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Nasirishargh A, Kumar P, Ramasubramanian L, Clark K, Hao D, Lazar SV, Wang A. Exosomal microRNAs from mesenchymal stem/stromal cells: Biology and applications in neuroprotection. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:776-794. [PMID: 34367477 PMCID: PMC8316862 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i7.776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are extensively studied as cell-therapy agents for neurological diseases. Recent studies consider exosomes secreted by MSCs as important mediators for MSCs’ neuroprotective functions. Exosomes transfer functional molecules including proteins, lipids, metabolites, DNAs, and coding and non-coding RNAs from MSCs to their target cells. Emerging evidence shows that exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) play a key role in the neuroprotective properties of these exosomes by targeting several genes and regulating various biological processes. Multiple exosomal miRNAs have been identified to have neuroprotective effects by promoting neurogenesis, neurite remodeling and survival, and neuroplasticity. Thus, exosomal miRNAs have significant therapeutic potential for neurological disorders such as stroke, traumatic brain injury, and neuroinflammatory or neurodegenerative diseases and disorders. This review discusses the neuroprotective effects of selected miRNAs (miR-21, miR-17-92, miR-133, miR-138, miR-124, miR-30, miR146a, and miR-29b) and explores their mechanisms of action and applications for the treatment of various neurological disease and disorders. It also provides an overview of state-of-the-art bioengineering approaches for isolating exosomes, optimizing their yield and manipulating the miRNA content of their cargo to improve their therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Nasirishargh
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Priyadarsini Kumar
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Lalithasri Ramasubramanian
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
| | - Kaitlin Clark
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Dake Hao
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Sabrina V Lazar
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
| | - Aijun Wang
- Surgical Bioengineering Laboratory, Department of Surgery, University of California, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
- Institute for Pediatric Regenerative Medicine, Shriners Hospitals for Children, Sacramento, CA 95817, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, United States
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Wang S, Jun J, Cong L, Du L, Wang C. miR-328-3p, a Predictor of Stroke, Aggravates the Cerebral Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:2367-2376. [PMID: 34135620 PMCID: PMC8197582 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s307392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the present study, we aimed to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that affected the prognosis of stroke and assess their biological effects. Materials and Methods A high-throughput sequencing (HTS) analysis was performed to screen distinctive miRNAs in serum exosomes of stroke patients, and these miRNAs were subsequently validated using individual quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) in a cohort consisting of 39 stroke patients and 20 normal controls. Briefly, miR-328-3p agomir or agomir NC was injected into rats before ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury. Zea-Longa score, neurological severity score (mNSS), triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay, transmission electron microscopy, and hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining were used to examine the brain injury. Immunohistochemistry was utilized to determine the expressions of TNF-α and IL-6. Results The expression of serum exosomal miR-328-3p was significantly reduced in patients with an infarct volume ≥10 cm3 (P=0.01). Serum exosomal miR-328-3p was associated with the short-term prognosis (P=0.02), and the level of miR-328-3p was an independent relative factor for short-term prognosis (OR 5.276, P=0.02). The sensitivity of miR-328-3p level higher than 1.24 to predict the severity of the patient’s 1-week prognosis was 70%, and the specificity was 83% (AUC=0.74, P=0.02). The mNSS was higher in the miR-328-3p agomir group compared with the agomir NC group (P=0.03). Neutrophil infiltration was more serious in the miR-328-3p agomir group. Conclusion Our study indicated that miR-328-3p played a critical predictive role in the short-term prognosis of stroke, and up-regulation of miR-328-3p aggravated cerebral I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang Jun
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyuan Cong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Community Health Service Center, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Lutao Du
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanxin Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Second Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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53
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Ruan J, Miao X, Schlüter D, Lin L, Wang X. Extracellular vesicles in neuroinflammation: Pathogenesis, diagnosis, and therapy. Mol Ther 2021; 29:1946-1957. [PMID: 33895328 PMCID: PMC8178458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2021.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are bilayer membrane vesicles and act as key messengers in intercellular communication. EVs can be secreted by both neurons and glial cells in the central nervous system (CNS). Under physiological conditions, EVs contribute to CNS homeostasis by facilitating omnidirectional communication among CNS cell populations. In response to CNS injury, EVs mediate neuroinflammatory responses and regulate tissue damage and repair, thereby influencing the pathogenesis, development, and/or recovery of neuroinflammatory diseases, including CNS autoimmune diseases, neurodegenerative diseases, stroke, CNS traumatic injury, and CNS infectious diseases. The unique ability of EVs to pass through the blood-brain barrier further confers them an important role in the bidirectional communication between the CNS and periphery, and application of EVs enables the diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of neuroinflammatory diseases in a minimally invasive manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ruan
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, 325000 Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaomin Miao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China
| | - Dirk Schlüter
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany; Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155), Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Li Lin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China.
| | - Xu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, 325035 Wenzhou, China; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Epidemiology, Hannover Medical School, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Xin H, Liu Z, Buller B, Li Y, Golembieski W, Gan X, Wang F, Lu M, Ali MM, Zhang ZG, Chopp M. MiR-17-92 enriched exosomes derived from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells enhance axon-myelin remodeling and motor electrophysiological recovery after stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1131-1144. [PMID: 32811262 PMCID: PMC8054728 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20950489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
MiR-17-92 cluster enriched exosomes derived from multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) increase functional recovery after stroke. Here, we investigate the mechanisms underlying this recovery. At 24 h (h) post transient middle cerebral artery occlusion, rats received control liposomes or exosomes derived from MSCs infected with pre-miR-17-92 expression lentivirus (Exo-miR-17-92+) or control lentivirus (Exo-Con) intravenously. Compared to the liposomes, exosomes significantly reduced the intracortical microstimulation threshold current of the contralateral cortex for evoking impaired forelimb movements (day 21), increased the neurite and myelin density in the ischemic boundary area, and contralesional axonal sprouting into the caudal forelimb area of ipsilateral side and in the denervated spinal cord (day 28), respectively. The Exo-miR-17-92+ further enhanced axon-myelin remodeling and electrophysiological recovery compared with the EXO-Con. Ex vivo cultured rat brain slice data showed that myelin and neuronal fiber density were significantly increased by Exo-miR-17-92+, while significantly inhibited by application of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway inhibitors. Our studies suggest that the miR-17-92 cluster enriched MSC exosomes enhanced neuro-functional recovery of stroke may be attributed to an increase of axonal extension and myelination, and this enhanced axon-myelin remodeling may be mediated in part via the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway induced by the downregulation of PTEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongqi Xin
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Benjamin Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | | | - Xinling Gan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Fengjie Wang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Mei Lu
- Public Health Sciences, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Meser M Ali
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Zheng G Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA.,Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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55
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Zheng Q, Zhang S, Guo WZ, Li XK. The Unique Immunomodulatory Properties of MSC-Derived Exosomes in Organ Transplantation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:659621. [PMID: 33889158 PMCID: PMC8055852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.659621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Methods for suppressing the host immune system over the long term and improving transplantation tolerance remain a primary issue in organ transplantation. Cell therapy is an emerging therapeutic strategy for immunomodulation after transplantation. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult multipotent stem cells with wide differentiation potential and immunosuppressive properties, which are mostly used in regenerative medicine and immunomodulation. In addition, emerging research suggests that MSC-derived exosomes have the same therapeutic effects as MSCs in many diseases, while avoiding many of the risks associated with cell transplantation. Their unique immunomodulatory properties are particularly important in the immune system-overactive graft environment. In this paper, we review the effects of MSC-derived exosomes in the immune regulation mechanism after organ transplantation and graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) from various perspectives, including immunosuppression, influencing factors, anti-inflammatory properties, mediation of tissue repair and regeneration, and the induction of immune tolerance. At present, the great potential of MSC-derived exosomes in immunotherapy has attracted a great deal of attention. Furthermore, we discuss the latest insights on MSC-derived exosomes in organ transplantation and GvHD, especially its commercial production concepts, which aim to provide new strategies for improving the prognosis of organ transplantation patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingyuan Zheng
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Shuijun Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wen-Zhi Guo
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Kang Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Division of Transplantation Immunology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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56
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Gong YH, Hao SL, Wang BC. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Transplantation in Intracerebral Hemorrhage: Application and Challenges. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:653367. [PMID: 33841103 PMCID: PMC8024645 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.653367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the leading causes of death and long-term disability worldwide. Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) therapies have demonstrated improved outcomes for treating ICH-induced neuronal defects, and the neural network reconstruction and neurological function recovery were enhanced in rodent ICH models through the mechanisms of neurogenesis, angiogenesis, anti-inflammation, and anti-apoptosis. However, many key issues associated with the survival, differentiation, and safety of grafted MSCs after ICH remain to be resolved, which hinder the clinical translation of MSC therapy. Herein, we reviewed an overview of the research status of MSC transplantation after ICH in different species including rodents, swine, monkey, and human, and the challenges for MSC-mediated ICH recovery from pathological microenvironment have been summarized. Furthermore, some efficient strategies for the outcome improvement of MSC transplantation were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Hua Gong
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shi-Lei Hao
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo-Chu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
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57
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Xue D, Zheng Y, Wen J, Han J, Tuo H, Liu Y, Peng Y. Role of chemokines in hepatocellular carcinoma (Review). Oncol Rep 2021; 45:809-823. [PMID: 33650640 PMCID: PMC7859922 DOI: 10.3892/or.2020.7906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a prevalent malignant tumor worldwide, with an unsatisfactory prognosis, although treatments are improving. One of the main challenges for the treatment of HCC is the prevention or management of recurrence and metastasis of HCC. It has been found that chemokines and their receptors serve a pivotal role in HCC progression. In the present review, the literature on the multifactorial roles of exosomes in HCC from PubMed, Cochrane library and Embase were obtained, with a specific focus on the functions and mechanisms of chemokines in HCC. To date, >50 chemokines have been found, which can be divided into four families: CXC, CX3C, CC and XC, according to the different positions of the conserved N‑terminal cysteine residues. Chemokines are involved in the inflammatory response, tumor immune response, proliferation, invasion and metastasis via modulation of various signaling pathways. Thus, chemokines and their receptors directly or indirectly shape the tumor cell microenvironment, and regulate the biological behavior of the tumor. In addition, the potential application of chemokines in chemotaxis of exosomes as drug vehicles is discussed. Exosomes containing chemokines or expressing receptors for chemokines may improve chemotaxis to HCC and may thus be exploited for targeted drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongdong Xue
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Ya Zheng
- Medical Center Laboratory, Tongji Hospital Affiliated to Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Junye Wen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Jingzhao Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Hongfang Tuo
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Yifan Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
| | - Yanhui Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050051, Shanghai 200065, P.R. China
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58
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Yu Y, Hou K, Ji T, Wang X, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Xu J, Hou Y, Chi G. The role of exosomal microRNAs in central nervous system diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2111-2124. [PMID: 33528706 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA), endogenous non-coding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides long, regulate gene expression by mediating translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. Exosomes are a tool for intercellular transmission of information in which miRNA exchange plays an important role. Under pathophysiological conditions in the central nervous system (CNS), cellular transmission of exosomal miRNAs can regulate signaling pathways. Exosomal miRNAs are involved in the occurrence and development of diverse CNS diseases, such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and glioma. The use of exosomes as transport vehicles for certain miRNAs provides a novel therapeutic strategy for CNS diseases. Furthermore, the exosomes in body fluids change with the occurrence of diseases, indicating that subtle changes in physiological and pathological processes in vivo could be recognized by analyzing exosomes. Exosomal analysis is expected to act as a novel tool for diagnosis and prediction of neurological diseases. In this review, we present the current understanding of the implications of miRNAs in CNS diseases and summarize the role and mechanism of action of exosomal miRNA in nervous system disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xishu Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinying Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Hou
- Department of Regeneration Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangfan Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China.
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Li Q, Wang Z, Xing H, Wang Y, Guo Y. Exosomes derived from miR-188-3p-modified adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells protect Parkinson's disease. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 23:1334-1344. [PMID: 33717653 PMCID: PMC7920810 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second-most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease. The most important pathological feature of PD is the irreversible damage of dopamine neurons, which is related to autophagy and neuroinflammation in the substantia nigra. Previous studies found that the activation of NAcht Leucine-rich repeat Protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome/pyroptosis and cell division protein kinase 5 (CDK5)-mediated autophagy played an important role in PD. Bioinformatics analyses further predicted that microRNA (miR)-188-3p potentially targets NLRP3 and CDK5. Adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC)-derived exosomes were found to be excellent vectors for genetic therapy. We assessed the levels of injury, autophagy, and inflammasomes in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,4,5-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced PD mice models and neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+)-induced cell models after treating them with miR-188-3p-enriched exosomes. miR-188-3p-enriched exosome treatment suppressed autophagy and pyroptosis, whereas increased proliferation via targeting CDK5 and NLRP3 in mice and MN9D cells. It was revealed that mir-188-3p could be a new therapeutic target for curing PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Anhui, China
| | - Zihao Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Xing
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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Li F, Zhang J, Chen A, Liao R, Duan Y, Xu Y, Tao L. Combined transplantation of neural stem cells and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells promotes neuronal cell survival to alleviate brain damage after cardiac arrest via microRNA-133b incorporated in extracellular vesicles. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:262-278. [PMID: 33436530 PMCID: PMC7835040 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has prevailed as a promising protective strategy for cardiac arrest (CA)-induced brain damage. Surprisingly, the poor survival of neuronal cells in severe hypoxic condition restricts the utilization of this cell-based therapy. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) transfer microRNAs (miRNAs) between cells are validated as the mode for the release of several therapeutic molecules. The current study reports that the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) interact with NSCs via EVs thereby affecting the survival of neuronal cells. Hypoxic injury models of neuronal cells were established using cobalt chloride, followed by co-culture with BMSCs and NSCs alone or in combination. BMSCs combined with NSCs elicited as a superior protocol to stimulate neuronal cell survival. BMSCs-derived EVs could protect neuronal cells against hypoxic injury. Silencing of miR-133b incorporated in BMSCs-derived EVs could decrease the cell viability and the number of NeuN-positive cells and increase the apoptosis in the CA rat model. BMSCs-derived EVs could transfer miR-133b to neuronal cells to activate the AKT-GSK-3β-WNT-3 signaling pathway by targeting JAK1. Our study demonstrates that NSCs promotes the release of miR-133b from BMSCs-derived EVs to promote neuronal cell survival, representing a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of CA-induced brain damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Li
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, Yunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhang
- The 2nd Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, Yunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Anbao Chen
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, Yunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Rui Liao
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, Yunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yongchun Duan
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, Yunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Yuwei Xu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, Yunan Province, P.R. China
| | - Lili Tao
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming 650000, Yunan Province, P.R. China
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Preclinical Experimental Applications of miRNA Loaded BMSC Extracellular Vesicles. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:471-501. [PMID: 33398717 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-020-10082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells have been investigated for many years, especially for tissue regeneration, and have inherent limitations. One of the rapidly developing fields in the scientific world in recent years is extracellular vesicles. Especially, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell originated extracellular vesicles are known to have positive contributions in tissue regeneration, and these extracellular vesicles have also been used as gene transfer systems for cellular therapy. Through gene expression analysis and bioinformatics tools, it is possible to determine which genes have changed in the targeted tissue or cell and which miRNAs that can correct this gene expression disorder. This approach connecting the stem cell, extracellular vesicles, epigenetics regulation and bioinformatics fields is one of the promising areas for the treatment of diseases in the future. With this review, it is aimed to present the studies carried out for the use of bone marrow stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles loaded with targeted miRNAs in different in vivo and in vitro human disease models and to discuss recent developments in this field.
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Zhang Y, Cheng W, Han B, Guo Y, Wei S, Yu L, Zhang X. Let-7i-5p functions as a putative osteogenic differentiation promoter by targeting CKIP-1. Cytotechnology 2021; 73:79-90. [PMID: 33505116 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00444-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA (miRNA) is an endogenous regulatory small molecule RNA. Growing evidence shows that miRNA plays an important regulatory role in gene expression. Although miRNA is a more intensive regulatory noncoding RNA in recent years, few studies have investigated the regulation of targeting genes involved in bone repair. Meanwhile, as a negative bone regulator, previous studies showed that casein kinase 2-interacting protein 1 (CKIP-1) is closely associated with bone formation and regeneration. However, the gene knockout method may not be suitable for clinical application. Therefore, it was hypothesized that miRNA molecules can inhibit the expression of CKIP-1 and ultimately promote the osteogenesis process. The present study revealed that let-7i-5p plays an important role in the process of fracture healing by inhibiting the expression of CKIP-1. Related research provides a novel gene target for fracture healing. Supplementary information The online version of this article (10.1007/s10616-020-00444-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052 China
| | - Biao Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biotechnology of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004 Guangxi China
| | - Yong Guo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Biotechnology of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, 541004 Guangxi China
| | - Shuping Wei
- Institute of Medical Service and Technology, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300052 China
| | - Lu Yu
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Xizheng Zhang
- The School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China.,Institute of Medical Service and Technology, Academy of Military Sciences, Tianjin, 300052 China
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Zhang L, Ouyang P, He G, Wang X, Song D, Yang Y, He X. Exosomes from microRNA-126 overexpressing mesenchymal stem cells promote angiogenesis by targeting the PIK3R2-mediated PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:2148-2162. [PMID: 33350092 PMCID: PMC7882955 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNA‐126 (miR‐126), an endothelial‐specific miRNA, is associated with vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis. However, the efficiency of miR‐126‐based treatment is partially compromised due to the low efficiency of miRNA delivery in vivo. Lately, exosomes have emerged as a natural tool for therapeutic molecule delivery. Herein, we investigated whether exosomes derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) can be utilized to deliver miR‐126 to promote angiogenesis. Exosomes were isolated from BMMSCs overexpressed with miR‐126 (Exo‐miR‐126) by ultracentrifugation. In vitro study, Exo‐miR‐126 treatment promoted the proliferation, migration and angiogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). Furthermore, the gene/protein expression of angiogenesis‐related vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and angiotensin‐1 (Ang‐1) were up‐regulated after incubation with Exo‐miR‐126. Additionally, the expression level of phosphoinositol‐3 kinase regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2) showed an inverse correlation with miR‐126 in HUVECs. Particularly, the Exo‐miR‐126 treatment contributed to enhanced angiogenesis of HUVECs by targeting PIK3R2 to activate the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway. Similarly, Exo‐miR‐126 administration profoundly increased the number of newly formed capillaries in wound sites and accelerated the wound healing in vivo. The results demonstrate that exosomes derived from BMMSCs combined with miR‐126 may be a promising strategy to promote angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Pengrong Ouyang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Gaole He
- Department of Spine Surgery, Hong Hui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Defu Song
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Yijun Yang
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
| | - Xijing He
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China.,Xi'an International Medical Center Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province, China
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64
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Xu HK, Chen LJ, Zhou SN, Li YF, Xiang C. Multifunctional role of microRNAs in mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes in treatment of diseases. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:1276-1294. [PMID: 33312398 PMCID: PMC7705472 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i11.1276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells can be replaced by exosomes for the treatment of inflammatory diseases, injury repair, degenerative diseases, and tumors. Exosomes are small vesicles rich in a variety of nucleic acids [including messenger RNA, Long non-coding RNA, microRNA (miRNA), and circular RNA], proteins, and lipids. Exosomes can be secreted by most cells in the human body and are known to play a key role in the communication of information and material transport between cells. Like exosomes, miRNAs were neglected before their role in various activities of organisms was discovered. Several studies have confirmed that miRNAs play a vital role within exosomes. This review focuses on the specific role of miRNAs in MSC-derived exosomes (MSC-exosomes) and the methods commonly used by researchers to study miRNAs in exosomes. Taken together, miRNAs from MSC-exosomes display immense potential and practical value, both in basic medicine and future clinical applications, in treating several diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Kang Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Si-Ning Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi-Fei Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Charlie Xiang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
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65
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Li Y, Wang J, Chen S, Wu P, Xu S, Wang C, Shi H, Bihl J. miR-137 boosts the neuroprotective effect of endothelial progenitor cell-derived exosomes in oxyhemoglobin-treated SH-SY5Y cells partially via COX2/PGE2 pathway. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:330. [PMID: 33100224 PMCID: PMC7586676 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01836-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background We have previously verified the beneficial effects of exosomes from endothelial progenitor cells (EPC-EXs) in ischemic stroke. However, the effects of EPC-EXs in hemorrhagic stroke have not been investigated. Additionally, miR-137 is reported to regulate ferroptosis and to be involved in the neuroprotection against ischemic stroke. Hence, the present work explored the effects of miR-137-overexpressing EPC-EXs on apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, and ferroptosis in oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb)-injured SH-SY5Y cells. Methods The lentiviral miR-137 was transfected into EPCs and then the EPC-EXs were collected. RT-PCR was used to detect the miR-137 level in EPCs, EXs, and neurons. The uptake mechanisms of EPC-EXs in SH-SY5Y cells were explored by the co-incubation of Dynasore, Pitstop 2, Ly294002, and Genistein. After the transfection of different types of EPC-EXs, flow cytometry and expression of cytochrome c and cleaved caspase-3 were used to detect the apoptosis of oxyHb-injured neurons. Neuronal mitochondrial function was assessed by reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) depolarization, and cellular ATP content. Cell ferroptosis was measured by lipid peroxidation, iron overload, degradation of glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase 4. Additionally, recombinational PGE2 was used to detect if activation of COX2/PGE2 pathway could reverse the protection of miR-137 overexpression. Results The present work showed (1) EPC-EXs could be taken in by SH-SY5Y cells via caveolin-/clathrin-mediated pathways and macropinocytosis; (2) miR-137 was decreased in neurons after oxyHb treatment, and EXsmiR-137 could restore the miR-137 levels; (3) EXsmiR-137 worked better than EXs in reducing the number of apoptotic neurons and pro-apoptotic protein expression after oxyHb treatment; (4) EXsmiR-137 are more effective in improving the cellular MMP, ROS, and ATP level; (5) EXsmiR-137, but not EXs, protected oxyHb-treated SH-SY5Y cells against lipid peroxidation, iron overload, degradation of glutathione, and glutathione peroxidase 4; and (6) EXsmiR-137 suppressed the expression of the COX2/PGE2 pathway, and activation of the pathway could partially reverse the neuroprotective effects of EXsmiR-137. Conclusion miR-137 overexpression boosts the neuroprotective effects of EPC-EXs against apoptosis and mitochondrial dysfunction in oxyHb-treated SH-SY5Y cells. Furthermore, EXsmiR-137 rather than EXs can restore the decrease in miR-137 levels and inhibit ferroptosis, and the protection mechanism might involve the miR-137-COX2/PGE2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuchen Li
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.,Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jinju Wang
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Shuzhen Chen
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - Pei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shancai Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Chunlei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huaizhang Shi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150000, Heilongjiang, China.
| | - Ji Bihl
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Science, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, Huntingto, WV, 25755, China.
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66
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Therapeutic miRNA-Enriched Extracellular Vesicles: Current Approaches and Future Prospects. Cells 2020; 9:cells9102271. [PMID: 33050562 PMCID: PMC7601381 DOI: 10.3390/cells9102271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are 50–300 nm vesicles secreted by eukaryotic cells. They can carry cargo (including miRNA) from the donor cell to the recipient cell. miRNAs in EVs can change the translational profile of the recipient cell and modulate cellular morphology. This endogenous mechanism has attracted the attention of the drug-delivery community in the last few years. EVs can be enriched with exogenous therapeutic miRNAs and used for treatment of diseases by targeting pathological recipient cells. However, there are some obstacles that need to be addressed before introducing therapeutic miRNA-enriched EVs in clinics. Here, we focused on the progress in the field of therapeutic miRNA enriched EVs, highlighted important areas where research is needed, and discussed the potential to use them as therapeutic miRNA carriers in the future.
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67
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Cai Y, Liu W, Lian L, Xu Y, Bai X, Xu S, Zhang J. Stroke treatment: Is exosome therapy superior to stem cell therapy? Biochimie 2020; 179:190-204. [PMID: 33010339 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2020.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is one of the most common causes of disability and death, and currently, ideal clinical treatment is lacking. Stem cell transplantation is a widely-used treatment approach for stroke. When compared with other types of stem cells, bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) have been widely studied because of their many advantages. The paracrine effect is the primary mechanism for stem cells to play their role, and exosomes play an essential role in the paracrine effect. When compared with cell therapy, cell-free exosome therapy can prevent many risks and difficulties, and therefore, represents a promising and novel approach for treatment. In this study, we reviewed the research progress in the application of BMSCs-derived exosomes (BMSCs-exos) and BMSCs in the treatment of stroke. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of cell therapy and cell-free exosome therapy were described, and the possible factors that hinder the introduction of these two treatments into the clinic were analyzed. Furthermore, we reviewed the current optimization methods of cell therapy and cell-free exosome therapy. Taken together, we hypothesize that cell-free exosome therapy will have excellent research prospects in the future, and therefore, it is worth further exploring. There are still some issues that need to be further addressed. For example, differences between the in vivo microenvironment and in vitro culture conditions will affect the paracrine effect of stem cells. Most importantly, we believe that more preclinical and clinical design studies are required to compare the efficacy of stem cells and exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichen Cai
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Wanying Liu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Lu Lian
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Yingzhi Xu
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine (BUCM), Beijing, China
| | - Xiaodan Bai
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China.
| | - Junping Zhang
- Medical Experiment Center, First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, 300193, China.
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68
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Guy R, Offen D. Promising Opportunities for Treating Neurodegenerative Diseases with Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E1320. [PMID: 32942544 PMCID: PMC7564210 DOI: 10.3390/biom10091320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative disease refers to any pathological condition in which there is a progressive decline in neuronal function resulting from brain atrophy. Despite the immense efforts invested over recent decades in developing treatments for neurodegenerative diseases, effective therapy for these conditions is still an unmet need. One of the promising options for promoting brain recovery and regeneration is mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation. The therapeutic effect of MSCs is thought to be mediated by their secretome, and specifically, by their exosomes. Research shows that MSC-derived exosomes retain some of the characteristics of their parent MSCs, such as immune system modulation, regulation of neurite outgrowth, promotion of angiogenesis, and the ability to repair damaged tissue. Here, we summarize the functional outcomes observed in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases following MSC-derived exosome treatment. We will examine the proposed mechanisms of action through which MSC-derived exosomes mediate their therapeutic effects and review advanced studies that attempt to enhance the improvement achieved using MSC-derived exosome treatment, with a view towards future clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Offen
- Felsenstein Medical Research Center, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
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69
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Brennan MÁ, Layrolle P, Mooney DJ. Biomaterials functionalized with MSC secreted extracellular vesicles and soluble factors for tissue regeneration. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1909125. [PMID: 32952493 PMCID: PMC7494127 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The therapeutic benefits of mesenchymal stromal cell (MSC) transplantation have been attributed to their secreted factors, including extracellular vesicles (EVs) and soluble factors. The potential of employing the MSC secretome as an alternative acellular approach to cell therapy is being investigated in various tissue injury indications, but EVs administered via bolus injections are rapidly sequestered and cleared. However, biomaterials offer delivery platforms to enhance EV retention rates and healing efficacy. In this review, we highlight the mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic effects of MSC-EVs and soluble factors as effectors of immunomodulation and tissue regeneration, conferred primarily via their nucleic acid and protein contents. We discuss how manipulating the cell culture microenvironment or genetic modification of MSCs can further augment the potency of their secretions. The most recent advances in the development of EV-functionalized biomaterials that mediate enhanced angiogenesis and cell survival, while attenuating inflammation and fibrosis, are presented. Finally, some technical challenges to be considered for the clinical translation of biomaterials carrying MSC-secreted bioactive cargo are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meadhbh Á Brennan
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Pierre Layrolle
- INSERM, UMR 1238, PHY-OS, Bone sarcomas and remodeling of calcified tissues, Faculty of Medicine, University of Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - David J Mooney
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
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70
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Li L, Wang P, Zhao H, Luo Y. Noncoding RNAs and Intracerebral Hemorrhage. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 18:205-211. [PMID: 30714535 DOI: 10.2174/1871527318666190204102604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the most devastating subtype of stroke, for which there are few effective interventions. Computed tomography is accepted as the gold standard for diagnosis, whereas surgical evacuation is the main treatment for ICH. However, in emergency rooms, time is limited and information regarding a patient's clinical status or tolerance is typically not available. Many studies over the last decade have investigated the fundamental mechanisms of ICH and especially hematoma, which not only cause physical damage but also release toxins that have detrimental effects. However, there remain many gaps in our understanding of ICH. Compared to ischemic stroke, there is little known about the ICH pathogenesis and treatment options, and few specific biomarkers are available for monitoring disease progression, which include hematoma enlargement and perihematoma edema. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are involved in various biological processes and are potential biomarkers and therapeutic tools in central nervous system diseases. Recent studies have examined the role of ncRNAs including microRNAs, long noncoding RNAs, and circular RNAs-the three main subgroups associated with stroke-in ICH models. A deeper understanding of the functions of ncRNAs in different biological processes can provide a basis for developing more effective therapeutic strategies to prevent neuronal damage following ICH. In clinical settings, ncRNAs can serve as biomarkers for predicting the degree of injury resulting from ICH. CONCLUSION In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of the role of ncRNAs in ICH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Li
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Pingping Wang
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Geriatric Medical Research Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Translational Medicine for Cerebrovascular Diseases, Beijing, China.,Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China
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71
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Wang MM, Feng YS, Tan ZX, Xing Y, Dong F, Zhang F. The role of exosomes in stroke. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6217-6228. [PMID: 32514999 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05569-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is induced by a partial disruption of cerebral blood flow to the brain and is related to high morbidity and mortality. In the central nervous system, exosomes have been proven to exert neuroprotective effects, reducing brain damage following a stroke. This review was performed by searching the relevant articles in the SCIENCEDIRECT, PUBMED, and Web of Science databases from respective inception to November 2018. We review the relationship between exosomes and angiogenesis, neurogenesis, antiapoptosis, autophagy, and the blood-brain barrier in stroke. Moreover, exosomes are found to be a promising tool for the diagnosis and treatment of stroke. In summary, exosomes provide a novel way to alleviate brain damage following a stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Man Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Shuo Feng
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Xuan Tan
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xing
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Zhang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, No. 139 Ziqiang Road, Shijiazhuang, 050051, Hebei, People's Republic of China. .,Hebei Provincial Orthopedic Biomechanics Key Laboratory, The Third Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050051, People's Republic of China.
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72
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Potential of stem cell therapy in intracerebral hemorrhage. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:4671-4680. [PMID: 32415506 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a common disease associated with high mortality and morbidity. The treatment of patients with ICH includes medical and surgical interventions. New areas of surgical intervention have been focused on the evacuation of hematoma through minimally invasive neurosurgery. In contrast, there have been no significant advances in the development of medical interventions for functional recovery after ICH. Stem cells exert multiple therapeutic functions and have emerged as a promising treatment strategy. Herein, we summarized the pathophysiology of ICH and its treatment targets, and we introduced the therapeutic mechanisms of stem cells (e.g. neutrotrophy and neuroregeneration). Moreover, we reviewed and summarized the experimental designs of the preclinical studies, including the types of cells and the timing and routes of stem cell administration. We further listed and reviewed the completed/published and ongoing clinical trials supporting the safety and efficacy of stem cell therapy in ICH. The limitations of translating preclinical studies into clinical trials and the objectives of future studies were discussed. In conclusion, current literatures showed that stem cell therapy is a promising treatment in ICH and further translation research on judiciously selected group of patients is warranted before it can be extensively applied in clinical practice.
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73
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Varderidou-Minasian S, Lorenowicz MJ. Mesenchymal stromal/stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in tissue repair: challenges and opportunities. Theranostics 2020; 10:5979-5997. [PMID: 32483432 PMCID: PMC7254996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.40122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) are important players in tissue homeostasis and regeneration owing to their immunomodulatory potential and release of trophic factors that promote healing. They have been increasingly used in clinical trials to treat multiple conditions associated with inflammation and tissue damage such as graft versus host disease, orthopedic injuries and cardiac and liver diseases. Recent evidence demonstrates that their beneficial effects are derived, at least in part, from their secretome. In particular, data from animal models and first-in-man studies indicate that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can exert similar therapeutic potential as their cells of origin. MSC-EVs are membranous structures loaded with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids, which play an important role in cell-cell communication and may represent an attractive alternative for cell-based therapy. In this article we summarize recent advances in the use of MSC-EVs for tissue repair. We highlight several isolation and characterization approaches used to enrich MSC-derived EVs. We discuss our current understanding of the relative contribution of the MSC-EVs to the immunomodulatory and regenerative effects mediated by MSCs and MSC secretome. Finally we highlight the challenges and opportunities, which come with the potential use of MSC-EVs as cell free therapy for conditions that require tissue repair.
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Gareev IF, Beilerly OA, Nazarov VV. [MicroRNA and their potential role in the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic stroke]. ZHURNAL VOPROSY NEĬROKHIRURGII IMENI N. N. BURDENKO 2020; 84:86-93. [PMID: 32207747 DOI: 10.17116/neiro20208401186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous (non-traumatic) intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or hemorrhagic stroke, is a common and serious disease with high morbidity and mortality. Current methods of treating hemorrhagic stroke, from conservative to surgical, are insufficient, which justifies the continuation of the study of this condition, including cellular and molecular changes that occur during a stroke. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a class of small non-coding RNAs that play an important role in post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. MicroRNAs are involved in almost all biological processes, including cell proliferation, apoptosis and cell differentiation, and are also key substances in pathophysiological processes in many diseases, and therefore they can be both potential biomarkers and new therapeutic targets in cancer, degenerative and cardiovascular disease. In recent years, a number of studies have been aimed at studying the role of microRNAs in pathophysiological processes in hemorrhagic stroke, such as apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, violation of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and cerebral edema. The results of the studies demonstrated that changes in miRNA expression may be associated with the prognosis of ICH. In this article, we consider studies related to miRNAs and hemorrhagic stroke, and clarify the complex relationship between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- I F Gareev
- Bashkir State Medical University, Ufa, Russia
| | | | - V V Nazarov
- Burdenko NeurosurgicalCenter, Moscow, Russia
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Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomal miR-144-5p improves rat ovarian function after chemotherapy-induced ovarian failure by targeting PTEN. J Transl Med 2020; 100:342-352. [PMID: 31537899 DOI: 10.1038/s41374-019-0321-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy-induced premature ovarian failure (POF) in women is currently clinically irreversible. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are a promising cellular therapeutic strategy for POF. However, the underlying mechanism governing the efficacy of BMSCs in treating POF has not been determined. In this study, we show that BMSC and BMSC-derived exosome transplantation can significantly recover the estrus cycle, increase the number of basal and sinus follicles in POF rats, increase estradiol (E2) and anti-Mullerian hormone (AMH) levels, and reduce follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels in the serum. Furthermore, we demonstrate that BMSC-derived exosomes prevent ovarian follicular atresia in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated rats via the delivery of miR-144-5p, which can be transferred to cocultured CTX-damaged granulosa cells (GCs) to decrease GC apoptosis. A functional assay revealed that overexpression of miR-144-5p in BMSCs showed efficacy against CTX-induced POF, and the improvement in the repair was related to the inhibition of GC apoptosis by targeting PTEN. The opposite effect was exhibited when miR-144-5p was inhibited. Taken together, our experimental results provide new information regarding the potential of using exosomal miR-144-5p to treat ovarian failure.
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76
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Lai N, Wu D, Liang T, Pan P, Yuan G, Li X, Li H, Shen H, Wang Z, Chen G. Systemic exosomal miR-193b-3p delivery attenuates neuroinflammation in early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage in mice. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:74. [PMID: 32098619 PMCID: PMC7041199 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01745-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Inflammation is a potential crucial factor in the pathogenesis of subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in the regulation of diverse aspects of neuronal dysfunction. The therapeutic potential of miRNAs has been demonstrated in several CNS disorders and is thought to involve modulation of neuroinflammation. Here, we found that peripherally injected modified exosomes (Exos) delivered miRNAs to the brains of mice with SAH and that the potential mechanism was regulated by regulation of neuroinflammation. Methods Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and qRT-PCR were used to define the global miRNA profile of plasma exosomes in aSAH patients and healthy controls. We peripherally injected RVG/Exos/miR-193b-3p to achieve delivery of miR-193b-3p to the brain of mice with SAH. The effects of miR-193b-3p on SAH were assayed using a neurological score, brain water content, blood-brain barrier (BBB) injury, and Fluoro-Jade C (FJC) staining. Western blotting analysis, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and qRT-PCR were used to measure various proteins and mRNA levels. Results NGS and qRT-PCR revealed that four circulating exosomal miRNAs were differentially expressed. RVG/Exos exhibited improved targeting to the brains of SAH mice. MiR-193b-3p suppressed the expression and activity of HDAC3, upregulating the acetylation of NF-κB p65. Finally, miR-193b-3p treatment mitigated the neurological behavioral impairment, brain edema, BBB injury, and neurodegeneration induced by SAH, and reduced inflammatory cytokine expression in the brains of mice after SAH. Conclusions Exos/miR-193b-3p treatment attenuated the inflammatory response by acetylation of the NF-κB p65 via suppressed expression and activity of HDAC3. These effects alleviated neurobehavioral impairments and neuroinflammation following SAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niansheng Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, 2 West Zheshan Road, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Degang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College, 2 West Zheshan Road, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China.,Non-coding RNA Research Center of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui Province, China
| | - Tianyu Liang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Pengjie Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guiqiang Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, 188 Shizi Street, Suzhou, 215006, Jiangsu Province, China.
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77
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Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives on Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes as a New Therapeutic Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030727. [PMID: 31979113 PMCID: PMC7036914 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are on the cusp of regenerative medicine due to their differentiation capacity, favorable culture conditions, ability to be manipulated in vitro, and strong immunomodulatory activity. Recent studies indicate that the pleiotropic effects of MSCs, especially their immunomodulatory potential, can be largely attributed to paracrine factors. Exosomes, vesicles that are 30-150 nanometers in diameter that function in cell-cell communication, are one of the key paracrine effectors. MSC-derived exosomes are enriched with therapeutic miRNAs, mRNAs, cytokines, lipids, and growth factors. Emerging evidences support the compelling possibility of using MSC-derived exosomes as a new form of therapy for treating several different kinds of disease such as heart, kidney, immune diseases, neural injuries, and neurodegenerative disease. This review provides a summary of current knowledge and discusses engineering of MSC-derived exosomes for their use in translational medicine.
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78
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Yu T, Zhao C, Hou S, Zhou W, Wang B, Chen Y. Exosomes secreted from miRNA-29b-modified mesenchymal stem cells repaired spinal cord injury in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 52:e8735. [PMID: 31826179 PMCID: PMC6903804 DOI: 10.1590/1414-431x20198735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes, a kind of extracellular vesicle, are promising therapeutic agents for spinal cord injury (SCI). This article aimed to investigate effects of exosomes secreted from miRNA-29b-modified bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on SCI. Exosomes were extracted from BMSCs transfected with miRNA-29b or negative control (miR NC). SCI rats were injected intravenously with exosomes (control exosomes, miRNA-29b exosomes) and BMSCs (miR NC, miRNA-29b) through the tail vein. The expression of miRNA-29b in spinal cord tissues of SCI rats was detected by qRT-PCR. The hind limb motor function was evaluated by Basso Beattie Bresnahan (BBB) score. The histopathological damage and neuronal regeneration in spinal cord tissues was observed by HE staining and immunohistochemistry, respectively. The injection of miRNA-29b exosomes and miRNA-29b BMSCs both significantly increased the expression of miRNA-29b in spinal cord tissues of SCI rats (P<0.05). Compared with SCI rats, rats in the miRNA-29b exosomes and the miRNA-29b groups exhibited improved SCI, including increased BBB score, NF200 and GAP-43 positive neurons, as well as decreased contractile nerve cell numbers and GFAP positive neurons (all P<0.05). The relieving degree of SCI was significantly higher in the miRNA-29b exosomes group than in the miRNA-29b BMSCs group (P<0.05). Exosomes secreted from miRNA-29b-modified BMSCs were effective in the repair of SCI in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Qilu Hospitial of ShanDong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospitial, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Cunju Zhao
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Qilu Hospitial of ShanDong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Department of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospitial, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Shouzhi Hou
- Department of Radiology, Liaocheng People's Hospitial, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Weijie Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospitial, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Baoxin Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Liaocheng People's Hospitial, Liaocheng, Shandong, China
| | - Yunzhen Chen
- Department of Spinal Surgery, Qilu Hospitial of ShanDong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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79
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Huang JH, Xu Y, Yin XM, Lin FY. Exosomes Derived from miR-126-modified MSCs Promote Angiogenesis and Neurogenesis and Attenuate Apoptosis after Spinal Cord Injury in Rats. Neuroscience 2019; 424:133-145. [PMID: 31704348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurological event that results in incomplete or complete loss of voluntary motor and sensory function. Until recently, there has been no effective curative strategy for SCI. Our previous study showed that microRNA (miR)-126 promoted angiogenesis and attenuated inflammation after SCI; however, the effect of miR-126-based treatment is limited because of the low efficiency of miR delivery in vivo. Recently, accumulating evidence has indicated that exosomes can serve as a valuable therapeutic vehicle for miR delivery to the central nervous system (CNS). Thus, the present study aimed to investigate whether exosomes derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can be used to deliver miR-126 to treat SCI. In this study, we found that MSCs can load miR-126 into secreted exosomes. In a rat model of SCI, exosomes transferred miR-126 to the injured site of the spinal cord, reduced the lesion volume and improved functional recovery after SCI. Additionally, miR-126-loaded exosomes promoted angiogenesis post-SCI. Moreover, the administration of miR-126 exosomes promoted neurogenesis and reduced cell apoptosis after SCI. In vitro, we observed that exosomes derived from miR-126-modified MSCs promoted the angiogenesis and migration of human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) by inhibiting the expression of Sprouty-related EVH1 domain-containing protein 1 (SPRED1) and phosphoinositide-3-kinase regulatory subunit 2 (PIK3R2). In conclusion, our study demonstrated that exosomes derived from MSCs transfected with miR-126 may promote angiogenesis and neurogenesis, inhibit apoptosis and promote functional recovery after SCI. These findings suggest that exosomes derived from miR-126-modified MSCs may serve as a novel potential therapeutic strategy for treating SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang-Hu Huang
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Yang Xu
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Xiao-Ming Yin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, PR China
| | - Fei-Yue Lin
- Shengli Clinical Medical College of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, PR China; Department of Orthopedics, Fujian Provincial Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350001, PR China.
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80
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Kang X, Zuo Z, Hong W, Tang H, Geng W. Progress of Research on Exosomes in the Protection Against Ischemic Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1149. [PMID: 31736691 PMCID: PMC6828609 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, as a type of extracellular vesicle (EV), are lipid bilayer vesicles 20–100 nm in diameter that can cross the blood-brain barrier. Exosomes are important transport vesicles in the human body that participate in many conduction pathways and play an important physiological role. Because of their high biocompatibility and low immunogenicity and toxicity, exosomes have attracted increasing attention as an attractive drug delivery system. This article reviews the relevant studies that have shown that exosomes play an important role in protective mechanisms against ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhui Kang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China.,Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ziyi Zuo
- The First Clinical College, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wandong Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hongli Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Wujun Geng
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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81
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Lv L, Sheng C, Zhou Y. Extracellular vesicles as a novel therapeutic tool for cell-free regenerative medicine in oral rehabilitation. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 47 Suppl 1:29-54. [PMID: 31520537 DOI: 10.1111/joor.12885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oral maxillofacial defects may always lead to complicated hard and soft tissue loss, including bone, nerve, blood vessels, teeth and skin, which are difficult to restore and severely influence the life quality of patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, microvesicles and apoptotic bodies, are emerging as potential solutions for complex tissue regeneration through cell-free therapies. In this review, we highlight the functional roles of EVs in the regenerative medicine for oral maxillofacial rehabilitation, specifically bone, skin, blood vessels, peripheral nerve and tooth-related tissue regeneration. Publications were reviewed by two researchers independently basing on three databases (PubMed, MEDLINE and Web of Science), until 31 December 2018. Basing on current researches, we classified the origin of EVs for regenerative medicine into four categories: related cells in the regenerative niche, mesenchymal stem cells, immune cells and body fluids. The secretome of different cells are distinct, while the same cells secrete different EVs under varied conditions; therefore, the content profiles of EVs and regulatory mechanisms on target cells are compared and emphasised. By unravelling the regulatory mechanisms of EVs in tissue regeneration, modified cells and tailored EVs with specific target may be produced for precision medicine with high efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longwei Lv
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Chunhui Sheng
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Yongsheng Zhou
- Department of Prosthodontics, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Disease, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
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82
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Park KS, Bandeira E, Shelke GV, Lässer C, Lötvall J. Enhancement of therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles. Stem Cell Res Ther 2019; 10:288. [PMID: 31547882 PMCID: PMC6757418 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-019-1398-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
After the initial investigations into applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for cell therapy, there was increased interest in their secreted soluble factors. Following studies of MSCs and their secreted factors, extracellular vesicles (EVs) released from MSCs have emerged as a new mode of intercellular crosstalk. MSC-derived EVs have been identified as essential signaling mediators under both physiological and pathological conditions, and they appear to be responsible for many of the therapeutic effects of MSCs. In several in vitro and in vivo models, EVs have been observed to have supportive functions in modulating the immune system, mainly mediated by EV-associated proteins and nucleic acids. Moreover, stimulation of MSCs with biophysical or biochemical cues, including EVs from other cells, has been shown to influence the contents and biological activities of subsequent MSC-derived EVs. This review provides on overview of the contents of MSC-derived EVs in terms of their supportive effects, and it provides different perspectives on the manipulation of MSCs to improve the secretion of EVs and subsequent EV-mediated activities. In this review, we discuss the possibilities for manipulating MSCs for EV-based cell therapy and for using EVs to affect the expression of elements of interest in MSCs. In this way, we provide a clear perspective on the state of the art of EVs in cell therapy focusing on MSCs, and we raise pertinent questions and suggestions for knowledge gaps to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyong-Su Park
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Elga Bandeira
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ganesh V Shelke
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Cecilia Lässer
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jan Lötvall
- Krefting Research Centre, Institute of Medicine at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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83
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Tapparo M, Bruno S, Collino F, Togliatto G, Deregibus MC, Provero P, Wen S, Quesenberry PJ, Camussi G. Renal Regenerative Potential of Extracellular Vesicles Derived from miRNA-Engineered Mesenchymal Stromal Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20102381. [PMID: 31091699 PMCID: PMC6567878 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) possess pro-regenerative potential in different animal models with renal injury. EVs contain different molecules, including proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Among the shuttled molecules, miRNAs have a relevant role in the pro-regenerative effects of EVs and are a promising target for therapeutic interventions. The aim of this study was to increase the content of specific miRNAs in EVs that are known to be involved in the pro-regenerative effect of EVs, and to assess the capacity of modified EVs to contribute to renal regeneration in in vivo models with acute kidney injuries. To this purpose, MSCs were transiently transfected with specific miRNA mimics by electroporation. Molecular analyses showed that, after transfection, MSCs and derived EVs were efficiently enriched in the selected miRNAs. In vitro and in vivo experiments indicated that EVs engineered with miRNAs maintained their pro-regenerative effects. Of relevance, engineered EVs were more effective than EVs derived from naïve MSCs when used at suboptimal doses. This suggests the potential use of a low amount of EVs (82.5 × 106) to obtain the renal regenerative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Federica Collino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Paediatric Research Institute "Citta della Speranza", University of Padova, 35129 Padova, Italy.
| | - Gabriele Togliatto
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- 2i3T Società per la gestione dell'incubatore di imprese e per il trasferimento tecnologico Scarl, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Paolo Provero
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
| | - Sicheng Wen
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Peter J Quesenberry
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Brown University, Rhode Island Hospital, Providence, Rhode Island, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences and Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, 10126 Torino, Italy.
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84
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Xu L, Cao H, Xie Y, Zhang Y, Du M, Xu X, Ye R, Liu X. Exosome-shuttled miR-92b-3p from ischemic preconditioned astrocytes protects neurons against oxygen and glucose deprivation. Brain Res 2019; 1717:66-73. [PMID: 30986407 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) exerts protective effects against ischemic cerebral injury. In the present study, an in vitro model of cerebral ischemia (oxygen and glucose deprivation, OGD) was established to investigate the neuroprotective mechanism of IPC. We found that conditioned medium (C.M.) from astrocytes rather than neurons nor microglia cell line BV2 exerted neuroprotection. Moreover, exosomes derived from OGD preconditioned astrocytes can be taken up by neurons and attenuated OGD-induced neuron death and apoptosis. High-throughput microRNA (miRNA) sequencing revealed that miR-92b-3p levels in exosomes released from preconditioned astrocytes were increased. Overexpression of miR-92b-3p in neurons with miR-92b-3p mimic achieved the same protective effects as C.M. from astrocytes. Thus, we propose that the mechanism of IPC may associate with astrocytes, and that exosome-mediated miR-92b-3p shuttle from preconditioned astrocytes to neurons participate in these process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Xu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China; Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hui Cao
- Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yi Xie
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingyang Du
- Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Cerebrovascular Disease Center, Nanjing Brain Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Ruidong Ye
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Xinfeng Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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85
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Zhang ZG, Buller B, Chopp M. Exosomes - beyond stem cells for restorative therapy in stroke and neurological injury. Nat Rev Neurol 2019; 15:193-203. [PMID: 30700824 DOI: 10.1038/s41582-018-0126-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide, and brain injuries devastate patients and their families, but currently no drugs on the market promote neurological recovery. Limited spontaneous recovery of function as a result of brain remodelling after stroke or injury does occur, and cell-based therapies have been used to promote these endogenous processes. Increasing evidence is demonstrating that the positive effects of such cell-based therapy are mediated by exosomes released from the administered cells and that the microRNA cargo in these exosomes is largely responsible for the therapeutic effects. This evidence raises the possibility that isolated exosomes could be used alone as a neurorestorative therapy and that these exosomes could be tailored to maximize clinical benefit. The potential of exosomes as a therapy for brain disorders is therefore being actively investigated. In this Review, we discuss the current knowledge of exosomes and advances in our knowledge of their effects on endogenous neurovascular remodelling events. We also consider the opportunities for exosome-based approaches to therapeutic amplification of brain repair and improvement of recovery after stroke, traumatic brain injury and other diseases in which neurorestoration could be a viable treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Benjamin Buller
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
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86
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Qing L, Chen H, Tang J, Jia X. Exosomes and Their MicroRNA Cargo: New Players in Peripheral Nerve Regeneration. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2018; 32:765-776. [PMID: 30223738 PMCID: PMC6146407 DOI: 10.1177/1545968318798955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a major clinical problem and often results in a poor functional recovery. Despite obvious clinical need, treatment strategies have been largely suboptimal. In the nervous system, exosomes, which are nanosized extracellular vesicles, play a critical role in mediating intercellular communication. More specifically, microRNA carried by exosomes are involved in various key processes such as nerve and vascular regeneration, and exosomes originating from Schwann cells, macrophages, and mesenchymal stem cells can promote peripheral nerve regeneration. In this review, the current knowledge of exosomes' and their miRNA cargo's role in peripheral nerve regeneration are summarized. The possible future roles of exosomes in therapy and the potential for microRNA-containing exosomes to treat peripheral nerve injuries are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Qing
- Department of Hand & Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital of
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Huanwen Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Juyu Tang
- Department of Hand & Microsurgery, Xiangya Hospital of
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008
| | - Xiaofeng Jia
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Orthopedics, University of Maryland School of
Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Maryland
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University
School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns
Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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