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Body MJA, Zinkgraf MS, Whitham TG, Lin CH, Richardson RA, Appel HM, Schultz JC. Heritable Phytohormone Profiles of Poplar Genotypes Vary in Resistance to a Galling Aphid. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2019; 32:654-672. [PMID: 30520677 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-11-18-0301-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Insect galls are highly specialized structures arising from atypical development of plant tissue induced by insects. Galls provide the insect enhanced nutrition and protection against natural enemies and environmental stresses. Galls are essentially plant organs formed by an intimate biochemical interaction between the gall-inducing insect and its host plant. Because galls are plant organs, their development is likely to be governed by phytohormones involved in normal organogenesis. We characterized concentrations of both growth and defensive phytohormones in ungalled control leaves and galls induced by the aphid Pemphigus betae on narrowleaf cottonwood Populus angustifolia that differ genotypically in resistance to this insect. We found that susceptible trees differed from resistant trees in constitutive concentrations of both growth and defense phytohormones. Susceptible trees were characterized by significantly higher constitutive cytokinin concentrations in leaves, significantly greater ability of aphids to elicit cytokinin increases, and significantly lower constitutive defense phytohormone concentrations than observed in resistant trees. Phytohormone concentrations in both constitutive and induced responses in galled leaves exhibited high broad-sense heritability that, respectively, ranged from 0.39 to 0.93 and from 0.28 to 0.66, suggesting that selection can act upon these traits and that they might vary across the landscape. Increased cytokinin concentrations may facilitate forming strong photosynthate sinks in the galls, a requirement for galling insect success. By characterizing for the first time the changes in 15 phytohormones belonging to five different classes, this study offers a better overview of the signaling alteration occurring in galls that has likely been important for their ecology and evolution. Copyright © 2019 The Author(s). This is an open-access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie J A Body
- 1 Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Matthew S Zinkgraf
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, U.S.A.; and
| | - Thomas G Whitham
- 2 Department of Biological Sciences and Merriam-Powell Center for Environmental Research, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ 86011, U.S.A.; and
| | - Chung-Ho Lin
- 3 School of Natural Resources, 203 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, 1111 Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, U.S.A
| | - Ryan A Richardson
- 1 Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Heidi M Appel
- 1 Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
| | - Jack C Schultz
- 1 Division of Plant Sciences, Christopher S. Bond Life Sciences Center, 1201 Rollins Street, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, U.S.A
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Veselova SV, Burkhanova GF, Rumyantsev SD, Blagova DK, Maksimov IV. Strains of Bacillus spp. Regulate Wheat Resistance to Greenbug Aphid Schizaphis graminum Rond. APPL BIOCHEM MICRO+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0003683819010186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Hohenstein JD, Studham ME, Klein A, Kovinich N, Barry K, Lee YJ, MacIntosh GC. Transcriptional and Chemical Changes in Soybean Leaves in Response to Long-Term Aphid Colonization. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:310. [PMID: 30930925 PMCID: PMC6424911 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Soybean aphids (Aphis glycines Matsumura) are specialized insects that feed on soybean (Glycine max) phloem sap. Transcriptome analyses have shown that resistant soybean plants mount a fast response that limits aphid feeding and population growth. Conversely, defense responses in susceptible plants are slower and it is hypothesized that aphids block effective defenses in the compatible interaction. Unlike other pests, aphids can colonize plants for long periods of time; yet the effect on the plant transcriptome after long-term aphid feeding has not been analyzed for any plant-aphid interaction. We analyzed the susceptible and resistant (Rag1) transcriptome response to aphid feeding in soybean plants colonized by aphids (biotype 1) for 21 days. We found a reduced resistant response and a low level of aphid growth on Rag1 plants, while susceptible plants showed a strong response consistent with pattern-triggered immunity. GO-term analyses identified chitin regulation as one of the most overrepresented classes of genes, suggesting that chitin could be one of the hemipteran-associated molecular pattern that triggers this defense response. Transcriptome analyses also indicated the phenylpropanoid pathway, specifically isoflavonoid biosynthesis, was induced in susceptible plants in response to long-term aphid feeding. Metabolite analyses corroborated this finding. Aphid-treated susceptible plants accumulated daidzein, formononetin, and genistein, although glyceollins were present at low levels in these plants. Choice experiments indicated that daidzein may have a deterrent effect on aphid feeding. Mass spectrometry imaging showed these isoflavones accumulate likely in the mesophyll cells or epidermis and are absent from the vasculature, suggesting that isoflavones are part of a non-phloem defense response that can reduce aphid feeding. While it is likely that aphid can initially block defense responses in compatible interactions, it appears that susceptible soybean plants can eventually mount an effective defense in response to long-term soybean aphid colonization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica D. Hohenstein
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Matthew E. Studham
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Adam Klein
- Ames Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Nik Kovinich
- Division of Plant and Soil Sciences, Davis College of Agriculture, Natural Resources and Design, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, United States
| | - Kia Barry
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Young-Jin Lee
- Ames Laboratory, United States Department of Energy, Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Gustavo C. MacIntosh
- Genetics and Genomics Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Graduate Program, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
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Nalam V, Louis J, Shah J. Plant defense against aphids, the pest extraordinaire. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2019; 279:96-107. [PMID: 30709498 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are amongst the most damaging pests of plants that use their stylets to penetrate the plant tissue to consume large amounts of phloem sap and thus deprive the plant of photoassimilates. In addition, some aphids vector important viral diseases of plants. Plant defenses targeting aphids are broadly classified as antibiosis, which interferes with aphid growth, survival and fecundity, and antixenosis, which influences aphid behavior, including plant choice and feeding from the sieve elements. Here we review the multitude of steps in the infestation process where these defenses can be exerted and highlight the progress made on identifying molecular factors and mechanisms that contribute to host defense, including plant resistance genes and signaling components, as well as aphid-derived effectors that elicit or attenuate host defenses. Also discussed is the impact of aphid-vectored plant viruses on plant-aphid interaction and the concept of tolerance, which allows plant to withstand or recover from damage resulting from the infestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vamsi Nalam
- Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 46805, USA.
| | - Joe Louis
- Department of Entomology and Department of Biochemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68583, USA.
| | - Jyoti Shah
- Department of Biological Sciences and BioDiscovery Institute, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, 76203, USA.
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Warneys R, Gaucher M, Robert P, Aligon S, Anton S, Aubourg S, Barthes N, Braud F, Cournol R, Gadenne C, Heintz C, Brisset MN, Degrave A. Acibenzolar- S-Methyl Reprograms Apple Transcriptome Toward Resistance to Rosy Apple Aphid. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 9:1795. [PMID: 30619387 PMCID: PMC6299034 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2018.01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) is a chemical compound, which is able to induce resistance in several model and non-model plants, but the end-players of this induced defense remain ill-defined. Here, we test the hypothesis that treatment with ASM can protect apple (Malus × domestica) against the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantaginea) and investigate the defense molecules potentially involved in resistance. We measured aphid life traits and performed behavioral assays to study the effect of ASM on plant resistance against the aphid, and then combined transcriptomic, bioinformatics, metabolic and biochemical analyses to identify the plant compounds involved in resistance. Plants treated with ASM negatively affected several life traits of the aphid and modified its feeding and host seeking behaviors. ASM treatment elicited up-regulation of terpene synthase genes in apple and led to the emission of (E,E)-α-farnesene, a sesquiterpene that was repellent to the aphid. Several genes encoding amaranthin-like lectins were also strongly up-regulated upon treatment and the corresponding proteins accumulated in leaves, petioles and stems. Our results link the production of specific apple proteins and metabolites to the antibiosis and antixenosis effects observed against Dysaphis plantaginea, providing insight into the mechanisms underlying ASM-induced herbivore resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Warneys
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Matthieu Gaucher
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Philippe Robert
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sophie Aligon
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Sylvia Anton
- IGEPP, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université de Rennes 1, Angers, France
| | - Sébastien Aubourg
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Nicolas Barthes
- Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive, UMR 5175, CNRS – Université de Montpellier – Université Paul Valery Montpellier 3 – EPHE – IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Ferréol Braud
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Raphaël Cournol
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | | | - Christelle Heintz
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Marie-Noëlle Brisset
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
| | - Alexandre Degrave
- IRHS, INRA, Agrocampus-Ouest, Université d’Angers, SFR 4207 QuaSaV, Beaucouzé, France
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Clancy MV, Zytynska SE, Moritz F, Witting M, Schmitt-Kopplin P, Weisser WW, Schnitzler JP. Metabotype variation in a field population of tansy plants influences aphid host selection. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:2791-2805. [PMID: 30035804 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that plant volatiles influence herbivores in their selection of a host plant; however, less is known about how the nonvolatile metabolome affects herbivore host selection. Metabolic diversity between intraspecific plants can be characterized using non-targeted mass spectrometry that gives us a snapshot overview of all metabolic processes occurring within a plant at a particular time. Here, we show that non-targeted metabolomics can be used to reveal links between intraspecific chemical diversity and ecological processes in tansy (Tanacetum vulgare). First, we show that tansy plants can be categorized into five subgroups based up on their metabolic profiles, and that these "metabotypes" influenced natural aphid colonization in the field. Second, this grouping was not due to induced metabolomic changes within the plant due to aphid feeding but rather resulted from constitutive differences in chemical diversity between plants. These findings highlight the importance of intraspecific chemical diversity within one plant population and provide the first report of a non-targeted metabolomic field study in chemical ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary V Clancy
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sharon E Zytynska
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Freising, Germany
| | - Franco Moritz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BCG), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Michael Witting
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BCG), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Research Unit Analytical BioGeoChemistry (BCG), Neuherberg, Germany
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Wolfgang W Weisser
- Department of Ecology and Ecosystem Management, School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University of Munich, Terrestrial Ecology Research Group, Freising, Germany
| | - Jörg-Peter Schnitzler
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Institute of Biochemical Plant Pathology, Research Unit Environmental Simulation (EUS), Neuherberg, Germany
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58
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Florencio-Ortiz V, Novák O, Casas JL. Local and systemic hormonal responses in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) leaves under green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) infestation. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 231:356-363. [PMID: 30388675 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This study examined the temporal changes in the leaf content of defence-involved phytohormones in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) plants responding to the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) infestation, at both local and systemic level. Aphid infestation did not alter the content of cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, the jasmonic acid (JA) precursor, even though endogenous levels of JA and its bioactive isoleucine-conjugated form (JA-Ile) significantly increased from 8 to 96 h in local infested leaves. Systemic effects in jasmonates were only showed at 48 h for JA, and 8 and 48 h in the case of JA-Ile. SA accumulated only in local infested leaves after 96 h of infestation, when the level of JA-Ile decreased in these leaves. This suggests a possible antagonistic interaction between JA and SA pathways, although other pathways may be also involved. Endogenous level of indole-3-acetic acid was higher in systemic relative to local infested leaves at 3 and 24 h, although no significant changes in its content were found compared to control leaves. Abscisic acid content was lower in local infested relative to control leaves at 24 h, but was higher at 48 h when it also increased systemically. The possible roles of the studied phytohormones in plant defence responses against aphids are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Florencio-Ortiz
- Unidad Asociada IPAB (UA-CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante), Spain.
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany CAS & Faculty of Science of Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - José L Casas
- Unidad Asociada IPAB (UA-CSIC), Instituto Universitario de Investigación CIBIO (Centro Iberoamericano de la Biodiversidad), University of Alicante, Ctra. San Vicente del Raspeig s/n, E-03690 San Vicente del Raspeig (Alicante), Spain
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Angelella G, Nalam V, Nachappa P, White J, Kaplan I. Endosymbionts Differentially Alter Exploratory Probing Behavior of a Nonpersistent Plant Virus Vector. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2018; 76:453-458. [PMID: 29290035 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-017-1133-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Insect endosymbionts (hereafter, symbionts) can modify plant virus epidemiology by changing the physiology or behavior of vectors, but their role in nonpersistent virus pathosystems remains uninvestigated. Unlike propagative and circulative viruses, nonpersistent plant virus transmission occurs via transient contamination of mouthparts, making direct interaction between symbiont and virus unlikely. Nonpersistent virus transmission occurs during exploratory intracellular punctures with styletiform mouthparts when vectors assess potential host-plant quality prior to phloem feeding. Therefore, we used an electrical penetration graph (EPG) to evaluate plant probing of the cowpea aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch, an important vector of cucurbit viruses, in the presence and absence of two facultative, intracellular symbionts. We tested four isolines of A. craccivora: two isolines were from a clone from black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.), one infected with Arsenophonus sp. and one cured, and two derived from a clone from alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), one infected with Hamiltonella defensa and one cured. We quantified exploratory intracellular punctures, indicated by a waveform potential drop recorded by the EPG, initiation speed and frequency within the initial 15 min on healthy and watermelon mosaic virus-infected pumpkins. Symbiont associations differentially modified exploratory intracellular puncture frequency by aphids, with H. defensa-infected aphids exhibiting depressed probing, and Arsenophonus-infected aphids an increased frequency of probing. Further, there was greater overall aphid probing on virus-infected plants, suggesting that viruses manipulate their vectors to enhance acquisition-transmission rates, independent of symbiont infection. These results suggest facultative symbionts differentially affect plant-host exploration behaviors and potentially nonpersistent virus transmission by vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Angelella
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State St., Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
- Department Horticulture, Virginia Tech University, 33446 Research Dr., Painter, VA, 23420, USA.
| | - V Nalam
- Department Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd., Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, USA
| | - P Nachappa
- Department Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne, 2101 E. Coliseum Blvd., Fort Wayne, IN, 46805, USA
| | - J White
- Department Entomology, University of Kentucky, S-225 Agricultural Science Center N, Lexington, KY, 40546, USA
| | - I Kaplan
- Department Entomology, Purdue University, 901 West State St., Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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60
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Yates AD, Michel A. Mechanisms of aphid adaptation to host plant resistance. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2018; 26:41-49. [PMID: 29764659 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Host-plant resistant (HPR) crops can play a major role in preventing insect damage, but their durability is limited due to insect adaptation. Research in basal plant resistance provides a framework to investigate adaptation against HPR. Resistance and adaptation are predicted to follow the gene-for-gene and zigzag models of plant defense. These models also highlight the importance of insect effectors, which are small molecules that modulate host plant defense signaling. We highlight research in insect adaptation to plant resistance, and then draw parallels to virulence adaptation. We focus on virulent biotype evolution within the Aphididae, since this group has the highest number of described virulent biotypes. Understanding how virulence occurs will lead to more durable insect management strategies and enhance food production and security.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley D Yates
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, and The Ohio State Center for Soybean Research, USA
| | - Andy Michel
- Center for Applied Plant Sciences, and The Ohio State Center for Soybean Research, USA; Department of Entomology, Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH, USA.
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61
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Losvik A, Beste L, Stephens J, Jonsson L. Overexpression of the aphid-induced serine protease inhibitor CI2c gene in barley affects the generalist green peach aphid, not the specialist bird cherry-oat aphid. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193816. [PMID: 29554141 PMCID: PMC5858787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are serious pests in crop plants. In an effort to identify plant genes controlling resistance against aphids, we have here studied a protease inhibitor, CI2c in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The CI2c gene was earlier shown to be upregulated by herbivory of the bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) in barley genotypes with moderate resistance against this aphid, but not in susceptible lines. We hypothesized that CI2c contributes to the resistance. To test this idea, cDNA encoding CI2c was overexpressed in barley and bioassays were carried out with R. padi. For comparison, tests were carried out with the green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer), for which barley is a poor host. The performance of R. padi was not different on the CI2c-overexpressing lines in comparison to controls in test monitoring behavior and fecundity. M. persicae preference was affected as shown in the choice test, this species moved away from control plants, but remained on the CI2c-overexpressing lines. R. padi-induced responses related to defense were repressed in the overexpressing lines as compared to in control plants or the moderately resistant genotypes. A putative susceptibility gene, coding for a β-1,3-glucanase was more strongly induced by aphids in one of the CI2c-overexpressing lines. The results indicate that the CI2c inhibitor in overexpressing lines affects aphid-induced responses by suppressing defense. This is of little consequence to the specialist R.padi, but causes lower non-host resistance towards the generalist M. persicae in barley.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Losvik
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa Beste
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Lisbeth Jonsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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62
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Losvik A, Beste L, Glinwood R, Ivarson E, Stephens J, Zhu LH, Jonsson L. Overexpression and Down-Regulation of Barley Lipoxygenase LOX2.2 Affects Jasmonate-Regulated Genes and Aphid Fecundity. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18122765. [PMID: 29257097 PMCID: PMC5751364 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18122765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphids are pests on many crops and depend on plant phloem sap as their food source. In an attempt to find factors improving plant resistance against aphids, we studied the effects of overexpression and down-regulation of the lipoxygenase gene LOX2.2 in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the performance of two aphid species. A specialist, bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) and a generalist, green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer) were studied. LOX2.2 overexpressing lines showed up-regulation of some other jasmonic acid (JA)-regulated genes, and antisense lines showed down-regulation of such genes. Overexpression or suppression of LOX2.2 did not affect aphid settling or the life span on the plants, but in short term fecundity tests, overexpressing plants supported lower aphid numbers and antisense plants higher aphid numbers. The amounts and composition of released volatile organic compounds did not differ between control and LOX2.2 overexpressing lines. Up-regulation of genes was similar for both aphid species. The results suggest that LOX2.2 plays a role in the activation of JA-mediated responses and indicates the involvement of LOX2.2 in basic defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Losvik
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Lisa Beste
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.L.); (L.B.)
| | - Robert Glinwood
- Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 75007 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Emelie Ivarson
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden; (E.I.); (L.-H.Z.)
| | - Jennifer Stephens
- Cell and Molecular Science, James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK;
| | - Li-Hua Zhu
- Department of Plant Breeding, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 23053 Alnarp, Sweden; (E.I.); (L.-H.Z.)
| | - Lisbeth Jonsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; (A.L.); (L.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-8-161-211
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63
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Mai VC, Nguyen BH, Nguyen DD, Nguyen LAV. Nostoc calcicola extract improved the antioxidative response of soybean to cowpea aphid. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2017; 58:55. [PMID: 29185129 PMCID: PMC5705527 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-017-0211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr. cv. "Nam Dan") is one of the most valuable crops in agricultural production in Nghe An province (Vietnam). Our previous study revealed that extract of the cyanobacterium strain Nostoc calcicola HN9 expressed positive effect on growth and development, and raised soybean productivity (Tran et al. in Proceeding of Vietnam national conference of research on biology, Da Nang, 2016). We hypothesized that N. calcicola HN9 would improve the defense responses of G. max cv. "Nam Dan" to cowpea aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch)-a serious pest of leguminous crops. RESULTS Infestation of A. craccivora caused oxidative stress in leaves of G. max cv. "Nam Dan". A strong generation of endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as superoxide anion radical (O 2·- ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) resulted in the cellular damages in the aphid-infested leaves through high levels of injury percentage and lipid peroxidation. To protect from aphid attack themselves, soybean plants triggered the antioxidant defense systems, in which, enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD, 1.15.1.1), catalase (CAT, 1.11.1.6) and GPx (EC 1.11.1.9) were strongly accumulated to reduce the toxic effects of ROS. Components of N. calcicola HN9 extract might strengthen the defensive capability of G. max cv. "Nam Dan" to cowpea aphid infestation via establishing the chemical constraints on oxidative stress. Under effect of cyanobacteria extract, generation of O 2·- and H2O2 was strictly limited, activities of SOD, CAT and GPx were remarkably accumulated in the aphid-infested leaves leading to a significant reduction of oxidative damages. CONCLUSIONS Nostoc calcicola HN9 extract probably not only controlled the generation and effects of O 2·- and H2O2 but also augmented the accumulated activity of SOD, CAT and GPx in soybean leaves that allowed them to control oxidative stress, contributed to increase the resistance of G. max cv. "Nam Dan" to A. craccivora. The improvement of cyanobacteria extract on the antioxidative response of soybean "Nam Dan" to cowpea aphid can be a novel aspect to contribute to current knowledge regarding the soybean-aphid interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Chung Mai
- Department of Plant Physiology, School of Natural Sciences Education, Vinh University, str. Le Duan 182, Vinh, Nghe An Province Vietnam
| | - Ba-Hoanh Nguyen
- Department of Plant Physiology, School of Natural Sciences Education, Vinh University, str. Le Duan 182, Vinh, Nghe An Province Vietnam
| | - Duc-Dien Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Chemo-Biology and Environment Technology, Vinh University, str. Le Duan 182, Vinh, Nghe An Province Vietnam
| | - Le-Ai-Vinh Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Sciences, School of Chemo-Biology and Environment Technology, Vinh University, str. Le Duan 182, Vinh, Nghe An Province Vietnam
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Zhang Y, Fan J, Sun J, Francis F, Chen J. Transcriptome analysis of the salivary glands of the grain aphid, Sitobion avenae. Sci Rep 2017; 7:15911. [PMID: 29162876 PMCID: PMC5698471 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-16092-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Aphid saliva plays important roles in aphid-host interactions, such as assisting aphid digestion, detoxification, activating or suppressing plant defenses. The grain aphid, Sitobion avenae, is one of the most devastating pests of cereals worldwide. In this study, we performed the transcriptome analysis of salivary glands of S. avenae. A total of 33,079 assembled unigenes were identified in the salivary glands of aphids. Of the all obtained unigenes, 15,833(47.86%) and 10,829(32.73%) unigenes showed high similarity to known proteins in Nr and Swiss-Prot databases respectively. 526 unigenes were predicted to encode secretory proteins, including some digestive and detoxifying enzymes and potential effectors. The RT-PCR and RT-qPCR results showed that all of the 15 most highly expressed putative secretory proteins specifically expressed in salivary glands. Interestingly, 11 of the 15 most highly expressed putative secretory proteins were still not matched to function-known proteins. We also detected the expression of 9 interested putative secretory proteins in aphid different tissues, including some digestive and detoxifying enzymes, effectors and Ca2+ binding proteins. The results showed that only glutathione-S-transferase 1 was specifically expressed in salivary glands. These findings provide a further insight into the identification of potential effectors involving in aphid-cereals interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium
| | - Jia Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
| | - Jingrui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China
| | - Frédéric Francis
- Functional and Evolutionary Entomology, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, B-5030, Belgium.
| | - Julian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, P.R. China.
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Sarkar P, Jana K, Sikdar SR. Overexpression of biologically safe Rorippa indica defensin enhances aphid tolerance in Brassica juncea. PLANTA 2017; 246:1029-1044. [PMID: 28770337 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-017-2750-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Transgenic mustard plants ( Brassica juncea ) expressing non-allergenic and biologically safe RiD peptide show higher tolerance against Lipaphis erysimi. Rorippa indica defensin (RiD) has previously been reported as a novel insecticidal protein derived from a wild crucifer Rorippa indica. RiD was found to have an effective insecticidal property against mustard aphid, Lipaphis erysimi. In the present study, RiD was highly upregulated in R. indica during aphid infestation initiating a defense system mediated by jasmonic acid (JA), but not by salicylic acid (SA)/abscisic acid (ABA). RiD has also been assessed for biosafety according to the FAO/WHO guideline (allergenicity of genetically modified foods; Food And Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome, Italy, 2001) and Codex Alimentarius Guideline (Guidelines for the design and implementation of national regulatory food safety assurance programme associated with the use of veterinary drugs in food producing animals. Codex Alimentarius Commission. GL, pp 71-2009, 2009). The purified protein was used to sensitize BALB/c mice and they showed normal histopathology of lung and no elevated IgE level in their sera. As the protein was found to be biologically safe and non-allergenic, it was used to develop transgenic Brassica juncea plants with enhanced aphid tolerance, which is one of the most important oilseed crops and is mostly affected by the devastating pest-L. erysimi. The transgene integration was monitored by Southern hybridization, and the positive B. juncea lines were further analyzed by Western blot, ELISA, immunohistolocalization assays and in planta insect bioassay. Transgenic plants expressing RiD conferred a higher level of tolerance against L. erysimi. All these results demonstrated that RiD is a novel, biologically safe, effective insecticidal agent and B. juncea plants expressing RiD are important components of integrated pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poulami Sarkar
- Division of Plant Biology, Centenary Campus, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Kuladip Jana
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Centenary Campus, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700054, India
| | - Samir Ranjan Sikdar
- Division of Plant Biology, Centenary Campus, Bose Institute, Kolkata, 700054, India.
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Czerniewicz P, Sytykiewicz H, Durak R, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Chrzanowski G. Role of phenolic compounds during antioxidative responses of winter triticale to aphid and beetle attack. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2017; 118:529-540. [PMID: 28778044 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2017.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
One of the earliest responses of plants to insects' attack is generation of reactive oxygen species. However, the elevated level of ROS can elicit oxidative burst within plant tissues, and plants employ antioxidant systems against these radicals. Due to their chemical structures, polyphenols are able to diminish the level of ROS. Thus, we investigated the role of phenolic compounds in oxidative stress within winter triticale caused by Sitobion avenae and Oulema melanopus. It was found, that infestation by insects induced a high increase in the content of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide anion radical within resistant Lamberto cv. 24 hpi, whereas in sensitive Marko cv., an increase in H2O2 content was found within two days of aphid feeding. Moreover, resistant plants showed earlier and much greater induction of l-phenylalanine and l-tyrosine ammonia lyases and chalcone synthase activities, as well as accumulation of phenolic compounds in response to insect feeding than susceptible Marko. On the other hand, strong positive influence of hydrogen peroxide and superoxide radical contents on chalcone synthase activity and furthermore flavonoid biosynthesis was detected in the susceptible cultivar. Negative relationships between level of o-coumaric acid or flavonoid compounds and content of hydrogen peroxide or superoxide radical suggest their antioxidant capacity. Luteolin and o-coumaric acid may attend in scavenging of hydrogen peroxide, whereas quercetin, apigenin and (+)-catechin probably participate in reduction of superoxide anion radical content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paweł Czerniewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Hubert Sytykiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland
| | - Roma Durak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology, University of Rzeszów, Zelwerowicza 4, 35-601 Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
- Department of Entomology and Environmental Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594 Poznań, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Chrzanowski
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Prusa 12, 08-110 Siedlce, Poland.
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Silva R, Walter GH, Wilson LJ, Furlong MJ. Effects of single and dual species herbivory on the behavioral responses of three thrips species to cotton seedlings. INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 24:684-698. [PMID: 27029603 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 03/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the olfactory responses of 3 thrips species [Frankliniella schultzei Trybom, F. occidentalis Pergrande and Thrips tabaci Lindeman (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)] to cotton seedlings [Gossypium hirsutum L. (Malvales: Malvaceae)] simultaneously damaged by different combinations of herbivores. Cotton seedlings were damaged by foliar feeding Tetranychus urticae Koch (Trombidiforms: Tetranychidae), Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), Aphis gossypii Glover (Hemiptera: Aphididae) or root feeding Tenebrio molitor L. (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Thrips responses to plants simultaneously damaged by 2 species of herbivore were additive and equivalent to the sum of the responses of thrips to plants damaged by single herbivore species feeding alone. For example, F. occidentalis was attracted to T. urticae damaged plants but more attracted to undamaged plants than to plants damaged by H. armigera. Plants simultaneously damaged by low densities of T. urticae and H. armigera repelled F. occidentalis but as T. urticae density increased relative to H. armigera density, F. occidentalis attraction to coinfested plants increased proportionally. Thrips tabaci did not discriminate between undamaged plants and plants damaged by H. armigera but were attracted to plants damaged by T. urticae alone or simultaneously damaged by T. urticae and H. armigera. Olfactometer assays showed that simultaneous feeding by 2 herbivores on a plant can affect predator-prey interactions. Attraction of F. occidentalis to plants damaged by its T. urticae prey was reduced when the plant was simultaneously damaged by H. armigera, T. molitor, or A. gossypii and F. schultzei was more attracted to plants simultaneously damaged by T. urticae and H. armigera than to plants damaged by T. urticae alone. We conclude that plant responses to feeding by 1 species of herbivore are affected by responses to feeding by other herbivores. These plant-mediated interactions between herbivore complexes affect the behavioral responses of thrips which vary between species and are highly context dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rehan Silva
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Gimme H Walter
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Lewis J Wilson
- Cotton Research Unit, CSIRO Agriculture Flagship, Locked Bag 59, Narrabri, NSW, 2390, Australia
| | - Michael J Furlong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland, 4072, Australia
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Losvik A, Beste L, Mehrabi S, Jonsson L. The Protease Inhibitor CI2c Gene Induced by Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid in Barley Inhibits Green Peach Aphid Fecundity in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2017. [PMID: 28632160 PMCID: PMC5486138 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aphids are phloem feeders that cause large damage globally as pest insects. They induce a variety of responses in the host plant, but not much is known about which responses are promoting or inhibiting aphid performance. Here, we investigated whether one of the responses induced in barley by the cereal aphid, bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) affects aphid performance in the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana L. A barley cDNA encoding the protease inhibitor CI2c was expressed in A. thaliana and aphid performance was studied using the generalist green peach aphid (Myzus persicae Sulzer). There were no consistent effects on aphid settling or preference or on parameters of life span and long-term fecundity. However, short-term tests with apterous adult aphids showed lower fecundity on three of the transgenic lines, as compared to on control plants. This effect was transient, observed on days 5 to 7, but not later. The results suggest that the protease inhibitor is taken up from the tissue during probing and weakly inhibits fecundity by an unknown mechanism. The study shows that a protease inhibitor induced in barley by an essentially monocot specialist aphid can inhibit a generalist aphid in transgenic Arabidopsis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sara Mehrabi
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Lisbeth Jonsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
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69
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Donze-Reiner T, Palmer NA, Scully ED, Prochaska TJ, Koch KG, Heng-Moss T, Bradshaw JD, Twigg P, Amundsen K, Sattler SE, Sarath G. Transcriptional analysis of defense mechanisms in upland tetraploid switchgrass to greenbugs. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:46. [PMID: 28209137 PMCID: PMC5314684 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-0998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphid infestation of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum) has the potential to reduce yields and biomass quality. Although switchgrass-greenbug (Schizaphis graminum; GB) interactions have been studied at the whole plant level, little information is available on plant defense responses at the molecular level. RESULTS The global transcriptomic response of switchgrass cv Summer to GB was monitored by RNA-Seq in infested and control (uninfested) plants harvested at 5, 10, and 15 days after infestation (DAI). Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in infested plants were analyzed relative to control uninfested plants at each time point. DEGs in GB-infested plants induced by 5-DAI included an upregulation of reactive burst oxidases and several cell wall receptors. Expression changes in genes linked to redox metabolism, cell wall structure, and hormone biosynthesis were also observed by 5-DAI. At 10-DAI, network analysis indicated a massive upregulation of defense-associated genes, including NAC, WRKY, and MYB classes of transcription factors and potential ancillary signaling molecules such as leucine aminopeptidases. Molecular evidence for loss of chloroplastic functions was also detected at this time point. Supporting these molecular changes, chlorophyll content was significantly decreased, and ROS levels were elevated in infested plants 10-DAI. Total peroxidase and laccase activities were elevated in infested plants at 10-DAI relative to control uninfested plants. The net result appeared to be a broad scale defensive response that led to an apparent reduction in C and N assimilation and a potential redirection of nutrients away from GB and towards the production of defensive compounds, such as pipecolic acid, chlorogenic acid, and trehalose by 10-DAI. By 15-DAI, evidence of recovery in primary metabolism was noted based on transcript abundances for genes associated with carbon, nitrogen, and nutrient assimilation. CONCLUSIONS Extensive remodeling of the plant transcriptome and the production of ROS and several defensive metabolites in an upland switchgrass cultivar were observed in response to GB feeding. The early loss and apparent recovery in primary metabolism by 15-DAI would suggest that these transcriptional changes in later stages of GB infestation could underlie the recovery response categorized for this switchgrass cultivar. These results can be exploited to develop switchgrass lines with more durable resistance to GB and potentially other aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Donze-Reiner
- Department of Biology, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, PA 19383 USA
| | - Nathan A. Palmer
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
| | - Erin D. Scully
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
- Stored Product Insect and Engineering Research Unit, USDA-ARS, Manhattan, KS 66502 USA
| | - Travis J. Prochaska
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
- Present address: North Central Research Extension Center, North Dakota State University, South Minot, ND 58701 USA
| | - Kyle G. Koch
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
| | - Tiffany Heng-Moss
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Bradshaw
- Department of Entomology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0816 USA
| | - Paul Twigg
- Biology Department, University of Nebraska-Kearney, Kearney, NE 68849 USA
| | - Keenan Amundsen
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915 USA
| | - Scott E. Sattler
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
| | - Gautam Sarath
- Wheat, Sorghum, and Forage Research Unit, USDA-ARS, 251 Filley Hall, East Campus, UNL, Lincoln, NE 68583-0937 USA
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Rashid MHO, Khan A, Hossain MT, Chung YR. Induction of Systemic Resistance against Aphids by Endophytic Bacillus velezensis YC7010 via Expressing PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 in Arabidopsis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 8:211. [PMID: 28261260 PMCID: PMC5309228 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2017.00211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Aphids are the most destructive insect pests. They suck the sap and transmit plant viruses, causing widespread yield loss of many crops. A multifunctional endophytic bacterial strain Bacillus velezensis YC7010 has been found to induce systemic resistance against bacterial and fungal pathogens of rice. However, its activity against insects attack and underlying cellular and molecular defense mechanisms are not elucidated yet. Here, we show that root drenching of Arabidopsis seedlings with B. velezensis YC7010 can induce systemic resistance against green peach aphid (GPA), Myzus persicae. Treatment of bacterial suspension of B. velezensis YC7010 at 2 × 107 CFU/ml to Arabidopsis rhizosphere induced higher accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, cell death, and callose deposition in leaves compared to untreated plants at 6 days after infestation of GPA. Salicylic acid, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid were not required to confer defense against GPA in Arabidopsis plants treated by B. velezensis YC7010. Bacterial treatment with B. velezensis YC7010 significantly reduced settling, feeding and reproduction of GPA on Arabidopsis leaves via strongly expressing senescence-promoting gene PHYTOALEXIN DEFICIENT4 (PAD4) while suppressing BOTRYTIS-INDUCED KINASE1 (BIK1). These results indicate that B. velezensis YC7010-induced systemic resistance to the GPA is a hypersensitive response mainly dependent on higher expression of PAD4 with suppression of BIK1, resulting in more accumulation of hydrogen peroxide, cell death, and callose deposition in Arabidopsis.
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Sanchez-Arcos C, Reichelt M, Gershenzon J, Kunert G. Modulation of Legume Defense Signaling Pathways by Native and Non-native Pea Aphid Clones. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1872. [PMID: 28018405 PMCID: PMC5156717 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum) is a complex of at least 15 genetically different host races that are native to specific legume plants, but can all develop on the universal host plant Vicia faba. Despite much research, it is still unclear why pea aphid host races (biotypes) are able to colonize their native hosts while other host races are not. All aphids penetrate the plant and salivate into plant cells when they test plant suitability. Thus plants might react differently to the various pea aphid host races. To find out whether legume species vary in their defense responses to different pea aphid host races, we measured the amounts of salicylic acid (SA), the jasmonic acid-isoleucine conjugate (JA-Ile), other jasmonate precursors and derivatives, and abscisic acid (ABA) in four different species (Medicago sativa, Trifolium pratense, Pisum sativum, V. faba) after infestation by native and non-native pea aphid clones of various host races. Additionally, we assessed the performance of the clones on the four plant species. On M. sativa and T. pratense, non-native clones that were barely able to survive or reproduce, triggered a strong SA and JA-Ile response, whereas infestation with native clones led to lower levels of both phytohormones. On P. sativum, non-native clones, which survived or reproduced to a certain extent, induced fluctuating SA and JA-Ile levels, whereas the native clone triggered only a weak SA and JA-Ile response. On the universal host V. faba all aphid clones triggered only low SA levels initially, but induced clone-specific patterns of SA and JA-Ile later on. The levels of the active JA-Ile conjugate and of the other JA-pathway metabolites measured showed in many cases similar patterns, suggesting that the reduction in JA signaling was due to an effect upstream of OPDA. ABA levels were downregulated in all aphid clone-plant combinations and were therefore probably not decisive factors for aphid-plant compatibility. Our results suggest that A. pisum clones manipulate plant-defense signaling to their own advantage, and perform better on their native hosts due to their ability to modulate the SA- and JA-defense signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Grit Kunert
- Department of Biochemistry, Max Planck Institute for Chemical EcologyJena, Germany
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Ibrahim M, Yasmeen S, Zaman G, Bin L, Al-Qurainy F, Athar HUR, Shah KH, Khurshid M, Ashraf M. Protein profiling analysis of Gossypium hirsutum (Malvales: Malvaceae) leaves infested by cotton whitefly Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae). APPLIED ENTOMOLOGY AND ZOOLOGY 2016; 51:599-607. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1007/s13355-016-0436-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Kroes A, Broekgaarden C, Castellanos Uribe M, May S, van Loon JJA, Dicke M. Brevicoryne brassicae aphids interfere with transcriptome responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to feeding by Plutella xylostella caterpillars in a density-dependent manner. Oecologia 2016; 183:107-120. [PMID: 27771762 PMCID: PMC5239811 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-016-3758-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Plants are commonly attacked by multiple herbivorous species. Yet, little is known about transcriptional patterns underlying plant responses to multiple insect attackers feeding simultaneously. Here, we assessed transcriptomic responses of Arabidopsis thaliana plants to simultaneous feeding by Plutella xylostella caterpillars and Brevicoryne brassicae aphids in comparison to plants infested by P. xylostella caterpillars alone, using microarray analysis. We particularly investigated how aphid feeding interferes with the transcriptomic response to P. xylostella caterpillars and whether this interference is dependent on aphid density and time since aphid attack. Various JA-responsive genes were up-regulated in response to feeding by P. xylostella caterpillars. The additional presence of aphids, both at low and high densities, clearly affected the transcriptional plant response to caterpillars. Interestingly, some important modulators of plant defense signalling, including WRKY transcription factor genes and ABA-dependent genes, were differentially induced in response to simultaneous aphid feeding at low or high density compared with responses to P. xylostella caterpillars feeding alone. Furthermore, aphids affected the P. xylostella-induced transcriptomic response in a density-dependent manner, which caused an acceleration in plant response against dual insect attack at high aphid density compared to dual insect attack at low aphid density. In conclusion, our study provides evidence that aphids influence the caterpillar-induced transcriptional response of A. thaliana in a density-dependent manner. It highlights the importance of addressing insect density to understand how plant responses to single attackers interfere with responses to other attackers and thus underlines the importance of the dynamics of transcriptional plant responses to multiple herbivory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneke Kroes
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Colette Broekgaarden
- Plant-Microbe Interactions, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos Castellanos Uribe
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Sean May
- Nottingham Arabidopsis Stock Centre, University of Nottingham, School of Biosciences, Loughborough, LE12 5RD, UK
| | - Joop J A van Loon
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Dicke
- Laboratory of Entomology, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Morkunas I, Woźniak A, Formela M, Mai VC, Marczak Ł, Narożna D, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Kühn C, Grimm B. Pea aphid infestation induces changes in flavonoids, antioxidative defence, soluble sugars and sugar transporter expression in leaves of pea seedlings. PROTOPLASMA 2016; 253:1063-79. [PMID: 26239447 DOI: 10.1007/s00709-015-0865-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The perception of aphid infestation induces highly coordinated and sequential defensive reactions in plants at the cellular and molecular levels. The aim of the study was to explore kinetics of induced antioxidative defence responses in leaf cells of Pisum sativum L.cv. Cysterski upon infestation of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum at varying population sizes, including accumulation of flavonoids, changes of carbon metabolism, and expression of nuclear genes involved in sugar transport. Within the first 96 h, after A. pisum infestation, flavonoid accumulation and increased peroxidase activity were observed in leaves. The level of pisatin increased after 48 h of infestation and reached a maximum at 96 h. At this time point, a higher concentration of flavonols was observed in the infested tissue than in the control. Additionally, strong post-infestation accumulation of chalcone synthase (CHS) and isoflavone synthase (IFS) transcription products was also found. The levels of sucrose and fructose in 24-h leaves infested by 10, 20, and 30 aphids were significantly lower than in the control. Moreover, in leaves infested by 30 aphids, the reduced sucrose level observed up to 48 h was accompanied by a considerable increase in the expression level of the PsSUT1 gene encoding the sucrose transporter. In conclusion, A. pisum infestation on pea leads to stimulation of metabolic pathways associated with defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznań, Poland.
| | - Agnieszka Woźniak
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Magda Formela
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
| | - Van Chung Mai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637, Poznań, Poland
- Department of Plant Physiology, Vinh University, Le Duan 182, Vinh city, Vietnam
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Z. Noskowskiego 12/14, 61-704, Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Narożna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632, Poznań, Poland
| | - Beata Borowiak-Sobkowiak
- Department of Entomology and Environment Protection, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dąbrowskiego 159, 60-594, Poznań, Poland
| | - Christina Kühn
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Grimm
- Department of Plant Physiology, Institute of Biology, Humboldt University of Berlin, Philippstrasse 13, 10115, Berlin, Germany
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75
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Sattar S, Addo-Quaye C, Thompson GA. miRNA-mediated auxin signalling repression during Vat-mediated aphid resistance in Cucumis melo. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2016; 39:1216-27. [PMID: 26437210 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Revised: 09/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/16/2015] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to Aphis gossypii in melon is attributed to the presence of the single dominant R gene virus aphid transmission (Vat), which is biologically expressed as antibiosis, antixenosis and tolerance. However, the mechanism of resistance is poorly understood at the molecular level. Aphid-induced transcriptional changes, including differentially expressed miRNA profiles that correspond to resistance interaction have been reported in melon. The potential regulatory roles of miRNAs in Vat-mediated aphid resistance were further revealed by identifying the specific miRNA degradation targets. A total of 70 miRNA:target pairs, including 28 novel miRNA:target pairs, for the differentially expressed miRNAs were identified: 11 were associated with phytohormone regulation, including six miRNAs that potentially regulate auxin interactions. A model for a redundant regulatory system of miRNA-mediated auxin insensitivity is proposed that incorporates auxin perception, auxin modification and auxin-regulated transcription. Chemically inhibiting the transport inhibitor response-1 (TIR-1) auxin receptor in susceptible melon tissues provides in vivo support for the model of auxin-mediated impacts on A. gossypii resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sampurna Sattar
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Charles Addo-Quaye
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Gary A Thompson
- College of Agricultural Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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76
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Sattar S, Thompson GA. Small RNA Regulators of Plant-Hemipteran Interactions: Micromanagers with Versatile Roles. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2016; 7:1241. [PMID: 27625654 PMCID: PMC5003895 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2016.01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Non-coding small RNAs (sRNAs) in plants have important roles in regulating biological processes, including development, reproduction, and stress responses. Recent research indicates significant roles for sRNA-mediated gene silencing during plant-hemipteran interactions that involve all three of these biological processes. Plant responses to hemipteran feeding are determined by changes in the host transcriptome that appear to be fine-tuned by sRNAs. The role of sRNA in plant defense responses is complex. Different forms of sRNAs, with specific modes of action, regulate changes in the host transcriptome primarily through post-transcriptional gene silencing and occasionally through translational repression. Plant genetic resistance against hemipterans provides a model to explore the regulatory roles of sRNAs in plant defense. Aphid-induced sRNA expression in resistance genotypes delivers a new paradigm in understanding the regulation of R gene-mediated resistance in host plants. Unique sRNA profiles, including changes in sRNA biogenesis and expression can also provide insights into susceptibility to insect herbivores. Activation of phytohormone-mediated defense responses against insect herbivory is another hallmark of this interaction, and recent studies have shown that regulation of phytohormone signaling is under the control of sRNAs. Hemipterans feeding on resistant plants also show changes in insect sRNA profiles, possibly influencing insect development and reproduction. Changes in insect traits such as fecundity, host range, and resistance to insecticides are impacted by sRNAs and can directly contribute to the success of certain insect biotypes. In addition to causing direct damage to the host plant, hemipteran insects are often vectors of viral pathogens. Insect anti-viral RNAi machinery is activated to limit virus accumulation, suggesting a role in insect immunity. Virus-derived long sRNAs strongly resemble insect piRNAs, leading to the speculation that the piRNA pathway is induced in response to viral infection. Evidence for robust insect RNAi machinery in several hemipteran species is of immense interest and is being actively pursued as a possible tool for insect control. RNAi-induced gene silencing following uptake of exogenous dsRNA was successfully demonstrated in several hemipterans and the presence of sid-1 like genes support the concept of a systemic response in some species.
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77
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Huang XZ, Chen JY, Xiao HJ, Xiao YT, Wu J, Wu JX, Zhou JJ, Zhang YJ, Guo YY. Dynamic transcriptome analysis and volatile profiling of Gossypium hirsutum in response to the cotton bollworm Helicoverpa armigera. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11867. [PMID: 26148847 PMCID: PMC4493570 DOI: 10.1038/srep11867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to insect herbivory, plants emit elevated levels of volatile organic compounds for direct and indirect resistance. However, little is known about the molecular and genomic basis of defense response that insect herbivory trigger in cotton plants and how defense mechanisms are orchestrated in the context of other biological processes. Here we monitored the transcriptome changes and volatile characteristics of cotton plants in response to cotton bollworm (CBW; Helicoverpa armigera) larvae infestation. Analysis of samples revealed that 1,969 transcripts were differentially expressed (log2|Ratio| ≥ 2; q ≤ 0.05) after CBW infestation. Cluster analysis identified several distinct temporal patterns of transcriptome changes. Among CBW-induced genes, those associated with indirect defense and jasmonic acid pathway were clearly over-represented, indicating that these genes play important roles in CBW-induced defenses. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses revealed that CBW infestation could induce cotton plants to release volatile compounds comprised lipoxygenase-derived green leaf volatiles and a number of terpenoid volatiles. Responding to CBW larvae infestation, cotton plants undergo drastic reprogramming of the transcriptome and the volatile profile. The present results increase our knowledge about insect herbivory-induced metabolic and biochemical processes in plants, which may help improve future studies on genes governing processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Zheng Huang
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jie-Yin Chen
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hai-Jun Xiao
- Institute of Entomology, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330045, China
| | - Yu-Tao Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Juan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun-Xiang Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Jing-Jiang Zhou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, AL5 2JQ, UK
| | - Yong-Jun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu-Yuan Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
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Gliszczyńska A, Gładkowski W, Dancewicz K, Gabryś B. Enantioselective Microbial Hydroxylation as a Useful Tool in the Production of Jasmonate Derivatives with Aphid Deterrent Activity. Curr Microbiol 2015; 71:83-94. [PMID: 25958072 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-015-0831-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Microbial transformations of two natural compounds dihydrojasmone (1) and cis-jasmone (3) in the growing cultures of selected twenty strains have been investigated. The studies have demonstrated a biocatalytic potential of tested microorganisms for the enantioselective hydroxylation of jasmonates. The substrates underwent an effective regio- and stero-selective hydroxylation at the allylic position in the cyclopentenone ring, and the corresponding optically pure keto-alcohols (2, 4) were obtained. The process of biohydroxylation depended on the composition of reaction medium. In the studied cultures, (+)-(R)-4-hydroxydihydrojasmone (2) and (+) and (-)-4-hydroxyjasmone (4a, 4b) were produced in good yields and high enantiomeric excesses. Moreover, the introduction of the hydroxy group into the molecule of jasmonate ketones 1 and 3 leads to biologically active derivatives 2 and 4 that regulate the behaviour of aphids Myzus persicae by termination of their feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gliszczyńska
- Department of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Norwida 25, 50-375, Wrocław, Poland,
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79
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Appel HM, Fescemyer H, Ehlting J, Weston D, Rehrig E, Joshi T, Xu D, Bohlmann J, Schultz J. Transcriptional responses of Arabidopsis thaliana to chewing and sucking insect herbivores. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2014; 5:565. [PMID: 25452759 PMCID: PMC4231836 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We tested the hypothesis that Arabidopsis can recognize and respond differentially to insect species at the transcriptional level using a genome wide microarray. Transcriptional reprogramming was characterized using co-expression analysis in damaged and undamaged leaves at two times in response to mechanical wounding and four insect species. In all, 2778 (10.6%) of annotated genes on the array were differentially expressed in at least one treatment. Responses differed mainly between aphid and caterpillar and sampling times. Responses to aphids and caterpillars shared only 10% of up-regulated and 8% of down-regulated genes. Responses to two caterpillars shared 21 and 12% of up- and down-regulated genes, whereas responses to the two aphids shared only 7 and 4% of up-regulated and down-regulated genes. Overlap in genes expressed between 6 and 24 h was 3-15%, and depended on the insect species. Responses in attacked and unattacked leaves differed at 6 h but converged by 24 h. Genes responding to the insects are also responsive to many stressors and included primary metabolism. Aphids down-regulated amino acid catabolism; caterpillars stimulated production of amino acids involved in glucosinolate synthesis. Co-expression analysis revealed 17 response networks. Transcription factors were a major portion of differentially expressed genes throughout and responsive genes shared most of the known or postulated binding sites. However, cis-element composition of genes down regulated by the aphid M. persicae was unique, as were those of genes down-regulated by caterpillars. As many as 20 cis-elements were over-represented in one or more treatments, including some from well-characterized classes and others as yet uncharacterized. We suggest that transcriptional changes elicited by wounding and insects are heavily influenced by transcription factors and involve both enrichment of a common set of cis-elements and a unique enrichment of a few cis-elements in responding genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi M. Appel
- Bond Life Sciences Center and Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Howard Fescemyer
- Department of Biology, The Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity Park, PA, USA
| | - Juergen Ehlting
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of VictoriaVictoria, BC, Canada
| | - David Weston
- Biosciences Division, Oak Ridge National LaboratoryOak Ridge, TN, USA
| | - Erin Rehrig
- Biology and Chemistry Department, Fitchburg State UniversityFitchburg, MA, USA
| | - Trupti Joshi
- Department of Computer Science, Bond Life Sciences Center, Informatics Institute, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Dong Xu
- Department of Computer Science, Bond Life Sciences Center, Informatics Institute, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
| | - Joerg Bohlmann
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British ColumbiaVancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Jack Schultz
- Bond Life Sciences Center and Division of Plant Sciences, University of MissouriColumbia, MO, USA
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80
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Sytykiewicz H, Chrzanowski G, Czerniewicz P, Sprawka I, Łukasik I, Goławska S, Sempruch C. Expression profiling of selected glutathione transferase genes in Zea mays (L.) seedlings infested with cereal aphids. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111863. [PMID: 25365518 PMCID: PMC4218852 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this report was to evaluate the expression patterns of selected glutathione transferase genes (gst1, gst18, gst23 and gst24) in the tissues of two maize (Zea mays L.) varieties (relatively resistant Ambrozja and susceptible Tasty Sweet) that were colonized with oligophagous bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) or monophagous grain aphid (Sitobion avenae L.). Simultaneously, insect-triggered generation of superoxide anion radicals (O2•−) in infested Z. mays plants was monitored. Quantified parameters were measured at 1, 2, 4, 8, 24, 48 and 72 h post-initial aphid infestation (hpi) in relation to the non-infested control seedlings. Significant increases in gst transcript amounts were recorded in aphid-stressed plants in comparison to the control seedlings. Maximal enhancement in the expression of the gst genes in aphid-attacked maize plants was found at 8 hpi (gst23) or 24 hpi (gst1, gst18 and gst24) compared to the control. Investigated Z. mays cultivars formed excessive superoxide anion radicals in response to insect treatments, and the highest overproduction of O2•− was noted 4 or 8 h after infestation, depending on the aphid treatment and maize genotype. Importantly, the Ambrozja variety could be characterized as having more profound increments in the levels of gst transcript abundance and O2•− generation in comparison with the Tasty Sweet genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Sytykiewicz
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce, Poland
- * E-mail:
| | - Grzegorz Chrzanowski
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Paweł Czerniewicz
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Iwona Sprawka
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Iwona Łukasik
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Sylwia Goławska
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce, Poland
| | - Cezary Sempruch
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce, Poland
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81
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Chen X, Zhang Z, Visser RGF, Vosman B, Broekgaarden C. Constitutive overexpression of the pollen specific gene SKS13 in leaves reduces aphid performance on Arabidopsis thaliana. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 14:217. [PMID: 25267093 PMCID: PMC4243735 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-014-0217-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Plants have developed a variety of mechanisms to counteract aphid attacks. They activate their defences by changing the expression of specific genes. Previously we identified an activation tag mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana on which Myzus persicae population development was reduced. Activation tag mutants are gain-of-function in which the expression of a gene is increased by the insertion of the Cauliflower mosaic virus 35S enhancer that acts on the natural promoter. By further characterizing this previously identified mutant we identified a gene that reduces performance of M. persicae and also provided clues about the mechanism involved. RESULTS We show that SKU5 SIMILAR 13 (SKS13), a gene whose expression in wild type plants is restricted to pollen and non-responsive to M. persicae attack, is overexpressed in the A. thaliana mutant showing reduced performance of M. persicae. Monitoring M. persicae feeding behaviour on SKS13 overexpressing plants indicated that M. persicae have difficulties feeding from the phloem. The constitutive expression of SKS13 results in accumulation of reactive oxygen species, which is possibly regulated through the jasmonic acid pathway. The enhanced resistance is not aphid species specific as also the population development of Brevicoryne brassicae was affected. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that constitutive expression in leaves of the pollen-specific gene SKS13 can enhance plant defence, resulting in a reduction of M. persicae population development and also decreases the transmission of persistent viruses. Overexpression of SKS13 in A. thaliana also affects B. brassicae and possibly other phloem feeding insects as well. Identifying genes that can enhance plant defence against insects will be important to open up new avenues for the development of insect resistant crop plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- />Wageningen UR, Plant Breeding, PO. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ the Netherlands
| | - Zhao Zhang
- />Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Richard G F Visser
- />Wageningen UR, Plant Breeding, PO. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ the Netherlands
| | - Ben Vosman
- />Wageningen UR, Plant Breeding, PO. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ the Netherlands
| | - Colette Broekgaarden
- />Wageningen UR, Plant Breeding, PO. Box 386, Wageningen, 6700 AJ the Netherlands
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82
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Mai VC, Drzewiecka K, Jeleń H, Narożna D, Rucińska-Sobkowiak R, Kęsy J, Floryszak-Wieczorek J, Gabryś B, Morkunas I. Differential induction of Pisum sativum defense signaling molecules in response to pea aphid infestation. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 221-222:1-12. [PMID: 24656330 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2013] [Revised: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study demonstrates the sequence of enhanced generation of signal molecules such as phytohormones, i.e. jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene (ET), salicylic acid (SA), and a relatively stable free radical, nitric oxide (NO), in response of Pisum sativum L. cv. Cysterski seedling leaves to the infestation of pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) at a varied population size. In time from 0 to 96h after A. pisum infestation these signal molecules accumulated transiently. Moreover, the convergence of these signaling pathways occurred. JA and its methyl derivative MeJA reached the first maximum of generation at 24th hour of infestation. An increase in ET and NO generation was observed at 48th hour of infestation. The increase in SA, JA/MeJA and ET concentrations in aphid-infested leaves occurred from the 72nd to 96th hour. In parallel, an increase was demonstrated for the activities of enzymes engaged in the biosynthesis of SA, such as phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) and benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase (BA2H). Additionally, a considerable post-infestation accumulation of transcripts for PAL was observed. An increase in the activity of lipoxygenase (LOX), an important enzyme in the biosynthesis of JA was noted. This complex signaling network may contribute to the coordinated regulation of gene expression leading to specific defence responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Chung Mai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland; Department of Plant Physiology, Vinh University, Le Duan 182, Vinh City, Viet Nam
| | - Kinga Drzewiecka
- Department of Chemistry, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 75, 60-625 Poznań, Poland
| | - Henryk Jeleń
- Institute of Plant Products Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 31, 60-624 Poznań, Poland
| | - Dorota Narożna
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Dojazd 11, 60-632 Poznań, Poland
| | - Renata Rucińska-Sobkowiak
- Department of Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University, Umultowska 89, 60-614 Poznań, Poland
| | - Jacek Kęsy
- Chair of Plant Physiology and Biotechnology, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 9, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | | | - Beata Gabryś
- Department of Botany and Ecology, University of Zielona Góra, Prof. Szafrana 1, 65-516 Zielona Góra, Poland
| | - Iwona Morkunas
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland.
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83
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Sytykiewicz H. Differential expression of superoxide dismutase genes in aphid-stressed maize (Zea mays L.) seedlings. PLoS One 2014; 9:e94847. [PMID: 24722734 PMCID: PMC3983269 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0094847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the expression patterns of superoxide dismutase genes (sod2, sod3.4, sod9 and sodB) in seedling leaves of the Zea mays L. Tasty Sweet (susceptible) and Ambrozja (relatively resistant) cultivars infested with one of two hemipteran species, namely monophagous Sitobion avenae F. (grain aphid) or oligophagous Rhopalosiphum padi L. (bird cherry-oat aphid). Secondarily, aphid-elicited alternations in the antioxidative capacity towards DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical in insect-stressed plants were evaluated. Comprehensive comparison of expression profiles of the four sod genes showed that both insect species evoked significant upregulation of three genes sod2, sod3.4 and sod9). However, aphid infestation affected non-significant fluctuations in expression of sodB gene in seedlings of both maize genotypes. The highest levels of transcript accumulation occurred at 8 h (sod2 and sod3.4) or 24 h (sod9) post-infestation, and aphid-induced changes in the expression of sod genes were more dramatic in the Ambrozja cultivar than in the Tasty Sweet variety. Furthermore, bird cherry-oat aphid colonization had a more substantial impact on levels of DPPH radical scavenging activity in infested host seedlings than grain aphid colonization. Additionally, Ambrozja plants infested by either hemipteran species showed markedly lower antioxidative capacity compared with attacked Tasty Sweet plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Sytykiewicz
- Siedlce University of Natural Sciences and Humanities, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Siedlce, Poland
- * E-mail:
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84
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Sharma A, Khan AN, Subrahmanyam S, Raman A, Taylor GS, Fletcher MJ. Salivary proteins of plant-feeding hemipteroids - implication in phytophagy. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 104:117-36. [PMID: 24280006 DOI: 10.1017/s0007485313000618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Many hemipteroids are major pests and vectors of microbial pathogens, infecting crops. Saliva of the hemipteroids is critical in enabling them to be voracious feeders on plants, including the economically important ones. A plethora of hemipteroid salivary enzymes is known to inflict stress in plants, either by degrading the plant tissue or by affecting their normal metabolism. Hemipteroids utilize one of the following three strategies of feeding behaviour: salivary sheath feeding, osmotic-pump feeding and cell-rupture feeding. The last strategy also includes several different tactics such as lacerate-and-flush, lacerate-and-sip and macerate-and-flush. Understanding hemipteroid feeding mechanisms is critical, since feeding behaviour directs salivary composition. Saliva of the Heteroptera that are specialized as fruit and seed feeders, includes cell-degrading enzymes, auchenorrhynchan salivary composition also predominantly consists of cell-degrading enzymes such as amylase and protease, whereas that of the Sternorhyncha includes a variety of allelochemical-detoxifying enzymes. Little is known about the salivary composition of the Thysanoptera. Cell-degrading proteins such as amylase, pectinase, cellulase and pectinesterase enable stylet entry into the plant tissue. In contrast, enzymes such as glutathione peroxidase, laccase and trehalase detoxify plant chemicals, enabling the circumvention of plant-defence mechanisms. Salivary enzymes such as M1-zinc metalloprotease and CLIP-domain serine protease as in Acyrthosiphon pisum (Aphididae), and non-enzymatic proteins such as apolipophorin, ficolin-3-like protein and 'lava-lamp' protein as in Diuraphis noxia (Aphididae) have the capacity to alter host-plant-defence mechanisms. A majority of the hemipteroids feed on phloem, hence Ca++-binding proteins such as C002 protein, calreticulin-like isoform 1 and calmodulin (critical for preventing sieve-plate occlusion) are increasingly being recognized in hemipteroid-plant interactions. Determination of a staggering variety of proteins shows the complexity of hemipteroid saliva: effector proteins localized in hemipteran saliva suggest a similarity to the physiology of pathogen-plant interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sharma
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - A N Khan
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - S Subrahmanyam
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - A Raman
- School of Agricultural & Wine Sciences, Charles Sturt University, PO Box 883, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
| | - G S Taylor
- Australian Centre for Evolutionary Biology and Biodiversity, and School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - M J Fletcher
- Orange Agricultural Institute, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Forest Road, Orange, NSW 2800, Australia
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85
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Sempruch C, Marczuk W, Leszczyński B, Czerniewicz P. Participation of amino acid decarboxylases in biochemical interactions between triticale (Triticosecale; Poaceae) and bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi; Aphididae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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86
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Łukasik I, Goławska S. Effect of host plant on levels of reactive oxygen species and antioxidants in the cereal aphids Sitobion avenae and Rhopalosiphum padi. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2013.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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87
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Mai VC, Bednarski W, Borowiak-Sobkowiak B, Wilkaniec B, Samardakiewicz S, Morkunas I. Oxidative stress in pea seedling leaves in response to Acyrthosiphon pisum infestation. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2013; 93:49-62. [PMID: 23566717 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Revised: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/20/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study we examined whether and to what extent oxidative stress is induced in seedling leaves of Pisum sativum L. cv. Cysterski in response to pea aphid (Acyrthosiphon pisum Harris) infestation. A. pisum caused oxidative stress conditions in pea leaves through enhanced production of the reactive oxygen species (ROS) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and superoxide anion radical (O2(·-)). Early, strong generation of H2O2 was observed at 24h in aphid-infested leaves. The highest level of H2O2 at this time point may be related to the functioning of H2O2 as a signaling molecule, triggering defense mechanisms in pea leaves against A. pisum. Additionally, the strong generation and continuous increase of O2(·-) production in aphid-infested leaves from 0 to 96 h enhanced the defense potential to protect against aphid herbivory. Also in the study cytochemical localization of H2O2 and O2(·-) in pea leaves after aphid infestation was determined using the confocal microscope. Relative release of H2O2 and O2(·-) was estimated by staining leaves with specific fluorochromes, i.e. dichlorodihydro-fluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) and dihydroethidium (DHE), respectively. DCFH-DA and DHE derived fluorescence was observed to cover a much larger tissue area in aphid-infested leaves, whereas little or no fluorescence was observed in the control leaves. Enhanced activity of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD, 1.15.1.1) and catalase (CAT, 1.11.1.6) is one of the most essential elements of defense responses in pea seedling leaves to oxidative stress. Additionally, generation of semiquinones, stable free radicals with g-values of 2.0020 and 2.0035, detected by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR), was suggested as a protective action of pea that may contribute to build-up of a defensive barrier or activate other defense mechanisms. Concentrations of semiquinone radicals in aphid-infested seedling leaves not only were generally higher than in the control plants but also significantly increased with cultivation time. On the other hand, the small increase in content of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), a product of lipid peroxidation, and the percentage of injury (3-8%) indicated that the cellular damage was caused by oxidative stress. The induced changes in levels of H2O2, O2(·-) and semiquinone radicals as well as activities of antioxidant enzymes in the pea defense responses were proportional to the population size of A. pisum. These findings indicate that the defensive strategies against A. pisum infestation were stimulated in seedling leaves of P. sativum L. cv. Cysterski. Our observations of the enhanced defense responses of P. sativum to infestation by A. pisum reveal some aspects and contribute to current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms in plant-aphid interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van Chung Mai
- Department of Plant Physiology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wołyńska 35, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
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88
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Elzinga DA, Jander G. The role of protein effectors in plant-aphid interactions. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 16:451-6. [PMID: 23850072 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aphid salivary proteins, which are injected into the phloem sieve elements during feeding, play a central role in plant-aphid interactions. Among the dozens of known salivary proteins, many have no homology to proteins from other organisms. These aphid-specific proteins likely have evolved as effectors that inhibit plant defenses, prevent phloem sieve-element occlusion, and otherwise promote the unique phloem feeding style. However, aphid salivary proteins also are recognized by plants to mount defense responses and are likely a major factor in limiting the host range of particular aphid species and biotypes. Newly developed research tools provide excellent opportunities for analyzing the mostly unknown functions of aphid salivary proteins and elucidating their contribution to the complex interactions between aphids and their host plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezi A Elzinga
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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89
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Coppola V, Coppola M, Rocco M, Digilio MC, D'Ambrosio C, Renzone G, Martinelli R, Scaloni A, Pennacchio F, Rao R, Corrado G. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of a compatible tomato-aphid interaction reveals a predominant salicylic acid-dependent plant response. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:515. [PMID: 23895395 PMCID: PMC3733717 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aphids are among the most destructive pests in temperate climates, causing significant damage on several crops including tomato. We carried out a transcriptomic and proteomic study to get insights into the molecular mechanisms and dynamics of the tomato response to the Macrosyphum euphorbiae aphid. RESULTS The time course analysis of aphid infestation indicated a complex, dynamic pattern of gene expression. Several biological functions were affected and genes related to the stress and defence response were the most represented. The Gene Ontology categories of the differentially expressed genes (899) and identified proteins (57) indicated that the tomato response is characterized by an increased oxidative stress accompanied by the production of proteins involved in the detoxification of oxygen radicals. Aphids elicit a defense reaction based on the cross-communication of different hormone-related signaling pathways such as those related to the salicylic acid (SA), jasmonic acid (JA), ethylene and brassinosteroids. Among them, the SA-signaling pathway and stress-responsive SA-dependent genes play a dominant role. Furthermore, tomato response is characterized by a reduced accumulation of photosynthetic proteins and a modification of the expression of various cell wall related genes. CONCLUSIONS Our work allowed a more comprehensive understanding of the signaling events and the defense dynamics of the tomato response to aphids in a compatible interaction and, based on experimental data, a model of the tomato-aphid molecular interaction was proposed. Considering the rapid advancement of tomato genomics, this information will be important for the development of new protection strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Coppola
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, 80055 Portici, NA, Italy
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90
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Sato D, Akashi H, Sugimoto M, Tomita M, Soga T. Metabolomic profiling of the response of susceptible and resistant soybean strains to foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 925:95-103. [PMID: 23523883 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Revised: 01/31/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Aphid infection reduces soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.) yield. Consequently, cultivation of aphid-resistant strains is a promising approach to pest control, and understanding the resistance mechanism is of importance. Here, we characterized the resistance of soybeans to foxglove aphid, Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach, at the metabolite level. First, we evaluated aphid mortality and settlement rates on the leaves of two soybean strains, 'Tohoku149' and 'Suzuyutaka', and found that the former had strong resistance soon after introduction of the aphids. The metabolomic response to aphid introduction was analyzed using capillary electrophoresis-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. We found the following three features in the profiles: (1) concentrations of citrate, amino acids, and their intermediates were intrinsically higher for Tohoku149 than Suzuyutaka, (2) concentrations of several metabolites producing secondary metabolites, such as flavonoids and alkaloids, drastically changed 6h after aphid introduction, and (3) concentrations of TCA cycle metabolites increased in Tohoku149 48 h after aphid introduction. We also profiled free amino acids in aphids reared on both soybean strains and under starvation, and found that the profile of the aphids on Tohoku149 was similar to that of the starved aphids, but different to that of aphids on Suzuyutaka. These tests confirmed that aphids suck phloem sap even from Tohoku149. This study demonstrates the metabolomic profiles of both soybean strains and aphids, which will contribute to the molecular level understanding of mechanisms of soybean resistance to aphids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Sato
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Tsuruoka, Yamagata 997-0052, Japan.
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91
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Dubey NK, Goel R, Ranjan A, Idris A, Singh SK, Bag SK, Chandrashekar K, Pandey KD, Singh PK, Sawant SV. Comparative transcriptome analysis of Gossypium hirsutum L. in response to sap sucking insects: aphid and whitefly. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:241. [PMID: 23577705 PMCID: PMC3637549 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/12/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) is a major fiber crop that is grown worldwide; it faces extensive damage from sap-sucking insects, including aphids and whiteflies. Genome-wide transcriptome analysis was performed to understand the molecular details of interaction between Gossypium hirsutum L. and sap-sucking pests, namely Aphis gossypii (Aphid) and Bemisia tabacci (Whiteflies). Roche’s GS-Titanium was used to sequence transcriptomes of cotton infested with aphids and whiteflies for 2 h and 24 h. Results A total of 100935 contigs were produced with an average length of 529 bp after an assembly in all five selected conditions. The Blastn of the non-redundant (nr) cotton EST database resulted in the identification of 580 novel contigs in the cotton plant. It should be noted that in spite of minimal physical damage caused by the sap-sucking insects, they can change the gene expression of plants in 2 h of infestation; further change in gene expression due to whiteflies is quicker than due to aphids. The impact of the whitefly 24 h after infestation was more or less similar to that of the aphid 2 h after infestation. Aphids and whiteflies affect many genes that are regulated by various phytohormones and in response to microbial infection, indicating the involvement of complex crosstalk between these pathways. The KOBAS analysis of differentially regulated transcripts in response to aphids and whiteflies indicated that both the insects induce the metabolism of amino acids biosynthesis specially in case of whiteflies infestation at later phase. Further we also observed that expression of transcript related to photosynthesis specially carbon fixation were significantly influenced by infestation of Aphids and Whiteflies. Conclusions A comparison of different transcriptomes leads to the identification of differentially and temporally regulated transcripts in response to infestation by aphids and whiteflies. Most of these differentially expressed contigs were related to genes involved in biotic, abiotic stresses and enzymatic activities related to hydrolases, transferases, and kinases. The expression of some marker genes such as the overexpressors of cationic peroxidase 3, lipoxygenase I, TGA2, and non-specific lipase, which are involved in phytohormonal-mediated plant resistance development, was suppressed after infestation by aphids and whiteflies, indicating that insects suppressed plant resistance in order to facilitate their infestation. We also concluded that cotton shares several pathways such as phagosomes, RNA transport, and amino acid metabolism with Arabidopsis in response to the infestation by aphids and whiteflies.
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92
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Kutyniok M, Müller C. Crosstalk between above- and belowground herbivores is mediated by minute metabolic responses of the host Arabidopsis thaliana. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2012; 63:6199-210. [PMID: 23045608 PMCID: PMC3481212 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ers274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plants are frequently under attack by multiple herbivores and can be infested at their shoots as well as their roots. As a consequence, plant metabolites are readily induced, mediated by phytohormones such as salicylic acid and jasmonic acid. Thereby, cross-talk between signal transduction pathways may occur if different herbivores attack the plant simultaneously. In turn, modifications in the plant metabolic pattern can affect herbivores infesting local and systemic tissue. Here, an integrative approach combining metabolomics and performance experiments was used to study the induction of plant metabolites in Arabidopsis thaliana by the specialist aphid Brevicoryne brassicae feeding on shoots and the generalist nematode Heterodera schachtii infesting root tissue. In contrast to most other studies, low infestation rates typical for the decisive early stages of infestation were used. Moreover, the consequences of induction responses on plant-mediated indirect interactions between these herbivores were investigated. In aphid-treated plants, several metabolites including glucosinolates, important defence compounds of Brassicaceae, were reduced in the shoot, but only minute changes took part in the systemic root tissue. Primary metabolites as well as phytohormones were not altered 3 days post infestation. In contrast, nematodes did not evoke significant metabolic alterations locally or systemically. In accordance, nematode presence did not affect aphid population growth, whereas aphids mediated a considerably reduced nematode infestation. These results demonstrate that plants respond in a very fine-tuned way to different challenges. Although they show only minute systemic responses to low herbivore stress, these changes can have pronounced effects on plant-mediated interactions between herbivores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalene Kutyniok
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Caroline Müller
- Department of Chemical Ecology, Bielefeld University, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- Institute for Genome Research and Systems Biology, CeBiTec, D-33615 Bielefeld, Germany
- * To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail:
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Biochemical interactions between triticale (Triticosecale; Poaceae) amines and bird cherry-oat aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi; Aphididae). BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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