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Rattanaporn P, Tongsima S, Mandrup-Poulsen T, Svasti S, Tanyong D. Combination of ferric ammonium citrate with cytokines involved in apoptosis and insulin secretion of human pancreatic beta cells related to diabetes in thalassemia. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9298. [PMID: 32587797 PMCID: PMC7304432 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common complication found in β-thalassemia patients. The mechanism of DM in β-thalassemia patients is still unclear, but it could be from an iron overload and increase of some cytokines, such as interleukin1-β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The objective of this study was to study the effect of interaction between ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) and cytokines, IL-1β and TNF-α, on 1.1B4 human pancreatic β-cell line. Methods The effect of the combination of FAC and cytokines on cell viability was studied by MTT assay. Insulin secretion was assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell apoptosis in normal and high glucose condition were determined by flow cytometer. In addition, gene expression of apoptosis, antioxidant; glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), and insulin secretory function were studied by real-time polymerase chain reaction (Real-time PCR). Results The findings revealed that FAC exposure resulted in the decrease of cell viability and insulin-release, and the induction of ROS and apoptosis in pancreatic cells. Interestingly, a combination of FAC and cytokines had an additive effect on SOD2 antioxidants' genes expression and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. In addition, it reduced the insulin secretion genes expression; insulin (INS), glucose kinase (GCK), protein convertase 1 (PSCK1), and protein convertase 2 (PSCK2). Moreover, the highest ROS and the lowest insulin secretion were found in FAC combined with IL-1β and TNF-α in the high-glucose condition of human pancreatic beta cell, which could be involved in the mechanism of DM development in β-thalassemia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patchara Rattanaporn
- Department of Clinical Microscopic, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sissades Tongsima
- National Biobank of Thailand, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand.,National Center for Genetics Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Thomas Mandrup-Poulsen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saovaros Svasti
- Thalassemia Research Center, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand.,Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Dalina Tanyong
- Department of Clinical Microscopic, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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52
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Rachdaoui N. Insulin: The Friend and the Foe in the Development of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051770. [PMID: 32150819 PMCID: PMC7084909 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin, a hormone produced by pancreatic β-cells, has a primary function of maintaining glucose homeostasis. Deficiencies in β-cell insulin secretion result in the development of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, metabolic disorders characterized by high levels of blood glucose. Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by the presence of peripheral insulin resistance in tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver and develops when β-cells fail to compensate for the peripheral insulin resistance. Insulin resistance triggers a rise in insulin demand and leads to β-cell compensation by increasing both β-cell mass and insulin secretion and leads to the development of hyperinsulinemia. In a vicious cycle, hyperinsulinemia exacerbates the metabolic dysregulations that lead to β-cell failure and the development of T2DM. Insulin and IGF-1 signaling pathways play critical roles in maintaining the differentiated phenotype of β-cells. The autocrine actions of secreted insulin on β-cells is still controversial; work by us and others has shown positive and negative actions by insulin on β-cells. We discuss findings that support the concept of an autocrine action of secreted insulin on β-cells. The hypothesis of whether, during the development of T2DM, secreted insulin initially acts as a friend and contributes to β-cell compensation and then, at a later stage, becomes a foe and contributes to β-cell decompensation will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Rachdaoui
- Department of Animal Sciences, Room 108, Foran Hall, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 59 Dudley Rd, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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53
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Incani A, Marras L, Serreli G, Ingianni A, Pompei R, Deiana M, Angius F. Human Herpesvirus 8 infection may contribute to oxidative stress in diabetes type 2 patients. BMC Res Notes 2020; 13:75. [PMID: 32054515 PMCID: PMC7020602 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-020-4935-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the link between Human Herpesvirus 8 (HHV8) infection and plasma oxidative stress in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2). RESULTS Blood samples collected from DM2 and control subjects were screened for the presence of antibodies against HHV8 and for biomarkers of oxidative stress. We determined the products of radical damage on the plasma lipid fraction, such as malondialdehyde (MDA), fatty acid hydroperoxides (HP) and 7-ketocholesterol (7-keto), the oxidation products of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA) and cholesterol, respectively. The level of plasma antioxidant α-tocopherol (α-toc) was also assessed. Relevant differences were observed in the redox status in DM2 and either HHV8-positive or -negative control subjects. The level of α-toc significantly decreased in both DM2 and HHV8-positive subjects. Levels of MDA, HP and 7-keto were much higher in HHV8-positive and DM2 subjects, indicating that plasma oxidative stress is a common feature in both DM2 and HHV8-infection. In addition, 7-keto was further increased in HHV8-positive DM2 patients. We hypothesized that the HHV8-infection may contribute to the production of ROS, and hence to the oxidative stress closely related to the pathogenesis and development of DM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Incani
- Unit of Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Luisa Marras
- Section of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gabriele Serreli
- Unit of Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angela Ingianni
- Section of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Raffaello Pompei
- Section of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Monica Deiana
- Unit of Experimental Pathology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Fabrizio Angius
- Section of Applied Microbiology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy.
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54
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Manandhar B, Cochran BJ, Rye KA. Role of High-Density Lipoproteins in Cholesterol Homeostasis and Glycemic Control. J Am Heart Assoc 2019; 9:e013531. [PMID: 31888429 PMCID: PMC6988162 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.119.013531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Manandhar
- Lipid Research Group School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Blake J Cochran
- Lipid Research Group School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
| | - Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group School of Medical Sciences Faculty of Medicine University of New South Wales Sydney New South Wales Australia
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55
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Suagee-Bedore JK, Linden DR, Bennett-Wimbush K, Splan RK. Feeding Grass Hay Before Concentrate Mitigates the Effect of Grain-Based Concentrates on Postprandial Plasma Interleukin-1β. J Equine Vet Sci 2019; 86:102899. [PMID: 32067663 DOI: 10.1016/j.jevs.2019.102899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 12/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
When fed to horses, high-starch diets elevate plasma concentrations of interleukin-1β (IL-1β) as soon as 1 hour posteating. This increase in IL-β is possibly because of changes in intestinal pH that result from rapid bacterial fermentation of starches and sugars in the digestive tract. The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of feeding 0.9 kg of grass hay 30 minutes before feeding a concentrate meal on the postprandial rise in IL-1β, compared with control horses receiving the same concentrate without hay first. Six mature geldings were used in a switchback design. Horses were fasted overnight before being offered a concentrate feed that provided 1.2 g/kg bodyweight of nonstructural carbohydrates. Plasma was harvested 30 minutes before hay feeding and 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours postfeeding. Concentrations of IL-1β and d-lactate were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance. The hay-first treatment reduced (P = .034) postprandial concentrations of IL-1β at all time points compared with the control horses. An interaction between hour and treatment was detected for mean d-lactate concentrations (P = .037), with lower concentrations in hay-first fed horses at postfeeding hours 1, 2, and 4, compared with control horses. Given these findings, we believe that feeding a small amount of hay before feeding a meal of moderate starch and sugar content reduced the negative effects of rapid starch and sugar fermentation in the equine digestive tract, evidenced by reduced postprandial d-lactate and IL-1β concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R Linden
- Agricultural Technical Institute, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH
| | | | - Rebecca K Splan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Middleburg, VA
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Ježek P, Jabůrek M, Plecitá-Hlavatá L. Contribution of Oxidative Stress and Impaired Biogenesis of Pancreatic β-Cells to Type 2 Diabetes. Antioxid Redox Signal 2019; 31:722-751. [PMID: 30450940 PMCID: PMC6708273 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2018.7656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Significance: Type 2 diabetes development involves multiple changes in β-cells, related to the oxidative stress and impaired redox signaling, beginning frequently by sustained overfeeding due to the resulting lipotoxicity and glucotoxicity. Uncovering relationships among the dysregulated metabolism, impaired β-cell "well-being," biogenesis, or cross talk with peripheral insulin resistance is required for elucidation of type 2 diabetes etiology. Recent Advances: It has been recognized that the oxidative stress, lipotoxicity, and glucotoxicity cannot be separated from numerous other cell pathology events, such as the attempted compensation of β-cell for the increased insulin demand and dynamics of β-cell biogenesis and its "reversal" at dedifferentiation, that is, from the concomitantly decreasing islet β-cell mass (also due to transdifferentiation) and low-grade islet or systemic inflammation. Critical Issues: At prediabetes, the compensation responses of β-cells, attempting to delay the pathology progression-when exaggerated-set a new state, in which a self-checking redox signaling related to the expression of Ins gene expression is impaired. The resulting altered redox signaling, diminished insulin secretion responses to various secretagogues including glucose, may lead to excretion of cytokines or chemokines by β-cells or excretion of endosomes. They could substantiate putative stress signals to the periphery. Subsequent changes and lasting glucolipotoxicity promote islet inflammatory responses and further pathology spiral. Future Directions: Should bring an understanding of the β-cell self-checking and related redox signaling, including the putative stress signal to periphery. Strategies to cure or prevent type 2 diabetes could be based on the substitution of the "wrong" signal by the "correct" self-checking signal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Ježek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Jabůrek
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lydie Plecitá-Hlavatá
- Department of Mitochondrial Physiology, Institute of Physiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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Donath MY, Dinarello CA, Mandrup-Poulsen T. Targeting innate immune mediators in type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Nat Rev Immunol 2019; 19:734-746. [PMID: 31501536 DOI: 10.1038/s41577-019-0213-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are characterized by chronic inflammation; both diseases involve pancreatic islet inflammation, while systemic low-grade inflammation is a feature of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Long-term activation of the innate immune system impairs insulin secretion and action, and inflammation also contributes to macrovascular and microvascular complications of diabetes. However, despite strong preclinical evidence and proof-of-principle clinical trials demonstrating that targeting inflammatory pathways can prevent cardiovascular disease and other complications in patients with diabetes, there are still no approved treatments for diabetes that target innate immune mediators. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of the inflammatory pathogenesis of type 1 and type 2 diabetes from a translational angle and point out the critical gaps in knowledge that need to be addressed to guide drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Y Donath
- Clinic of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. .,Department of Biomedicine, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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58
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Ruscitti P, Masedu F, Alvaro S, Airò P, Battafarano N, Cantarini L, Cantatore FP, Carlino G, D'Abrosca V, Frassi M, Frediani B, Iacono D, Liakouli V, Maggio R, Mulè R, Pantano I, Prevete I, Sinigaglia L, Valenti M, Viapiana O, Cipriani P, Giacomelli R. Anti-interleukin-1 treatment in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and type 2 diabetes (TRACK): A multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002901. [PMID: 31513665 PMCID: PMC6742232 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory contribution to type 2 diabetes (T2D) has suggested new therapeutic targets using biologic drugs designed for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). On this basis, we aimed at investigating whether interleukin-1 (IL-1) inhibition with anakinra, a recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist, could improve both glycaemic and inflammatory parameters in participants with RA and T2D compared with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitors (TNFis). METHODS AND FINDINGS This study, designed as a multicentre, open-label, randomised controlled trial, enrolled participants, followed up for 6 months, with RA and T2D in 12 Italian rheumatologic units between 2013 and 2016. Participants were randomised to anakinra or to a TNFi (i.e., adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, infliximab, or golimumab), and the primary end point was the change in percentage of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c%) (EudraCT: 2012-005370-62 ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT02236481). In total, 41 participants with RA and T2D were randomised, and 39 eligible participants were treated (age 62.72 ± 9.97 years, 74.4% female sex). The majority of participants had seropositive RA disease (rheumatoid factor and/or anticyclic citrullinated peptide antibody [ACPA] 70.2%) with active disease (Disease Activity Score-28 [DAS28]: 5.54 ± 1.03; C-reactive protein 11.84 ± 9.67 mg/L, respectively). All participants had T2D (HbA1c%: 7.77 ± 0.70, fasting plasma glucose: 139.13 ± 42.17 mg). When all the enrolled participants reached 6 months of follow-up, the important crude difference in the main end point, confirmed by an unplanned ad interim analysis showing the significant effects of anakinra, which were not observed in the other group, led to the study being stopped for early benefit. Participants in the anakinra group had a significant reduction of HbA1c%, in an unadjusted linear mixed model, after 3 months (β: -0.85, p < 0.001, 95% CI -1.28 to -0.42) and 6 months (β: -1.05, p < 0.001, 95% CI -1.50 to -0.59). Similar results were observed adjusting the model for relevant RA and T2D clinical confounders (male sex, age, ACPA positivity, use of corticosteroids, RA duration, T2D duration, use of oral antidiabetic drug, body mass index [BMI]) after 3 months (β: -1.04, p < 0.001, 95% CI -1.52 to -0.55) and 6 months (β: -1.24, p < 0.001, 95% CI -1.75 to -0.72). Participants in the TNFi group had a nonsignificant slight decrease of HbA1c%. Assuming the success threshold to be HbA1c% ≤ 7, we considered an absolute risk reduction (ARR) = 0.42 (experimental event rate = 0.54, control event rate = 0.12); thus, we estimated, rounding up, a number needed to treat (NNT) = 3. Concerning RA, a progressive reduction of disease activity was observed in both groups. No severe adverse events, hypoglycaemic episodes, or deaths were observed. Urticarial lesions at the injection site led to discontinuation in 4 (18%) anakinra-treated participants. Additionally, we observed nonsevere infections, including influenza, nasopharyngitis, upper respiratory tract infection, urinary tract infection, and diarrhoea in both groups. Our study has some limitations, including open-label design and previously unplanned ad interim analysis, small size, lack of some laboratory evaluations, and ongoing use of other drugs. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed an apparent benefit of IL-1 inhibition in participants with RA and T2D, reaching the therapeutic targets of both diseases. Our results suggest the concept that IL-1 inhibition may be considered a targeted treatment for RA and T2D. TRIAL REGISTRATION The trial is registered with EU Clinical Trials Register, EudraCT Number: 2012-005370-62 and with ClinicalTrial.gov, number NCT02236481.
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MESH Headings
- Aged
- Antirheumatic Agents/adverse effects
- Antirheumatic Agents/therapeutic use
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/blood
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/diagnosis
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/drug therapy
- Arthritis, Rheumatoid/immunology
- Biomarkers/blood
- Blood Glucose/drug effects
- Blood Glucose/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/blood
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/diagnosis
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/drug therapy
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/immunology
- Female
- Glycated Hemoglobin/metabolism
- Humans
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/adverse effects
- Interleukin 1 Receptor Antagonist Protein/therapeutic use
- Italy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, Interleukin-1/immunology
- Time Factors
- Treatment Outcome
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors/adverse effects
- Tumor Necrosis Factor Inhibitors/therapeutic use
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Affiliation(s)
- Piero Ruscitti
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Francesco Masedu
- Division of Medical Statistics, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Saverio Alvaro
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Paolo Airò
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - Luca Cantarini
- Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease and Rheumatology-Ophthalmology Collaborative Uveitis Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Cantatore
- Rheumatology Clinic, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia Medical School, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giorgio Carlino
- Rheumatology Service, ASL Lecce—DSS Casarano and Gallipoli (LE), Casarano (LE), Italy
| | - Virginia D'Abrosca
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Micol Frassi
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Bruno Frediani
- Research Center of Systemic Autoinflammatory Diseases and Behçet's Disease and Rheumatology-Ophthalmology Collaborative Uveitis Center, Department of Medical Sciences, Surgery and Neurosciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Daniela Iacono
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Vasiliki Liakouli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberta Maggio
- Rheumatology Service, ASL Lecce—DSS Casarano and Gallipoli (LE), Casarano (LE), Italy
| | - Rita Mulè
- Rheumatology Unit, S.Orsola-Malpighi Teaching Hospital, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pantano
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Precision Medicine, University of Campania ‘Luigi Vanvitelli’, Naples, Italy
| | - Immacolata Prevete
- Rheumatology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera San Camillo-Forlanini, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Sinigaglia
- Department of Rheumatology, Gaetano Pini Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Valenti
- Division of Medical Statistics, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Science, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Ombretta Viapiana
- Rheumatology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Cipriani
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - Roberto Giacomelli
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Biotechnological and Applied Clinical Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
- * E-mail:
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Ward DB, Brown KC, Valentovic MA. Radiocontrast Agent Diatrizoic Acid Induces Mitophagy and Oxidative Stress via Calcium Dysregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20174074. [PMID: 31438500 PMCID: PMC6747199 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20174074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 08/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is the third most common cause of hospital associated kidney damage. Potential mechanisms of CI-AKI may involve diminished renal hemodynamics, inflammatory responses, and direct cytotoxicity. The hypothesis for this study is that diatrizoic acid (DA) induces direct cytotoxicity to human proximal tubule (HK-2) cells via calcium dysregulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. HK-2 cells were exposed to 0–30 mg I/mL DA or vehicle for 2–24 h. Conversion of 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and trypan blue exclusion indicated a decrease in mitochondrial and cell viability within 2 and 24 h, respectively. Mitochondrial dysfunction was apparent within 8 h post exposure to 15 mg I/mL DA as shown by Seahorse XF cell mito and Glycolysis Stress tests. Mitophagy was increased at 8 h by 15 mg I/mL DA as confirmed by elevated LC3BII/I expression ratio. HK-2 cells pretreated with calcium level modulators BAPTA-AM, EGTA, or 2-aminophenyl borinate abrogated DA-induced mitochondrial damage. DA increased oxidative stress biomarkers of protein carbonylation and 4-hydroxynonenol (4HNE) adduct formation. Caspase 3 and 12 activation was induced by DA compared to vehicle at 24 h. These studies indicate that clinically relevant concentrations of DA impair HK-2 cells by dysregulating calcium, inducing mitochondrial turnover and oxidative stress, and activating apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota B Ward
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Kathleen C Brown
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA
| | - Monica A Valentovic
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Toxicology Research Cluster, Joan C. Edwards School of Medicine, Marshall University, 1 Marshall Drive, Huntington, WV 25755, USA.
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Dhuriya YK, Sharma D, Naik AA. Cellular demolition: Proteins as molecular players of programmed cell death. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 138:492-503. [PMID: 31330212 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.07.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, a well-characterized and regulated cell death programme in eukaryotes plays a fundamental role in developing or later-life periods to dispose of unwanted cells to maintain typical tissue architecture, homeostasis in a spatiotemporal manner. This silent cellular death occurs without affecting any neighboring cells/tissue and avoids triggering of immunological response. Furthermore, diminished forms of apoptosis result in cancer and autoimmune diseases, whereas unregulated apoptosis may also lead to the development of a myriad of neurodegenerative diseases. Unraveling the mechanistic events in depth will provide new insights into understanding physiological control of apoptosis, pathological consequences of abnormal apoptosis and development of novel therapeutics for diseases. Here we provide a brief overview of molecular players of programmed cell death with discussion on the role of caspases, modifications, ubiquitylation in apoptosis, removal of the apoptotic body and its relevance to diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Kumar Dhuriya
- Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhawan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226 001, India
| | - Divakar Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National JALMA Institute for Leprosy and Other Mycobacterial Diseases, Tajganj, Agra, India; Interdisciplinary Biotechnology Unit, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh 202002, India.
| | - Aijaz A Naik
- Neurology, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville 22908, United States of America
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Yu CG, Fu Y, Fang Y, Zhang N, Sun RX, Zhao D, Feng YM, Zhang BY. Fighting Type-2 Diabetes: Present and Future Perspectives. Curr Med Chem 2019; 26:1891-1907. [PMID: 28990512 DOI: 10.2174/0929867324666171009115356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Type-2 diabetes mellitus accounts for 80-90% of diabetic patients. So far, the treatment of diabetes mainly aims at elevating insulin level and lowering glucose level in the peripheral blood and mitigating insulin resistance. Physiologically, insulin secretion from pancreatic β cells is delicately regulated. Thus, how insulin-related therapies could titrate blood glucose appropriately and avoid the occurrence of hypoglycemia remains an important issue for decades. Similar question is addressed on how to attenuate vascular complication in diabetic subjects. METHODS We overviewed the evolution of each class of anti-diabetic drugs that have been used in clinical practice, focusing on their mechanisms, clinical results and cautions. RESULTS Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists stimulate β cells for insulin secretion in response to diet but not in fasting stage, which make them superior than conventional insulinsecretion stimulators. DPP-4 inhibitors suppress glucagon-like peptide-1 degradation. Sodium/ glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors enhance glucose clearance through urine excretion. The appearance of these new drugs provides new information about glycemic control. We update the clinical findings of Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors and Sodium/glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors in glycemic control and the risk or progression of cardiovascular disease in diabetic patients. Stem cell therapy might be an alternative tool for diabetic patients to improve β cell regeneration and peripheral ischemia. We summarize the clinical results of mesenchymal stem cells transplanted into patients with diabetic limb and foot. CONCLUSION A stepwise intensification of dual and triple therapy for individual diabetic patient is required to achieve therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Guo Yu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Ying Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Yuan Fang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Rong-Xin Sun
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Dong Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Ying-Mei Feng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
| | - Bao-Yu Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diabetic Prevention and Research, Department of Endocrinology, Lu He hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100149, China
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Miller MW. p53-Mediated Activities in NS-5 Neural Stem Cells: Effects of Ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2019; 43:655-667. [PMID: 30748015 DOI: 10.1111/acer.13976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transforming growth factor (TGF) β1 and ethanol (EtOH) powerfully inhibit the proliferation, DNA repair, and survival of neural stem cells (NSCs). The present study tests the hypothesis that the EtOH-induced DNA damage response is mediated through p53 pathways and influenced by growth factor signals. METHODS Cultures of nonimmortalized NSCs, NS-5 cells, were transfected with p53 siRNA, exposed to either the mitogenic fibroblast growth factor (FGF) 2 or antimitogenic TGFβ1, and to EtOH. Stage-specific cellular and genomic responses were examined. RESULTS p53 status, EtOH exposure, and growth factor significantly affected the expression of transcripts related to the DNA damage response (including those coding for excision repair proteins), mitotic promoters, and regulators of cell death via the tumor necrosis factor pathway. There were significant compensatory increases in p53 family members, p63 and p73, notably in regard to the regulation of cell cycle restriction and apoptosis. Treatment with p53 siRNA potentiated EtOH- and TGFβ1-induced changes in the numbers of proliferating NSCs and increased the proportion of NSCs expressing the apoptotic marker annexin V. CONCLUSIONS Thus, it appears that EtOH and TGFβ1 affect proliferation, DNA repair, and survival of NSCs via p53-mediated activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael W Miller
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, State University of New York-Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York.,Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine, Middletown, New York.,Research Service, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Syracuse, New York
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Mohan S, Moffett RC, Thomas KG, Irwin N, Flatt PR. Vasopressin receptors in islets enhance glucose tolerance, pancreatic beta-cell secretory function, proliferation and survival. Biochimie 2019; 158:191-198. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Leslie KA, Russell MA, Taniguchi K, Richardson SJ, Morgan NG. The transcription factor STAT6 plays a critical role in promoting beta cell viability and is depleted in islets of individuals with type 1 diabetes. Diabetologia 2019; 62:87-98. [PMID: 30338340 PMCID: PMC6290857 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4750-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS In type 1 diabetes, selective beta cell loss occurs within the inflamed milieu of insulitic islets. This milieu is generated via the enhanced secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and by the loss of anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-4 and IL-13. While the actions of proinflammatory cytokines have been well-studied in beta cells, the effects of their anti-inflammatory counterparts have received relatively little attention and we have addressed this. METHODS Clonal beta cells, isolated human islets and pancreas sections from control individuals and those with type 1 diabetes were employed. Gene expression was measured using targeted gene arrays and by quantitative RT-PCR. Protein expression was monitored in cell extracts by western blotting and in tissue sections by immunocytochemistry. Target proteins were knocked down selectively with interference RNA. RESULTS Cytoprotection achieved with IL-4 and IL-13 is mediated by the early activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 (STAT6) in beta cells, leading to the upregulation of anti-apoptotic proteins, including myeloid leukaemia-1 (MCL-1) and B cell lymphoma-extra large (BCLXL). We also report the induction of signal regulatory protein-α (SIRPα), and find that knockdown of SIRPα is associated with reduced beta cell viability. These anti-apoptotic proteins and their attendant cytoprotective effects are lost following siRNA-mediated knockdown of STAT6 in beta cells. Importantly, analysis of human pancreas sections revealed that STAT6 is markedly depleted in the beta cells of individuals with type 1 diabetes, implying the loss of cytoprotective responses. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION Selective loss of STAT6 may contribute to beta cell demise during the progression of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyven A Leslie
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Mark A Russell
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
| | - Kazuto Taniguchi
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Sarah J Richardson
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK
| | - Noel G Morgan
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, RILD Building (Level 4), Barrack Road, Exeter, EX2 5DW, UK.
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Ghiasi SM, Krogh N, Tyrberg B, Mandrup-Poulsen T. The No-Go and Nonsense-Mediated RNA Decay Pathways Are Regulated by Inflammatory Cytokines in Insulin-Producing Cells and Human Islets and Determine β-Cell Insulin Biosynthesis and Survival. Diabetes 2018; 67:2019-2037. [PMID: 30065031 DOI: 10.2337/db18-0073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stress-related changes in β-cell mRNA levels result from a balance between gene transcription and mRNA decay. The regulation of RNA decay pathways has not been investigated in pancreatic β-cells. We found that no-go and nonsense-mediated RNA decay pathway components (RDPCs) and exoribonuclease complexes were expressed in INS-1 cells and human islets. Pelo, Dcp2, Dis3L2, Upf2, and Smg1/5/6/7 were upregulated by inflammatory cytokines in INS-1 cells under conditions where central β-cell mRNAs were downregulated. These changes in RDPC mRNA or corresponding protein levels were largely confirmed in INS-1 cells and rat/human islets. Cytokine-induced upregulation of Pelo, Xrn1, Dis3L2, Upf2, and Smg1/6 was reduced by inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibition, as were endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inhibition of Ins1/2 mRNA, and accumulated insulin secretion. Reactive oxygen species inhibition or iron chelation did not affect RDPC expression. Pelo or Xrn1 knockdown (KD) aggravated, whereas Smg6 KD ameliorated, cytokine-induced INS-1 cell death without affecting ER stress; both increased insulin biosynthesis and medium accumulation but not glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in cytokine-exposed INS-1 cells. In conclusion, RDPCs are regulated by inflammatory stress in β-cells. RDPC KD improved insulin biosynthesis, likely by preventing Ins1/2 mRNA clearance. Pelo/Xrn1 KD aggravated, but Smg6 KD ameliorated, cytokine-mediated β-cell death, possibly through prevention of proapoptotic and antiapoptotic mRNA degradation, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mojtaba Ghiasi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nicolai Krogh
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Björn Tyrberg
- Translational Science; Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism; and IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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MicroRNAs and histone deacetylase inhibition-mediated protection against inflammatory β-cell damage. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203713. [PMID: 30260972 PMCID: PMC6160007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory β-cell failure contributes to type 1 and type 2 diabetes pathogenesis. Pro-inflammatory cytokines cause β-cell dysfunction and apoptosis, and lysine deacetylase inhibitors (KDACi) prevent β-cell failure in vitro and in vivo, in part by reducing NF-κB transcriptional activity. We investigated the hypothesis that the protective effect of KDACi involves transcriptional regulation of microRNAs (miRs), potential new targets in diabetes treatment. Insulin-producing INS1 cells were cultured with or without the broad-spectrum KDACi Givinostat, prior to exposure to the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IFN-γ for 6 h or 24 h, and miR expression was profiled with miR array. Thirteen miRs (miR-7a-2-3p, miR-29c-3p, miR-96-5p, miR-101a-3p, miR-140-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-340-5p, miR-384-5p, miR-455-5p, miR-466b-2-3p, miR-652-5p, and miR-3584-5p) were regulated by both cytokines and Givinostat, and nine were examined by qRT-PCR. miR-146a-5p was strongly regulated by cytokines and KDACi and was analyzed further. miR-146a-5p expression was induced by cytokines in rat and human islets. Cytokine-induced miR-146a-5p expression was specific for INS1 and β-TC3 cells, whereas α-TC1 cells exhibited a higher basal expression. Transfection of INS1 cells with miR-146a-5p reduced cytokine signaling, including the activity of NF-κB and iNOS promoters, as well as NO production and protein levels of iNOS and its own direct targets TNF receptor associated factor 6 (TRAF6) and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase 1 (IRAK1). miR-146a-5p was elevated in the pancreas of diabetes-prone BB-DP rats at diabetes onset, suggesting that miR-146a-5p could play a role in type 1 diabetes development. The miR array of cytokine-exposed INS1 cells rescued by KDACi revealed several other miRs potentially involved in cytokine-induced β-cell apoptosis, demonstrating the strength of this approach.
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Reddy S, Krogvold L, Martin C, Holland R, Choi J, Woo H, Wu F, Dahl-Jørgensen K. Distribution of IL-1β immunoreactive cells in pancreatic biopsies from living volunteers with new-onset type 1 diabetes: comparison with donors without diabetes and with longer duration of disease. Diabetologia 2018; 61:1362-1373. [PMID: 29589071 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-018-4600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Although IL-1β is considered a key mediator of beta cell destruction, its cellular expression in islets during early type 1 diabetes remains unclear. We compared its expression in rare pancreatic biopsies from new-onset living volunteers with its expression in cadaveric pancreas sections from non-diabetic autoantibody-positive and -negative individuals and those with long-standing disease. METHODS Pancreatic biopsy sections from six new-onset living volunteers (group 1) and cadaveric sections from 13 non-diabetic autoantibody-negative donors (group 2), four non-diabetic autoantibody-positive donors (group 3) and nine donors with diabetes of longer duration (0.25-12 years of disease; group 4) were triple-immunostained for IL-1β, insulin and glucagon. Intra- and peri-islet IL-1β-positive cells in insulin-positive and -negative islets and in random exocrine fields were enumerated. RESULTS The mean number of IL-1β-positive cells per islet from each donor in peri- and intra-islet regions was <1.25 and <0.5, respectively. In all study groups, the percentage of islets with IL-1β cells in peri- and/or intra-islet regions was highly variable and ranged from 4.48% to 17.59% in group 1, 1.42% to 44.26% in group 2, 7.93% to 17.53% in group 3 and 3.85% to 42.86% in group 4, except in a single case where the value was 75%. In 25/32 donors, a higher percentage of islets showed IL-1β-positive cells in peri-islet than in intra-islet regions. In sections from diabetic donors (groups 1 and 4), a higher mean number of IL-1β-positive cells occurred in insulin-positive islets than in insulin-negative islets. In group 2, 70-90% of islets in 3/13 sections had weak-to-moderate IL-1β staining in alpha cells but staining was virtually absent or substantially reduced in the remaining groups. The mean number of exocrine IL-1β-positive cells in group 1 was lower than in the other groups. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION At onset of type 1 diabetes, the low number of islet-associated IL-1β-positive cells may be insufficient to elicit beta cell destruction. The variable expression in alpha cells in groups 2-4 suggests their cellular heterogeneity and probable physiological role. The significance of a higher but variable number of exocrine IL-1β-positive cells seen in non-diabetic individuals and those with long-term type 1 diabetes remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Reddy
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Lars Krogvold
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Charlton Martin
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca Holland
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jaimin Choi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Hannah Woo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Pathology, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Fiona Wu
- Diabetes Unit, Auckland District Health Board, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Knut Dahl-Jørgensen
- Division of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Alonso CAI, Osycka-Salut CE, Castellano L, Cesari A, Di Siervi N, Mutto A, Johannisson A, Morrell JM, Davio C, Perez-Martinez S. Extracellular cAMP activates molecular signalling pathways associated with sperm capacitation in bovines. Mol Hum Reprod 2018; 23:521-534. [PMID: 28521061 DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gax030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is extracellular cAMP involved in the regulation of signalling pathways in bovine sperm capacitation? SUMMARY ANSWER Extracellular cAMP induces sperm capacitation through the activation of different signalling pathways that involve phospholipase C (PLC), PKC/ERK1-2 signalling and an increase in sperm Ca2+ levels, as well as soluble AC and cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA) signalling. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY In order to fertilize the oocyte, ejaculated spermatozoa must undergo a series of changes in the female reproductive tract, known as capacitation. This correlates with a number of membrane and metabolic modifications that include an increased influx of bicarbonate and Ca2+, activation of a soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) to produce cAMP, PKA activation, protein tyrosine phosphorylation and the development of hyperactivated motility. We previously reported that cAMP efflux by Multidrug Resistance Protein 4 (MRP4) occurs during sperm capacitation and the pharmacological blockade of this inhibits the process. Moreover, the supplementation of incubation media with cAMP abolishes the inhibition and leads to sperm capacitation, suggesting that extracellular cAMP regulates crucial signalling cascades involved in this process. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION Bovine sperm were selected by the wool glass column method, and washed by centrifugation in BSA-Free Tyrode's Albumin Lactate Pyruvate (sp-TALP). Pellets were resuspended then diluted for each treatment. For in vitro capacitation, 10 to 15 × 106 SPZ/ml were incubated in 0.3% BSA sp-TALP at 38.5°C for 45 min under different experimental conditions. To evaluate the role of extracellular cAMP on different events associated with sperm capacitation, 10 nM cAMP was added to the incubation medium as well as different inhibitors of enzymes associated with signalling transduction pathways: U73122 (PLC inhibitor, 10 μM), Gö6983 (PKC inhibitor, 10 μM), PD98059 (ERK-1/2 inhibitor, 30 μM), H89 and KT (PKA inhibitors, 50 μM and 100 nM, respectively), KH7 (sAC inhibitor, 10 μM), BAPTA-AM (intracellular Ca2+ chelator, 50 μM), EGTA (10 μM) and Probenecid (MRPs general inhibitor, 500 μM). In addition, assays for binding to oviductal epithelial cells and IVF were carried out to test the effect of cAMP compared with other known capacitant agents such as heparin (60 μg/ml) and bicarbonate (40 mM). PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Straws of frozen bovine semen (20-25 × 106 spermatozoa/ml) were kindly provided by Las Lilas, CIALE and CIAVT Artificial Insemination Centers. The methods used in this work include western blot, immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, computer-assisted semen analysis, live imaging of Ca2+ and fluorescence scanning. At least three independent assays with bull samples of proven fertility were carried. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE In the present study, we elucidate the molecular events induced by extracellular cAMP. Our results showed that external cAMP induces sperm capacitation, depending upon the action of PLC. Downstream, this enzyme increased ERK1-2 activation through PKC and elicited a rise in sperm Ca2+ levels (P < 0.01). Moreover, extracellular cAMP-induced capacitation also depended on the activity of sAC and PKA, and increased tyrosine phosphorylation, indicating that the nucleotide exerts a broad range of responses. In addition, extracellular cAMP-induced sperm hyperactivation and concomitantly increased the proportion of spermatozoa with high mitochondrial activity (P < 0.01). Finally, cAMP increased the in vitro fertilization rate compared to control conditions (P < 0.001). LARGE SCALE DATA None. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION This is an in vitro study performed with bovine cryopreserved spermatozoa. Studies in other species and with fresh samples are needed to extrapolate these data. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS These findings strongly suggest an important role of extracellular cAMP in the regulation of the signalling pathways involved in the acquisition of bull sperm fertilizing capability. The data presented here indicate that not only a rise, but also a regulation of cAMP levels is necessary to ensure sperm fertilizing ability. Thus, exclusion of the nucleotide to the extracellular space might be essential to guarantee the achievement of a cAMP tone, needed for all capacitation-associated events to take place. Moreover, the ability of cAMP to trigger such broad and complex signalling events allows us to hypothesize that cAMP is a self-produced autocrine/paracrine factor, and supports the emerging paradigm that spermatozoa do not compete but, in fact, communicate with each other. A precise understanding of the functional competence of mammalian spermatozoa is essential to generate clinical advances in the treatment of infertility and the development of novel contraceptive strategies. STUDY FUNDING AND COMPETING INTEREST(S) This work was supported by Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas [PIP0 496 to S.P.-M.], Agencia Nacional de Promoción Científica y Tecológica [PICT 2012-1195 and PICT2014-2325 to S.P.-M., and PICT 2013-2050 to C.D.], Boehringer Ingelheim Funds, and the Swedish Farmers Foundation [SLF-H13300339 to J.M.]. The authors declare there are no conflicts of interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Agustín I Alonso
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina (CONICET-UBA), Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia E Osycka-Salut
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (IIB/UNTECH-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Matheu 3910 (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Luciana Castellano
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina (CONICET-UBA), Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Andreína Cesari
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de Mar del Plata (IIB-CONICET-UNMDP), Funes 3250 (7600), Mar del Plata, Argentina
| | - Nicolás Di Siervi
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 954 (C1113AAD) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Adrián Mutto
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas Dr. Rodolfo A. Ugalde, Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas (IIB/UNTECH-CONICET), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Matheu 3910 (1650), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Anders Johannisson
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE-750 07), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jane M Morrell
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Division of Reproduction, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SE-750 07), Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Carlos Davio
- Instituto de Investigaciones Farmacológicas, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica (ININFA-UBA-CONICET), Junín 954 (C1113AAD) Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Perez-Martinez
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFYBO), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas, Facultad de Medicina (CONICET-UBA), Paraguay 2155 (C1121ABG), Ciudad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Mohan S, Khan D, Moffett RC, Irwin N, Flatt PR. Oxytocin is present in islets and plays a role in beta-cell function and survival. Peptides 2018; 100:260-268. [PMID: 29274352 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2017.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin is associated mainly with modulating reproductive function. However, studies suggest that oxytocin also plays a role in endocrine pancreatic function. In the present study, islet expression of oxytocin and its related receptor was confirmed in mouse islets as well as cultured rodent and human beta-cells. Oxytocin significantly stimulated glucose-induced insulin secretion from isolated mouse islets. Similar insulinotropic actions were also observed in rodent BRIN BD11 and human 1.1B4 beta-cells. Positive effects of oxytocin on insulin secretion were almost fully annulled by the oxytocin receptor antagonist, atosiban. In terms of mechanism of insulin secretory action, oxytocin had no effect on beta-cell membrane potential or cAMP generation, but did augment intracellular calcium concentrations. In vivo administration of oxytocin to mice significantly reduced overall blood glucose levels and increased plasma insulin concentrations in response to a glucose challenge. Oxytocin also had a modest, but significant, appetite suppressive effect. As expected, streptozotocin diabetic mice had marked loss of beta-cell area accompanied by increases in alpha-cell area, whilst hydrocortisone treatment increased beta-cell and overall islet areas. Both mouse models of diabetes presented with dramatically decreased percentage islet oxytocin co-localisation with insulin and increased co-localisation with glucagon. More detailed studies in cultured beta-cell lines revealed direct positive effects of oxytocin on beta-cell proliferation and protection against apoptosis. Together, these data highlight a potentially important role of islet-derived oxytocin and related receptor signalling pathways on the modulation of beta-cell function and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Mohan
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Dawood Khan
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - R Charlotte Moffett
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
| | - Nigel Irwin
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK.
| | - Peter R Flatt
- SAAD Centre for Pharmacy and Diabetes, University of Ulster, Coleraine, Northern Ireland, UK
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Volpe CMO, Villar-Delfino PH, Dos Anjos PMF, Nogueira-Machado JA. Cellular death, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and diabetic complications. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:119. [PMID: 29371661 PMCID: PMC5833737 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0135-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 691] [Impact Index Per Article: 115.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Chronic or intermittent hyperglycemia is associated with the development of diabetic complications. Several signaling pathways can be altered by having hyperglycemia in different tissues, producing oxidative stress, the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), as well as the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines and cellular death (pathological autophagy and/or apoptosis). However, the signaling pathways that are directly triggered by hyperglycemia appear to have a pivotal role in diabetic complications due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), oxidative stress, and cellular death. The present review will discuss the role of cellular death in diabetic complications, and it will suggest the cause and the consequences between the hyperglycemia-induced signaling pathways and cell death. The signaling pathways discussed in this review are to be described step-by-step, together with their respective inhibitors. They involve diacylglycerol, the activation of protein kinase C (PKC) and NADPH-oxidase system, and the consequent production of ROS. This was initially entitled the “dangerous metabolic route in diabetes”. The historical usages and the recent advancement of new drugs in controlling possible therapeutical targets have been highlighted, in order to evaluate the evolution of knowledge in this sensitive area. It has recently been shown that the metabolic responses to stimuli (i.e., hyperglycemia) involve an integrated network of signaling pathways, in order to define the exact responses. Certain new drugs have been experimentally tested—or suggested and proposed—for their ability to modulate the possible biochemical therapeutical targets for the downregulation of retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, heart disease, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and cellular death. The aim of this study was to critically and didactically evaluate the exact steps of these signaling pathways and hence mark the indicated sites for the actions of such drugs and their possible consequences. This review will emphasize, besides others, the therapeutical targets for controlling the signaling pathways, when aimed at the downregulation of ROS generation, oxidative stress, and, consequently, cellular death—with all of these conditions being a problem in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Maria Oliveira Volpe
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG30150-240, Brazil
| | - Pedro Henrique Villar-Delfino
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG30150-240, Brazil
| | - Paula Martins Ferreira Dos Anjos
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG30150-240, Brazil
| | - José Augusto Nogueira-Machado
- Núcleo de Pós-Graduação e Pesquisa, Hospital Santa Casa de Belo Horizonte, Rua Domingos Vieira 590, Santa Efigênia, Belo Horizonte, MG30150-240, Brazil.
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Wang ZK, Chen RJ, Wang SL, Li GW, Zhu ZZ, Huang Q, Chen ZL, Chen FC, Deng L, Lan XP, Hu T. Clinical application of a novel diagnostic scheme including pancreatic β‑cell dysfunction for traumatic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:683-693. [PMID: 29115473 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel diagnostic scheme that includes pancreatic β‑cell dysfunction analysis for the diagnosis of traumatic multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) was investigated to assist in the early diagnosis and detection of MODS. Early intervention and treatment of MODS has been associated with a reduced mortality rate. A total of 2,876 trauma patients (including patients post‑major surgery) were admitted to the intensive care unit of the authors' hospital between December 2010 and December 2015 and enrolled in the present study. There were 205 cases where the patient succumbed to their injuries. In addition to the conventional diagnostic scheme for traumatic MODS, indexes of pancreatic β‑cell dysfunction [fasting blood‑glucose (FBG), homeostatic model assessment‑β and (blood insulin concentration 30 min following glucose loading‑fasting insulin concentration)/(blood glucose concentration 30 min following glucose loading‑FBG concentration)] were included to establish an improved diagnostic scheme for traumatic MODS. The novel scheme was subsequently used in clinical practice alongside the conventional scheme and its effect was evaluated. The novel scheme had a significantly higher positive number of MODS diagnoses for all trauma patients compared with the conventional scheme (12.48 vs. 8.87%; P<0.01). No significant difference was identified in the final percentage of positive of MODS diagnoses for trauma‑associated mortality patients between the novel (88.30%) and the conventional scheme (86.34%). The novel scheme had a significantly higher positive number of MODS diagnoses for trauma‑associated mortality patients 3 days prior to patients succumbing to MODS compared with the conventional scheme (80.98 vs. 64.39%; P<0.01). The consensus of the MODS diagnosis of all trauma patients between the novel scheme and the conventional scheme was 100%; however, out of the patients diagnosed as positive by novel scheme 71.03% were positive by the conventional scheme. The consensus between the final MODS diagnosis and the MODS diagnosis 3 days prior to patients succumbing to their injuries between the novel scheme and the conventional scheme was 100%; however, out of the patients diagnosed as positive by novel scheme 97.79 were positive by the conventional scheme of the 205 patients who succumbed to MODS and out of the patients diagnosed as positive for MODS by novel scheme 3 days prior to succumbing, 79.52% were positive by the conventional scheme. The results of the present study demonstrated that the novel diagnostic scheme using the relevant indexes of pancreatic β‑cell dysfunction for diagnosis of traumatic MODS, was able to diagnose MODS early without excessively extending the diagnostic scope. Its clinical application should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Ke Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 94th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Rong-Jian Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The 94th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Liang Wang
- Department of Burns, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Wei Li
- Department of Endocrinology, China‑Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Zhen Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The 94th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Qiang Huang
- Trauma Emergency Center, The 94th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Li Chen
- Department of Intensive Medicine, The 94th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Chang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, The 94th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Lei Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The 94th Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330002, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Peng Lan
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Fuzhou General Hospital of Nanjing Military Region, Fuzhou, Fujian 350025, P.R. China
| | - Tian Hu
- Department of Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Science, Trauma Centre of Postgraduate Medical School, Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing 100853 P.R. China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental and lifestyle changes, in addition to the ageing of populations, are generally believed to account for the rapid global increase in type 2 diabetes prevalence and incidence in recent decades. DISCUSSION In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of factors contributing to diabetes risk, including aspects of diet quality and quantity, little physical activity, increased monitor viewing time or sitting in general, exposure to noise or fine dust, short or disturbed sleep, smoking, stress and depression, and a low socioeconomic status. In general, these factors promote an increase in body mass index. Since loss of β-cell function is the ultimate cause of developing overt type 2 diabetes, environmental and lifestyle changes must have resulted in a higher risk of β-cell damage in those at genetic risk. Multiple mechanistic pathways may come into play. CONCLUSIONS Strategies of diabetes prevention should aim at promoting a 'diabetes-protective lifestyle' whilst simultaneously enhancing the resistance of the human organism to pro-diabetic environmental and lifestyle factors. More research on diabetes-protective mechanisms seems warranted.
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Kolb H, Martin S. Environmental/lifestyle factors in the pathogenesis and prevention of type 2 diabetes. BMC Med 2017; 15:131. [PMID: 28720102 PMCID: PMC5516328 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-017-0901-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental and lifestyle changes, in addition to the ageing of populations, are generally believed to account for the rapid global increase in type 2 diabetes prevalence and incidence in recent decades. DISCUSSION In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of factors contributing to diabetes risk, including aspects of diet quality and quantity, little physical activity, increased monitor viewing time or sitting in general, exposure to noise or fine dust, short or disturbed sleep, smoking, stress and depression, and a low socioeconomic status. In general, these factors promote an increase in body mass index. Since loss of β-cell function is the ultimate cause of developing overt type 2 diabetes, environmental and lifestyle changes must have resulted in a higher risk of β-cell damage in those at genetic risk. Multiple mechanistic pathways may come into play. CONCLUSIONS Strategies of diabetes prevention should aim at promoting a 'diabetes-protective lifestyle' whilst simultaneously enhancing the resistance of the human organism to pro-diabetic environmental and lifestyle factors. More research on diabetes-protective mechanisms seems warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Kolb
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany. .,West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany.
| | - Stephan Martin
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, Germany.,West-German Centre of Diabetes and Health, Duesseldorf Catholic Hospital Group, Hohensandweg 37, 40591, Duesseldorf, Germany
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MiR-30a targets IL-1α and regulates islet functions as an inflammation buffer and response factor. Sci Rep 2017; 7:5270. [PMID: 28706254 PMCID: PMC5509704 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-05560-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes is an inflammatory disease. Inflammation plays an important role in islet functions. However, the exact mechanisms by which inflammation affects islet functions remain unclear. In this study, we investigated the regulatory effects of miR-30a on inflammation and islet functions. The results indicate that miR-30a serves as an inflammation-resolving buffer factor by targeting interleukin 1a (IL-1α) in immune cells and in islet cells, which might play an important role in inflammation homeostasis. miR-30a ameliorates islet functions in an inflammatory micro-environment by targeting the IL-1α/nuclear factor kappa B (NFKB) p65 subunit (p65)/p62 (SQSTM1)/insulin axis, which can be developed into a novel antidiabetic approach. miR-30a serves as a promising inflammation-response biomarker in inflammatory diseases and is possibly activated by the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/IL-1α/NFKB pathways. However, the exact molecular mechanisms by which miR-30a regulates inflammation and islet functions as well as the potential applications in transitional medicine require further elucidation.
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Abnormal Glucose Metabolism in Rheumatoid Arthritis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:9670434. [PMID: 28529957 PMCID: PMC5424188 DOI: 10.1155/2017/9670434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The incidence of abnormal glucose metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis was considerably higher than the general population. The persistent systemic inflammatory state in rheumatoid arthritis might be associated with the glucose metabolism dysfunction. In this context, insulin resistance, islet β cell apoptosis, inflammatory cytokines, and other aspects which were linked with abnormal glucose metabolism in rheumatoid arthritis were reviewed. This review will be helpful in understanding the abnormal glucose metabolism mechanism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and might be conducive to finding an effective treatment.
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Messer JS. The cellular autophagy/apoptosis checkpoint during inflammation. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1281-1296. [PMID: 27837217 PMCID: PMC11107496 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2403-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Cell death is a major determinant of inflammatory disease severity. Whether cells live or die during inflammation largely depends on the relative success of the pro-survival process of autophagy versus the pro-death process of apoptosis. These processes interact and influence each other during inflammation and there is a checkpoint at which cells irrevocably commit to either one pathway or another. This review will discuss the concept of the autophagy/apoptosis checkpoint and its importance during inflammation, the mechanisms of inflammation leading up to the checkpoint, and how the checkpoint is regulated. Understanding these concepts is important since manipulation of the autophagy/apoptosis checkpoint represents a novel opportunity for treatment of inflammatory diseases caused by too much or too little cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeannette S Messer
- Department of Medicine, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, University of Chicago, 900 E. 57th Street, 9th Floor, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA.
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Størling J, Pociot F. Type 1 Diabetes Candidate Genes Linked to Pancreatic Islet Cell Inflammation and Beta-Cell Apoptosis. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8020072. [PMID: 28212332 PMCID: PMC5333061 DOI: 10.3390/genes8020072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic immune-mediated disease resulting from the selective destruction of the insulin-producing pancreatic islet β-cells. Susceptibility to the disease is the result of complex interactions between environmental and genetic risk factors. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified more than 50 genetic regions that affect the risk of developing T1D. Most of these susceptibility loci, however, harbor several genes, and the causal variant(s) and gene(s) for most of the loci remain to be established. A significant part of the genes located in the T1D susceptibility loci are expressed in human islets and β cells and mounting evidence suggests that some of these genes modulate the β-cell response to the immune system and viral infection and regulate apoptotic β-cell death. Here, we discuss the current status of T1D susceptibility loci and candidate genes with focus on pancreatic islet cell inflammation and β-cell apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joachim Størling
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev 2730, Denmark.
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Herlev and Gentofte, Herlev 2730, Denmark.
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark.
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