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Palińska-Żarska K, Król J, Woźny M, Kamaszewski M, Szudrowicz H, Wiechetek W, Brzuzan P, Fopp-Bayat D, Żarski D. Domestication affected stress and immune response markers in Perca fluviatilis in the early larval stage. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:184-198. [PMID: 33940175 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
It is already known that domestication modifies stress and immune responses in juveniles and adults of several fish species. However, there is a lack of information on whether these modulations result from adaptability along the life cycle or if they are pre-determined in very early developmental stages. To shed light on mechanisms that help to explain the process of domestication, a study was conducted to analyze comparatively Eurasian perch larval performance, stress, and immune status between wild and domesticated specimens. Eurasian perch larvae obtained from wild and domesticated (generation F5 reared in recirculating aquaculture systems) spawners were reared in the same conditions during the main rearing trial (MRT) and also subjected to a thermal challenge (TC). During the study, larval performance (including survival, growth performance, swim bladder inflation effectiveness, deformity rate), the expression of genes involved in immune and stress response, and the specific activity of oxidative stress enzymes (during MRT only) were analyzed. No significant differences in hatching rate, deformity rate, or swim bladder inflation effectiveness between wild and domesticated larvae were found, whereas specific growth rate, final total length, and wet body weight were significantly lower in wild larvae. Higher mortality was also observed in wild larvae during both MRT and TC. The data obtained in this study clearly indicated that during domestication, significant modifications in stress and immune response, such as complement component c3, were noted as early as just after hatching. Generally, domesticated fish were characterized by a lower stress response and improved immune response in comparison to the wild fish. This probably resulted from the domesticated larvae being better adapted to the conditions of artificial aquaculture. The data obtained provided information on how domestication affects fish in aquaculture, and they contribute to the development of efficient selective breeding programs of Eurasian perch and other freshwater teleosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Palińska-Żarska
- Department of Ichthyology, Hydrobiology and Aquatic Ecology, Stanislaw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Oczapowskiego 10, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Jarosław Król
- Department of Salmonid Research, Stanislaw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Oczapowskiego 10, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Woźny
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Environment Protection, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45G, 10-709, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maciej Kamaszewski
- Department of Ichthyology and Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hubert Szudrowicz
- Department of Ichthyology and Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wiktoria Wiechetek
- Department of Ichthyology and Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, University of Life Sciences, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786, Warsaw, Poland; Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Science, Instytucka 3, 05-110, Jabłonna, Poland
| | - Paweł Brzuzan
- Department of Environmental Biotechnology, Institute of Engineering and Environment Protection, Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, ul. Słoneczna 45G, 10-709, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dorota Fopp-Bayat
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquaculture, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Oczapowskiego 5, 10-719, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Daniel Żarski
- Department of Gametes and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland.
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Liu H, Zhang S, Qiu M, Wang A, Ye J, Fu S. Garlic (Allium sativum) and Fu-ling (Poria cocos) mitigate lead toxicity by improving antioxidant defense mechanisms and chelating ability in the liver of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:885-898. [PMID: 33830385 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02405-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal lead (Pb) is a contaminant widely distributed in the food chain. In this study, eight weeks of feeding containing Garlic (Allium sativum) or Fu-ling (Poria cocos) or both, markedly increased the growth index, enzyme activity, and serum index and significantly decreased muscle Pb level in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella). Upon Pb exposure, the feeding Garlic or Fu-ling or both possessed the similar effects on improving the function of the antioxidant system and chelating ability. Further, the gene expressions of metal binding proteins (TF and MT-2) in the liver of the three experimental groups were significantly higher than those of the control group, which were all highly up-regulated after Pb exposure. At the same time, the activities of antioxidant enzymes (SOD and CAT) and the content of non-enzymatic substance (GSH) in the liver of the Garlic group, Fu-ling group and mixed group were stable compared to the control group after Pb exposure. Moreover, the reduction of Pb toxicity was manifested by the decrease of Pb content in the muscle, and the stable expression of heat stress proteins (HSP30 and HSP60) and immune-related genes (TNF-α and IL-1β). Taken together, the study preliminarily shows that the Garlic and Fu-ling play a role in mitigating the toxicity of Pb in grass carp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haisu Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Saft Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Sanshan Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Saft Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Ming Qiu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Saft Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Anli Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Saft Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Jianmin Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Saft Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China
| | - Shengli Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory for Healthy and Saft Aquaculture, School of Life Sciences, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, P. R. China.
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53
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Karadag H. Inhibition of Glutathione Reductase Activity from Baker's Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) By Copper(II) Oxide Nanoparticles and Copper(II) Chloride. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:647-651. [PMID: 33564929 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03136-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, glutathione reductase (GR) from baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was exposed to 0, 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 mg/L copper(II) oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) and copper(II) chloride (CuCl2). Changes in GR% activity upon exposure to 25, 50, 100, 250 and 500 mg/L CuO NPs and CuCl2 were found to be + 0.3, - 3.4, - 8.1, - 25.7 and - 37.4 and - 60.7, - 72.7, - 77.8, - 85.3 and - 90.6, respectively. The 50% inhibition concentration (IC50) was 625 ppm (78.6 × 10-4 M) for CuO NPs and 21 ppm (1.56 × 10-4 M) for CuCl2. Moreover, CuO NPs and CuCl2 inhibited GR competitively and noncompetitively, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hasan Karadag
- Chemistry Department, Science and Letters Faculty, Adiyaman University, 02040, Adıyaman, Turkey.
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54
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Xu XP, Chen T, Wei XY, Yang XF, Xi YL, Wang XM. Effects of bromate on life history parameters, swimming speed and antioxidant biomarkers in Brachionus calyciflorus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111705. [PMID: 33396036 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The baking industries and disinfection of tap water released a considerable amount of bromate into surface water, which has been reported as a carcinogenic compound to mammals. Rotifers play an important role in freshwater ecosystems and are model organisms to assess environmental contamination. In the present study, the effects of different concentrations (0.001, 0.01, 0.1, 1, 10, 100 and 200 mg/L) of bromate on the life-table and population growth parameters were investigated in the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. The results showed that the 24-h LC50 of bromate to B. calyciflorus was 365.29 mg/L (95%Cl: 290.37-480.24). Treatments with 0.01, 10 and 200 mg/L bromate shorten the reproductive period. High levels of bromate (100 and 200 mg/L) significantly decreased net reproductive rate, intrinsic rate of population increase, life span, mictic rate of B. calyciflorus. To investigate the underlying mechanisms, swimming speed and antioxidative biomarkers were compared between bromate treatments and the control. The results showed that glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) contents, total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) and peroxidase (POD) activities decreased significantly in response to bromate exposure and the reasons required further investigation. Treatments with 0.001-200 mg/L bromate all significantly reduced swimming linear speed to rotifer larvae and treatments with 100-200 mg/L bromate significantly suppressed the swimming linear speed of adult rotifer. These changes would reduce filtration of algal food and could explain the decreased survival and reproduction. Overall, bromate may not show acute toxicity to rotifers, but still have potential adverse effects on rotifer behavior, which may then influence the community structure in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Xu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China; Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xue-Yu Wei
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China.
| | - Xiao-Fan Yang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Yi-Long Xi
- Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu 241000, China; College of Life Sciences, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, China
| | - Xing-Ming Wang
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
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Lv H, Xu J, Bo T, Wang W. Comparative transcriptome analysis uncovers roles of hydrogen sulfide for alleviating cadmium toxicity in Tetrahymena thermophila. BMC Genomics 2021; 22:21. [PMID: 33407108 PMCID: PMC7788932 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-020-07337-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cadmium (Cd) is a nonessential heavy metal with potentially deleterious effects on different organisms. The organisms have evolved sophisticated defense system to alleviate heavy metal toxicity. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) effectively alleviates heavy metal toxicity in plants and reduces oxidative stress in mammals. However, the function of H2S for alleviating heavy metal toxicity in aquatic organisms remains less clear. Tetrahymena thermophila is an important model organism to evaluate toxic contaminants in an aquatic environment. In this study, the molecular roles of exogenously H2S application were explored by RNA sequencing under Cd stress in T. thermophila. Results The exposure of 30 μM Cd resulted in T. thermophila growth inhibition, cell nigrescence, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content considerably increase. However, exogenous NaHS (donor of H2S, 70 μM) significantly alleviated the Cd-induced toxicity by inhibiting Cd absorbtion, promoting CdS nanoparticles formation and improving antioxidant system. Comparative transcriptome analysis showed that the expression levels of 9152 genes changed under Cd stress (4658 upregulated and 4494 downregulated). However, only 1359 genes were differentially expressed with NaHS treatment under Cd stress (1087 upregulated and 272 downregulated). The functional categories of the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by gene ontology (GO) revealed that the transcripts involved in the oxidation–reduction process, oxidoreductase activity, glutathione peroxidase activity, and cell redox homeostasis were the considerable enrichments between Cd stress and NaHS treatment under Cd stress. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) indicated that the carbon metabolism, glutathione metabolism, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and ABC transporters were significantly differentially expressed components between Cd stress and NaHS treatment under Cd stress in T. thermophila. The relative expression levels of six DEGs were further confirmed through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Conclusion NaHS alleviated Cd stress mainly through inhibiting Cd absorbtion, promoting CdS nanoparticles formation, increasing oxidation resistance, and regulation of transport in free-living unicellular T. thermophila. These findings will expand our understanding for H2S functions in the freshwater protozoa. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-020-07337-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongrui Lv
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Jing Xu
- School of Life Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.,Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Tao Bo
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, Institute of Biotechnology, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, 030006, China.
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Harasgama JC, Kasthuriarachchi TDW, Kwon H, Wan Q, Lee J. Molecular and functional characterization of a mitochondrial glutathione reductase homolog from redlip mullet (Liza haematocheila): Disclosing its antioxidant properties in the fish immune response mechanism. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 113:103785. [PMID: 32735957 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione reductase (GSHR) is a biologically important enzyme involved in the conversion of oxidized glutathione (GSSG) into its reduced form, reduced glutathione (GSH), with the catalytic activity of NADPH. Most animals and aquatic organisms, including fish, possess high levels of this enzyme system to neutralize oxidative stress in cells. The current study was conducted to broaden our knowledge of GSHR in fish by identifying a mitochondrial isoform of this enzyme (LhGSHRm) in redlip mullet, Liza haematocheila, and clarifying its structure and function. The complete open reading frame of LhGSHRm consists of 1527 base pairs, encoding 508 amino acids, with a predicted molecular weight of 55.43 kDa. Multiple sequence alignment revealed the conservation of important amino acids in this fish. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated the closest evolutionary relationship between LhGSHRm and other fish GSHRm counterparts. In tissue distribution analysis, the highest mRNA expression of LhGSHRm was observed in the gill tissue under normal physiological conditions. Following pathogenic challenges, the LhGSHRm transcription level was upregulated in a time-dependent manner in the gill and liver tissues, which may modulate the immune reaction against pathogens. rLhGSHRm showed considerable glutathione reductase activity in an enzyme assay. Further, the biological activity of rLhGSHRm in balancing cellular oxidative stress was observed in both disk diffusion and DPPH assays. Collectively, these results support that LhGSHRm has profound effects on modulating the immune reaction in fish to sustain precise redox homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Harasgama
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - T D W Kasthuriarachchi
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukjae Kwon
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiang Wan
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jehee Lee
- Department of Marine Life Sciences & Fish Vaccine Research Center, Jeju National University, Jeju, Self-Governing Province, 63243, Republic of Korea; Marine Science Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Self-Governing Province, 63333, Republic of Korea.
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Pradhan A, Carvalho F, Abrantes N, Campos I, Keizer JJ, Cássio F, Pascoal C. Biochemical and functional responses of stream invertebrate shredders to post-wildfire contamination. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115433. [PMID: 32866871 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Forests in Mediterranean Europe including Portugal are highly susceptible to wildfires. Freshwaters are often exposed to post-wildfire contamination that contains several toxic substances, which may impose risk to freshwater organisms and ecosystem functions. However, knowledge on the impacts of post-wildfire runoffs from different origins on freshwater biota is scarce. In forest streams, invertebrate shredders have a major contribution to aquatic detrital-based food webs, by translocating energy and nutrients from plant-litter to higher trophic levels. We investigated the leaf consumption behaviour and the responses of oxidative and neuronal stress enzymatic biomarkers in the freshwater invertebrate shredder Allogamus ligonifer after short-term exposure (96 h) to post-wildfire runoff samples from Pinus and Eucalyptus plantation forests and stream water from a burnt catchment in Portugal. Chemical analyses indicated the presence of various metals and PAHs at considerable concentrations in all samples, although the levels were higher in the runoff samples from forests than in the stream water. The shredding activity was severely inhibited by exposure to increased concentrations of post-wildfire runoff samples from both forests. The dose-response patterns of enzymatic biomarkers suggest oxidative and neuronal stress in the shredders upon exposure to increasing concentrations of post-wildfire runoffs. The impacts were more pronounced for the runoffs from the burnt forests. Moreover, the response patterns suggest that the energy from the feeding activity of shredders might have contributed to alleviate the stress in A. ligonifer. Overall, the outcomes suggest that the post-wildfire contamination can induce sublethal effects on invertebrate shredders with impacts on key ecological processes in streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arunava Pradhan
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; IB-S - Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Francisco Carvalho
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; IB-S - Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Nélson Abrantes
- CESAM - Center for Environment and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus of Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Campos
- CESAM - Center for Environment and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus of Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Jan Jacob Keizer
- CESAM - Center for Environment and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Campus of Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Fernanda Cássio
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; IB-S - Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Pascoal
- CBMA - Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, Department of Biology, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal; IB-S - Institute of Science and Innovation for Bio-Sustainability, University of Minho, Campus of Gualtar, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
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Nakano T, Wiegertjes G. Properties of Carotenoids in Fish Fitness: A Review. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:E568. [PMID: 33227976 PMCID: PMC7699198 DOI: 10.3390/md18110568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Carotenoids, one of the most common types of natural pigments, can influence the colors of living organisms. More than 750 kinds of carotenoids have been identified. Generally, carotenoids occur in organisms at low levels. However, the total amount of carotenoids in nature has been estimated to be more than 100 million tons. There are two major types of carotenoids: carotene (solely hydrocarbons that contain no oxygen) and xanthophyll (contains oxygen). Carotenoids are lipid-soluble pigments with conjugated double bonds that exhibit robust antioxidant activity. Many carotenoids, particularly astaxanthin (ASX), are known to improve the antioxidative state and immune system, resulting in providing disease resistance, growth performance, survival, and improved egg quality in farmed fish without exhibiting any cytotoxicity or side effects. ASX cooperatively and synergistically interacts with other antioxidants such as α-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and glutathione located in the lipophilic hydrophobic compartments of fish tissue. Moreover, ASX can modulate gene expression accompanying alterations in signal transduction by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Hence, carotenoids could be used as chemotherapeutic supplements for farmed fish. Carotenoids are regarded as ecologically friendly functional feed additives in the aquaculture industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Nakano
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, International Education and Research Center for Food and Agricultural Immunology, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan
| | - Geert Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen University and Research, 6708 WD Wageningen, The Netherlands;
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Ding CH, Zhu H. Isatidis Folium alleviates acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice by enhancing the endogenous antioxidant system. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:1251-1259. [PMID: 32677766 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Isatidis Folium (IF) has been clinically combined with acetaminophen (APAP), but the rationality of combinational therapy is still ambiguous. In the present study, the protective effect and related mechanism of IF on APAP-induced hepatotoxicity were evaluated. Hepatic histopathology and blood biochemistry investigations clearly demonstrated that IF could restore APAP-induced hepatotoxicity. Liver distribution study indicated that the hepatoprotective effect of IF on APAP is attributed to the reduction of N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) in liver, which is a known hepatotoxic metabolite of APAP. Further study suggested the reduction is not via decreasing the generation of NAPQI through inhibiting the enzyme activities of CYP 1A2, 2E1, and 3A4 but via accelerating the transformation of NAPQI to NAPQI-GSH by promoting GSH and decreasing GSSG contents in liver. Furthermore, IF significantly enhanced the hepatic activities of GSH-associated enzymes in APAP-treated mice. In summary, IF could alleviate APAP-induced hepatotoxicity by reducing the content of NAPQI via enhancing the level of GSH and the followed generation of NAPQI-GSH which might be ascribed to the upregulation of GSH-associated enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Hua Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Affiliated Hospital of Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - He Zhu
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis and Metabolomics, Jiangsu Province Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
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Elia AC, Burioli E, Magara G, Pastorino P, Caldaroni B, Menconi V, Dörr AJM, Colombero G, Abete MC, Prearo M. Oxidative stress ecology on Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas from lagoon and offshore Italian sites. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 739:139886. [PMID: 32554117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Crassostrea gigas is a sentinel species along the Italian coast. In mussels, the levels of oxidative stress biomarkers can be modulated by several environmental pollutants or pathogens and also fluctuate in response to reproductive stages and seasonal changes. In this study, adult Crassostrea gigas were sampled during summer and autumn from two lagoon and two offshore sites along the Adriatic coast of Italy in order to investigate the influence of seasonality on oxidative stress biomarkers. Trace elements load of Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn suggests low contamination for lagoon and offshore sites. Levels of total glutathione, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase were analyzed in digestive gland and gills of the Pacific oysters in June, July, September and October. OsHV-1 and Vibrio aestuarianus were detected in lagoon sites, but both pathogens did not affect the biomarkers levels in both tissues. Although several biological responses were found different among the four sites in the same month, principal component analysis revealed similar trend in biomarkers levels between sites during the whole sampling period. On the other hand, a different biochemical pattern through the months emerged, suggesting that the level of oxidative stress biomarkers in both tissues may be related to seasonal progress and biological cycle of oysters sampled from the two lagoons and offshore sites along the Italian coasts of the Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | | | - Gabriele Magara
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Barbara Caldaroni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Vasco Menconi
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giorgio Colombero
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, 10154 Torino, Italy
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Atli G, Guasch H, Rubio-Gracia F, Zamora L, Vila-Gispert A. Antioxidant system status in threatened native fish Barbus meridionalis from the Osor River (Iberian Peninsula): I. Characterization and II. In vitro Zn assays. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 79:103428. [PMID: 32473424 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of antioxidant system capacity is important in aquatic toxicology. It was aimed to characterize the liver antioxidant enzymes (SOD, CAT, GPX, GR, and GST) and to test the in vitro Zn effect (200 and 400 ZnSO4 μg/L) in native fish Barbus meridionalis obtained from the Osor River (NE, Spain) influenced by Zn contamination. The maximal enzyme activities were at pH 7.0-7.5 and 100 mM phosphate buffer. Barbel showed high catalytic activity (high Vmax and low Km) indicating the efficient antioxidant detoxification ability. Direct Zn effect caused an antioxidant system imbalance. Mostly upon lower Zn concentration, GPX activity decreased (95-100 %) though CAT, GR, and GST increased (36-1543 %). GSH values either stimulated (290 %) or inhibited (85-93 %) due to tissue differences. The first record of barbel antioxidant enzyme characterization and in vitro data presenting an unbalanced antioxidant pattern could be significant to evaluate the metal pollution in the Osor River for further in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülüzar Atli
- Çukurova University, Biotechnology Center, Adana, Turkey; Çukurova University, Vocational School of Imamoglu, Adana, Turkey.
| | - Helena Guasch
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Centre d'Estudis Avançats de Blanes, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Blanes, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Lluis Zamora
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Anna Vila-Gispert
- GRECO, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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62
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Qi P, Tang Z. The Nrf2 molecule trigger antioxidant defense against acute benzo(a)pyrene exposure in the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 226:105554. [PMID: 32653664 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The NF-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), an ubiquitous, evolutionarily conserved transcription factor, acts as a major sensor of oxidative stress in cells. In the present study, a Nrf2 homolog was newly identified in the thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus. Accordingly, its functional role in antioxidant defense in response to acute benzo(a)pyrene (Bap) exposure was assessed. The newly identified McNrf2 affiliated to traditional Nrf2 family through Blast, multiple alignment and phylogenetic analysis. After acute exposure to Bap, antioxidants including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathine reductase (GR) were significantly induced in gills and digestive glands at both mRNA and enzymatic levels, and the expression of McNrf2 mRNA was also up-regulated. The analysis of correlating the expression of McNrf2 and the mRNA levels of these antioxidant genes showed positive ties, indicating that Nrf2 was needed for protracted induction of such genes. Further, the recombinant McNrf2 was produced through pET-32a prokaryotic system. After 50 μg/L Bap exposure, ROS generation and LPO level in gills of Nrf2 over-expressed mussels significantly decreased compared to Nrf2 wild-type mussels, as well as reduced ROS production in digestive glands. Collectively, these results show that Nrf2 pathway can provide protection from oxidative stress triggered by Bap in the thick shell mussel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhi Qi
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China; School of Life Science, Nantong Universtiy, Nantong, 226019, China.
| | - Zurong Tang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Marine Science and Technology College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316004, China; Reference Laboratory for the Test of Veterinary Drug Residues, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
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63
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An account of oxidative stress, antioxidant response and glucose concentration due to artificial photoperiodic regimes in Koi (Cyprinus carpio var koi). JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2020.100012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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64
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Ehiguese FO, Alam MR, Pintado-Herrera MG, Araújo CVM, Martin-Diaz ML. Potential of environmental concentrations of the musks galaxolide and tonalide to induce oxidative stress and genotoxicity in the marine environment. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 160:105019. [PMID: 32907733 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2020.105019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic musk compounds have been identified in environmental matrices (water, sediment and air) and in biological tissues in the last decade, yet only minimal attention has been paid to their chronic toxicity in the marine environment. In the present research, the clams Ruditapes philippinarum were exposed to 0.005, 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L of the fragrances Galaxolide® (HHCB) and Tonalide® (AHTN) for 21 days. A battery of biomarkers related with xenobiotics biotransformation (EROD and GST), oxidative stress (GPx, GR and LPO) and genotoxicity (DNA damage) were measured in digestive gland tissues. HHCB and AHTN significantly (p < 0.05) induced EROD and GST enzymatic activities at environmental concentrations. Both fragrances also induced GPx activity. All concentrations of both compounds induced an increase of LPO and DNA damage on day 21. Although these substances have been reported as not acutely toxic, this study shows that they might induce oxidative stress and genotoxicity in marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friday O Ehiguese
- Chemical Physics Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Md Rushna Alam
- Chemical Physics Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Department of Aquaculture, Faculty of Fisheries, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Dumki, Patuakhali, 8602, Bangladesh
| | - Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Chemical Physics Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - M Laura Martin-Diaz
- Chemical Physics Department, University Institute of Marine Research (INMAR), International Campus of Excellence of the Sea (CEI.MAR), University of Cádiz, República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
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65
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El Asely A, Amin A, Abd El-Naby AS, Samir F, El-Ashram A, Dawood MAO. Ziziphus mauritiana supplementation of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) diet for improvement of immune response to Aeromonas hydrophila infection. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1561-1575. [PMID: 32399785 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00812-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effectiveness of dietary Ziziphus mauritiana leaf powder (ZLP) to control Aeromonas hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia and reduce damage to vital immune organs. Four experimental groups were fed a diet supplemented with ZLP at concentrations of 0, 5, 10, and 20 g/kg (w/w) for 6 weeks. At the end of the feeding trial, all groups were intraperitoneally injected with pathogenic A. hydrophila. It was found that Z. mauritiana significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated (lysozyme, interleukin 1 beta) and superoxide dismutase gene expressions as well as improved the activity of serum lysozyme and liver antioxidant enzymes. The fish that were fed a ZLP-supplemented diet also exhibited significantly higher survival rates after A. hydrophila challenge than those that were fed a ZLP-free diet (P < 0.05). Supplementation of 10 g/kg ZLP most effectively reduced the histopathological alterations caused by A. hydrophila challenge in the liver, spleen, kidney, and muscle of the fish. In conclusion, ZLP can be effective in controlling A. hydrophila infection in Nile tilapia (particularly at a concentration of 10 g/kg) through enhancement of its immune and antioxidant status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel El Asely
- Department of Aquatic Animals Diseases and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13736, Egypt
| | - Aziza Amin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Benha University, Benha, 13736, Egypt
| | - Asmaa S Abd El-Naby
- Fish Nutrition Department, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Abassa, Abu Hammad, Sharkia, Tell El Kebir, Egypt
| | - Fatma Samir
- Fish Nutrition Department, Central Laboratory for Aquaculture Research, Abassa, Abu Hammad, Sharkia, Tell El Kebir, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud A O Dawood
- Animal Production Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Kafrelsheikh University, Kafrelsheikh, 33516, Egypt.
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66
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Zahran E, Elbahnaswy S, Risha E, El-Matbouli M. Antioxidative and immunoprotective potential of Chlorella vulgaris dietary supplementation against chlorpyrifos-induced toxicity in Nile tilapia. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:1549-1560. [PMID: 32424629 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-020-00814-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
This study highlighted the effects of chronic chlorpyrifos (CPF) exposure on Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and the benefits of using dietary Chlorella vulgaris (Ch) to ameliorate CPF-induced toxicity. Genes encoding antioxidant enzymes and stress-responsive proteins in the liver as well as cytokine expression in the spleen and head kidney were evaluated in O. niloticus fed with a basal diet or diets containing 1, 2, and 3% of supplementary Ch against 15 mg/L CPF at 4 and 8 weeks. CPF-exposed groups displayed a notable induction in the hepatic expression of heat shock protein 70/hsp70, glutathione peroxidase/GPx, and glutathione synthase/GSS, while glutathione reductase/GSR was markedly decreased. The mRNA levels of interleukin 1β/IL-1β, TNF-α, transforming growth factor β1/TGFβ1, and interleukin 8/ IL-8 in the spleen and head kidney increased significantly after CPF exposure. Interestingly, Ch supplementation, particularly at levels 2 and 3%, was able to modulate the stress and immune-related genes of Nile tilapia sub-chronically exposed to CPF. These outcomes provide valuable insights regarding the toxic impact of chronic exposure to CPF in fish at the molecular level and a better understanding of the Ch dietary vital roles. Besides, our findings encourage adequate monitoring of pesticide levels owing to its impacts on fish health and human as a final consumer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Zahran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
| | - Samia Elbahnaswy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Engy Risha
- Clinical Pathology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt
| | - Mansour El-Matbouli
- Clinical Division of Fish Medicine, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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67
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Li L, Zhang Z, Huang Y. Integrative transcriptome analysis and discovery of signaling pathways involved in the protective effects of curcumin against oxidative stress in tilapia hepatocytes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 224:105516. [PMID: 32485495 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Summer outbreaks of the hepatobiliary syndrome in fish impose a heavy burden on aquaculture in China. Curcumin is a polyphenol with antioxidant activity that has been used to protect the health of fish livers, but the mechanism underlying its protective effect is unclear. In this study, an in vitro model of hepatocyte oxidative damage in Oreochromis niloticus was established using H2O2. Treatment with 5 mM H2O2 for 2.5 h markedly reduced cell viability and antioxidant activity and elevated lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, indicating conditions that can be used to establish an oxidative stress model. Under H2O2 stress, curcumin pretreatment significantly maintained cell viability, reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and increased superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity. RNA-seq results showed that acute H2O2 treatment resulted in minor changes in gene expression, whereas curcumin changed the expression profile and affected cytochrome P450 (Cyp 450), glutathione (GSH) metabolism, and the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) signaling pathway. Several critical antioxidant defense signaling pathways were identified, and altered expression was confirmed by q-PCR. These results indicate that curcumin might upregulate PPAR expression by increasing Cyp2J2 expression. Further experiments showed that curcumin can upregulate the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway at the transcriptional level, and this upregulation can induce downstream defense genes, including glutamate cysteine ligase catalytic subunit(GCLC) and glutamate cysteine ligase modifier subunit (GCLM), and thereby promote GSH synthesis and the expression of related antioxidases. This study might shed light on the effects of curcumin on the prevention and alleviation of liver diseases in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linming Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Sciences), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Ziping Zhang
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Sciences), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Institute of Oceanology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Yifan Huang
- College of Animal Sciences (College of Bee Sciences), Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
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68
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Zhou Y, Liu X, Wang J. Ecotoxicological effects of microplastics and cadmium on the earthworm Eisenia foetida. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 392:122273. [PMID: 32070928 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
As microplastics (MPs) have become ubiquitous in both aquatic and terrestrial environments, there has been a growing concern about these new anthropogenic stressors. However, comparatively little is known about the negative effects of MPs, co-contamination of MPs and heavy metals on terrestrial organisms. The objective of this study was performed to understand the adverse effects of exposure to MPs and co-exposure to MPs and cadmium (Cd) on the earthworm Eisenia foetida (E. foetida). Results showed that exposure to MPs only or to a combination of MPs + Cd decreased growth rate and increased the mortality (>300 mg kg-1) after exposure for 42 d, with MPs + Cd (>3000 mg kg-1) posing higher negative influence on the growth of E. foetida. Exposure to MPs might induce oxidative damage in E. foetida, and the presence of Cd accelerates the adverse effects of MPs. Furthermore, the MPs particles can be retained within E. foetida, with values of 4.3-67.2 particles·g-1 earthworm, and can increase the accumulation of Cd in earthworm from 9.7%-161.3%. Collectively, the results of this study demonstrate that combined exposure to MPs and Cd poses higher negative effects on E. foetida, and that MPs have the potential to increase the bioaccessibility of heavy metal ions in the soil environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfei Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaoning Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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69
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Cui W, Cao L, Liu J, Ren Z, Zhao B, Dou S. Effects of seawater acidification and cadmium on the antioxidant defense of flounder Paralichthys olivaceus larvae. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:137234. [PMID: 32087580 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide has led to a decrease in the pH of the ocean, which influences the speciation of heavy metals and consequently affects metal toxicity in marine organisms. To investigate the effects of seawater acidification and metals on the antioxidant defenses of marine fishes, the flounder Paralichthys olivaceus, was continuously exposed to cadmium (Cd; control, 0.01 and 0.15 mg L-1) and acidified seawater (control (pH 8.10), 7.70 and 7.30) for 49 days from embryogenesis to settlement. The results demonstrated that both Cd and acidified seawater could induce oxidative stress and consequently cause lipid peroxidation (LPO) in the larvae. Antioxidants (i.e., superoxide dismutase, SOD; catalase, CAT; reduced glutathione, GSH; glutathione S-transferase, GST; glutathione peroxidase, GPx; and glutathione reductase, GR) functioned to defend the larvae against oxidative damage. Overall, Cd induced (SOD, GST and GSH) or inhibited (CAT and GPx) the enzymatic activities or contents of all the selected antioxidants except for GR. The antioxidants responded differently to seawater acidification, depending on their interaction with the metal. Similarly, the mRNA expressions of the antioxidant-related genes were upregulated (sod, gr and gst) or downregulated (cat and gpx) in response to increasing Cd exposure. Seawater acidification did not necessarily affect all of the biomarkers; in some cases (e.g., SOD and sod, GR and gr), Cd stress may have exceeded and masked the stress from seawater acidification in regulating the antioxidant defense of the larvae. The integrated biomarker response (IBR) was enhanced with increasing levels of the stressors. These findings support the hypothesis that seawater acidification not only directly affects the antioxidant defense in flounder larvae but also interacts with Cd to further regulate this defense. This study has ecological significance for assessing the long-term impacts of ocean acidification and metal pollution on the recruitment of fish populations in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Cui
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Liang Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jinhu Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhonghua Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China
| | - Bo Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shuozeng Dou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100039, China.
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70
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Wang H, Chen H, Chernick M, Li D, Ying GG, Yang J, Zheng N, Xie L, Hinton DE, Dong W. Selenomethionine exposure affects chondrogenic differentiation and bone formation in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121720. [PMID: 31812480 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Excess selenium entering the aquatic environment from anthropogenic activities has been associated with developmental abnormalities in fish including skeletal deformities of the head and spine. However, mechanisms of this developmental toxicity have not been well-characterized. In this study, Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) embryos were exposed to seleno-l-methionine (Se-Met) in a range of concentrations. Gene expression was evaluated for sex-determining region Y (SRY)-related box (Sox9a and Sox9b), runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2), and melatonin receptor (Mtr). Alterations in the length of Meckel's cartilage, tail curvature, and decreased calcification were observed in skeletal stains at 10- and 22-days post-fertilization (dpf). Embryonic exposure of Osterix-mCherry transgenic medaka resulted in fewer teeth. Sox9a and Sox9b were up-regulated, while Runx2 and Mtr were down-regulated by Se-Met prior to hatch. Whole mount in situ hybridization (WISH) localized gene expression to areas observed to be affected in vivo. In addition, Se-Met exposures of a Mtr morpholino (Mtr-MO) as well as Luzindole exposed embryos developed similar skeletal malformations, supporting involvement of Mtr. These findings demonstrate that Se-Met modulates expression of key genes involved in chondrogenic differentiation and bone formation during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Hongxing Chen
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Melissa Chernick
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Dan Li
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jingfeng Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Na Zheng
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA; Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agricultural Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130012, China
| | - Lingtian Xie
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - David E Hinton
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
| | - Wu Dong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Inner Mongolia University for Nationalities/Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Toxicant Monitoring and Toxicology, Tongliao, 028000, China; Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA.
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Kültz D. Evolution of cellular stress response mechanisms. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL ZOOLOGY PART 2020; 333:359-378. [PMID: 31970941 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The cellular stress response (CSR) is pervasive to all domains of life. It has shaped the interaction between organisms and their environment since the origin of the first cell. Although the CSR has been subject to a myriad of nuanced modifications in the various branches of life present today, its core features remain preserved. The scientific literature covering the CSR is enormous and the broad scope of this brief overview was challenging. However, it is critical to conceptually understand how cells respond to stress in a holistic sense and to point out how fundamental aspects of the CSR framework are integrated. It was necessary to be extremely selective and not feasible to even mention many interesting and important developments in this expansive field. The purpose of this overview is to sketch out general and emerging CSR concepts with an emphasis on the initial cellular strain resulting from stress (macromolecular damage) and the evolutionarily most highly conserved elements of the CSR. Examples emphasize fish and aquatic invertebrates to highlight what is known in organisms beyond mammals, yeast, and other common models. Nonetheless, select pioneering studies using canonical models are also considered and the concepts discussed are applicable to all cells. More detail on important aspects of the CSR in aquatic animals is provided in the accompanying articles of this special issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Kültz
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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72
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Effect of dietary threonine on growth performance and muscle growth, protein synthesis and antioxidant-related signalling pathways of hybrid catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂. Br J Nutr 2019; 123:121-134. [PMID: 31637992 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519002599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary threonine (Thr) on growth performance and muscle growth, protein synthesis and antioxidant-related signalling pathways of hybrid catfish Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂. A total of 1200 fish (14·19 (se 0·13) g) were randomly distributed into six groups with four replicates each, fed six diets with graded level of Thr (9·5, 11·5, 13·5, 15·4, 17·4 and 19·3 g/kg diets) for 56 d. Results showed (P < 0·05) that dietary Thr (1) increased percentage weight gain, specific growth rate, feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio; (2) up-regulated growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), proliferating cell nuclear antigen, myogenic regulation factors (MyoD, Myf5, MyoG and Mrf4) and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) mRNA levels; (3) increased muscle protein content via regulating the protein kinase B/target of rapamycin signalling pathway and (4) decreased malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents, increased catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, glutathione reductase and GSH activities, up-regulated mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes related to NFE2-related factor 2 and γ-glutamylcysteine ligase catalytic subunit. These results suggest that Thr has a potential role to improve muscle growth and protein synthesis, which might be due to the regulation of GH-IGF system, muscle growth-related gene, antioxidative capacity and protein synthesis-related signalling pathways. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of specific growth rate, the Thr requirement of hybrid catfish (14·19-25·77 g) was estimated to be 13·77 g/kg of the diet (33·40 g/kg of dietary protein).
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Rodrigues NR, Batista JEDS, de Souza LR, Martins IK, Macedo GE, da Cruz LC, da Costa Silva DG, Pinho AI, Coutinho HDM, Wallau GL, Posser T, Franco JL. Activation of p38MAPK and NRF2 signaling pathways in the toxicity induced by chlorpyrifos in Drosophila melanogaster: Protective effects of Psidium guajava pomífera L. (Myrtaceae) hydroalcoholic extract. ARAB J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2015.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Venturoti GP, Boldrini-França J, Kiffer WP, Francisco AP, Gomes AS, Gomes LC. Toxic effects of ornamental stone processing waste effluents on Geophagus brasiliensis (Teleostei: Cichlidae). ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 72:103268. [PMID: 31585297 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ornamental stone industry generates considerable amounts of waste (OSPW), which may eventually reach natural environments and impact the local ecosystem. The aim of this study was to compare the toxic effects of two OSPW effluents in Geophagus brasiliensis: i) leachate effluent from a lagoon in an OSPW landfill (LE) and ii) decanted effluent from an ornamental stone processing industry (DE). G. brasiliensis were submitted to acute contamination with both OSPW effluents. After contamination, the gills were extracted for evaluation of histopathological alterations and ion concentration, while the liver underwent catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione s-transferase (GST) enzyme activity analysis. An induced biomarker response (IBRv2) index was determined to correlate the multi-biomarker response in G. brasiliensis. Fish gills exposed to DE showed increased concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ when compared to those treated with LE. Histopathological lesions were observed in gills of animals exposed to both effluents. Micronucleus and comet assay were significantly greater in fish exposed to DE, when compared to those contaminated with LE. The evaluation of the enzymatic activity of CAT, GPx and SOD indicate greater oxidative stress in DE and LE-exposed fish, while GST activity was not altered. DE showed an IBRv2 value almost two-times higher in relation to LE, indicating that this waste may present higher toxic potential. The results demonstrate that both contaminants led to substantial toxic effects in G. brasiliensis, although the decanted waste induced the most remarkable responses in G. brasiliensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graciele Petarli Venturoti
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Johara Boldrini-França
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Walace Pandolpho Kiffer
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Aline Priscila Francisco
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Aline Silva Gomes
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil
| | - Levy Carvalho Gomes
- Universidade Vila Velha, Rua Comissário José Dantas de Melo, 21, Boa Vista, Vila Velha, Espírito Santo, 29102-770, Brazil.
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Zhao Y, Wu XY, Xu SX, Xie JY, Xiang KW, Feng L, Liu Y, Jiang WD, Wu P, Zhao J, Zhou XQ, Jiang J. Dietary tryptophan affects growth performance, digestive and absorptive enzyme activities, intestinal antioxidant capacity, and appetite and GH-IGF axis-related gene expression of hybrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2019; 45:1627-1647. [PMID: 31161532 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00651-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The 56-day feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effects of dietary tryptophan (Trp) on growth performance, digestive and absorptive enzyme activities, intestinal antioxidant capacity, and appetite and GH-IGF axis-related genes expression of hybrid catfish (Pelteobagrus vachelli♀ × Leiocassis longirostris♂). A total of 864 hybrid catfish (21.82 ± 0.14 g) were fed six different experimental diets containing graded levels of Trp at 2.6, 3.1, 3.7, 4.2, 4.7, and 5.6 g kg-1 diet. The results indicated that dietary Trp increased (P < 0.05) (1) final body weight, percent weight gain, specific growth rate, feed intake, feed efficiency, and protein efficiency ratio; (2) fish body protein, lipid and ash contents, protein, and ash production values; (3) stomach weight, stomach somatic index, liver weight, intestinal weight, length and somatic index, and relative gut length; and (4) activities of pepsin in the stomach; trypsin, chymotrypsin, lipase, and amylase in the pancreas and intestine; and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase, Na+, K+-ATPase, and alkaline phosphatase in the intestine. Dietary Trp decreased malondialdehyde content, increased antioxidant enzyme activities and glutathione content, but downregulated Keap1 mRNA expression, and upregulated the expression of NPY, ghrelin, GH, GHR, IGF1, IGF2, IGF1R, PIK3Ca, AKT1, TOR, 4EBP1, and S6K1 genes. These results indicated that Trp improved hybrid catfish growth performance, digestive and absorptive ability, antioxidant status, and appetite and GH-IGF axis-related gene expression. Based on the quadratic regression analysis of PWG, SGR, and FI, the dietary Trp requirement of hybrid catfish (21.82-39.64 g) was recommended between 3.96 and 4.08 g kg-1 diet (9.4-9.7 g kg-1 of dietary protein).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Xiao-Yun Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Shang-Xiao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Jia-Yuan Xie
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Kai-Wen Xiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Wei-Dan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Juan Zhao
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China
| | - Xiao-Qiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
| | - Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, 625014, China.
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76
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Monteiro F, Lemos LS, de Moura JF, Rocha RCC, Moreira I, Di Beneditto AP, Kehrig HA, Bordon ICAC, Siciliano S, Saint'Pierre TD, Hauser-Davis RA. Subcellular metal distributions and metallothionein associations in rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) from Southeastern Brazil. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 146:263-273. [PMID: 31426156 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.06.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metals are subject to internal subcellular compartmentalization, altering their bioavailability. Thus, subcellular metal assessments are crucial in biomonitoring efforts. Metal distribution in three subcellular fractions (insoluble - ISF, thermolabile - TLF and thermostable - TSF) were determined by ICP-MS in Steno bredanensis specimens from Southeastern Brazil. Associations between metals, metallothionein (MT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were also investigated. Differential metal-detoxification mechanisms were observed. MT detoxification was mostly noted for As, Cd, and Pb, while Cu, Cr, Hg, Ni, Se and Ti displayed lower MT-associations. Fe, Zn and Se, on the other hand, were poorly associated to MT, and mostly present in the ISF, indicating low bioavailability. This is the first report on subcellular Sn and Ti distribution in cetaceans and the first in this species in Brazil. Potential protective roles of essential metals against toxic elements are postulated. This study indicates that important biochemical detoxification information is obtained through subcellular fraction analyses in marine mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Monteiro
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Gávea, 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Leila S Lemos
- Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública (ENSP), Fiocruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365 - Manguinhos, 21040-360 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Jailson Fulgêncio de Moura
- Leibniz Center for Tropical Marine Ecology - ZMT, Systems Ecology Group, Fahrenheitstraße 6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
| | - Rafael Christian Chávez Rocha
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Gávea, 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabel Moreira
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Gávea, 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Di Beneditto
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Helena A Kehrig
- Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense, Laboratório de Ciências Ambientais, 28013-602 Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | - Isabella C A C Bordon
- UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Núcleo de Estudos em Poluição e Ecotoxicologia Aquática (NEPEA), Praça Infante Dom Henrique s/n°, Parque Bitaru, CEP 11330-900 São Vicente, SP, Brazil
| | - Salvatore Siciliano
- Laboratório de Enterobactérias/IOC/Fiocruz, Pavilhão Rocha Lima, 3°. andar, Av. Brasil, 4.365 - Manguinhos, 21040-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Tatiana D Saint'Pierre
- Departamento de Química, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Gávea, 22453-900 Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Rachel Ann Hauser-Davis
- Laboratório de Avaliação e Promoção da Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil, 4.365, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro 21040-360, Brazil.
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77
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Li LH, Qi HX. Effect of acute ammonia exposure on the glutathione redox system in FFRC strain common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27023-27031. [PMID: 31313232 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05895-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is one of the most common aquatic pollutants. To analyze the effect of ammonia exposure on the glutathione redox system, we investigated the levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and glutathione, and transcription and activities of glutathione-related enzymes in liver and gills of FFRC strain common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) exposed to 0, 10, 20, and 30 mg/L of ammonia. The results showed that H2O2 content reached a maximum level at 48 h of exposure in the liver of fish. In gills, H2O2 increased rapidly at 6 h and reached to maximum levels at 24 h of exposure, indicating that gills experienced oxidative stress earlier than the liver of fish exposed to ammonia. Reduced glutathione (GSH) content and reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio increased significantly within 24 h of exposure. Meanwhile, the transcription and activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and glutathione reductase (GR) increased significantly in the liver, and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and GST increased in the gills of fish exposed to ammonia. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content kept at a low level after exposure to low concentration of ammonia, but increased significantly after exposure to 30 mg/L ammonia for 48 h along with a decrease in GSH content and GSH/GSSG ratio. These data showed that the glutathione redox system played an important role in protection against ammonia-induced oxidative stress in the liver and gills of FFRC strain common carp, though the defense capacity was not able to completely prevent oxidative damage occurring after exposure to higher concentration of ammonia. This research systematically studied the response of the glutathione redox system to ammonia stress and would provide novel information for a better understanding of the adaptive mechanisms of fish to environmental stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Hong Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, No.199 Wenhua Road, Yuci, Shanxi, 030619, China.
| | - Hong-Xue Qi
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Jinzhong University, No.199 Wenhua Road, Yuci, Shanxi, 030619, China
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78
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Pedro A, Martínez D, Pontigo J, Vargas-Lagos C, Hawes C, Wadsworth S, Morera F, Vargas-Chacoff L, Yáñez A. Transcriptional activation of genes involved in oxidative stress in Salmo salar challenged with Piscirickettsia salmonis. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 229:18-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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79
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Vasile D, Gaina G, Petcu LC, Coprean D, Tofan L, Dinischiotu A. Bioaccumulation of Copper and Zinc and the Effects on Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in the Liver of Acipenser stellatus (Pallas, 1771). BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:39-45. [PMID: 30443658 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2491-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Although water pollution by metals in the Danube River is considered high, little is known about its impact on sturgeons. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate the bioaccumulation of copper and zinc as well as their effects on antioxidant enzymes activities in the liver of Acipenser stellatus. The fish were exposed for 7 and 14 days, to two concentrations of copper and zinc (10% and 25% of LC50 96 h), previously determined as 0.54 mg/L Cu2+ and, 34.22 mg/L Zn2+ respectively. The enzymatic responses of A. stellatus varied greatly depending on metal type, concentration and time. Significant bioaccumulation of the two metals was recorded. Even though the water hardness used in the experiment is known to offer a clear protection against metal contamination, stellate sturgeon remains a sensitive species in the face of metal toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Vasile
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, "Ovidius" University Constanta, Aleea Universitatii No. 1, Building B, 900470, Constanţa, Romania
| | - Gisela Gaina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenţei Street No. 91-95, Sector 5, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Lucian Cristian Petcu
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, "Ovidius" University Constanta, Aleea Universitatii No. 1, Building B, 900470, Constanţa, Romania
| | - Dragomir Coprean
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, "Ovidius" University Constanta, Aleea Universitatii No. 1, Building B, 900470, Constanţa, Romania
| | - Lucica Tofan
- Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, "Ovidius" University Constanta, Aleea Universitatii No. 1, Building B, 900470, Constanţa, Romania.
| | - Anca Dinischiotu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, Splaiul Independenţei Street No. 91-95, Sector 5, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
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80
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Park HJ, Hwang IK, Kim KW, Kim JH, Kang JC. Toxic Effects and Depuration on the Antioxidant and Neurotransmitter Responses after Dietary Lead Exposure in Starry Flounder. JOURNAL OF AQUATIC ANIMAL HEALTH 2018; 30:245-252. [PMID: 29908042 DOI: 10.1002/aah.10033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Starry Flounder Platichthys stellatus were exposed to dietary lead (Pb) at concentrations of 0, 30, 60, 120, and 240 mg/kg for 4 weeks. Recover period was conducted for 2 weeks after the exposure. Exposure to Pb concentrations over 60 mg/kg induced significant changes in the antioxidant responses in the liver, kidney, and gill and continued even after the depuration period in the liver (over 120 mg/kg for superoxide dismutase [SOD] activity) and kidney (at 240 mg/kg for glutathione [GSH] levels). Glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity in liver, kidney, and gill were increased by dietary Pb exposure, and recovery was observed in all groups during the recovery period. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity was significantly inhibited in the brain and muscle of flounder at Pb exposure over 120 mg/kg, and no restoration was observed after the depuration period. Lysozyme activity in the plasma was significantly increased at Pb exposures greater than 60 mg kg but was restored after the depuration period. The results of this study indicate that dietary Pb exposure induces toxic effects on antioxidant responses, neurotransmitter, and immune responses of Starry Flounder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee-Ju Park
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - In-Ki Hwang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Kyeong-Wook Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Jun-Hwan Kim
- West Sea Fisheries Research Institute, National Institute of Fisheries Science, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ju-Chan Kang
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
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81
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Rangasamy B, Hemalatha D, Shobana C, Nataraj B, Ramesh M. Developmental toxicity and biological responses of zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed to anti-inflammatory drug ketoprofen. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 213:423-433. [PMID: 30243208 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ketoprofen a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) is widely used in over-the-counter to treat pain, swelling and inflammation. Due to extensive application these drugs has been detected in surface waters which may create a risk to aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study is to assess the ecotoxicity of ketoprofen at different concentrations (1, 10 and 100 μg/ml) on embryos and adult zebrafish (1, 10 and 100 μg L-1) under laboratory conditions. In embryos, concentration dependent developmental changes such as edema, spinal curvature, slow heartbeat, delayed hatching, and mortality rate were observed. In adult zebrafish, biochemical enzymes such as AST, ALT and LDH activities were significantly (P < 0.05) increased whereas a decrease in Na+/K+-ATPase activity was noticed in all the tested concentrations of the drug ketoprofen. Similarly, exposure of ketoprofen caused a significant decrease in antioxidant levels in liver tissue (SOD, CAT, GSH, GPx, and GST). However, lipid peroxidation (LPO) level in liver tissue was found to be increased. The histopathological studies further evidenced the impact of ketoprofen in the liver tissue of zebrafish. The present result concludes that ketoprofen could have an impact on the development and biological endpoints of the zebra fish at above concentrations. The malformation in the development of the embryo and changes in the biological end points may provide integrated evaluation of the toxic effect of ketoprofen on zebrafish in a new perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Basuvannan Rangasamy
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devan Hemalatha
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chellappan Shobana
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Bojan Nataraj
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Department of Zoology, Unit of Toxicology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 641046, Tamil Nadu, India.
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82
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Sánchez-Nuño S, Sanahuja I, Fernández-Alacid L, Ordóñez-Grande B, Fontanillas R, Fernández-Borràs J, Blasco J, Carbonell T, Ibarz A. Redox Challenge in a Cultured Temperate Marine Species During Low Temperature and Temperature Recovery. Front Physiol 2018; 9:923. [PMID: 30065660 PMCID: PMC6056653 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaculture is a growing industry that is increasingly providing a sizable proportion of fishery products for human consumption. Dietary energy and temperature fluctuations affect fish health and may even trigger mortality, causing great losses in fish production during winter. To better understand this unproductive winter period in aquaculture, the redox status in a cultured marine species, the gilthead sea bream, was analyzed for the first time by inducing controlled temperature fluctuations and reducing dietary lipid content. Two groups of fish (by triplicate), differing in their dietary lipid content (18% vs. 14%), were subjected to 30 days at 22°C (Pre-Cold), 50 days at 14°C (Cold) and then 35 days at 22°C (Recovery). Plasma and liver redox metabolites (oxidized lipid, oxidized protein and thiol groups), liver glutathione forms (total, oxidized and reduced) and liver antioxidant enzyme activities were measured. Reducing dietary lipid content did not affect gilthead sea bream growth, glutathione levels or enzyme activities, but did reduce the amount of oxidized lipids. A sustained low temperature of 14°C showed a lack of adaptation of antioxidant enzyme activities, mainly catalase and glutathione reductase, which subsequently affected the glutathione redox cycle and caused an acute reduction in total hepatic glutathione levels, irrespective of diet. Antioxidant enzyme activities were gradually restored to their pre-cold levels, but the glutathione redox cycle was not restored to its pre-cold values during the recovery period used. Moreover, the lower lipid diet was associated with transiently increased liver oxidized protein levels. Thus, we propose that fish should be fed a low lipid diet during pre-cold and cold periods, which would reduce oxidized lipid levels without affecting fish growth, and a higher energy diet during the recovery period. Moreover, diets supplemented with antioxidants should be considered, especially during temperature recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Sánchez-Nuño
- Departament de Biologia Cel⋅Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignasi Sanahuja
- Departament de Biologia Cel⋅Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Fernández-Alacid
- Departament de Biologia Cel⋅Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Borja Ordóñez-Grande
- Departament de Biologia Cel⋅Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Jaume Fernández-Borràs
- Departament de Biologia Cel⋅Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josefina Blasco
- Departament de Biologia Cel⋅Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Carbonell
- Departament de Biologia Cel⋅Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antoni Ibarz
- Departament de Biologia Cel⋅Lular, Fisiologia i Immunologia, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Mikowska M, Dziublińska B, Świergosz-Kowalewska R. Variation of Metallothionein I and II Gene Expression in the Bank Vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) Under Environmental Zinc and Cadmium Exposure. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:66-74. [PMID: 29248947 PMCID: PMC5988772 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0485-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The main idea of the study was to assess how environmental metal pollution activates defence responses at transcription levels in the tissues of bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus). For this purpose, the metallothioneine (MT) genes expression (a well known biomarker of exposure and response to various metals) was measured. The real-time PCR method was used for relative quantification of metallothionein I and metallothionein II expressions in the livers, kidneys and testes of bank voles from six populations exposed to different contaminants, mainly zinc, cadmium and iron. The assessment of Zn, Cu and Fe concentrations in the tissues allowed to study the MTs gene expression responses to these metals. ANOVA analysis showed differences between populations in terms of metal concentration in tissues, livers and kidneys. Student T test showed significant differences in metal concentration between unpolluted and polluted sites only for the liver tissue: significantly lower Zn levels and significantly higher Fe levels in the unpolluted sites. Kruskal-Wallis test performed on C T data shows differences in the gene expressions between populations for both MT genes for liver and testes. In the liver metallothionein I gene expression was upregulated in populations considered as more polluted (up to 7.5 higher expression in Miasteczko Śląskie comparing to Mikołajki). Expression of metallothionein II revealed a similar pattern. In kidneys, differences in expression of both MT genes were not that evident. In testes, MT upregulation in polluted sites was noted for metallothionein II. For metallothionein however, we found downregulation in populations from more contaminated sites. The expressions of both MTs were positively influenced by cadmium in kidney (concentration data from the previous study) and zinc and copper in liver, while cadmium had effects only on the liver MT II gene expression. Positive relationship was obtained for lead and metallothionein II expression in the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Mikowska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Dziublińska
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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84
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Xu X, Cui Z, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang S. Toxicological responses on cytochrome P450 and metabolic transferases in liver of goldfish (Carassius auratus) exposed to lead and paraquat. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 151:161-169. [PMID: 29353166 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.12.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
As the producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS), both lead (Pb) and paraquat (PQ) can generate serious oxidative stress in target organs which result in irreversible toxic effects on organisms. They can disturb the normal catalytic activities of many enzymes by means of different toxicity mechanism. The changed responses of enzymes are frequently used as the biomarkers for indicating the relationship between toxicological effects and exposure levels. In this work, goldfish was exposed to a series of test groups containing lead and paraquat in the range of 0.05-10mg/L, respectively. Four hepatic enzyme activities, including 7-ethoxyresorufinO-deethylase (EROD), 7-benzyloxy-4-trifluoromethyl-coumarin-O-debenzyloxylase (BFCOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) were determined after 1, 7, 14, 28 days exposure. The results showed that the activities of EROD and BFCOD in fish were significantly inhibited in response to paraquat at all exposure levels during the whole experiment. Similarly, the inhibitory effects of lead exposure on BFCOD activity were found in our study, while different responses of lead on EROD were observed. There were no significant differences on EROD activity under lower concentrations of lead (less than 0.1mg/L) before 14 days until an obvious increase was occurred for the 0.5mg/L lead treatment group at day 14. Furthermore, lead showed stronger inhibition on GST activity than paraquat when the concentrations of the two toxicants were more than 0.5mg/L. However, the similar dose and time-dependent manners of UGT activity were found under lead and paraquat exposure. Our results indicated that higher exposure levels and longer accumulations caused inhibitory effects on the four enzymes regardless of lead or paraquat stress. In addition, the responses of phase I enzymes were more sensitive than that of phase II enzymes and they may be served as the acceptable biomarkers for evaluating the toxicity effects of both lead and paraquat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Xu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Zhaojie Cui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Xinlei Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xixin Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Su Zhang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, Jinan 250101, China
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85
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Nakano T, Hayashi S, Nagamine N. Effect of excessive doses of oxytetracycline on stress-related biomarker expression in coho salmon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:7121-7128. [PMID: 26111749 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Fish are exposed to a wide variety of environmental stressors, such as chemicals and acute changes in temperature. Oxytetracycline (OTC) has been used as an antibiotic for many kinds of bacterial diseases in cultured fish, but excessive doses of OTC are known to cause side effects in fish and can have negative effects on their environment. In the present study, we examined stress-related biomarker expression in response to excessive doses of dietary OTC in coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Fish received OTC (100 mg/kg body weight/day) orally for 2 weeks. The percentage of liver to body weight (hepatosomatic index; HSI) and plasma biochemical parameter, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity, of the group fed a diet containing OTC were observed to be significantly higher than those of the control group. The total glutathione (tGSH) levels in the liver of OTC-fed fish were four fold higher than those in control fish and double the control levels in muscle and stomach. Plasma tGSH levels in OTC-fed fish were also higher than those in control fish. Expression levels of heat shock protein 70 in the liver, muscle, and stomach decreased by OTC administration. Accordingly, OTC-induced stress might increase the metabolic turnover of GSH due to consumption by scavenging oxidants generated by stress. These results concerning the changing patterns of stress-related biomarkers indicate that excessive doses of OTC fed to coho salmon induce oxidative stress, which might enhance oxidation in the body and result in damage to tissues, especially in the liver. The present results also suggest that tissue-specific damage caused by OTC might already exist in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Nakano
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan.
| | - Satoshi Hayashi
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
- Nagano Prefectural Hokushin Regional Office, 955 Oaza-Hekida, Nakano, Nagano, 383-8515, Japan
| | - Norimi Nagamine
- Marine Biochemistry Laboratory, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi, 981-8555, Japan
- Orion Breweries Ltd., 1985-1 Aza-Gusukuma, Urasoe, Okinawa, 901-2551, Japan
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86
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Jiang J, Xu S, Feng L, Liu Y, Jiang W, Wu P, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Zhou X. Lysine and methionine supplementation ameliorates high inclusion of soybean meal inducing intestinal oxidative injury and digestive and antioxidant capacity decrease of yellow catfish. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2018; 44:319-328. [PMID: 29098470 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-017-0437-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The yellow catfish Pelteobagrus fulvidraco with initial average weight 16.6 ± 0.17 g were fed three extruded diets for 56 days. Fish meal (FM) diet was formulated as the normal control with 380 g FM and 200 g soybean meal (SBM) kg-1 diet. The SBM diet was prepared with 220 g FM and 360 g SBM kg-1 diet without Lys or Met supplementation. The SBM supplement (SBMS) diet was similar to SBM diet and supplemented with Lys and Met to ensure their levels similar to FM diet. The results showed fish fed SBM diet had lower percent weight gain and specific growth rate than the other two groups (P < 0.05). Whole body protein content of fish fed FM and SBMS diets were higher than that of fish fed SBM diet (P < 0.05). The hepatosomatic and intestosomatic indexes of fish fed SBM diet were significantly lower than that of fish fed FM and SBMS diets (P < 0.05). The activities of pepsin in stomach, trypsin, and chymotrypsin in intestine, alkaline phosphatase and creatine kinase in proximal intestine, Na+, K+-ATPase, and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase in distal intestine were significantly higher in fish fed FM and SBMS diets compared to SBM diet. The activities of catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, reduced glutathione, superoxide anion scavenging, and hydroxyl radical scavenging in the intestine showed the same changes (P < 0.05). Malondialdehyde and protein carbonyl contents in intestine were significantly decreased in fish fed SBMS diet compared to SBM diet. These results indicated high inclusion of SBM induced intestinal oxidative injury and digestive and antioxidant capacity decrease. The Lys and Met supplementation could ameliorate these adverse effects on yellow catfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Shangxiao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Lin Feng
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Weidan Jiang
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Pei Wu
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Yan Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China
| | - Ye Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
| | - Xiaoqiu Zhou
- Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
- Fish Nutrition and Safety Production University Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.
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87
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Eraslan G, Kanbur M, Karabacak M, Arslan K, Siliğ Y, Soyer Sarica Z, Tekeli MY, Taş A. Effect on oxidative stress, hepatic chemical metabolizing parameters, and genotoxic damage of mad honey intake in rats. Hum Exp Toxicol 2017; 37:991-1004. [DOI: 10.1177/0960327117745691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A total of 66 male Wistar rats were used and six groups (control: 10 animals and experimental: 12 animals) were formed. While a separate control group was established for each study period, mad honey application to the animals in the experimental group was carried out with a single dose (12.5 g kg−1 body weight (b.w.); acute stage), at a dose of 7.5 g kg−1 b.w. for 21 days (subacute stage), and at a dose of 5 g kg−1 b.w. for 60 days (chronic stage). Tissue and blood oxidative stress markers (malondialdehyde (MDA), nitric oxide (NO), 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE), superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione (GSH) peroxidase, and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase), hepatic chemical metabolizing parameters in the liver (cytochrome P450 2E1, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH)-cytochrome b5 reductase, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH)-cytochrome c reductase (CYTC), GSH S-transferase (GST), and GSH), and micronucleus and comet test in some samples were examined. Findings from the study showed that single and repeated doses given over the period increased MDA, NO, and HNE levels while decreasing/increasing tissue and blood antioxidant enzyme activities. From hepatic chemical metabolizing parameters, GST activity increased in the subacute and chronic stages and CYTC activity increased in the acute period, whereas GSH level decreased in the subacute stage. Changes in tail and head intensities were found in most of the comet results. Mad honey caused oxidative stresses for each exposure period and made some significant changes on the comet test in certain periods for some samples obtained. In other words, according to the available research results obtained, careless consumption of mad honey for different medical purposes is not appropriate.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Eraslan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - M Kanbur
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - M Karabacak
- Department of Animal Health, Safiye Çıkrıkçıoğlu Vocational Collage, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - K Arslan
- Department of Genetics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - Y Siliğ
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
| | - Z Soyer Sarica
- Experimental Research and Application Center, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - MY Tekeli
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Erciyes University, Kayseri, Turkey
| | - A Taş
- Department of Nutrition and Diet, Faculty of Health Sciences, Cumhuriyet University, Sivas, Turkey
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88
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Xie X, Chen M, Zhu A. Identification and characterization of two selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase 1 isoforms from Larimichthys crocea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:411-422. [PMID: 28964863 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidases, a vital family of antioxidant enzymes in oxybiotic organisms, are involved in anti-pathogen immune response. In this study, two complete selenium-dependent glutathione peroxidase 1 cDNAs (designated as LcGPx1a and LcGPx1b) were obtained from the large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea by rapid amplification of cDNA ends. The full-length sequence of LcGPx1a was 917 bp with a 5'-untranslated region (UTR) of 52 bp, a 3'-UTR of 289 bp, and an open reading frame of 576 bp encoding 191 amino acid (aa) polypeptides. The cDNA of LcGPx1b was composed of 884 bp with a 5'-UTR of 59 bp, a 3'-UTR of 258 bp, and an open reading frame of 567 bp encoding 188 aa polypeptides. The conserved selenocysteine insertion sequence was detected in the 3'-UTR of both isoforms, which can classify types I and II. Protein sequence analysis revealed that both isoforms included a selenocysteine encoded by an opal codon (TGA) and formed the functioning tetrad site with glutamine, tryptophan, and asparagine. Three conservative motifs, including one active site motif ("GKVVLIENVASLUGTT") and two signature site motifs ("LVILGVPCNQFGHQENC" and "V(A/S)WNFEKFLI"), were conserved both in sequence and location. Multiple alignments revealed that they exhibited a high level of identities with GPx1 from other organisms, especially in the abovementioned conserved amino acid sequence motifs. Tissue expression analysis indicated that LcGPx1a and LcGPx1b had a wide distribution in nine tissues with various abundances. The transcript level of LcGPx1a was not significantly different among the nine tissues, whereas that of LcGPx1b was higher in the kidney and head kidney than in the other tissues. After Vibrio parahaemolyticus stimulation, the expression levels of LcGPx1a and LcGPx1b were unanimously altered in the liver, spleen, kidney, and head kidney but with different magnitudes and response time. LcGPx1a and LcGPx1b showed distinct expression trends in the liver, where LcGPx1b was induced and LcGPx1a was depressed in response to pathogen infection. These results indicate that LcGPx1a and LcGPx1b display functional diversities and play crucial roles in mediating the immune response of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoze Xie
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Mengnan Chen
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Aiyi Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
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89
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Qualhato G, Rocha TL, de Oliveira Lima EC, E Silva DM, Cardoso JR, Koppe Grisolia C, de Sabóia-Morais SMT. Genotoxic and mutagenic assessment of iron oxide (maghemite-γ-Fe 2O 3) nanoparticle in the guppy Poecilia reticulata. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:305-314. [PMID: 28551207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risk of nanomaterials (NMs) designed and used in nanoremediation process is of emerging concern, but their ecotoxic effects to aquatic organism remains unclear. In this study, the citrate-coated (maghemite) nanoparticles (IONPs) were synthesized and its genotoxic and mutagenic effects were investigated in the female guppy Poecilia reticulata. Fish were exposed to IONPs at environmentally relevant iron concentration (0.3 mg L-1) during 21 days and the animals were collected at the beginning of the experiment and after 3, 7, 14 and 21 days of exposure. The genotoxicity and mutagenicity were evaluated in terms of DNA damage (comet assay), micronucleus (MN) test and erythrocyte nuclear abnormalities (ENA) frequency. Results showed differential genotoxic and mutagenic effects of IONPs in the P. reticulata according to exposure time. The IONP induced DNA damage in P. reticulata after acute (3 and 7 days) and long-term exposure (14 and 21 days), while the mutagenic effects were observed only after long-term exposure. The DNA damage and the total ENA frequency increase linearly over the exposure time, indicating a higher induction rate of clastogenic and aneugenic effects in P. reticulata erythrocytes after long-term exposure to IONPs. Results indicated that the P. reticulata erythrocytes are target of ecotoxicity of IONPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Qualhato
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Thiago Lopes Rocha
- Laboratory of Cellular Behavior, Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil; Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goiás, Goiania, Goiás, Brazil.
| | | | - Daniela Melo E Silva
- Laboratory of Genotoxicity, Department of Genetic and Evolution, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Júlio Roquete Cardoso
- Department of Morphology, Biological Sciences Institute, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
| | - Cesar Koppe Grisolia
- Biological Sciences Institute, University of Brasília, Brasília, Distrito Federal, Brazil
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90
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Abdel-Latif HMR, Khashaba AMA. Subchronic toxicity of Nile tilapia with different exposure routes to Microcystis aeruginosa: Histopathology, liver functions, and oxidative stress biomarkers. Vet World 2017; 10:955-963. [PMID: 28919690 PMCID: PMC5591486 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.955-963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Toxic cyanobacterial blooms (Microcystis aeruginosa contains microcystins [MCs]) have been reported to induce clinicopathological alterations as well as different oxidative stress in aquatic biota. AIM Three-week subchronic exposure experiment was carried out on Nile tilapia, to determine their effects on fish behavior, tissues, liver functions, antioxidant enzymes, and lipid peroxidation. MATERIALS AND METHODS Fish were exposed to four main treatments; orally fed diet plus toxic cells of M. aeruginosa (containing 3500 µg/g MC-LR), immersion in 500 µg MC-LR/L, intraperitoneal injection of M. aeruginosa MC-LR with a dose of 0.1 ml of extracted toxin at a dose of 200 μg/kg bwt, and the fourth one served as a control group, then the fish were sacrificed at the end of 3rd week of exposure. RESULTS The results revealed no recorded mortality with obvious behavioral changes and an enlarged liver with the congested gall bladder. Histopathology demonstrated fragmentation, hyalinization, and necrosis of the subcutaneous musculature marked fatty degeneration, and vacuolation of hepatopancreatic cells with adhesion of the secondary gill lamellae associated with severe leukocytic infiltration. Furthermore, liver functions enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase, and the activities of glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, lipid peroxidase, and catalase enzymes) were significantly increased in all treatments starting from the 2nd week as compared to the control levels. CONCLUSION In this context, the study addresses the possible toxicological impacts of toxic M. aeruginosa contain MC-LR to Nile tilapia, and the results investigated that MC-LR is toxic to Nile tilapia in different routes of exposure as well as different doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- H M R Abdel-Latif
- Department of Poultry and Fish Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University (Matrouh Branch), Fuka City, Box: 51744, Matrouh Province, Egypt
| | - A M Abou Khashaba
- Department of Food Inspection, Animal Health Research Institute, Dokki, Giza Province, Egypt
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91
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Zeng L, Ai CX, Wang YH, Zhang JS, Wu CW. Abrupt salinity stress induces oxidative stress via the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling pathway in large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2017; 43:955-964. [PMID: 28616764 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0334-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of abrupt salinity stress (12, 26 (control), and 40) on lipid peroxidation, activities and mRNA levels of antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT, GPx, and GR), and gene expression of the Nrf2-Keap1 signaling molecules at different times (6, 12, 24, and 48 h) in the liver of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. The results showed that lipid peroxidation was sharply reduced at 6 h and increased at 12 h before returning to control levels in the hypo-salinity group. Similarly, lipid peroxidation was significantly decreased at 6 h followed by a sharp increase towards the end of the exposure in the hyper-salinity group. Negative relationships between lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities and positive relationships between activities and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes were observed, suggesting that the changes at molecular levels and enzyme activity levels may provide protective roles against damage from salinity stress. Obtained results also showed a coordinated transcriptional regulation of antioxidant genes, suggesting that Nrf2 is required for regulating these genes. Furthermore, there was a positive relationship between the mRNA levels of Nrf2 and Keap1, indicating that Keap1 plays an important role in switching off the Nrf2 response. In conclusion, this is the first study to elucidate effects of salinity stress on antioxidant responses in large yellow croaker through the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Chun-Xiang Ai
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yong-Hong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Jian-She Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China
| | - Chang-Wen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, 316000, China.
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92
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Pandey PK, Ajima MNO, Kumar K, Poojary N, Kumar S. Evaluation of DNA damage and physiological responses in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) exposed to sub-lethal diclofenac (DCF). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 186:205-214. [PMID: 28324828 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 03/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The frequent bioaccumulation of pharmaceuticals in the aquatic ecosystem has raised a concern about their possible ecotoxicological consequences. DNA damage, haematological changes and activities of oxidative stress enzymes in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus in response to diclofenac (DCF) exposure were investigated for up to 60 days at the concentrations of 0.17, 0.34 and 0.68mgL-1 in the fish liver. Evaluation of genotoxic effects of the drug in the liver, using single-cell gel electrophoresis, showed DNA damage on exposure at the concentrations of 0.34 and 0.68mgL-1 after day 30. Compared with the control, there was a reduction in haemoglobin and red blood cell counts with a significant increase (p<0.05) in white blood cell counts, mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular haemoglobin level after day 30 at 0.34 and 0.68mgL-1. The levels of pack cell volume, red cell distribution width and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration were not significant (p>0.05) between the exposed group and the control. The indices of hepatic oxidative stress biomarkers, including lipid peroxidation and carbonyl protein, showed elevated level, depicting a positive correlation with both time and concentration. More so, activity of catalase was inhibited while reduced glutathione level decreased in the liver tissue. There was increase in the activities of superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase and glutathione-S-transferase after 30 days at 0.34mgL-1. Further, activity of Na+-K+-ATPase in the tissue was significantly inhibited (p<0.05) at the end of 60 days. Prolonged exposure to diclofenac at sub-lethal concentration can cause both DNA and oxidative damages in O. niloticus, suggesting the use of oxidative stress biomarkers as early warning signals in environmental monitoring of residual pharmaceutical and assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod K Pandey
- College of Fisheries, Central Agriculture University, Agartala, Tripura, India
| | - Malachy N O Ajima
- Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria; Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India.
| | - Kundan Kumar
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Nalini Poojary
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
| | - Saurav Kumar
- Aquatic Environment and Health Management Division, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, India
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93
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Elia AC, Magara G, Righetti M, Dörr AJM, Scanzio T, Pacini N, Abete MC, Prearo M. Oxidative stress and related biomarkers in cupric and cuprous chloride-treated rainbow trout. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:10205-10219. [PMID: 28265874 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8651-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
We examined the time-course stress responses in the liver of rainbow trout exposed to cuprous chloride (CuCl) and cupric chloride (CuCl2). The treatment groups received a single intraperitoneal injection of CuCl or CuCl2 (both at a dose of 0.01 and 0.05 mg/kg); the control group received only the physiologic solution vehicle. Liver tissue samples were analyzed for total copper, superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, glyoxalases, and lactate dehydrogenase at 3, 6, and 9 days post-injection. Total glutathione, metallothionein, and malondialdehyde levels were also measured. The time course of metal accumulation differed between the groups; no dose-response relationship for metal load was found. Both copper species elicited significant changes in oxidative stress markers and in metal trapping. Copper underwent adaptive shifts in glutathione and metallothionein concentrations. The defense strategy primarily versus CuCl2 first involved glutathione, with a peak in metallothionein levels at day 6 for CuCl2 (at both doses) and for CuCl (0.05 mg/kg). Early stimulation of lipid peroxidation was noted after treatment with the higher copper dose and at day 9 after treatment with the lower dose of both CuCl and CuCl2. Antioxidant enzyme activity was impaired due to a more or a less severe oxidative stress condition in relation to the copper species and exposure time. Copper dynamics, in terms of metal accumulation and homeostatic regulation, is noticeably complex. The present findings may advance our understanding of the effects of both copper species on the antioxidant response of rainbow trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Concetta Elia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Magara
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marzia Righetti
- Fish Disease Laboratory, State Veterinary Institute, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Tommaso Scanzio
- Fish Disease Laboratory, State Veterinary Institute, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicole Pacini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Maria Cesarina Abete
- C.Re.A.A. National Reference Centre for the Surveillance and Monitoring of Animal Feed, State Veterinary Institute, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- Fish Disease Laboratory, State Veterinary Institute, 10154, Turin, Italy
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94
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Nunes B, Silva V, Campos I, Pereira JL, Pereira P, Keizer JJ, Gonçalves F, Abrantes N. Off-site impacts of wildfires on aquatic systems - Biomarker responses of the mosquitofish Gambusia holbrooki. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 581-582:305-313. [PMID: 28088544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.12.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/17/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The number of wildfires has markedly increased in Mediterranean Europe, including in Portugal. Wildfires are environmentally concerning, not only due to the loss of biodiversity and forest area, but also as a consequence of environmental contamination by specific compounds including metals and polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAHs). These contaminants, mostly bound to ashes, can reach downstream water bodies, namely through surface runoff, being ultimately dispersed by vast areas and contacting with aquatic biota. Being toxicologically noteworthy, the potential toxic outcomes of the input of such chemicals across the aquatic compartment must be characterized. In this context, the present study used a biomarker-based approach to find early-warning signals of toxicity triggered by the exposure of the mosquitofish, Gambusia holbrooki, to affected aqueous runoff and stream water samples collected from a forest burnt area. The chemical analysis revealed concerning levels of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in both runoff and stream water samples. Biological responses elicited by the collected samples showed the occurrence of pro-oxidative modifications, specifically driven by enzymatic forms involved in the metabolism of glutathione. Despite these effects, no further signs of involvement of metals and PAHs were elicited in terms of neurotoxicity. The overall set of data implicates chemicals resulting from wildfires in clear deleterious effects in exposed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Nunes
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Vera Silva
- Department of Environment and Planning, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal; Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Isabel Campos
- Department of Environment and Planning, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal; The Portuguese Sea and Atmosphere Institute, Portugal
| | | | - Patrícia Pereira
- Department of Biology, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal; The Portuguese Sea and Atmosphere Institute, Portugal
| | - Jan Jacob Keizer
- Department of Environment and Planning, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal
| | | | - Nelson Abrantes
- Department of Environment and Planning, CESAM, University of Aveiro, Portugal.
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95
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A Comparative Study on Antioxidant System in Fish Hepatopancreas and Intestine Affected by Choline Deficiency: Different Change Patterns of Varied Antioxidant Enzyme Genes and Nrf2 Signaling Factors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0169888. [PMID: 28099509 PMCID: PMC5242466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0169888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver and intestine are susceptible to the oxidative damage which could result in several diseases. Choline deficiency induced oxidative damage in rat liver cells. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the potential molecular mechanisms responsible for choline deficiency-induced oxidative damage. Juvenile Jian carp were fed diets differing in choline content [165 (deficient group), 310, 607, 896, 1167 and 1820 mg/kg diet] respectively for 65 days. Oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme activities and related gene expressions in the hepatopancreas and intestine were measured. Choline deficiency decreased choline and phosphatidylcholine contents, and induced oxidative damage in both organs, as evidenced by increased levels of oxidative-stress markers (malondialdehyde, protein carbonyl and 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine), coupled with decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes [Copper-zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZnSOD), manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)]. However, choline deficiency increased glutathione contents in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Furthermore, dietary choline deficiency downregulated mRNA levels of MnSOD, GPx1b, GST-rho, mGST3 and Kelch-like ECH associating protein 1 (Keap1b) in the hepatopancreas, MnSOD, GPx1b, GPx4a, GPx4b, GST-rho, GST-theta, GST-mu, GST-alpha, GST-pi and GST-kappa in the intestine, as well as intestinal Nrf2 protein levels. In contrast, choline deficiency upregulated the mRNA levels of GPx4a, GPx4b, mGST1, mGST2, GST-theta, GST-mu, Keap1a and PKC in the hepatopancreas, mGST3, nuclear factor erythoid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and Keap1a in the intestine, as well as hepatopancreatic Nrf2 protein levels. This study provides new evidence that choline deficiency-induced oxidative damage is associated with changes in the transcription of antioxidant enzyme and Nrf2/Keap1 signaling molecules in the hepatopancreas and intestine. Additionally, this study firstly indicated that choline deficiency induced varied change patterns of different GPx and GST isoforms. Meanwhile, the changes of some GPx and GST isoforms caused by choline deficiency in the intestine were contrary to those in the hepatopancreas.
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96
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Srikanth K, Trindade T, Duarte AC, Pereira E. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress responses of silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles in CHSE-214 cells. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2055-2064. [PMID: 27807789 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7870-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at investigating cytotoxicity and oxidative stress induced by silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles functionalized with dithiocarbamate (Fe3O4 NPs) in Chinook salmon cells (CHSE-214) derived from Oncorhynchus tshawytscha embryos. A significant reduction in cell viability was evident in response to Fe3O4 NPs as revealed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay after 24 h of exposure. Out of the tested concentrations (10, 20, and 30 μg/ml), the highest concentration has shown significant decrease in the viability of cells after 24 h of exposure. Alterations in the morphology of CHSE-214 cells was also evident at 10 μg/ml concentration of Fe3O4 NPs after 24 h. Fe3O4 NPs elicited a significant dose-dependent reduction in total glutathione content (TGSH), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR) with a concomitant increase in lipid peroxidation (LPO), and protein carbonyl (PC) at highest concentration (30 μg/ml) after 24 h of exposure. In conclusion, our data demonstrated that Fe3O4 NPs have potential to induce cytotoxicity in CHSE-214 cells, which is likely to be mediated through reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Srikanth
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Tito Trindade
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO and CESAM, Aveiro Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A C Duarte
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - E Pereira
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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97
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Zeng L, Zheng JL, Wang YH, Xu MY, Zhu AY, Wu CW. The role of Nrf2/Keap1 signaling in inorganic mercury induced oxidative stress in the liver of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 132:345-352. [PMID: 27362492 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2015] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of acute inorganic Hg exposure (0, 32 and 64μgHgL(-1)) on lipid peroxidation, activities and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes (Cu/Zn-SOD, CAT, GPx, GR and GST), and mRNA levels of the Keap1-Nrf2 signaling molecules at different exposure times (6h, 12h, 24h, 48h, and 96h) in the liver of large yellow croaker Pseudosciaena crocea. The results showed that lipid peroxidation was sharply reduced by 32μg Hg L(-1) during 6-12h before returning to control levels. Similarly, lipid peroxidation was significantly reduced during 6-12h followed by a sharp increase towards the end of the exposure in the 64μgHgL(-1) group. There was a negative relationship between lipid peroxidation and antioxidant enzyme activities, and positive relationship between activities and gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, suggesting that the changes at a molecular level may underlie enzymatic level and accordingly affect hepatic lipid peroxidation. Obtained results also showed a coordinated transcriptional regulation of antioxidant genes, suggesting that Nrf2 is required for the protracted induction of these genes. Furthermore, a negative relationship between the mRNA levels of Nrf2 and Keap1 indicated that Keap1 may play an important role in switching off the Nrf2 response. In conclusion, this is the first study to elucidate effects of waterborne Hg on antioxidant system in large yellow croaker through the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, which will aid our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of waterborne heavy metal on antioxidant responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zeng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Jia-Lang Zheng
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Yong-Hong Wang
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Mei-Ying Xu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Ai-Yi Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China
| | - Chang-Wen Wu
- National Engineering Research Center of Marine Facilities Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, PR China.
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98
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Burkina V, Zamaratskaia G, Oliveira R, Fedorova G, Grabicova K, Schmidt-Posthaus H, Steinbach C, Domingues I, Golovko O, Sakalli S, Grabic R, Randak T, Zlabek V. Sub-lethal effects and bioconcentration of the human pharmaceutical clotrimazole in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 159:10-22. [PMID: 27268790 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.05.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/13/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to characterize biomarker responses, haematological profiles, structural changes and uptake in juvenile rainbow trout exposed to clotrimazole (CLO) at three concentrations (0.01 - [lowest environmentally relevant concentration], 1.0 [highest environmentally relevant concentration] and 10 μg L(-1)) in a semi-static system over a period of 42 days. Antioxidant defence enzymes, which responded to CLO exposure, changed the oxidative stress status of cells, but no differences were observed in lipid peroxidation. Clotrimazole triggered a biphasic response of CYP3A-like activity in liver microsomes, which may indicate a detoxification process in the liver. Histopathological alterations were most pronounced in kidneys and testes in the group exposed to 10 μg L(-1). Structural changes in the kidney included tubulonephrosis and hyaline droplet degeneration in the tubular epithelial cells. The relative proportions of germ cells in testes were changed: The number of spermatozoa was reduced, and the spermatogonia and spermatocytes were increased. The highest CLO concentration was detected in fish liver (3710 ng per gram wet tissue) and kidney (4280 ng per gram wet tissue). Depuration half-life was estimated to be 72, 159, and 682 h in liver, muscle, and kidney, respectively. Taken together, these results provide valuable toxicological data on the effects of CLO on aquatic non-target organisms, which could be useful for further understanding of the potential risks in the real aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viktoriia Burkina
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Galia Zamaratskaia
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Food Science, P.O. Box 7051, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Rhaul Oliveira
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Katerina Grabicova
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Heike Schmidt-Posthaus
- Centre for Fish and Wildlife Health, Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathobiology, University of Bern, Vetsuisse Faculty, Laenggassstrasse 122, Bern 3001, Switzerland.
| | - Christoph Steinbach
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Inês Domingues
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Oksana Golovko
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Sidika Sakalli
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Tomas Randak
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
| | - Vladimir Zlabek
- University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zatisi 728/II, 389 25 Vodnany, Czech Republic.
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99
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Osborne OJ, Mukaigasa K, Nakajima H, Stolpe B, Romer I, Philips U, Lynch I, Mourabit S, Hirose S, Lead JR, Kobayashi M, Kudoh T, Tyler CR. Sensory systems and ionocytes are targets for silver nanoparticle effects in fish. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1276-86. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1206147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olivia J. Osborne
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK,
| | - Katsuki Mukaigasa
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan,
| | - Hitomi Nakajima
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan,
| | - Bjorn Stolpe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Geography, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, and
| | - Isabella Romer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Geography, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, and
| | - Uzoma Philips
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Geography, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, and
| | - Iseult Lynch
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Geography, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, and
| | - Sulayman Mourabit
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK,
| | - Shigehisa Hirose
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Jamie R. Lead
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Geography, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK, and
| | - Makoto Kobayashi
- Faculty of Medicine, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan,
| | - Tetsuhiro Kudoh
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK,
| | - Charles R. Tyler
- Department of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK,
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100
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Kim WK, Jung J. In situ impact assessment of wastewater effluents by integrating multi-level biomarker responses in the pale chub (Zacco platypus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 128:246-251. [PMID: 26967356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The integration of biomarker responses ranging from the molecular to the individual level is of great interest for measuring the toxic effects of hazardous chemicals or effluent mixtures on aquatic organisms. This study evaluated the effects of wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents on the freshwater pale chub Zacco platypus by using multi-level biomarker responses at molecular [mRNA expression of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), and metallothionein (MT)], biochemical (enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, GST, and concentration of MT), and physiological [condition factor (CF) and liver somatic index (LSI)] levels. The mRNA expression levels of GST and MT in Z. platypus from a site downstream of a WWTP significantly increased by 2.2- and 4.5-fold (p<0.05) when compared with those from an upstream site. However, the enzyme activities of CAT, SOD, and GST in fish from the downstream site significantly decreased by 43%, 98%, and 13%, respectively (p<0.05), except for an increase in MT concentration (41%). In addition, a significant increase in LSI (46%) was observed in Z. platypus from the downstream site (p<0.05). Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb in the liver of Z. platypus were higher (530%, 353%, 800%, and 2,200%, respectively) in fish from a downstream site than in fish from an upstream location, and several multi-level biomarker responses were significantly correlated with the accumulated metals in Z. platypus (p<0.05). Integrated biomarker responses at molecular, biochemical, and physiological levels (multi-level IBR) were much higher (about 4-fold) at the downstream site than at the upstream site. This study suggests that the multi-level IBR approach is very useful for quantifying in situ adverse effects of WWTP effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Keun Kim
- System Toxicology Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinho Jung
- Division of Environmental Science and Ecological Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
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