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Liebers M, Chevalier F, Blanvillain R, Pfannschmidt T. PAP genes are tissue- and cell-specific markers of chloroplast development. PLANTA 2018; 248:629-646. [PMID: 29855700 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2924-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Expression of PAP genes is strongly coordinated and represents a highly selective cell-specific marker associated with the development of chloroplasts in photosynthetically active organs of Arabidopsis seedlings and adult plants. Transcription in plastids of plants depends on the activity of phage-type single-subunit nuclear-encoded RNA polymerases (NEP) and a prokaryotic multi-subunit plastid-encoded RNA polymerase (PEP). PEP is comprised of the core subunits α, β, β' and β″ encoded by rpoA, rpoB/C1/C2 genes located on the plastome. This core enzyme needs to interact with nuclear-encoded sigma factors for proper promoter recognition. In chloroplasts, the core enzyme is surrounded by additional 12 nuclear-encoded subunits, all of eukaryotic origin. These PEP-associated proteins (PAPs) were found to be essential for chloroplast biogenesis as Arabidopsis inactivation mutants for each of them revealed albino or pale-green phenotypes. In silico analysis of transcriptomic data suggests that PAP genes represent a tightly controlled regulon, whereas wetlab data are sparse and correspond to the expression of individual genes mostly studied at the seedling stage. Using RT-PCR, transient, and stable expression assays of PAP promoter-GUS-constructs, we do provide, in this study, a comprehensive expression catalogue for PAP genes throughout the life cycle of Arabidopsis. We demonstrate a selective impact of light on PAP gene expression and uncover a high tissue specificity that is coupled to developmental progression especially during the transition from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. Our data imply that PAP gene expression precedes the formation of chloroplasts rendering PAP genes a tissue- and cell-specific marker of chloroplast biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Liebers
- LPCV, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, BIG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Chevalier
- LPCV, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, BIG, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Robert Blanvillain
- LPCV, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, BIG, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Thomas Pfannschmidt
- LPCV, CEA, CNRS, INRA, Université Grenoble-Alpes, BIG, 38000, Grenoble, France.
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Ghaffar R, Weidinger M, Mähnert B, Schagerl M, Lichtscheidl I. Adaptive responses of mature giant chloroplasts in the deep-shade lycopod Selaginella erythropus to prolonged light and dark periods. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:1791-1805. [PMID: 29499086 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2017] [Revised: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Deep-shade plants have adapted to low-light conditions by varying morphology and physiology of cells and chloroplasts, but it still remains unclear, if prolonged periods of high-light or darkness induce additional modifications in chloroplasts' anatomy and pigment patterns. We studied giant chloroplasts (bizonoplasts) of the deep-shade lycopod Selaginella erythropus in epidermal cells of mature fully developed microphylls and subjected them to prolonged darkness and high-light conditions. Chloroplast size and ultrastructure were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Physiological traits were studied by pigment analyses, photosynthetic performance of photosystem II, and formation of reactive oxygen species. Results show that (a) thylakoid patterns and shape of mature bizonoplasts vary in response to light and dark conditions. (b) Prolonged darkness induces transitory formation of prolamellar bodies, which so far have not been described in mature chloroplasts. (c) Photosynthetic activity is linked to structural responses of chloroplasts. (d) Photosystem II is less active in the upper zone of bizonoplasts and more efficient in the grana region. (e) Formation of reactive oxygen species reflects the stress level caused by high-light. We conclude that during prolonged darkness, chlorophyll persists and even increases; prolamellar bodies form de novo in mature chloroplasts; bizonoplasts have spatial heterogeneity of photosynthetic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Ghaffar
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Botany, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Marieluise Weidinger
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Mähnert
- Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Schagerl
- Department of Limnology and Bio-Oceanography, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Irene Lichtscheidl
- Core Facility Cell Imaging and Ultrastructure Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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Rodriguez-Concepcion M, Avalos J, Bonet ML, Boronat A, Gomez-Gomez L, Hornero-Mendez D, Limon MC, Meléndez-Martínez AJ, Olmedilla-Alonso B, Palou A, Ribot J, Rodrigo MJ, Zacarias L, Zhu C. A global perspective on carotenoids: Metabolism, biotechnology, and benefits for nutrition and health. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 70:62-93. [PMID: 29679619 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 76.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Carotenoids are lipophilic isoprenoid compounds synthesized by all photosynthetic organisms and some non-photosynthetic prokaryotes and fungi. With some notable exceptions, animals (including humans) do not produce carotenoids de novo but take them in their diets. In photosynthetic systems carotenoids are essential for photoprotection against excess light and contribute to light harvesting, but perhaps they are best known for their properties as natural pigments in the yellow to red range. Carotenoids can be associated to fatty acids, sugars, proteins, or other compounds that can change their physical and chemical properties and influence their biological roles. Furthermore, oxidative cleavage of carotenoids produces smaller molecules such as apocarotenoids, some of which are important pigments and volatile (aroma) compounds. Enzymatic breakage of carotenoids can also produce biologically active molecules in both plants (hormones, retrograde signals) and animals (retinoids). Both carotenoids and their enzymatic cleavage products are associated with other processes positively impacting human health. Carotenoids are widely used in the industry as food ingredients, feed additives, and supplements. This review, contributed by scientists of complementary disciplines related to carotenoid research, covers recent advances and provides a perspective on future directions on the subjects of carotenoid metabolism, biotechnology, and nutritional and health benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Javier Avalos
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - M Luisa Bonet
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Albert Boronat
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, 08193 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biomedicine, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gomez-Gomez
- Instituto Botánico, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, 02071 Albacete, Spain
| | - Damaso Hornero-Mendez
- Department of Food Phytochemistry, Instituto de la Grasa (IG-CSIC), 41013 Seville, Spain
| | - M Carmen Limon
- Department of Genetics, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | - Antonio J Meléndez-Martínez
- Food Color & Quality Laboratory, Area of Nutrition & Food Science, Universidad de Sevilla, 41012 Seville, Spain
| | | | - Andreu Palou
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Joan Ribot
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Nutrition and Biotechnology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain; Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Illes Balears (IdISBa), 07120 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
| | - Maria J Rodrigo
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Zacarias
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology (IATA-CSIC), 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Changfu Zhu
- Department of Plant Production and Forestry Science, Universitat de Lleida-Agrotecnio, 25198 Lleida, Spain
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Leonowicz G, Trzebuniak KF, Zimak-Piekarczyk P, Ślesak I, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. The activity of superoxide dismutases (SODs) at the early stages of wheat deetiolation. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194678. [PMID: 29558520 PMCID: PMC5860746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Unbound tetrapyrroles, i.e. protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), chlorophyllide and chlorophylls, bring the risk of reactive oxygen species (ROS) being generated in the initial stages of angiosperm deetiolation due to inefficient usage of the excitation energy for photosynthetic photochemistry. We analyzed the activity of superoxide dismutases (SODs) in etiolated wheat (Triticum aestivum) leaves and at the beginning of their deetiolation. Mn-SOD and three isoforms of Cu/Zn-SODs were identified both in etiolated and greening leaves of T. aestivum. Two Cu/Zn-SODs, denoted as II and III, were found in plastids. The activity of plastidic Cu/Zn-SOD isoforms as well as that of Mn-SOD correlated with cell aging along a monocot leaf, being the highest at leaf tips. Moreover, a high Pchlide content at leaf tips was observed. No correlation between SOD activity and the accumulation of photoactive Pchlide, i.e. Pchlide bound into ternary Pchlide:Pchlide oxidoreductase:NADPH complexes was found. Cu/Zn-SOD I showed the highest activity at the leaf base. A flash of light induced photoreduction of the photoactive Pchlide to chlorophyllide as well as an increase in all the SODs activity which occurred in a minute time-scale. In the case of seedlings that were deetiolated under continuous light of moderate intensity (100 μmol photons m-2 s-1), only some fluctuations in plastidic Cu/Zn-SODs and Mn-SOD within the first four hours of greening were noticed. The activity of SODs is discussed with respect to the assembly of tetrapyrroles within pigment-protein complexes, monitored by fluorescence spectroscopy at 77 K.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gracjana Leonowicz
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kamil F. Trzebuniak
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
| | - Paulina Zimak-Piekarczyk
- Department of Stress Biology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Ślesak
- Department of Stress Biology, The Franciszek Górski Institute of Plant Physiology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Krakow, Poland
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Chen H, Li S, Li L, Hu H, Zhao J. Arabidopsis EMB1990 Encoding a Plastid-Targeted YlmG Protein Is Required for Chloroplast Biogenesis and Embryo Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:181. [PMID: 29503657 PMCID: PMC5820536 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In higher plants, embryo development originated from fertilized egg cell is the first step of the life cycle. The chloroplast participates in many essential metabolic pathways, and its function is highly associated with embryo development. However, the mechanisms and relevant genetic components by which the chloroplast functions in embryogenesis are largely uncharacterized. In this paper, we describe the Arabidopsis EMB1990 gene, encoding a plastid-targeted YlmG protein which is required for chloroplast biogenesis and embryo development. Loss of the EMB1990/YLMG1-1 resulted in albino seeds containing abortive embryos, and the morphological development of homozygous emb1990 embryos was disrupted after the globular stage. Our results showed that EMB1990/YLMG1-1 was expressed in the primordia and adaxial region of cotyledon during embryogenesis, and the encoded protein was targeted to the chloroplast. TEM observation of cellular ultrastructure showed that chloroplast biogenesis was impaired in emb1990 embryo cells. Expression of certain plastid genes was also affected in the loss-of-function mutants, including genes encoding core protein complex subunits located in the thylakoid membrane. Moreover, the tissue-specific genes of embryo development were misexpressed in emb1990 mutant, including genes known to delineate cell fate decisions in the SAM (shoot apical meristem), cotyledon and hypophysis. Taken together, we propose that the nuclear-encoded YLMG1-1 is targeted to the chloroplast and required for normal plastid gene expression. Hence, YLMG1-1 plays a critical role in Arabidopsis embryogenesis through participating in chloroplast biogenesis.
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Shi X, Chen S, Peng Y, Wang Y, Chen J, Hu Z, Wang B, Li A, Chao D, Li Y, Teng S. TSC1 enables plastid development under dark conditions, contributing to rice adaptation to transplantation shock. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 60:112-129. [PMID: 29210524 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Since its domestication from wild rice thousands of years ago, rice has been cultivated largely through transplantation. During transplantation from the nursery to the paddy field, rice seedlings experience transplantation shock which affects their physiology and production. However, the mechanisms underlying transplantation shock and rice adaptation to this shock are largely unknown. Here, we isolated a transplant-sensitive chloroplast-deficient (tsc1) rice mutant that produces albino leaves after transplantation. Blocking light from reaching the juvenile leaves and leaf primordia caused chloroplast deficiencies in transplanted tsc1 seedlings. TSC1 encodes a noncanonical adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette (ABC) transporter homologous to AtNAP14 and is of cyanobacterial origin. We demonstrate that TSC1 controls plastid development in rice under dark conditions, and functions independently of light signaling. However, light rescued the tsc1 mutant phenotype in a spectrum-independent manner. TSC1 was upregulated following transplantation, and modulated the iron and copper levels, thereby regulating prolamellar body formation during the early P4 stage of leaf development. Therefore, TSC1 is indispensable for plastid development in the absence of light, and contributes to adaptation to transplantation shock. Our study provides insight into the regulation of plastid development and establishes a framework for improving recovery from transplantation shock in rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoliang Shi
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Sunlu Chen
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yu Peng
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Jiugeng Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Zhanghua Hu
- Institute of Virology and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Baohe Wang
- Rice Breeding Center, Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Aihong Li
- Rice Breeding Center, Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Daiyin Chao
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Rice Breeding Center, Lixiahe Agricultural Research Institute of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Sheng Teng
- Laboratory of Photosynthesis and Environmental Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Shanghai Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai 200032, China
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57
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High-resolution spatiotemporal transcriptome mapping of tomato fruit development and ripening. Nat Commun 2018; 9:364. [PMID: 29371663 PMCID: PMC5785480 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-02782-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) is an established model for studying fruit biology; however, most studies of tomato fruit growth and ripening are based on homogenized pericarp, and do not consider the internal tissues, or the expression signatures of individual cell and tissue types. We present a spatiotemporally resolved transcriptome analysis of tomato fruit ontogeny, using laser microdissection (LM) or hand dissection coupled with RNA-Seq analysis. Regulatory and structural gene networks, including families of transcription factors and hormone synthesis and signaling pathways, are defined across tissue and developmental spectra. The ripening program is revealed as comprising gradients of gene expression, initiating in internal tissues then radiating outward, and basipetally along a latitudinal axis. We also identify spatial variations in the patterns of epigenetic control superimposed on ripening gradients. Functional studies elucidate previously masked regulatory phenomena and relationships, including those associated with fruit quality traits, such as texture, color, aroma, and metabolite profiles. Cell-type transcriptome profiling greatly elucidate organismal development. Here, the authors report a spatiotemporally resolved comprehensive transcriptome analysis of tomato fruit ontogeny and suggest a new model of fruit maturation which initiates in internal tissues then radiates outwards.
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Abstract
Plastids represent a largely diverse group of organelles in plant and algal cells that have several common features but also a broad spectrum of differences in respect of how they look (color, size, and ultrastructure), and what their specific function and molecular composition is. Plastids and their structural and metabolic diversity significantly contribute to the functionality and developmental flexibility of the plant body throughout its lifetime. In addition, to the multiple roles of given plastid types, this diversity is accomplished in some cases by interconversions between different plastids as a consequence of developmental and environmental signals that regulate plastid differentiation and specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Johanna Lethin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Jiang T, Oh ES, Bonea D, Zhao R. HSP90C interacts with PsbO1 and facilitates its thylakoid distribution from chloroplast stroma in Arabidopsis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0190168. [PMID: 29281724 PMCID: PMC5745004 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Arabidopsis plastidic HSP90C is an HSP90 family molecular chaperone that is required for chloroplast development and function. To understand the mechanism of action of HSP90C within the chloroplast, we conducted a yeast two-hybrid screening and revealed it interacts directly with the photosystem II extrinsic protein PsbO1, which performs a canonical function in the thylakoid lumen. To understand the biological significance of HSP90C-PsbO1 interaction, we investigated the role of HSP90C in modulating the stromal and thylakoid distribution of PsbO1GFP fusion protein. Fusion to GFP significantly delays the PsbO1 thylakoid transport and induces a variegation phenotype. Overexpression of HSP90C promotes the thylakoid distribution of PsbO1GFP and alleviates the leaf variegation. By tracking the chloroplast maturation during photomorphogenesis, we observed PsbO1GFP tends to form distinct fluorescent clusters within the stroma with delayed thylakoid membrane biogenesis, while HSP90C overexpression corrects these adverse effects. We also demonstrated that active HSP90C function is specifically required for stable accumulation of mature PsbO1GFP in thylakoid by using specific inhibitor geldanamycin. This study therefore not only identified novel HSP90C interactors, but also reports for the first time that PsbO1 enroute from the cytoplasm to thylakoid lumen is tightly regulated by the HSP90C chaperone complex in plastid stroma; whereas the proper HSP90C homeostasis is also critical for chloroplast maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Jiang
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Edward Saehong Oh
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Bonea
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rongmin Zhao
- Departments of Biological Sciences and Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail:
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Kakuszi A, Solymosi K, Böddi B. Transformation of plastids in soil-shaded lowermost hypocotyl segments of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) during a 60-day cultivation period. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:483-491. [PMID: 27734513 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The maintenance but substantial transformation of plastids was found in lowermost hypocotyl segments of soil-grown bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris cv. Magnum) during a 60-day cultivation period. Although the plants were grown under natural light-dark cycles, this hypocotyl segment was under full coverage of the soil in 5-7 cm depth, thus it was never exposed to light. The 4-day-old plants were fully etiolated: amyloplasts, occasionally prolamellar bodies, protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and protochlorophyll (Pchl) were found in the hypocotyls of these young seedlings. The 633 and 654 nm bands in the 77 K fluorescence emission spectra indicated the presence of Pchlide and Pchl pigments. During aging, both the Pchlide and Pchl contents increased, however, the Pchl to Pchlide ratio gradually increased. In parallel, the contribution of the 654 nm form decreased and in the spectra of the 60-day-old samples, the main band shifted to 631 nm, and a new form appeared with an emission maximum at 641 nm. The photoactivity had been lost; bleaching took place at continuous illumination. The inner membranes of the plastids disappeared, the amount of starch storing amyloplasts decreased. These data may indicate the general importance of plastids for plant cell metabolism, which can be the reason for their maintenance. Also the general heterogeneity of plastid forms can be concluded: in tissues not exposed to light, Pchl accumulating plastids develop and are maintained even for a long period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Kakuszi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
| | - Béla Böddi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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61
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MGDG, PG and SQDG regulate the activity of light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase. Biochem J 2017; 474:1307-1320. [PMID: 28188256 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20170047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) is a plant enzyme involved in the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. POR reduces one of the double bonds of the protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) using NADPH and light. In the present study, we found out that phosphatidylglycerol and sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol are allosteric regulators of the nucleotide binding, which increase the affinity towards NADPH a 100-fold. Moreover, we showed for the first time that NADH can, like NADPH, form active complexes with Pchlide and POR, however, at much higher concentrations. Additionally, monogalactosyldiacylglycerol (MGDG) was shown to be the main factor responsible for the red shift of the fluorescence emission maximum of Pchlide:POR:NADPH complexes. Importantly, the emission maximum at 654 nm was obtained only for the reaction mixtures supplemented with MGDG and at least one of the negatively charged plant lipids. Moreover, the site-directed mutagenesis allowed us to identify amino acid residues that may be responsible for lipid binding and Pchlide coordination. Our experiments allowed us to identify six different Pchlide:POR complexes that differ in the fluorescence emission maxima of the pigment. The results presented here reveal the contribution of thylakoid lipids in the regulation of the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway; however, the molecular mechanisms of this process are to be clarified.
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62
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Zhang D, Li Y, Zhang X, Zha P, Lin R. The SWI2/SNF2 Chromatin-Remodeling ATPase BRAHMA Regulates Chlorophyll Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2017; 10:155-167. [PMID: 27865928 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll biosynthesis is critical for chloroplast development and photosynthesis in plants. Although reactions in the chlorophyll biosynthetic pathway have been largely known, little is known about the regulatory mechanisms of this pathway. In this study, we found that the dark-grown knockout and knockdown mutants as well as RNA-interference transgenic seedlings of BRAHMA (BRM), which encodes an SWI2/SNF2 chromatin-remodeling ATPase, had higher greening rates, accumulated less protochlorophyllide, and produced less reactive oxygen species than Arabidopsis wild-type plants did upon light exposure. The expression of NADPH:protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase A (PORA), PORB, and PORC, which catalyze a key step in chlorophyll biosynthesis, was increased in the brm mutants. We found that BRM physically interacted with the bHLH transcription factor PHYTOCHROME-INTERACTING FACTOR 1 (PIF1) through its N-terminal domains. Furthermore, we demonstrated that BRM was directly recruited to the cis-regulatory regions of PORC, but not of PORA and PORB, at least partially in a PIF1-dependent manner and the level of histone H3 lysine 4 tri-methylation (H3K4me3) at PORC loci was increased in the brm mutant. Taken together, our data indicate that the chromatin-remodeling enzyme BRM modulates PORC expression through interacting with PIF1, providing a novel regulatory mechanism by which plants fine-tune chlorophyll biosynthesis during the transition from heterotrophic to autotrophic growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Zha
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Rongcheng Lin
- Key Laboratory of Photobiology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Botany, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100093, China; College of Life Sciences, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Daher Z, Recorbet G, Solymosi K, Wienkoop S, Mounier A, Morandi D, Lherminier J, Wipf D, Dumas-Gaudot E, Schoefs B. Changes in plastid proteome and structure in arbuscular mycorrhizal roots display a nutrient starvation signature. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2017; 159:13-29. [PMID: 27558913 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 06/17/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
During arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis, arbuscule-containing root cortex cells display a proliferation of plastids, a feature usually ascribed to an increased plant anabolism despite the lack of studies focusing on purified root plastids. In this study, we investigated mycorrhiza-induced changes in plastidic pathways by performing a label-free comparative subcellular quantitative proteomic analysis targeted on plastid-enriched fractions isolated from Medicago truncatula roots, coupled to a cytological analysis of plastid structure. We identified 490 root plastid protein candidates, among which 79 changed in abundance upon mycorrhization, as inferred from spectral counting. According to cross-species sequence homology searches, the mycorrhiza-responsive proteome was enriched in proteins experimentally localized in thylakoids, whereas it was depleted of proteins ascribed predominantly to amyloplasts. Consistently, the analysis of plastid morphology using transmission electron microscopy indicated that starch depletion associated with the proliferation of membrane-free and tubular membrane-containing plastids was a feature specific to arbusculated cells. The loss of enzymes involved in carbon/nitrogen assimilation and provision of reducing power, coupled to macromolecule degradation events in the plastid-enriched fraction of mycorrhizal roots that paralleled lack of starch accumulation in arbusculated cells, lead us to propose that arbuscule functioning elicits a nutrient starvation and an oxidative stress signature that may prime arbuscule breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeina Daher
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Ghislaine Recorbet
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest H-1117, Hungary
| | - Stefanie Wienkoop
- Department of Molecular System Biology, University of Vienna, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Arnaud Mounier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Dominique Morandi
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Jeannine Lherminier
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Daniel Wipf
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Eliane Dumas-Gaudot
- Agroécologie, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS, INRA, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Pôle Interactions Plantes Microrganismes, Dijon cedex 21065, France
| | - Benoît Schoefs
- MicroMar, Mer, Molécules, Santé, UBL, Université du Maine, Le Mans Cedex 9 72085, France
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64
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Liebers M, Grübler B, Chevalier F, Lerbs-Mache S, Merendino L, Blanvillain R, Pfannschmidt T. Regulatory Shifts in Plastid Transcription Play a Key Role in Morphological Conversions of Plastids during Plant Development. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:23. [PMID: 28154576 PMCID: PMC5243808 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Plastids display a high morphological and functional diversity. Starting from an undifferentiated small proplastid, these plant cell organelles can develop into four major forms: etioplasts in the dark, chloroplasts in green tissues, chromoplasts in colored flowers and fruits and amyloplasts in roots. The various forms are interconvertible into each other depending on tissue context and respective environmental condition. Research of the last two decades uncovered that each plastid type contains its own specific proteome that can be highly different from that of the other types. Composition of these proteomes largely defines the enzymatic functionality of the respective plastid. The vast majority of plastid proteins is encoded in the nucleus and must be imported from the cytosol. However, a subset of proteins of the photosynthetic and gene expression machineries are encoded on the plastid genome and are transcribed by a complex transcriptional apparatus consisting of phage-type nuclear-encoded RNA polymerases and a bacterial-type plastid-encoded RNA polymerase. Both types recognize specific sets of promoters and transcribe partly over-lapping as well as specific sets of genes. Here we summarize the current knowledge about the sequential activity of these plastid RNA polymerases and their relative activities in different types of plastids. Based on published plastid gene expression profiles we hypothesize that each conversion from one plastid type into another is either accompanied or even preceded by significant changes in plastid transcription suggesting that these changes represent important determinants of plastid morphology and protein composition and, hence, the plastid type.
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Liu H, Wang X, Ren K, Li K, Wei M, Wang W, Sheng X. Light Deprivation-Induced Inhibition of Chloroplast Biogenesis Does Not Arrest Embryo Morphogenesis But Strongly Reduces the Accumulation of Storage Reserves during Embryo Maturation in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:1287. [PMID: 28775734 PMCID: PMC5517488 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.01287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is one of the most important organelles found exclusively in plant and algal cells. Previous reports indicated that the chloroplast is involved in plant embryogenesis, but the role of the organelle during embryo morphogenesis and maturation is still a controversial question demanding further research. In the present study, siliques of Arabidopsis at the early globular stage were enwrapped using tinfoil, and light deprivation-induced inhibition of the chloroplast biogenesis were validated by stereomicroscope, laser scanning confocal microscope and transmission electron microscope. Besides, the effects of inhibited chloroplast differentiation on embryogenesis, especially on the reserve deposition were analyzed using periodic acid-Schiff reaction, Nile red labeling, and Coomassie brilliant blue staining. Our results indicated that tinfoil enwrapping strongly inhibited the formation of chloroplasts, which did not arrest embryo morphogenesis, but markedly influenced embryo maturation, mainly through reducing the accumulation of storage reserves, especially starch grains and oil. Our data provide a new insight into the roles of the chloroplast during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huichao Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Kaixuan Ren
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Wei
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
| | - Xianyong Sheng
- College of Life Sciences, Capital Normal UniversityBeijing, China
- *Correspondence: Xianyong Sheng,
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66
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Gabruk M, Nowakowska Z, Skupien-Rabian B, Kędracka-Krok S, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B, Kruk J. Insight into the oligomeric structure of PORA from A. thaliana. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2016; 1864:1757-1764. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2016.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Kambakam S, Bhattacharjee U, Petrich J, Rodermel S. PTOX Mediates Novel Pathways of Electron Transport in Etioplasts of Arabidopsis. MOLECULAR PLANT 2016; 9:1240-1259. [PMID: 27353362 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 06/16/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The immutans (im) variegation mutant of Arabidopsis defines the gene for PTOX (plastid terminal oxidase), a versatile plastoquinol oxidase in chloroplast membranes. In this report we used im to gain insight into the function of PTOX in etioplasts of dark-grown seedlings. We discovered that PTOX helps control the redox state of the plastoquinone (PQ) pool in these organelles, and that it plays an essential role in etioplast metabolism by participating in the desaturation reactions of carotenogenesis and in one or more redox pathways mediated by PGR5 (PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5) and NDH (NAD(P)H dehydrogenase), both of which are central players in cyclic electron transport. We propose that these elements couple PTOX with electron flow from NAD(P)H to oxygen, and by analogy to chlororespiration (in chloroplasts) and chromorespiration (in chromoplasts), we suggest that they define a respiratory process in etioplasts that we have termed "etiorespiration". We further show that the redox state of the PQ pool in etioplasts might control chlorophyll biosynthesis, perhaps by participating in mechanisms of retrograde (plastid-to-nucleus) signaling that coordinate biosynthetic and photoprotective activities required to poise the etioplast for light development. We conclude that PTOX is an important component of metabolism and redox sensing in etioplasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sekhar Kambakam
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 445 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | | | - Jacob Petrich
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Steve Rodermel
- Department of Genetics, Development and Cell Biology, Iowa State University, 445 Bessey Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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68
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Lindquist E, Solymosi K, Aronsson H. Vesicles Are Persistent Features of Different Plastids. Traffic 2016; 17:1125-38. [PMID: 27405297 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Peripheral vesicles in plastids have been observed repeatedly, primarily in proplastids and developing chloroplasts, in which they are suggested to function in thylakoid biogenesis. Previous observations of vesicles in mature chloroplasts have mainly concerned low temperature pretreated plants occasionally treated with inhibitors blocking vesicle fusion. Here, we show that such vesicle-like structures occur not only in chloroplasts and proplastids, but also in etioplasts, etio-chloroplasts, leucoplasts, chromoplasts and even transforming desiccoplasts without any specific pretreatment. Observations are made both in C3 and C4 species, in different cell types (meristematic, epidermis, mesophyll, bundle sheath and secretory cells) and different organs (roots, stems, leaves, floral parts and fruits). Until recently not much focus has been given to the idea that vesicle transport in chloroplasts could be mediated by proteins, but recent data suggest that the vesicle system of chloroplasts has similarities with the cytosolic coat protein complex II system. All current data taken together support the idea of an ongoing, active and protein-mediated vesicle transport not only in chloroplasts but also in other plastids, obviously occurring regardless of chemical modifications, temperature and plastid developmental stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emelie Lindquist
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Pázmány P. s. 1/c, H-1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Henrik Aronsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 461, SE-405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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69
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Ma Q, Cao X, Wu L, Mi W, Feng Y. Light intensity affects the uptake and metabolism of glycine by pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.). Sci Rep 2016; 6:21200. [PMID: 26882864 PMCID: PMC4756379 DOI: 10.1038/srep21200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The uptake of glycine by pakchoi (Brassica chinensis L.), when supplied as single N-source or in a mixture of glycine and inorganic N, was studied at different light intensities under sterile conditions. At the optimal intensity (414 μmol m(-2) s(-1)) for plant growth, glycine, nitrate, and ammonium contributed 29.4%, 39.5%, and 31.1% shoot N, respectively, and light intensity altered the preferential absorption of N sources. The lower (15)N-nitrate in root but higher in shoot and the higher (15)N-glycine in root but lower in shoot suggested that most (15)N-nitrate uptake by root transported to shoot rapidly, with the shoot being important for nitrate assimilation, and the N contribution of glycine was limited by post-uptake metabolism. The amount of glycine that was taken up by the plant was likely limited by root uptake at low light intensities and by the metabolism of ammonium produced by glycine at high light intensities. These results indicate that pakchoi has the ability to uptake a large quantity of glycine, but that uptake is strongly regulated by light intensity, with metabolism in the root inhibiting its N contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxu Ma
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropic Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xiaochuang Cao
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lianghuan Wu
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropic Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Wenhai Mi
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Subtropic Soil and Plant Nutrition, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ying Feng
- Ministry of Education Key Lab of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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70
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Abstract
Plastids are ubiquitously present in plants and are the organelles for carotenoid biosynthesis and storage. Based on their morphology and function, plastids are classified into various types, i.e. proplastids, etioplasts, chloroplasts, amyloplasts, and chromoplasts. All plastids, except proplastids, can synthesize carotenoids. However, plastid types have a profound effect on carotenoid accumulation and stability. In this chapter, we discuss carotenoid biosynthesis and regulation in various plastids with a focus on carotenoids in chromoplasts. Plastid transition related to carotenoid biosynthesis and the different capacity of various plastids to sequester carotenoids and the associated effect on carotenoid stability are described in light of carotenoid accumulation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA.
| | - Hui Yuan
- Robert W. Holley Center for Agriculture and Health, USDA-ARS, Plant Breeding and Genetics Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Yunliu Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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71
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Pfannschmidt T, Blanvillain R, Merendino L, Courtois F, Chevalier F, Liebers M, Grübler B, Hommel E, Lerbs-Mache S. Plastid RNA polymerases: orchestration of enzymes with different evolutionary origins controls chloroplast biogenesis during the plant life cycle. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:6957-73. [PMID: 26355147 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplasts are the sunlight-collecting organelles of photosynthetic eukaryotes that energetically drive the biosphere of our planet. They are the base for all major food webs by providing essential photosynthates to all heterotrophic organisms including humans. Recent research has focused largely on an understanding of the function of these organelles, but knowledge about the biogenesis of chloroplasts is rather limited. It is known that chloroplasts develop from undifferentiated precursor plastids, the proplastids, in meristematic cells. This review focuses on the activation and action of plastid RNA polymerases, which play a key role in the development of new chloroplasts from proplastids. Evolutionarily, plastids emerged from the endosymbiosis of a cyanobacterium-like ancestor into a heterotrophic eukaryote. As an evolutionary remnant of this process, they possess their own genome, which is expressed by two types of plastid RNA polymerase, phage-type and prokaryotic-type RNA polymerase. The protein subunits of these polymerases are encoded in both the nuclear and plastid genomes. Their activation and action therefore require a highly sophisticated regulation that controls and coordinates the expression of the components encoded in the plastid and nucleus. Stoichiometric expression and correct assembly of RNA polymerase complexes is achieved by a combination of developmental and environmentally induced programmes. This review highlights the current knowledge about the functional coordination between the different types of plastid RNA polymerases and provides working models of their sequential expression and function for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pfannschmidt
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Robert Blanvillain
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Livia Merendino
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Florence Courtois
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Fabien Chevalier
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Monique Liebers
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Björn Grübler
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Elisabeth Hommel
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
| | - Silva Lerbs-Mache
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, F-38000 Grenoble, France CNRS, UMR5168, F-38054 Grenoble, France CEA, iRTSV, Laboratoire de Physiologie Cellulaire & Végétale, F-38054 Grenoble, France INRA, USC1359, F-38054 Grenoble, France
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72
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Kósa A, Preininger É, Böddi B. Nitrogen deficiency hinders etioplast development in stems of dark-grown pea (Pisum sativum) shoot cultures. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2015; 155:330-7. [PMID: 25825156 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The effects of nitrogen (N) deprivation were studied in etiolated pea plants (Pisum sativum cv. Zsuzsi) grown in shoot cultures. The average shoot lengths decreased and the stems significantly altered considering their pigment contents, 77 K fluorescence spectra and ultrastructural properties. The protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) content and the relative contribution of the 654-655 nm emitting flash-photoactive Pchlide form significantly decreased. The etioplast inner membrane structure characteristically changed: N deprivation correlated with a decrease in the size and number of prolamellar bodies (PLBs). These results show that N deficiency directly hinders the pigment production, as well as the synthesis of other etioplast inner membrane components in etiolated pea stems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamária Kósa
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös University, Institute of Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Preininger
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös University, Institute of Biology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Béla Böddi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös University, Institute of Biology, Budapest, Hungary
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73
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Gabruk M, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. Light-Dependent Protochlorophyllide Oxidoreductase: Phylogeny, Regulation, and Catalytic Properties. Biochemistry 2015; 54:5255-62. [PMID: 26230427 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This Current Topic focuses on light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR, EC 1.3.1.33). POR catalyzes the penultimate reaction of chlorophyll biosynthesis, i.e., the light-triggered reduction of protochlorophyllide to chlorophyllide. In this reaction, the chlorin ring of the chlorophyll molecule is formed, which is crucial for photosynthesis. POR is one of very few enzymes that are driven by light; however, it is unique in the need for its substrate to absorb photons to induce the conformational changes in the enzyme, which are required for its catalytic activation. Moreover, the enzyme is also involved in the negative feedback of the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway and controls chlorophyll content via its light-dependent activity. Even though it has been almost 70 years since the first isolation of active POR complexes, our knowledge of them has markedly advanced in recent years. In this review, we summarize the current state of knowledge of POR, including the phylogenetic roots of POR, the mechanisms of the regulation of POR genes expression, the regulation of POR activity, the import of POR into plastids, the role of POR in PLB formation, and the molecular mechanism of protochlorophyllide reduction by POR. To the best of our knowledge, no previous review has compiled such a broad set of recent findings about POR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Gabruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University , Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
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74
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Inagaki N, Kinoshita K, Kagawa T, Tanaka A, Ueno O, Shimada H, Takano M. Phytochrome B Mediates the Regulation of Chlorophyll Biosynthesis through Transcriptional Regulation of ChlH and GUN4 in Rice Seedlings. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135408. [PMID: 26270815 PMCID: PMC4536196 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate regulation of chlorophyll synthesis is crucial for chloroplast formation during the greening process in angiosperms. In this study, we examined the role of phytochrome B (phyB) in the regulation of chlorophyll synthesis in rice seedlings (Oryza sativa L.) through the characterization of a pale-green phenotype observed in the phyB mutant grown under continuous red light (Rc) irradiation. Our results show that the Rc-induced chlorophyll accumulation can be divided into two components—a phyB-dependent and a phyB-independent component, and that the pale-green phenotype is caused by the absence of the phyB-dependent component. To elucidate the role of the missing component we established an Rc-induced greening experiment, the results of which revealed that several genes encoding proteins on the chlorophyll branch were repressed in the phyB mutant. Notable among them were ChlH and GUN4 genes, which encode subunit H and an activating factor of magnesium chelatase (Mg-chelatase), respectively, that were largely repressed in the mutant. Moreover, the kinetic profiles of chlorophyll precursors suggested that Mg-chelatase activity simultaneously decreased with the reduction in the transcript levels of ChlH and GUN4. These results suggest that phyB mediates the regulation of chlorophyll synthesis through transcriptional regulation of these two genes, whose products exert their action at the branching point of the chlorophyll biosynthesis pathway. Reduction of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) synthesis could be detected in the mutant, but the kinetic profiles of chlorophyll precursors indicated that it was an event posterior to the reduction of the Mg-chelatase activity. It means that the repression of 5-ALA synthesis should not be a triggering event for the appearance of the pale-green phenotype. Instead, the repression of 5-ALA synthesis might be important for the subsequent stabilization of the pale-green phenotype for preventing excessive accumulation of hazardous chlorophyll precursors, which is an inevitable consequence of the reduction of Mg-chelatase activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noritoshi Inagaki
- Photobiology and Photosynthesis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Keisuke Kinoshita
- Photobiology and Photosynthesis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Kagawa
- Photobiology and Photosynthesis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Functional Plant Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Ayumi Tanaka
- Plant Adaptation Biology Group, Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Osamu Ueno
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyusyu University, Fukuoka, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Shimada
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, Katsushika, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takano
- Photobiology and Photosynthesis Research Unit, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- Genetically Modified Organism Research Center, National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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75
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Mork-Jansson A, Bue AK, Gargano D, Furnes C, Reisinger V, Arnold J, Kmiec K, Eichacker LA. Lil3 Assembles with Proteins Regulating Chlorophyll Synthesis in Barley. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133145. [PMID: 26172838 PMCID: PMC4501709 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The light-harvesting-like (LIL) proteins are a family of membrane proteins that share a chlorophyll a/b-binding motif with the major light-harvesting antenna proteins of oxygenic photoautotrophs. LIL proteins have been associated with the regulation of tetrapyrrol biosynthesis, and plant responses to light-stress. Here, it was found in a native PAGE approach that chlorophyllide, and chlorophyllide plus geranylgeraniolpyrophosphate trigger assembly of Lil3 in three chlorine binding fluorescent protein bands, termed F1, F2, and F3. It is shown that light and chlorophyllide trigger accumulation of protochlorophyllide-oxidoreductase, and chlorophyll synthase in band F3. Chlorophyllide and chlorophyll esterified to geranylgeraniol were identified as basis of fluorescence recorded from band F3. A direct interaction between Lil3, CHS and POR was confirmed in a split ubiquitin assay. In the presence of light or chlorophyllide, geranylgeraniolpyrophosphate was shown to trigger a loss of the F3 band and accumulation of Lil3 and geranylgeranyl reductase in F1 and F2. No direct interaction between Lil3 and geranylgeraniolreductase was identified in a split ubiquitin assay; however, accumulation of chlorophyll esterified to phytol in F1 and F2 corroborated the enzymes assembly. Chlorophyll esterified to phytol and the reaction center protein psbD of photosystem II were identified to accumulate together with psb29, and APX in the fluorescent band F2. Data show that Lil3 assembles with proteins regulating chlorophyll synthesis in etioplasts from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ann Kristin Bue
- Center for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Daniela Gargano
- Center for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Clemens Furnes
- Center for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Veronika Reisinger
- Center for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Janine Arnold
- Center for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Karol Kmiec
- Center for Organelle Research, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
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76
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Rottet S, Besagni C, Kessler F. The role of plastoglobules in thylakoid lipid remodeling during plant development. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2015; 1847:889-99. [PMID: 25667966 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2015.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Photosynthesis is the key bioenergetic process taking place in the chloroplast. The components of the photosynthetic machinery are embedded in a highly dynamic matrix, the thylakoid membrane. This membrane has the capacity to adapt during developmental transitions and under stress conditions. The galactolipids are the major polar lipid components of the thylakoid membrane conferring bilayer properties, while neutral thylakoid lipids such as the prenyllipids and carotenoids contribute to essential functions such as electron transport and photoprotection. Despite a large number of studies, the intriguing processes of thylakoid membrane biogenesis and dynamics remain unsolved. Plastoglobules, thylakoid-associated lipid droplets, appear to actively participate in thylakoid function from biogenesis to senescence. Recruitment of specific proteins enables the plastoglobules to act in metabolite synthesis, repair and disposal under changing environmental conditions and developmental stages. In this review, we describe plastoglobules as thylakoid membrane microdomains and discuss their involvement in lipid remodeling during stress and in the conversion from one plastid type to another. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Chloroplast Biogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Rottet
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Céline Besagni
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Felix Kessler
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, University of Neuchâtel, 2000 Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Gabruk M, Stecka A, Strzałka W, Kruk J, Strzałka K, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. Photoactive protochlorophyllide-enzyme complexes reconstituted with PORA, PORB and PORC proteins of A. thaliana: fluorescence and catalytic properties. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0116990. [PMID: 25659137 PMCID: PMC4319759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Photoactive Pchlide-POR-NADPH complexes were reconstituted using protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) and recombinant light-dependent protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase (POR) proteins, His₆-PORA, His₆-PORB and His₆-PORC, from Arabidopsis thaliana. We did not observe any differences in the kinetics of the protochlorophyllide photoreduction at room temperature among the PORA, PORB and PORC proteins. In contrast, the PORC protein showed lower yield of Chlide formation than PORA and PORB when preincubated in the dark for 30 min and then illuminated for a short time. The most significant observation was that reconstituted Pchlide-POR-NADPH complexes showed fluorescence maxima at 77 K similar to those observed for highly aggregated Pchlide-POR-NADPH complexes in prolamellar bodies (PLBs) in vivo. Homology models of PORA, PORB and PORC of Arabidopsis thaliana were developed to compare predicted structures of POR isoforms. There were only slight structural differences, mainly in the organisation of helices and loops, but not in the shape of whole molecules. This is the first comparative analysis of all POR isoforms functioning at different stages of A. thaliana development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Gabruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Stecka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wojciech Strzałka
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Jerzy Kruk
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazimierz Strzałka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
- * E-mail:
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78
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Schattat MH, Barton KA, Mathur J. The myth of interconnected plastids and related phenomena. PROTOPLASMA 2015; 252:359-71. [PMID: 24965372 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-014-0666-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Studies spread over nearly two and a half centuries have identified the primary plastid in autotrophic algae and plants as a pleomorphic, multifunctional organelle comprising of a double-membrane envelope enclosing an organization of internal membranes submerged in a watery stroma. All plastid units have been observed extending and retracting thin stroma-filled tubules named stromules sporadically. Observations on living plant cells often convey the impression that stromules connect two or more independent plastids with each other. When photo-bleaching techniques were used to suggest that macromolecules such as the green fluorescent protein could flow between already interconnected plastids, for many people this impression changed to conviction. However, it was noticed only recently that the concept of protein flow between plastids rests solely on the words "interconnected plastids" for which details have never been provided. We have critically reviewed botanical literature dating back to the 1880s for understanding this term and the phenomena that have become associated with it. We find that while meticulously detailed ontogenic studies spanning nearly 150 years have established the plastid as a singular unit organelle, there is no experimental support for the idea that interconnected plastids exist under normal conditions of growth and development. In this review, while we consider several possibilities that might allow a single elongated plastid to be misinterpreted as two or more interconnected plastids, our final conclusion is that the concept of direct protein flow between plastids is based on an unfounded assumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin H Schattat
- Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Pflanzenphysiologie, Weinbergweg 10, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany,
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79
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Hung CY, Umstead ML, Chen J, Holliday BM, Kittur FS, Henny RJ, Burkey KO, Xie J. Differential expression of a novel gene EaF82a in green and yellow sectors of variegated Epipremnum aureum leaves is related to uneven distribution of auxin. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 152:749-62. [PMID: 24796240 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
EaF82, a gene identified in previous studies of the variegated plant Epipremnum aureum, exhibited a unique expression pattern with greater transcript abundance in yellow sectors than green sectors of variegated leaves, but lower abundance in regenerated pale yellow plants than in green plants derived from leaf tissue culture. Studies of its full-length cDNA and promoter region revealed two members with only the EaF82a expressed. Immunoblotting confirmed that EaF82a encodes a 12 kDa protein and its accumulation consistent with its gene expression patterns in different color tissues. Transient expression of EaF82a-sGFP fusion proteins in protoplasts showed that EaF82a seems to be present in the cytosol as unidentified spots. Sequence motif search reveals a potential auxin responsive element in promoter region. Using transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings carrying EaF82a promoter driving the bacterial uidA (GUS) gene, an increased GUS activity was observed when IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) concentration was elevated. In E. aureum, EaF82a is more abundant at the site where axillary buds emerge and at the lower side of bending nodes where more IAA accumulates relative to the upper side. The measurement of endogenous IAA levels in different color tissues revealed the same pattern of IAA distribution as that of EaF82a expression, further supporting that EaF82a is an IAA responsive gene. EaF82a expression in etiolated transgenic Arabidopsis seedlings responded to IAA under the influence of light suggesting a microenvironment of uneven light condition affects the EaF82a transcript levels and protein accumulation in variegated leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiu-Yueh Hung
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomanufacturing Research Institute & Technology Enterprise, North Carolina Central University, Durham, 27707, USA
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80
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Kumar RA, Oldenburg DJ, Bendich AJ. Changes in DNA damage, molecular integrity, and copy number for plastid DNA and mitochondrial DNA during maize development. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:6425-39. [PMID: 25261192 PMCID: PMC4246179 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The amount and structural integrity of organellar DNAs change during plant development, although the mechanisms of change are poorly understood. Using PCR-based methods, we quantified DNA damage, molecular integrity, and genome copy number for plastid and mitochondrial DNAs of maize seedlings. A DNA repair assay was also used to assess DNA impediments. During development, DNA damage increased and molecules with impediments that prevented amplification by Taq DNA polymerase increased, with light causing the greatest change. DNA copy number values depended on the assay method, with standard real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) values exceeding those determined by long-PCR by 100- to 1000-fold. As the organelles develop, their DNAs may be damaged in oxidative environments created by photo-oxidative reactions and photosynthetic/respiratory electron transfer. Some molecules may be repaired, while molecules with unrepaired damage may be degraded to non-functional fragments measured by standard qPCR but not by long-PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachana A Kumar
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5325, USA
| | - Delene J Oldenburg
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5325, USA
| | - Arnold J Bendich
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-5325, USA
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81
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Pribil M, Labs M, Leister D. Structure and dynamics of thylakoids in land plants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2014; 65:1955-72. [PMID: 24622954 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eru090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Thylakoids of land plants have a bipartite structure, consisting of cylindrical grana stacks, made of membranous discs piled one on top of the other, and stroma lamellae which are helically wound around the cylinders. Protein complexes predominantly located in the stroma lamellae and grana end membranes are either bulky [photosystem I (PSI) and the chloroplast ATP synthase (cpATPase)] or are involved in cyclic electron flow [the NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (NDH) and PGRL1-PGR5 heterodimers], whereas photosystem II (PSII) and its light-harvesting complex (LHCII) are found in the appressed membranes of the granum. Stacking of grana is thought to be due to adhesion between Lhcb proteins (LHCII or CP26) located in opposed thylakoid membranes. The grana margins contain oligomers of CURT1 proteins, which appear to control the size and number of grana discs in a dosage- and phosphorylation-dependent manner. Depending on light conditions, thylakoid membranes undergo dynamic structural changes that involve alterations in granum diameter and height, vertical unstacking of grana, and swelling of the thylakoid lumen. This plasticity is realized predominantly by reorganization of the supramolecular structure of protein complexes within grana stacks and by changes in multiprotein complex composition between appressed and non-appressed membrane domains. Reversible phosphorylation of LHC proteins (LHCPs) and PSII components appears to initiate most of the underlying regulatory mechanisms. An update on the roles of lipids, proteins, and protein complexes, as well as possible trafficking mechanisms, during thylakoid biogenesis and the de-etiolation process complements this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Pribil
- Plant Molecular Biology, Department of Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich (LMU), D-82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany
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82
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Darko E, Heydarizadeh P, Schoefs B, Sabzalian MR. Photosynthesis under artificial light: the shift in primary and secondary metabolism. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2014; 369:20130243. [PMID: 24591723 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Providing an adequate quantity and quality of food for the escalating human population under changing climatic conditions is currently a great challenge. In outdoor cultures, sunlight provides energy (through photosynthesis) for photosynthetic organisms. They also use light quality to sense and respond to their environment. To increase the production capacity, controlled growing systems using artificial lighting have been taken into consideration. Recent development of light-emitting diode (LED) technologies presents an enormous potential for improving plant growth and making systems more sustainable. This review uses selected examples to show how LED can mimic natural light to ensure the growth and development of photosynthetic organisms, and how changes in intensity and wavelength can manipulate the plant metabolism with the aim to produce functionalized foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Darko
- Agricultural Institute, Centre for Agricultural Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, , Martonvásár, Hungary
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83
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Hayashi-Tsugane M, Takahara H, Ahmed N, Himi E, Takagi K, Iida S, Tsugane K, Maekawa M. A mutable albino allele in rice reveals that formation of thylakoid membranes requires the SNOW-WHITE LEAF1 gene. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 55:3-15. [PMID: 24151203 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pct149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Active DNA transposons are important tools for gene functional analysis. The endogenous non-autonomous transposon, nDart1-0, in rice (Oryza sativa L.) is expected to generate various transposon-insertion mutants because nDart1-0 elements tend to insert into genic regions under natural growth conditions. We have developed a specific method (nDart1-0-iPCR) for efficient detection of nDart1-0 insertions and successfully identified the SNOW-WHITE LEAF1 (SWL1) gene in a variegated albino (swl1-v) mutant obtained from the nDart1-promoted rice tagging line. The variegated albino phenotype was caused by insertion and excision of nDart1-0 in the 5'-untranslated region of the SWL1 gene predicted to encode an unknown protein with the N-terminal chloroplast transit peptide. SWL1 expression was detected in various rice tissues at different developmental stages. However, immunoblot analysis indicated that SWL1 protein accumulation was strictly regulated in a tissue-specific manner. In the swl1 mutant, formations of grana and stroma thylakoids and prolamellar bodies were inhibited. This study revealed that SWL1 is essential for the beginning of thylakoid membrane organization during chloroplast development. Furthermore, we provide a developmental perspective on the nDart1-promoted tagging line to characterize unidentified gene functions in rice.
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84
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Grzyb JM, Solymosi K, Strzałka K, Mysliwa-Kurdziel B. Visualization and characterization of prolamellar bodies with atomic force microscopy. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:1217-1227. [PMID: 23777838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2013.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 04/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Prolamellar bodies (PLBs) isolated from etiolated wheat seedlings were studied with the use of atomic force microscopy (AFM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and fluorescence spectroscopy. With AFM, PLBs were seen as spherical structures about 1-2μm in diameter, more elastic than mica and poly-l-lysine substrate. TEM analyses confirmed that PLBs of wheat leaf etioplasts also had an average diameter of appr. 1μm. Illumination induced the photoreduction of photoactive protochlorophyllide (Pchlide), i.e. Pchlide bound to protochlorophyllide oxidoreductase, which was shown in fluorescence spectra. The photoreduction was followed by the disruption of PLB structures, which started with the enlargement of PLB spheres and then their fragmentation into small balls as seen with AFM. Light-induced vesicle formation and the outgrowth of lamellar (pro)thylakoid membranes on the PLB surface were also confirmed by TEM analyses, and resulted in the apparent enlargement of the PLB diameter. The blue-shift of the fluorescence emission maximum of chlorophyllide observed for PLBs at room temperature after Pchlide photoreduction was completed within 25min. However, structural changes in PLBs were still observed after the completion of the blue-shift. The incubation of PLBs in darkness with HgCl2 also resulted in PLB enlargement and a loosening of their structure. AFM provides a unique opportunity to observe PLBs at a physiological temperature without the necessity of fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Grzyb
- Laboratory of Biological Physics, Institute of Physics PAS, al. Lotników 32/46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland
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85
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Plastids of marine phytoplankton produce bioactive pigments and lipids. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:3425-71. [PMID: 24022731 PMCID: PMC3806458 DOI: 10.3390/md11093425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytoplankton is acknowledged to be a very diverse source of bioactive molecules. These compounds play physiological roles that allow cells to deal with changes of the environmental constrains. For example, the diversity of light harvesting pigments allows efficient photosynthesis at different depths in the seawater column. Identically, lipid composition of cell membranes can vary according to environmental factors. This, together with the heterogenous evolutionary origin of taxa, makes the chemical diversity of phytoplankton compounds much larger than in terrestrial plants. This contribution is dedicated to pigments and lipids synthesized within or from plastids/photosynthetic membranes. It starts with a short review of cyanobacteria and microalgae phylogeny. Then the bioactivity of pigments and lipids (anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, anti-cancer, anti-obesity, anti-allergic activities, and cardio- neuro-, hepato- and photoprotective effects), alone or in combination, is detailed. To increase the cellular production of bioactive compounds, specific culture conditions may be applied (e.g., high light intensity, nitrogen starvation). Regardless of the progress made in blue biotechnologies, the production of bioactive compounds is still limited. However, some examples of large scale production are given, and perspectives are suggested in the final section.
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Vitányi B, Kósa A, Solymosi K, Böddi B. Etioplasts with protochlorophyll and protochlorophyllide forms in the under-soil epicotyl segments of pea (Pisum sativum) seedlings grown under natural light conditions. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:307-15. [PMID: 23067197 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01714.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2012] [Revised: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To study if etiolation symptoms exist in plants grown under natural illumination conditions, under-soil epicotyl segments of light-grown pea (Pisum sativum) plants were examined and compared to those of hydroponically dark-grown plants. Light-, fluorescence- and electron microscopy, 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy, pigment extraction and pigment content determination methods were used. Etioplasts with prolamellar bodies and/or prothylakoids, protochlorophyll (Pchl) and protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) forms (including the flash-photoactive 655 nm emitting form) were found in the (pro)chlorenchyma of epicotyl segments under 3 cm soil depth; their spectral properties were similar to those of hydroponically grown seedlings. However, differences were found in etioplast sizes and Pchlide:Pchl molar ratios, which indicate differences in the developmental rates of the under-soil and of hydroponically developed cells. Tissue regions closer to the soil surface showed gradual accumulation of chlorophyll, and in parallel, decrease of Pchl and Pchlide. These results proved that etioplasts and Pchlide exist in soil-covered parts of seedlings even if they have a 3-4-cm long photosynthetically active shoot above the soil surface. This underlines that etiolation symptoms do develop under natural growing conditions, so they are not merely artificial, laboratory phenomena. Consequently, dark-grown laboratory plants are good models to study the early stages of etioplast differentiation and the Pchlide-chlorophyllide phototransformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beáta Vitányi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös University, Budapest, H-1117, Hungary
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Solymosi K, Tuba Z, Böddi B. Desiccoplast-etioplast-chloroplast transformation under rehydration of desiccated poikilochlorophyllous Xerophyta humilis leaves in the dark and upon subsequent illumination. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 170:583-90. [PMID: 23415648 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2012.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The transformation of desiccoplasts into etioplasts and the parallel appearance of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) forms were observed with transmission electron microscopy and 77K fluorescence spectroscopy, when air-dried detached leaves of the poikilochlorophyllous desiccation tolerant plant Xerophyta humilis were floated in water in the dark. After 1 week of rehydration, pregranal plastids with newly synthesized prothylakoid (PT) lamellae and mainly non-photoactive Pchlide forms developed, while etioplasts with prolamellar bodies (PLBs) and photoactive, 655nm emitting Pchlide form accumulated primarily in the basal leaf regions after 2 weeks of regeneration. When these latter leaves were illuminated with continuous light for 3 days, the etioplasts transformed into regular chloroplasts and the fluorescence emission bands characteristic of green leaves appeared. These results show that, upon rehydration, the dehydrated chlorenchyma cells are able to regenerate pregranal plastids and etioplasts from desiccoplasts in the dark, which can transform into regular chloroplasts when they are illuminated. This means that the differentiation of pregranal plastids and etioplasts and their greening process is a basic property of fully differentiated cells of X. humilis. Consequently, these processes are not merely characteristic for seedlings with meristematic and differentiating young tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Eötvös University, Pázmány P. s. 1/c., Budapest H-1117, Hungary
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88
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Mysliwa-Kurdziel B, Kruk J, Strzałka K. Protochlorophyllide in model systems--an approach to in vivo conditions. Biophys Chem 2013; 175-176:28-38. [PMID: 23524289 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpc.2013.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Absorption and fluorescence properties of protochlorophyllide (Pchlide) monomers and aggregates in various model systems are presented in this study. The absorption and fluorescence maxima, and fluorescence lifetimes of Pchlide monomers were not dependent on liposome composition. Fluorescence quenching experiments using KI and SASLs as fluorescence quenchers, revealed that Pchlide molecules entered a lipid bilayer and were localized close to the polar lipid headgroup area. The process of Pchlide aggregation was evident for high (i.e. at least 9 mol%) Pchlide content in liposomes prepared from galactolipids. To our knowledge, this is the first study of Pchlide aggregation in membrane-mimicking model systems. The aggregates showed absorption maxima at 480 and 650 nm. Fluorescence of the aggregates measured for excitation at 480 nm had a maximum at 656 nm and was characterized with two fluorescence lifetime components, i.e. 0.1 and 1-2 ns. Pchlide aggregates observed in the buffer had similar position of absorption and fluorescence bands to those observed in liposomes, although the overall fluorescence intensity was considerably lower. Some differences in the relative intensity of Soret absorption bands were observed. These results showed that the presence of liposomes decreased the efficiency of the process of Pchlide aggregation. Water bound at the interface region of AOT/isooctane/water reversed micelles induced disaggregation of the Pchlide aggregates indicating that Pchlide aggregates are buried into hydrophilic core of micelles. The results are discussed with respect to the role of lipids in Pchlide aggregation found in plant etioplasts and their significance for light-induced Pchlide photoreduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, ul. Gronostajowa 7, Poland.
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89
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Gupta P, Jain M, Sarangthem J, Gadre R. Inhibition of 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase by mercury in excised greening maize leaf segments. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2013. [PMID: 23191957 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2012.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg), a potent metallic toxicant, is known for having inhibitory effect on chlorophyll biosynthesis. In vivo supply of HgCl(2) inhibited 5-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALAD, EC 4.2.1.24) activity in excised greening maize (Zea mays) leaf segments. The inhibition caused by Hg was alleviated by addition of KNO(3). Amongst the nutrients and metabolites tested, NH(4)Cl and sucrose increased the inhibitory effect of Hg on enzyme activity, while glutamine and glutathione decreased it. The inhibitors, levulinic acid and 5,5' dithio bis 2-nitrobenzoic acid, also reduced the % inhibition of enzyme activity caused by Hg supply. In vitro inclusion of Hg during assay of the enzyme preparations obtained from the tissue treated without Hg (-Hg enzyme) and with Hg (+Hg enzyme) caused the inhibition of -Hg enzyme but activation of +Hg enzyme. Almost similar trend was observed for the in vitro inclusion of Hg in the presence of levulinic acid. It is suggested that two forms of enzyme exist in Hg-treated tissue, i.e. the usual Mg dependent form and an unusual Hg modified form. Kinetic studies for the two enzymes, -Hg enzyme and +Hg enzyme, involving the effect of varying concentrations of δ-aminolevulinic acid yielded distinct apparent K(m) and apparent V(max) values being 532 μM and 118 units g(-1) fr. wt., respectively, for -Hg enzyme and 347 μM and 52 units g(-1) fr. wt., respectively, for +Hg enzyme indicating that +Hg enzyme has higher affinity for δ-aminolevulinic acid but lower activity as compared to the -Hg enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Gupta
- School of Biochemistry, Devi Ahilya University, Takshashila Campus, Khandwa Road, Indore 452 017, Madhya Pradesh, India
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90
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Solymosi K, Aronsson H. Etioplasts and Their Significance in Chloroplast Biogenesis. PLASTID DEVELOPMENT IN LEAVES DURING GROWTH AND SENESCENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-5724-0_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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91
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Mysliwa-Kurdziel B, Kruk J, Strzałka K. Protochlorophyllide and protochlorophyll in model membranes - an influence of hydrophobic side chain moiety. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1828:1075-82. [PMID: 23261391 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In the present work, a comparative study of protochlorophyllide- and protochlorophyll-lipid interaction was performed on liposomes prepared from phospholipids and galactolipids, which had a pigment content varying from 0.1 to 4mol%. The incorporation of pigment molecules into the lipid bilayer and pigment-pigment interactions were investigated. Protochlorophyllide entered the lipid bilayer spontaneously and showed fluorescence spectra characteristic of its monomers. Similar spectra were observed for protochlorophyll where its concentration was low. However, the fluorescence maxima of protochlorophyll monomers were blue-shifted compared to those of protochlorophyllide by about 5nm. Protochlorophyll at high concentrations formed transient aggregates that showed an additional fluorescence band with a maximum at around 685nm, especially in liposomes prepared from phospholipids. For both compounds, the Stern-Volmer constant for KI quenching was much lower in liposomes than in solution, which confirmed the incorporation of these compounds into the lipid bilayer. Two populations of protochlorophyll that differed in their accessibility to quenching by KI were determined, and the proportions between them for different lipids are discussed. Protochlorophyllide showed such heterogeneity only in DPPC membranes. Quenching with 5- and 16-SASL revealed a localization of the porphyrin ring of both Pchl and Pchlide in the polar headgroup area of the lipid bilayer. The side chain of protochlorophyll forced these molecules to localize deeper in the bilayer in the case of DPPC in gel phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Mysliwa-Kurdziel
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, Poland.
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92
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Foudree A, Putarjunan A, Kambakam S, Nolan T, Fussell J, Pogorelko G, Rodermel S. The Mechanism of Variegation in immutans Provides Insight into Chloroplast Biogenesis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2012; 3:260. [PMID: 23205022 PMCID: PMC3506963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2012.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The immutans (im) variegation mutant of Arabidopsis has green and white-sectored leaves due to the absence of fully functional plastid terminal oxidase (PTOX), a plastoquinol oxidase in thylakoid membranes. PTOX appears to be at the nexus of a growing number of biochemical pathways in the plastid, including carotenoid biosynthesis, PSI cyclic electron flow, and chlororespiration. During the early steps of chloroplast biogenesis, PTOX serves as an alternate electron sink and is a prime determinant of the redox poise of the developing photosynthetic apparatus. Whereas a lack of PTOX causes the formation of photooxidized plastids in the white sectors of im, compensating mechanisms allow the green sectors to escape the effects of the mutation. This manuscript provides an update on PTOX, the mechanism of im variegation, and findings about im compensatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Foudree
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Aarthi Putarjunan
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Sekhar Kambakam
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Trevor Nolan
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Jenna Fussell
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Gennady Pogorelko
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
| | - Steve Rodermel
- Department of Genetics, Development, and Cell Biology, Iowa State UniversityAmes, IA, USA
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93
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Solymosi K, Morandi D, Bóka K, Böddi B, Schoefs B. High biological variability of plastids, photosynthetic pigments and pigment forms of leaf primordia in buds. PLANTA 2012; 235:1035-49. [PMID: 22160501 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1559-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 11/07/2011] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
To study the formation of the photosynthetic apparatus in nature, the carotenoid and chlorophyllous pigment compositions of differently developed leaf primordia in closed and opening buds of common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) and horse chestnut (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) as well as in closed buds of tree of heaven (Ailanthus altissima P. Mill.) were analyzed with HPLC. The native organization of the chlorophyllous pigments was studied using 77 K fluorescence spectroscopy, and plastid ultrastructure was investigated with electron microscopy. Complete etiolation, i.e., accumulation of protochlorophyllide, and absence of chlorophylls occurred in the innermost leaf primordia of common ash buds. The other leaf primordia were partially etiolated in the buds and contained protochlorophyllide (0.5-1 μg g(-1) fresh mass), chlorophyllides (0.2-27 μg g(-1) fresh mass) and chlorophylls (0.9-643 μg g(-1) fresh mass). Etio-chloroplasts with prolamellar bodies and either regular or only low grana were found in leaves having high or low amounts of chlorophyll a and b, respectively. After bud break, etioplast-chloroplast conversion proceeded and the pigment contents increased in the leaves, similarly to the greening processes observed in illuminated etiolated seedlings under laboratory conditions. The pigment contents and the ratio of the different spectral forms had a high biological variability that could be attributed to (i) various light conditions due to light filtering in the buds resulting in differently etiolated leaf primordia, (ii) to differences in the light-exposed and inner regions of the same primordia in opening buds due to various leaf folding, and (iii) to tissue-specific slight variations of plastid ultrastructure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Solymosi
- Department of Plant Anatomy, Institute of Biology, Eötvös University, H-1117, Pázmány P. s. 1/C, Budapest, Hungary.
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94
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Rudowska L, Gieczewska K, Mazur R, Garstka M, Mostowska A. Chloroplast biogenesis - correlation between structure and function. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOENERGETICS 2012; 1817:1380-7. [PMID: 22465024 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2012.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chloroplast biogenesis is a multistage process leading to fully differentiated and functionally mature plastids. Complex analysis of chloroplast biogenesis was performed on the structural and functional level of its organization during the photoperiodic plant growth after initial growth of seedlings in the darkness. We correlated, at the same time intervals, the structure of etioplasts transforming into mature chloroplasts with the changes in the photosynthetic protein levels (selected core and antenna proteins of PSI and PSII) and with the function of the photosynthetic apparatus in two plant species: bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and pea (Pisum sativum L). We selected these plant species since we demonstrated previously that the mature chloroplasts differ in the thylakoid organization. We showed that the protein biosynthesis as well as photosynthetic complexes formation proceeds gradually in both plants in spite of periods of darkness. We found that both steady structural differentiation of the bean chloroplast and reformation of prolamellar bodies in pea were accompanied by a gradual increase of the photochemical activity in both species. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Photosynthesis Research for Sustainability: from Natural to Artificial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucja Rudowska
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology, University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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95
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Transcriptomes of the Parasitic Plant Family Orobanchaceae Reveal Surprising Conservation of Chlorophyll Synthesis. Curr Biol 2011; 21:2098-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2011.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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96
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Wu W, Elsheery N, Wei Q, Zhang L, Huang J. Defective etioplasts observed in variegation mutants may reveal the light-independent regulation of white/yellow sectors of Arabidopsis leaves. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2011; 53:846-57. [PMID: 21981015 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-7909.2011.01079.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Leaf variegation resulting from nuclear gene mutations has been used as a model system to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of chloroplast development. Since most variegation genes also function in photosynthesis, it remains unknown whether their roles in photosynthesis and chloroplast development are distinct. Here, using the variegation mutant thylakoid formation1 (thf1) we show that variegation formation is light independent. It was found that slow and uneven chloroplast development in thf1 can be attributed to defects in etioplast development in darkness. Ultrastructural analysis showed the coexistence of plastids with or without prolamellar bodies (PLB) in cells of thf1, but not of WT. Although THF1 mutation leads to significant decreases in the levels of Pchlide and Pchllide oxidoreductase (POR) expression, genetic and 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-feeding analysis did not reveal Pchlide or POR to be critical factors for etioplast formation in thf1. Northern blot analysis showed that plastid gene expression is dramatically reduced in thf1 compared with that in WT, particularly in the dark. Our results also indicate that chlorophyll biosynthesis and expression of plastidic genes are coordinately suppressed in thf1. Based on these results, we propose a model to explain leaf variegation formation from the plastid development perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjuan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
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97
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Flügge UI, Häusler RE, Ludewig F, Gierth M. The role of transporters in supplying energy to plant plastids. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2011; 62:2381-92. [PMID: 21511915 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erq361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The energy status of plant cells strongly depends on the energy metabolism in chloroplasts and mitochondria, which are capable of generating ATP either by photosynthetic or oxidative phosphorylation, respectively. Another energy-rich metabolite inside plastids is the glycolytic intermediate phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). However, chloroplasts and most non-green plastids lack the ability to generate PEP via a complete glycolytic pathway. Hence, PEP import mediated by the plastidic PEP/phosphate translocator or PEP provided by the plastidic enolase are vital for plant growth and development. In contrast to chloroplasts, metabolism in non-green plastids (amyloplasts) of starch-storing tissues strongly depends on both the import of ATP mediated by the plastidic nucleotide transporter NTT and of carbon (glucose 6-phosphate, Glc6P) mediated by the plastidic Glc6P/phosphate translocator (GPT). Both transporters have been shown to co-limit starch biosynthesis in potato plants. In addition, non-photosynthetic plastids as well as chloroplasts during the night rely on the import of energy in the form of ATP via the NTT. During energy starvation such as prolonged darkness, chloroplasts strongly depend on the supply of ATP which can be provided by lipid respiration, a process involving chloroplasts, peroxisomes, and mitochondria and the transport of intermediates, i.e. fatty acids, ATP, citrate, and oxaloacetate across their membranes. The role of transporters involved in the provision of energy-rich metabolites and in pathways supplying plastids with metabolic energy is summarized here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulf-Ingo Flügge
- Botanical Institute, Biocenter Cologne, University of Cologne, Zülpicher Str. 47b, 50674 Cologne, Germany.
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98
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Plöscher M, Reisinger V, Eichacker LA. Proteomic comparison of etioplast and chloroplast protein complexes. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1256-65. [PMID: 21440687 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 03/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiosperms grown in darkness develop etioplasts during skotomorphogenesis. It is well known that etioplasts accumulate large quantities of protochlorophyllideoxidoreductase, are devoid of chlorophyll and are the site to assemble the photosynthetic machinery during photomorphogenesis. Proteomic investigation of the membrane protein complexes by Native PAGE, in combination with CyDye labelling and mass spectrometric analysis revealed that etioplasts and chloroplasts share a number of membrane protein complexes characteristic for electron transport, chlorophyll and protein synthesis as well as fatty acid biosynthesis. The complex regulatory function in both developmental states is discussed.
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