51
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Seto JT, Becht H, Rott R. Effect of specific antibodies on biological functions of the envelope components of Newcastle disease virus. Virology 1974; 61:354-60. [PMID: 4213724 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90273-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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52
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Etchison JR, Holland JJ. Carbohydrate composition of the membrane glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus. Virology 1974; 60:217-29. [PMID: 4366497 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90379-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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53
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Scholtissek C, Rott R, Hau G, Kaluza G. Inhibition of the multiplication of vesicular stomatitis and Newcastle disease virus by 2-deoxy-d-glucose. J Virol 1974; 13:1186-93. [PMID: 4364895 PMCID: PMC355437 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.13.6.1186-1193.1974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The production of infectious vesicular stomatitis (VSV) and Newcastle disease virus can be completely inhibited by 2-deoxy-d-glucose in pyruvate-containing medium, if virus either grown in pyruvate-containing medium or dialyzed against phosphate-buffered saline is used for infection. Under these conditions, the synthesis of all VSV proteins is reduced. VSV RNA, which is synthesized at reduced rates, seems to be unstable. The effect is completely reversible. If virus grown in glucose-containing medium is used for infection, the production of both viruses is not significantly inhibited by 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Under these conditions the production of the VSV glycoprotein is specifically impaired, but does not lead to a marked reduction of the yield of infectious virus.
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54
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Wolf BA, Robbins PW. Cell mitotic cycle synthesis of NIL hamster glycolipids including the Forssman antigen. J Cell Biol 1974; 61:676-87. [PMID: 4836389 PMCID: PMC2109300 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.61.3.676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis of phospholipids and glycolipids during the cell mitotic cycle of an established hamster line, NIL, has been studied. Cells were synchronized with excess thymidine and mitotically harvested by shaking. Cells were radioactively labeled for 4 h with palmitate, glucosamine, or galactose. Lipids were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. As cells progressed through the mitotic cycle, incorporation into phospholipids increased but the fraction represented by each remained constant. Similarly, ceramide monohexoside, dihexoside, and hematoside were labeled equally in all phases. Ceramide trihexoside and tetrahexoside were labeled only during G(1) and S. Ceramide pentahexoside (the Forssman antigen) shows density-dependent synthesis, accumulation, and reactivity. Ceramide pentahexoside was labeled during all phases of the mitotic cycle but the rate of incorporation decreased in S and G(2). The total amount of lipid assayed immunologically in cell extracts gradually increased. Exposure of the Forssman antigen in untreated or trypsin-treated cells was studied using binding of chemically labeled antiForssman antiserum. The amount of antigen detected in trypsinized cells increased during G(1) and early S but then remained constant. Mitotic cells exposed all detectable antigen. As cells progressed through the mitotic cycle, a large fraction of the Forssman antigen became cryptic.
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55
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Klenk HD, Becht H, Rott R. Reaction of viruses and virus-infected cells with heterophile agglutinins. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1974; 234:355-68. [PMID: 4528704 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1974.tb53048.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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56
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Lenard J, Compans RW. The membrane structure of lipid-containing viruses. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1974; 344:51-94. [PMID: 4598854 PMCID: PMC7148776 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(74)90008-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/1973] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Key Words
- viruses, sfv, semliki forest virus
- ndv, newcastle disease virus
- sv5, simian virus 5
- vsv, vesicular stomatitis virus
- rsv, rous sarcoma virus
- cellscef, chick embryo fibroblasts
- bhk, bhk21 line of baby hamster kidney cells
- mdbk, madin-darby bovine kidney cell line
- mk, primary rhesus monkey kidney cells
- hak, hamster kidney cell line
- rk, primary rabbit kidney cells
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57
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Scheid A, Choppin PW. Identification of biological activities of paramyxovirus glycoproteins. Activation of cell fusion, hemolysis, and infectivity of proteolytic cleavage of an inactive precursor protein of Sendai virus. Virology 1974; 57:475-90. [PMID: 4361457 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 662] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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58
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59
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Klenk HD, Wöllert W, Rott R, Scholtissek C. Association of influenza virus proteins with cytoplasmic fractions. Virology 1974; 57:28-41. [PMID: 4856427 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(74)90105-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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60
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Compans RW, Meier-Ewert H, Palese P. Assembly of lipid-containing viruses. JOURNAL OF SUPRAMOLECULAR STRUCTURE 1974; 2:496-511. [PMID: 4437183 DOI: 10.1002/jss.400020234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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61
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Abstract
Guinea pigs immunized intracerebrally with avian myeloblastosis virus (AMV) produced antiserum which reacted with intact virus particles in complement fixation. The antigen in question appeared to be located on the surface of the virion and could be distinguished from the type-specific virus envelope and the group-specific internal antigens of chicken leukosis-sarcoma viruses (ChiLSV). The material could be isolated by sequential treatments of AMV with bromelin, Tween 20, and freeze-thawing, and could be purified by differential centrifugation. Electron microscopy analysis indicated the presence of a component resembling the outer membrane of the particle. The antigenic determinant was designated virus membrane antigen (Vm). Further analyses revealed the presence of protein, lipid, and carbohydrate in a material having a molecular weight of about 6,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis. Serological studies suggested that the outer membranes of AMV and other ChiLSV are represented mainly by host cellular material.
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62
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Landsberger FR, Compans RW, Choppin PW, Lenard J. Organization of the lipid phase in viral membranes. Effects of independent variation of the lipid and the protein composition. Biochemistry 1973; 12:4498-502. [PMID: 4356241 DOI: 10.1021/bi00746a030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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63
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Kaluza G, Schmidt MF, Scholtissek C. Effect of 2-deoxy-D-glucose on the multiplication of Semliki Forest virus and the reversal of the block by mannose. Virology 1973; 54:179-89. [PMID: 4736595 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(73)90127-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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64
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Compans RW, Caliguiri LA. Isolation and properties of an RNA polymerase from influenza virus-infected cells. J Virol 1973; 11:441-8. [PMID: 4120639 PMCID: PMC355119 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.11.3.441-448.1973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Structures with RNA polymerase activity were isolated from influenza virus-infected cells, and consisted of ribonucleoprotein (RNP) complexes, similar in morphology to the viral internal component or nucleocapsid. The isolation procedure involved fractionation of infected cells in a discontinuous sucrose gradient, in which enzyme activity was concentrated in a fraction of intermediate density which contains both smooth and rough cytoplasmic membranes. The RNPs with polymerase activity were further purified in a velocity gradient, after which the peak fractions showed a 35-fold purification of the polymerase activity when compared with cytoplasmic extracts. The NP polypeptide, which is the subunit of the virion RNP, was the only virus-specific polypeptide detected in these RNP structures.
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65
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Abstract
A procedure has been developed for the isolation of Newcastle disease virus (NDV) envelope proteins. The two surface glycoproteins and the non-glycosylated membrane protein were solubilized with 2% Triton X-100 and 1 m KCl. Removal of the KCl by dialysis yielded by precipitation a pure preparation of the non-glycosylated membrane protein, which is insoluble in solutions of low ionic strength. The soluble fraction consisting of the two glycoproteins possessed full neuraminidase and hemagglutinating activities. The two glycoproteins could be separated by rate zonal sedimentation in a sucrose gradient containing 1% Triton X-100 and 1 m KCl. Under these conditions, the sedimentation coefficient of the larger glycoprotein, virus protein 1, was 9.3s, and that of the smaller, virus protein 2, was 6.1s. Both hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities were associated with virus protein 1; virus protein 2 had neither activity. The results suggest that both activities reside on a single NDV glycoprotein. Similar results were obtained previously with another paramyxovirus, simian virus 5. These findings suggest that the association of hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities with one glycoprotein is a general property of the paramyxovirus group.
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66
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67
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68
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Abstract
This chapter discusses lipids in viruses. Lipid forms an integral part of many viruses and exists either in the form of a continuous envelope or in lipoprotein complexes that surround a nucleoprotein core or helix. In general, the envelope can be described as a molecular container for the genetic material of the virus. Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites and are not known to carry genetic coding for enzymes involved in lipid synthesis. Hence, they generally contain the same classes of lipid as are found in the host cell or their membrane of assembly. Lipids make up 20–35% by weight of most viruses; however, there are exceptions such as vaccinia virus, which has only 5% lipid despite having a complex multimembrane envelope structure. Naked herpesvirus capsids closely resemble non-lipid-containing viruses such as adenovirus or polyoma virus, which are also assembled in the nucleus but show full infectivity without any envelope. Both naked and enveloped herpesvirus particles are found in infected cells; however, only enveloped particles are found in extracellular fluids.
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69
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Forman DS, Grafstein B, McEwen BS. Rapid axonal transport of ( 3 H)fucosyl glycoproteins in the goldfish optic system. Brain Res 1972; 48:327-42. [PMID: 4118908 DOI: 10.1016/0006-8993(72)90187-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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70
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Scheid A, Caliguiri LA, Compans RW, Choppin PW. Isolation of paramyxovirus glycoproteins. Association of both hemagglutinating and neuraminidase activities with the larger SV5 glycoprotein. Virology 1972; 50:640-52. [PMID: 4118317 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90418-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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71
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Klenk HD, Scholtissek C, Rott R. Inhibition of glycoprotein biosynthesis of influenza virus by D-glucosamine and 2-deoxy-D-glucose. Virology 1972; 49:723-34. [PMID: 4672417 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90529-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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72
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Camerini-Otero RD, Datta A, Franklin RM. Structure and synthesis of a lipid-containing bacteriophage. XI. Studies on the structural glycoprotein of the virus particle. Virology 1972; 49:522-36. [PMID: 5053103 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(72)90504-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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73
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74
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Doerfler W, Lundholm U, Hirsch-Kauffmann M. Intracellular forms of adenovirus deoxyribonucleic acid. I. Evidence for a deoxyribonucleic acid-protein complex in baby hamster kidney cells infected with adenovirus type 12. J Virol 1972; 9:297-308. [PMID: 5062681 PMCID: PMC356297 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.9.2.297-308.1972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The total intracellular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) from baby hamster kidney cells abortively infected with (3)H-adenovirus type 12 was analyzed in dye-buoyant density gradients. Between 10 and 20% of the cell-associated radioactivity derived from viral DNA bands in a density position which is 0.043 to 0.085 g/cm(3) higher than that of viral DNA extracted from purified virions. The DNA in the high-density region (HP-fraction) is almost completely absent when DNA, ribonucleic acid (RNA) or protein synthesis is chemically inhibited in separate experiments. The HP-fraction is not found when the virus does not adsorb to and enter the cell. The DNA in the HP-fraction appears as early as 2 hr after inoculation. At 2 hr after infection, the HP-fraction is present both in the nucleus and the cytoplasm. This DNA hybridizes exclusively with viral DNA and sediments at approximately the same rate in both neutral and alkaline sucrose density gradients. Electron microscopy has revealed no circular DNA molecules in this fraction. Evidence indicates that the viral DNA in the HP-fraction exists in a complex with protein and possibly RNA. The protein component of the complex is resistant to enzymatic digestion, whereas the complex is susceptible to ribonuclease treatment. Digestion with deoxyribonuclease reduces the amount of DNA found in the HP-fraction. The structure and biological function of this complex are currently being investigated.
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75
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76
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77
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Lazarowitz SG, Compans RW, Choppin PW. Influenza virus structural and nonstructural proteins in infected cells and their plasma membranes. Virology 1971; 46:830-43. [PMID: 5167660 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90084-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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78
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79
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McSharry JJ, Compans RW, Choppin PW. Proteins of vesicular stomatitis virus and of phenotypically mixed vesicular stomatitis virus-simian virus 5 virions. J Virol 1971; 8:722-9. [PMID: 4108932 PMCID: PMC376253 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.8.5.722-729.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The identity of the glycoprotein of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) as the spike protein has been confirmed by the removal of the spikes with a protease from Streptomyces griseus, leaving bullet-shaped particles bounded by a smooth membrane. This treatment removes the glycoprotein but does not affect the other virion proteins, apparently because they are protected from the enzyme by the lipids in the viral membrane. The proteins of phenotypically mixed, bullet-shaped virions produced by cells mixedly infected with VSV and the parainfluenza virus simian virus 5 (SV5) have been analyzed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These virions contain all the VSV proteins plus the two SV5 spike proteins, both of which are glycoproteins. The finding of the SV5 spike glycoproteins on virions with the typical morphology of VSV indicates that there is not a stringent requirement that only the VSV glycoprotein can be used to form the bullet-shaped virion. On the other hand, the SV5 nucleocapsid protein and the major non-spike protein of the SV5 envelope were not detected in the phenotypically mixed virions, and this suggests that a specific interaction between the VSV nucleocapsid and regions of the cell membrane which contain the nonglycosylated VSV envelope protein is necessary for assembly of the bullet-shaped virion.
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80
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Garon CF, Moss B. Glycoprotein synthesis in cells infected with vaccinia virus. II. A glycoprotein component of the virion. Virology 1971; 46:233-46. [PMID: 5167067 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(71)90026-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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81
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Landsberger FR, Lenard J, Paxton J, Compans RW. Spin-labeled electron spin resonance study of the lipid-containing membrane of influenza virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1971; 68:2579-83. [PMID: 4332817 PMCID: PMC389472 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.68.10.2579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The organization of the lipid-containing membrane of influenza virus has been studied by the use of three different lipid spin labels, and the results are compared with a parallel study on human erythrocyte ghosts. The lipid phase of the viral membrane is slightly more rigid than that of the erythrocyte ghosts. The data suggest that the viral lipid is arranged in a bilayer. The data suggest that the viral lipid is arranged in a bilayer. The glycoprotein spikes covering the viral membrane were specifically removed by proteases, and no alteration in the environment of any of the three spin labels was detected. This suggests that the spikes are not involved in determining the organization of the lipid bilayer.
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82
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Oram JD, Ellwood DC, Appleyard G, Stanley JL. Agglutination of an arbovirus by concanavalin A. NATURE: NEW BIOLOGY 1971; 233:50-1. [PMID: 5286356 DOI: 10.1038/newbio233050a0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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83
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Abstract
Analysis by gas-liquid chromatography of the trimethylsilylated sugar residues of purified vesicular stomatitis virus grown in L cells or chick embryo cells revealed the presence in the whole virion of four hexoses (glucose, galactose, mannose, and fucose), two hexosamines (glucosamine and galactosamine), and 34 to 40% neuraminic acid. The isolated viral glycoprotein was devoid of galactosamine and fucose, both of which sugars were present in whole virions presumably as part of the membrane glycolipids.
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84
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Klenk HD, Choppin PW. Glycolipid content of vesicular stomatitis virus grown in baby hamster kidney cells. J Virol 1971; 7:416-7. [PMID: 4323715 PMCID: PMC356134 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.7.3.416-417.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Vesicular stomatitis virions grown in baby hamster kidney (BHK-21-F) cells were found to contain hematoside (neuraminosyl-galactosyl-glucosyl-ceramide). This ganglioside, which was the only detectable glycolipid in the virion, is also the only glycolipid found in significant amount in BHK-21-F cells. Approximately 87% of the total neuraminic acid in the virion was found to be linked to protein and 13% to lipid.
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85
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Mountcastle WE, Compans RW, Choppin PW. Proteins and glycoproteins of paramyxoviruses: a comparison of simian virus 5, Newcastle disease virus, and Sendai virus. J Virol 1971; 7:47-52. [PMID: 5101090 PMCID: PMC356076 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.7.1.47-52.1971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The polypeptides of three paramyxoviruses (simian virus 5, Newcastle disease virus, and Sendai virus) were separated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Glycoproteins were identified by the use of radioactive glucosamine as a carbohydrate precursor. The protein patterns reveal similarities among the three viruses. Each virus contains at least five or six proteins, two of which are glycoproteins. Four of the proteins found in each virus share common features with corresponding proteins in the other two viruses, including similar molecular weights. These four proteins are the nucleocapsid protein (molecular weight 56,000 to 61,000), a larger glycoprotein (molecular weight 65,000 to 74,000), a smaller glycoprotein (molecular weight 53,000 to 56,000), and a major protein which is the smallest protein in each virion (molecular weight 38,000 to 41,000).
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86
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McEwen BS, Forman DS, Grafstein B. Components of fast and slow axonal transport in the goldfish optic nerve. JOURNAL OF NEUROBIOLOGY 1971; 2:361-77. [PMID: 4109251 DOI: 10.1002/neu.480020408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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87
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Klenk HD, Compans RW, Choppin WP. An electron microscopic study of the presence or absence of neuraminic acid in enveloped viruses. Virology 1970; 42:1158-62. [PMID: 4099081 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90368-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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88
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Compans RW, Klenk HD, Caliguiri LA, Choppin PW. Influenza virus proteins. I. Analysis of polypeptides of the virion and identification of spike glycoproteins. Virology 1970; 42:880-9. [PMID: 4099085 DOI: 10.1016/0042-6822(70)90337-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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