropic treatment based on adverse drug reactions in this demographic is of great importance. We examined changes on neuropsychological tests of attention attributable to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) treatment in anxious older adults. We also examined whether variation in serotonin receptor genes was associated with reduced attentional performance with SSRIs. We examined change from pre- to post-treatment in two attention measures - digit span and coding - in 133 adults aged ≥60 yr with generalized anxiety disorder in a 12-wk trial of escitalopram vs. placebo. We also examined attentional change in relation to genetic variability in four central serotonin receptors: the serotonin transporter and serotonin 1A, 2A and 1B receptors. Digit span scores were significantly lowered in patients receiving escitalopram relative to placebo, indicating reduced attentional performance attributable to the SSRI. Individuals with high-transcription variants in the receptors 5-HTR2A rs6311 and 5-HTR1B rs11568817 had greater reductions in attention with SSRI treatment compared to placebo. We conclude that SSRIs reduce attention in older adults, particularly in those with high-expression genetic variants at the serotonin 2A and 1B receptors. Analysing neuropsychological changes with SSRIs in relation to genetic variation in the serotonin system may be a useful strategy for detecting subgroups of older adults who are more susceptible to side-effects of SSRIs. These results, if confirmed, could lead to the personalization of SSRI use to reduce adverse neurocognitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Lenze
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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67
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Granda ML, Carlin SM, Moseley CK, Neelamegam R, Mandeville JB, Hooker JM. Synthesis and evaluation of methylated arylazepine compounds for PET imaging of 5-HT(2c) receptors. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:261-5. [PMID: 23421677 DOI: 10.1021/cn300223d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The serotonin 5-HT(2c) receptor is implicated in a number of diseases including obesity, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia. In order to ascribe the role of 5-HT(2c) in these diseases, a method for measuring 5-HT(2c )density and function in vivo, such as with positron emission tomography (PET), must be developed. Many high-affinity and relatively selective ligands exist for 5-HT(2c) but cannot be accessed with current radiosynthetic methods for use as PET radiotracers. We propose that N-methylation of an arylazepine moiety, a frequent structural feature in 5-HT(2c) ligands, may be a suitable method for producing new radiotracers for 5-HT(2c). The impact of N-methylation has not been previously reported. For the agonists that we selected herein, N-methylation was found to increase affinity up to 8-fold without impairing selectivity. Compound 5, an N-methylated azetidine-derived arylazepine, was found to be brain penetrant and reached a brain/blood ratio of 2.05:1. However, our initial test compound was rapidly metabolized within 20 min of administration and exhibited high nonspecific binding. N-Methylation, with 16 ± 3% isolated radiochemical yield (decay corrected), is robust and may facilitate screening other 5-HT(2c) ligands as radiotracers for PET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael L. Granda
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
| | - Stephen M. Carlin
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
| | - Christian K. Moseley
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
| | - Ramesh Neelamegam
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
| | - Joseph B. Mandeville
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
| | - Jacob M. Hooker
- Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging,
Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
02129, United States
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68
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Lanzenberger R, Baldinger P, Hahn A, Ungersboeck J, Mitterhauser M, Winkler D, Micskei Z, Stein P, Karanikas G, Wadsak W, Kasper S, Frey R. Global decrease of serotonin-1A receptor binding after electroconvulsive therapy in major depression measured by PET. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:93-100. [PMID: 22751491 PMCID: PMC3526726 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2012.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is a potent therapy in severe treatment-refractory depression. Although commonly applied in psychiatric clinical routine since decades, the exact neurobiological mechanism regarding its efficacy remains unclear. Results from preclinical and clinical studies emphasize a crucial involvement of the serotonin-1A receptor (5-HT(1A)) in the mode of action of antidepressant treatment. This includes associations between treatment response and changes in 5-HT(1A) function and density by antidepressants. Further, alterations of the 5-HT(1A) receptor are consistently reported in depression. To elucidate the effect of ECT on 5-HT(1A) receptor binding, 12 subjects with severe treatment-resistant major depression underwent three positron emission tomography (PET) measurements using the highly selective radioligand [carbonyl-(11)C]WAY100635, twice before (test-retest variability) and once after 10.08±2.35 ECT sessions. Ten patients (~83%) were responders to ECT. The voxel-wise comparison of the 5-HT(1A) receptor binding (BP(ND)) before and after ECT revealed a widespread reduction in cortical and subcortical regions (P<0.05 corrected), except for the occipital cortex and the cerebellum. Strongest reductions were found in regions consistently reported to be altered in major depression and involved in emotion regulation, such as the subgenual part of the anterior cingulate cortex (-27.5%), the orbitofrontal cortex (-30.1%), the amygdala (-31.8%), the hippocampus (-30.6%) and the insula (-28.9%). No significant change was found in the raphe nuclei. There was no significant difference in receptor binding in any region comparing the first two PET scans conducted before ECT. This PET study proposes a global involvement of the postsynaptic 5-HT(1A) receptor binding in the effect of ECT.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Lanzenberger
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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69
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Feasibility of ASL-based phMRI with a single dose of oral citalopram for repeated assessment of serotonin function. Neuroimage 2012; 63:1695-700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2012] [Revised: 06/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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70
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Savli M, Bauer A, Mitterhauser M, Ding YS, Hahn A, Kroll T, Neumeister A, Haeusler D, Ungersboeck J, Henry S, Isfahani SA, Rattay F, Wadsak W, Kasper S, Lanzenberger R. Normative database of the serotonergic system in healthy subjects using multi-tracer PET. Neuroimage 2012; 63:447-59. [PMID: 22789740 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly diverse serotonergic system with at least 16 different receptor subtypes is implicated in the pathophysiology of most neuropsychiatric disorders including affective and anxiety disorders, obsessive compulsive disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, eating disorders, sleep disturbance, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, drug addiction, suicidal behavior, schizophrenia, Alzheimer, etc. Alterations of the interplay between various pre- and postsynaptic receptor subtypes might be involved in the pathogenesis of these disorders. However, there is a lack of comprehensive in vivo values using standardized procedures. In the current PET study we quantified 3 receptor subtypes, including the major inhibitory (5-HT(1A) and 5-HT(1B)) and excitatory (5-HT(2A)) receptors, and the transporter (5-HTT) in the brain of healthy human subjects to provide a database of standard values. PET scans were performed on 95 healthy subjects (age=28.0 ± 6.9 years; 59% males) using the selective radioligands [carbonyl-(11)C]WAY-100635, [(11)C]P943, [(18)F]altanserin and [(11)C]DASB, respectively. A standard template in MNI stereotactic space served for region of interest delineation. This template follows two anatomical parcellation schemes: 1) Brodmann areas including 41 regions and 2) AAL (automated anatomical labeling) including 52 regions. Standard values (mean, SD, and range) for each receptor and region are presented. Mean cortical and subcortical binding potential (BP) values were in good agreement with previously published human in vivo and post-mortem data. By means of linear equations, PET binding potentials were translated to post-mortem binding (provided in pmol/g), yielding 5.89 pmol/g (5-HT(1A)), 23.5 pmol/g (5-HT(1B)), 31.44 pmol/g (5-HT(2A)), and 11.33 pmol/g (5-HTT) being equivalent to the BP of 1, respectively. Furthermore, we computed individual voxel-wise maps with BP values and generated average tracer-specific whole-brain binding maps. This knowledge might improve our interpretation of the alterations taking place in the serotonergic system during neuropsychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Savli
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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In-vivo human brain molecular imaging with a brain-dedicated PET/MRI system. MAGNETIC RESONANCE MATERIALS IN PHYSICS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2012; 26:71-9. [PMID: 22864642 DOI: 10.1007/s10334-012-0329-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Advances in the new-generation of ultra-high-resolution, brain-dedicated positron emission tomography-magnetic resonance imaging (PET/MRI) systems have begun to provide many interesting insights into the molecular dynamics of the brain. First, the finely delineated structural information from ultra-high-field MRI can help us to identify accurate landmark structures, thereby making it easier to locate PET activation sites that are anatomically well-correlated with metabolic or ligand-specific organs in the neural structures in the brain. This synergistic potential of PET/MRI imaging is discussed in terms of neuroscience and neurological research from both translational and basic research perspectives. Experimental results from the hippocampus, thalamus, and brainstem obtained with (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose and (11)C-3-amino-4-(2-dimethylaminomethylphenylsulfanyl)benzonitrile are used to demonstrate the potential of this new brain PET/MRI system.
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Differential modulation of the default mode network via serotonin-1A receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2012; 109:2619-24. [PMID: 22308408 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1117104109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reflecting one's mental self is a fundamental process for evaluating the personal relevance of life events and for moral decision making and future envisioning. Although the corresponding network has been receiving growing attention, the driving neurochemical mechanisms of the default mode network (DMN) remain unknown. Here we combined positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging to investigate modulations of the DMN via serotonin-1A receptors (5-HT(1A)), separated for 5-HT autoinhibition (dorsal raphe nucleus) and local inhibition (heteroreceptors in projection areas). Using two independent approaches, regional 5-HT(1A) binding consistently predicted DMN activity in the retrosplenial cortex for resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging and the Tower of London task. On the other hand, both local and autoinhibitory 5-HT(1A) binding inversely modulated the posterior cingulate cortex, the strongest hub in the resting human brain. In the frontal part of the DMN, a negative association was found between the dorsal medial prefrontal cortex and local 5-HT(1A) inhibition. Our results indicate a modulation of key areas involved in self-referential processing by serotonergic neurotransmission, whereas variations in 5-HT(1A) binding explained a considerable amount of the individual variability in the DMN. Moreover, the brain regions associated with distinct introspective functions seem to be specifically regulated by the different 5-HT(1A) binding sites. Together with previously reported modulations of dopamine and GABA, this regional specialization suggests complex interactions of several neurotransmitters driving the default mode network.
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