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Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of transcription factors with a key role in glucose and lipid metabolism. PPARs are expressed in many cell types including pancreatic beta cells and immune cells, where they regulate insulin secretion and T cell differentiation, respectively. Moreover, various PPAR agonists prevent diabetes in the non-obese diabetic (NOD) mouse model of type 1 diabetes. PPARs are thus of interest in type 1 diabetes (T1D) as they represent a novel approach targeting both the pancreas and the immune system. In this review, we examine the role of PPARs in immune responses and beta cell biology and their potential as targets for treatment of T1D.
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Osinski V, Bauknight DK, Dasa SSK, Harms MJ, Kroon T, Marshall MA, Garmey JC, Nguyen AT, Hartman J, Upadhye A, Srikakulapu P, Zhou A, O'Mahony G, Klibanov AL, Kelly KA, Boucher J, McNamara CA. In vivo liposomal delivery of PPARα/γ dual agonist tesaglitazar in a model of obesity enriches macrophage targeting and limits liver and kidney drug effects. Am J Cancer Res 2020; 10:585-601. [PMID: 31903139 PMCID: PMC6929996 DOI: 10.7150/thno.36572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are important regulators of obesity-associated inflammation and PPARα and -γ agonism in macrophages has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we tested the efficacy with which liposomal delivery could target the PPARα/γ dual agonist tesaglitazar to macrophages while reducing drug action in common sites of drug toxicity: the liver and kidney, and whether tesaglitazar had anti-inflammatory effects in an in vivo model of obesity-associated dysmetabolism. Methods: Male leptin-deficient (ob/ob) mice were administered tesaglitazar or vehicle for one week in a standard oral formulation or encapsulated in liposomes. Following the end of treatment, circulating metabolic parameters were measured and pro-inflammatory adipose tissue macrophage populations were quantified by flow cytometry. Cellular uptake of liposomes in tissues was assessed using immunofluorescence and a broad panel of cell subset markers by flow cytometry. Finally, PPARα/γ gene target expression levels in the liver, kidney, and sorted macrophages were quantified to determine levels of drug targeting to and drug action in these tissues and cells. Results: Administration of a standard oral formulation of tesaglitazar effectively treated symptoms of obesity-associated dysmetabolism and reduced the number of pro-inflammatory adipose tissue macrophages. Macrophages are the major cell type that took up liposomes with many other immune and stromal cell types taking up liposomes to a lesser extent. Liposome delivery of tesaglitazar did not have effects on inflammatory macrophages nor did it improve metabolic parameters to the extent of a standard oral formulation. Liposomal delivery did, however, attenuate effects on liver weight and liver and kidney expression of PPARα and -γ gene targets compared to oral delivery. Conclusions: These findings reveal for the first time that tesaglitazar has anti-inflammatory effects on adipose tissue macrophage populations in vivo. These data also suggest that while nanoparticle delivery reduced off-target effects, yet the lack of tesaglitazar actions in non-targeted cells such (as hepatocytes and adipocytes) and the uptake of drug-loaded liposomes in many other cell types, albeit to a lesser extent, may have impacted overall therapeutic efficacy. This fulsome analysis of cellular uptake of tesaglitazar-loaded liposomes provides important lessons for future studies of liposome drug delivery.
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Wan X, Chowdhury IH, Jie Z, Choudhuri S, Garg NJ. Origin of Monocytes/Macrophages Contributing to Chronic Inflammation in Chagas Disease: SIRT1 Inhibition of FAK-NFκB-Dependent Proliferation and Proinflammatory Activation of Macrophages. Cells 2019; 9:E80. [PMID: 31905606 PMCID: PMC7017093 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) causes Chagas disease (CD) that is the most frequent cause of heart failure in Latin America. TNF-α+ monocytes/macrophages (Mo/Mφ) are associated with inflammatory pathology in chronic CD. In this study, we determined the progenitor lineage of Mo/Mφ contributing to inflammation and examined the regulatory role of SIRT1 in modulating the Mo/Mφ response in Chagas disease. METHODS AND RESULTS C57BL/6 mice were infected with Tc, treated with SIRT1 agonist (SRT1720) after control of acute parasitemia, and monitored during chronic phase (150 days post-infection). Flow cytometry studies showed an increase in maturation of bone marrow hematopoietic stem cell (HSC)-derived Mo of proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory phenotype in acutely- and chronically-infected mice; however, these cells were not increased in splenic compartment of infected mice. Instead, yolk-sac-derived CD11b+ F4/80+ Mo/Mφ were increased in sinusoidal compartment of Chagas mice. The splenic CD11b+ F4/80+ Mo/Mφ of Chagas (vs. control) mice exhibited increased mRNA, protein, and surface expression of markers of proinflammatory phenotype (CD80+/CD64+ > CD200+/CD206+) associated with proinflammatory cytokines response (IL-6+TNF-α >> Arg-1+IL-10), and these were also detected in the myocardium of chronically infected mice. Infected mice treated with SRT1720 (vs. infected/untreated) exhibited decreased splenic expansion and myocardial infiltration of proinflammatory Mo/Mφ. SRT1720 did not alter the inherent capability of splenic Mo/Mφ of Chagas mice to respond to pathogen stimulus. Instead, SRT1720 dampened the Tc-induced increase in the expression and/or phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and downstream transcription factors (Pu.1, c-Myb, and Runx1) involved in Mφ proliferation and migration and Notch1 involved in functional activation. Studies in cultured Mφ confirmed the agonistic effects of SIRT1 in controlling the Tc-induced, FAK-dependent increase in the expression of transcription factors and showed that SIRT1 agonist and FAK inhibitor abrogated the NF-κB transcriptional activity and inflammatory cytokine gene expression in Tc-infected Mφ. CONCLUSIONS The proinflammatory Mo/Mφ of yolk sac origin drive the splenic and tissue inflammatory response in chronic CD. SRT1720 reprogrammed the Tc-induced FAK-dependent transcription factors involved in Mφ proliferation and proinflammatory activation in Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxiu Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (X.W.); (I.H.C.); (Z.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Imran Hussain Chowdhury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (X.W.); (I.H.C.); (Z.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Zuliang Jie
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (X.W.); (I.H.C.); (Z.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Subhadip Choudhuri
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (X.W.); (I.H.C.); (Z.J.); (S.C.)
| | - Nisha Jain Garg
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX 77550, USA; (X.W.); (I.H.C.); (Z.J.); (S.C.)
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, UTMB, Galveston, TX 77550, USA
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Kim YS, Silwal P, Kim SY, Yoshimori T, Jo EK. Autophagy-activating strategies to promote innate defense against mycobacteria. Exp Mol Med 2019; 51:1-10. [PMID: 31827065 PMCID: PMC6906292 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0290-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is a major causal pathogen of human tuberculosis (TB), which is a serious health burden worldwide. The demand for the development of an innovative therapeutic strategy to treat TB is high due to drug-resistant forms of TB. Autophagy is a cell-autonomous host defense mechanism by which intracytoplasmic cargos can be delivered and then destroyed in lysosomes. Previous studies have reported that autophagy-activating agents and small molecules may be beneficial in restricting intracellular Mtb infection, even with multidrug-resistant Mtb strains. Recent studies have revealed the essential roles of host nuclear receptors (NRs) in the activation of the host defense through antibacterial autophagy against Mtb infection. In particular, we discuss the function of estrogen-related receptor (ERR) α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) α in autophagy regulation to improve host defenses against Mtb infection. Despite promising findings relating to the antitubercular effects of various agents, our understanding of the molecular mechanism by which autophagy-activating agents suppress intracellular Mtb in vitro and in vivo is lacking. An improved understanding of the antibacterial autophagic mechanisms in the innate host defense will eventually lead to the development of new therapeutic strategies for human TB. Therapies that promote intracellular digestion of microbes could prove a valuable addition to antibiotic weapons against tuberculosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) establishes itself within immune cells, and employs a variety of tricks to protect itself as it sickens its host. Researchers led by Eun-Kyeong Jo at Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea, have reviewed efforts to defeat this pathogen by jump-starting a cellular ‘recycling’ pathway called autophagy. Autophagy helps cells break down both biomolecules aggregates and potential invaders, but Mtb can elude such digestion. Jo and colleagues highlight antimycobacterial agents that can potentially render Mtb vulnerable to autophagy, as well as promising cellular targets that may allow researchers to access this process. For example, evidence suggests that agents that activate a regulatory protein such as ERRα or PPARα could stimulate cellular degradation of Mtb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sak Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Prashanta Silwal
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.,Department of Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea
| | - Soo Yeon Kim
- Drug & Disease Target Research Team, Division of Bioconvergence Analysis, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Cheongju, 28119, South Korea
| | - Tamotsu Yoshimori
- Department of Genetics, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Intracellular Membrane Dynamics, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, 565-0871, Japan
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Department of Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea. .,Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon, 35015, Korea.
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55
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Bauknight DK, Osinski V, Dasa SSK, Nguyen AT, Marshall MA, Hartman J, Harms M, O’Mahony G, Boucher J, Klibanov AL, McNamara CA, Kelly KA. Importance of thorough tissue and cellular level characterization of targeted drugs in the evaluation of pharmacodynamic effects. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224917. [PMID: 31725756 PMCID: PMC6855449 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeted nanoparticle delivery is a promising strategy for increasing efficacy and limiting side effects of therapeutics. When designing a targeted liposomal formulation, the in vivo biodistribution of the particles must be characterized to determine the value of the targeting approach. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) agonists effectively treat metabolic syndrome by decreasing dyslipidemia and insulin resistance but side effects have limited their use, making them a class of compounds that could benefit from targeted liposomal delivery. The adipose targeting sequence peptide (ATS) could fit this role, as it has been shown to bind to adipose tissue endothelium and induce weight loss when delivered conjugated to a pro-apoptotic peptide. To date, however, a full assessment of ATS in vivo biodistribution has not been reported, leaving important unanswered questions regarding the exact mechanisms whereby ATS targeting enhances therapeutic efficacy. We designed this study to evaluate the biodistribution of ATS-conjugated liposomes loaded with the PPARα/γ dual agonist tesaglitazar in leptin-deficient ob/ob mice. The ATS-liposome biodistribution in adipose tissue and other organs was examined at the cellular and tissue level using microscopy, flow cytometry, and fluorescent molecular tomography. Changes in metabolic parameters and gene expression were measured by target and off-target tissue responses to the treatment. Unexpectedly, ATS targeting did not increase liposomal uptake in adipose relative to other tissues, but did increase uptake in the kidneys. Targeting also did not significantly alter metabolic parameters. Analysis of the liposome cellular distribution in the stromal vascular fraction with flow cytometry revealed high uptake by multiple cell types. Our findings highlight the need for thorough study of in vivo biodistribution when evaluating a targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin K. Bauknight
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Victoria Osinski
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Siva Sai Krishna Dasa
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Anh T. Nguyen
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Melissa A. Marshall
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Julia Hartman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Matthew Harms
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gavin O’Mahony
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jeremie Boucher
- Research and Early Development, Cardiovascular, Renal and Metabolism (CVRM), BioPharmaceuticals R&D, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Lundberg Laboratory for Diabetes Research, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular and Translational Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alexander L. Klibanov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Coleen A. McNamara
- Robert M. Berne Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Kimberly A. Kelly
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Cancer Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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56
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Chen YY, Yu XY, Chen L, Vaziri ND, Ma SC, Zhao YY. Redox signaling in aging kidney and opportunity for therapeutic intervention through natural products. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:141-149. [PMID: 31199964 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Kidney diseases are serious public problems with high morbidity and mortality in the general population and heavily retard renal function with aging regardless of the cause. Although myriad strategies have been assigned to prevent or harness disease progression, unfortunately, thus far, there is a paucity of effective therapies partly due to an insufficient knowledge of underlying pathological mechanisms, indicating deeper studies are urgently needed. Additionally, natural products are increasingly recognized as an alternative source for disease intervention owing to the potent safety and efficacy, which might be exploited for novel drug discovery. In this review, we primarily expatiate the new advances on mediators that might be amenable to targeting aging kidney and kidney diseases, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NOX), transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), renin-angiotensin system (RAS), nuclear factor-erythroid 2 related factor 2 (Nrf2), peroxisome proliferator-activated γ receptor (PPARγ), advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) as well as microRNAs and vitagenes. Of note, we conclude by highlighting some natural products which have the potential to facilitate the development of novel treatment for patients with myriad renal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Yuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Xiao-Yong Yu
- Department of Nephrology, Shaanxi Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 2 Xihuamen, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710003, China
| | - Lin Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Nosratola D Vaziri
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92897, USA
| | - Shuang-Cheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Food and Drug Administration, No. 2 Tiantan Xili, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Ying-Yong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Life Science & Medicine, Northwest University, No. 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China.
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57
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Rosa F, Moridi M, Osorio JS, Lohakare J, Trevisi E, Filley S, Estill C, Bionaz M. 2,4-Thiazolidinedione in Well-Fed Lactating Dairy Goats: II. Response to Intra-Mammary Infection. Vet Sci 2019; 6:vetsci6020052. [PMID: 31195666 PMCID: PMC6632143 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci6020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In a prior experiment, treatment of goats with the putative PPARγ agonist 2,4-thiazolidinedione (2,4-TZD) ameliorated the response to intramammary infection without evidence of PPARγ activation. The lack of PPARγ activation was possibly due to deficiency of vitamin A and/or a poor body condition of the animals. Therefore, the present study hypothesized that activation of PPARγ by 2,4-TZD in goats supplemented with adequate amounts of vitamin A can improve the response to sub-clinical mastitis. Lactating goats receiving a diet that met National Research Council requirements, including vitamin A, were injected with 8 mg/kg BW of 2,4-TZD (n = 6) or saline (n = 6; control (CTR)) daily. Two weeks into treatment, all goats received Streptococcus uberis (IMI) in the right mammary gland. Blood biomarkers of metabolism, inflammation, and oxidative status plus leukocytes phagocytosis were measured. Mammary epithelial cells (MEC) and macrophages were isolated from milk and liver tissue collected for gene expression analysis. Milk fat was maintained by treatment with 2,4-TZD, but decreased in CTR, after IMI. Haptoglobin was increased after IMI only in 2,4-TZD without any effect on negative acute phase proteins, indicating an improved liver function. 2,4-TZD vs. CTR had a greater amount of globulin. The expression of inflammation-related genes was increased by IMI in both macrophages and MEC. Except for decreasing expression of SCD1 in MEC, 2,4-TZD did not affect the expression of measured genes. Results confirmed the successful induction of sub-clinical mastitis but did not confirm the positive effect of 2,4-TZD on the response to IMI in well-fed goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rosa
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Misagh Moridi
- Department of Animal Science, University of Guilan, Kilometer 5 of Rasht-Qazvin Highway, Rasht 4199613776, Iran.
| | - Johan S Osorio
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Jayant Lohakare
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Kangwon National University, KNU Ave 1, Chuncheon 200-701, Korea.
| | - Erminio Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition (DIANA), Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza PC, Italy.
| | - Shelby Filley
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Charles Estill
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
| | - Massimo Bionaz
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA.
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Chang MR, Ciesla A, Strutzenberg TS, Novick SJ, He Y, Garcia-Ordonez RD, Frkic RL, Bruning JB, Kamenecka TM, Griffin PR. Unique Polypharmacology Nuclear Receptor Modulator Blocks Inflammatory Signaling Pathways. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:1051-1062. [PMID: 30951276 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.9b00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Obesity and rheumatic disease are mechanistically linked via chronic inflammation. The orphan receptor TREM-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1) is a potent amplifier of proinflammatory and noninfectious immune responses. Here, we show that the pan modulator SR1903 effectively blocks TREM-1 activation. SR1903 emerged from a chemical series of potent RORγ inverse agonists, although unlike close structural analogues, it has modest agonist activity on LXR and weak repressive activity (inverse agonism) of PPARγ, three receptors that play essential roles in inflammation and metabolism. The anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic efficacy of this unique modulator in collagen-induced arthritis and diet-induced obesity mouse models is demonstrated. Interestingly, in the context of obesity, SR1903 aided in the maintenance of the thymic homeostasis unlike selective RORγ inverse agonists. SR1903 was well-tolerated following chronic administration, and combined, these data suggest that it may represent a viable strategy for treatment of both metabolic and inflammatory disease. More importantly, the ability of SR1903 to block LPS signaling suggests the potential utility of this unique polypharmacological modulator for treatment of innate immune response disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi Ra Chang
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Anthony Ciesla
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Timothy S. Strutzenberg
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Scott J. Novick
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Yuanjun He
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Ruben D. Garcia-Ordonez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Rebecca L. Frkic
- Institute for Photonics & Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - John B. Bruning
- Institute for Photonics & Advanced Sensing (IPAS), School of Biological Sciences, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia 5005, Australia
| | - Theodore M. Kamenecka
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
| | - Patrick R. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, United States
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59
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Myers KV, Amend SR, Pienta KJ. Targeting Tyro3, Axl and MerTK (TAM receptors): implications for macrophages in the tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:94. [PMID: 31088471 PMCID: PMC6515593 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-1022-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages are an abundant cell type in the tumor microenvironment. These macrophages serve as a promising target for treatment of cancer due to their roles in promoting cancer progression and simultaneous immunosuppression. The TAM receptors (Tyro3, Axl and MerTK) are promising therapeutic targets on tumor-associated macrophages. The TAM receptors are a family of receptor tyrosine kinases with shared ligands Gas6 and Protein S that skew macrophage polarization towards a pro-tumor M2-like phenotype. In macrophages, the TAM receptors also promote apoptotic cell clearance, a tumor-promoting process called efferocytosis. The TAM receptors bind the "eat-me" signal phosphatidylserine on apoptotic cell membranes using Gas6 and Protein S as bridging ligands. Post-efferocytosis, macrophages are further polarized to a pro-tumor M2-like phenotype and secrete increased levels of immunosuppressive cytokines. Since M2 polarization and efferocytosis are tumor-promoting processes, the TAM receptors on macrophages serve as exciting targets for cancer therapy. Current TAM receptor-directed therapies in preclinical development and clinical trials may have anti-cancer effects though impacting macrophage phenotype and function in addition to the cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla V. Myers
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sarah R. Amend
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Kenneth J. Pienta
- 0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Oncology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD USA ,0000 0001 2171 9311grid.21107.35Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
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Silva AR, Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque CF, Pérez AR, Carvalho VDF. Immune-endocrine interactions related to a high risk of infections in chronic metabolic diseases: The role of PPAR gamma. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 854:272-281. [PMID: 30974105 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diverse disturbances in immune-endocrine circuitries are involved in the development and aggravation of several chronic metabolic diseases (CMDs), including obesity, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. The chronic inflammatory syndrome observed in CMDs culminates in dysregulated immune responses with low microbial killing efficiency, by means low host innate immune response, and loss of ability to eliminate the pathogens, which results in a high prevalence of infectious diseases, including pneumonia, tuberculosis, and sepsis. Herein, we review evidence pointing out PPARγ as a putative player in immune-endocrine disturbances related to increased risk of infections in CMDs. Cumulated evidence indicates that PPARγ activation modulates host cells to control inflammation during CMDs because of PPARγ agonists have anti-inflammatory and pro-resolutive properties, increasing host ability to eliminate pathogen, modulating hormone production, and restoring glucose and lipid homeostasis. As such, we propose PPARγ as a putative therapeutic adjuvant for patients with CMDs to favor a better infection control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Ribeiro Silva
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
| | - Cassiano Felippe Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Imunofarmacologia, Instituto Biomédico, Universidade Federal do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Unirio, Brazil.
| | - Ana Rosa Pérez
- Instituto de Inmunología Clínica y Experimental de Rosario (IDICER-CONICET UNR), 2000, Rosario, Argentina.
| | - Vinicius de Frias Carvalho
- Laboratório de Inflamação, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Avenida Brasil, 4365, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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61
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Cheng HS, Lee JXT, Wahli W, Tan NS. Exploiting vulnerabilities of cancer by targeting nuclear receptors of stromal cells in tumor microenvironment. Mol Cancer 2019; 18:51. [PMID: 30925918 PMCID: PMC6441226 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-019-0971-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a complex and dynamic cellular community comprising the tumor epithelium and various tumor-supporting cells such as immune cells, fibroblasts, immunosuppressive cells, adipose cells, endothelial cells, and pericytes. The interplay between the tumor microenvironment and tumor cells represents a key contributor to immune evasiveness, physiological hardiness and the local and systemic invasiveness of malignant cells. Nuclear receptors are master regulators of physiological processes and are known to play pro-/anti-oncogenic activities in tumor cells. However, the actions of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells have not been widely studied. Given the excellent druggability and extensive regulatory effects of nuclear receptors, understanding their biological functionality in the tumor microenvironment is of utmost importance. Therefore, the present review aims to summarize recent evidence about the roles of nuclear receptors in tumor-supporting cells and their implications for malignant processes such as tumor proliferation, evasion of immune surveillance, angiogenesis, chemotherapeutic resistance, and metastasis. Based on findings derived mostly from cell culture studies and a few in vivo animal cancer models, the functions of VDR, PPARs, AR, ER and GR in tumor-supporting cells are relatively well-characterized. Evidence for other receptors, such as RARβ, RORγ, and FXR, is limited yet promising. Hence, the nuclear receptor signature in the tumor microenvironment may harbor prognostic value. The clinical prospects of a tumor microenvironment-oriented cancer therapy exploiting the nuclear receptors in different tumor-supporting cells are also encouraging. The major challenge, however, lies in the ability to develop a highly specific drug delivery system to facilitate precision medicine in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Cheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore.
| | - Jeannie Xue Ting Lee
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.,INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France.,Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 60 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637551, Singapore. .,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, 11 Mandalay Road, Singapore, 308232, Singapore.
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62
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Kim S, Oh MW, Bin Park W, Yoo HS. Global Gene Networks in 3D4/31 Porcine Alveolar Macrophages Treated with Antigenic Epitopes of Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae ApxIA, IIA, and IVA. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5269. [PMID: 30918280 PMCID: PMC6437162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41748-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App) is the causative agent of porcine pleuropneumonia. Although App produces several virulence factors, Apx toxins, the primary App virulence factors, have been the focus of numerous studies. However, the host response against the Apx toxins has not been elucidated at the transcriptomic level. Therefore, in this study, we examined the response of an immortalized porcine alveolar macrophage cell line (IPAM 3D4/31) to four antigenic epitopes of the App exotoxins, ApxIA, IIA and IVA. The antigenic epitopes of the Apx toxins (ApxIA Ct, ApxIIA Nt, ApxIVA C1 and ApxIV C2) were determined by an in-silico antigenicity prediction analysis. Gene expression in IPAMs was analyzed by RNA-Seq after treatment with the four proteins for 24 h. A total of 15,269 DEGs were observed to be associated with cellular and metabolic processes in the GO category Biological Process and nuclear receptors and apoptosis signaling in IPA analyses. These DEGs were also related to M2 macrophage polarization and apoptosis in IPAMs. These host transcriptional analyses present novel global gene networks of the host response to treatment with Apx toxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suji Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Whan Oh
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Bin Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Sang Yoo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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63
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Leopold Wager CM, Arnett E, Schlesinger LS. Macrophage nuclear receptors: Emerging key players in infectious diseases. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007585. [PMID: 30897154 PMCID: PMC6428245 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear receptors (NRs) are ligand-activated transcription factors that are expressed in a variety of cells, including macrophages. For decades, NRs have been therapeutic targets because their activity can be pharmacologically modulated by specific ligands and small molecule inhibitors. NRs regulate a variety of processes, including those intersecting metabolic and immune functions, and have been studied in regard to various autoimmune diseases. However, the complex roles of NRs in host response to infection are only recently being investigated. The NRs peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) and liver X receptors (LXRs) have been most studied in the context of infectious diseases; however, recent work has also linked xenobiotic pregnane X receptors (PXRs), vitamin D receptor (VDR), REV-ERBα, the nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A) family, farnesoid X receptors (FXRs), and estrogen-related receptors (ERRs) to macrophage responses to pathogens. Pharmacological inhibition or antagonism of certain NRs can greatly influence overall disease outcome, and NRs that are protective against some diseases can lead to susceptibility to others. Targeting NRs as a novel host-directed treatment approach to infectious diseases appears to be a viable option, considering that these transcription factors play a pivotal role in macrophage lipid metabolism, cholesterol efflux, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, and production of antimicrobial byproducts. In the current review, we discuss recent findings concerning the role of NRs in infectious diseases with an emphasis on PPARγ and LXR, the two most studied. We also highlight newer work on the activity of emerging NRs during infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eusondia Arnett
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
| | - Larry S. Schlesinger
- Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, Texas, United States of America
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64
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Bai L, Chen Y, Duan ZP, Zheng SJ. A new perspective on acute-on-chronic liver failure: Liver fibrosis and injury resistance. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2019; 27:139-145. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v27.i3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF) is an increasingly recognized entity encompassing an acute deterioration of liver function in patients with pre-existing chronic liver diseases, which is usually associated with a precipitating event. Compared to acute liver failure, ACLF patients exhibit relatively slow disease progression and prolonged survival. Recent studies show that patients without previous decompensation have higher short-term mortality than those with prior hepatic decompensation. These interesting and important facts motivate clinicians and researchers to dissect the underlying mechanisms of ACLF from a new perspective, namely, the correlation between chronic liver diseases and injury resistance. In this review, we will make a comment on the phenomena as well as cellular and molecular mechanisms behind injury resistance in the setting of hepatic fibrosis (simulating the development of ACLF), in hopes of providing novel insights into the pathogenesis and therapy of ACLF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Bai
- Difficult Liver Disease and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You'an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University (Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research), Beijing 100069, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Difficult Liver Disease and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You'an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University (Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research), Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhong-Ping Duan
- Difficult Liver Disease and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You'an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University (Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research), Beijing 100069, China
| | - Su-Jun Zheng
- Difficult Liver Disease and Artificial Liver Center, Beijing You'an Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University (Beijing Municipal Key Laboratory of Liver Failure and Artificial Liver Treatment Research), Beijing 100069, China
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65
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LXR/RXR signaling and neutrophil phenotype following myocardial infarction classify sex differences in remodeling. Basic Res Cardiol 2018; 113:40. [PMID: 30132266 PMCID: PMC6105266 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-018-0699-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in heart failure development following myocardial infarction (MI) are not fully understood. We hypothesized that differential MI signaling could explain variations in outcomes. Analysis of the mouse heart attack research tool 1.0 (422 mice; young = 5.4 ± 0.1; old = 23.3 ± 0.1 months of age) was used to dissect MI signaling pathways, which was validated in a new cohort of mice (4.8 ± 0.2 months of age); and substantiated in humans. Plasma collected at visit 2 from the MI subset of the Jackson Heart Study (JHS; a community-based study consisting of middle aged and older adults of African ancestry) underwent glycoproteomics grouped by outcome: (1) heart failure hospitalization after visit 2 (n = 3 men/12 women) and (2) without hospitalization through 2012 (n = 24 men/21 women). Compared to young male mice, the infarct region of young females had fewer, but more efficient tissue clearing neutrophils with reduced pro-inflammatory gene expression. Apolipoprotein (Apo) F, which acts upstream of the liver X receptors/retinoid X receptor (LXR/RXR) pathway, was elevated in the day 7 infarcts of old mice compared to young controls and was increased in both men and women with heart failure. In vitro, Apo F stimulated CD36 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)γ activation in male neutrophils to turn off NF-κB activation and stimulate LXR/RXR signaling to initiate resolution. Female neutrophils were desensitized to Apo F and instead relied on thrombospondin-1 stimulation of CD36 to upregulate AMP-activated protein kinase, resulting in an overall better wound healing strategy. With age, female mice were desensitized to LXR/RXR signaling, resulting in enhanced interleukin-6 activation, a finding replicated in the JHS community cohort. This is the first report to uncover sex differences in post-MI neutrophil signaling that yielded better outcomes in young females and worse outcomes with age.
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66
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ Is Essential for the Resolution of Staphylococcus aureus Skin Infections. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:261-270.e4. [PMID: 30057172 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Skin/soft tissue infections (SSTIs) caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) represent serious healthcare burdens worldwide. The host initially controls these infections with a pro-inflammatory infiltrate. However, once established, MRSA viability remains constant. To clear established MRSA SSTIs, the host must transition into the post-inflammatory resolution phase marked by infiltration of alternatively activated macrophages. Here we show that the host nuclear receptor, peroxisome proliferation activator receptor γ (PPARγ), is essential for this transition and MRSA clearance. Chemical PPARγ inhibition or genetic ablation of PPARγ in myeloid cells results in an extended inflammatory phase and exacerbated MRSA SSTIs. Conversely, treating mice with PPARγ agonists hastens the onset of the resolution phase and improves MRSA clearance in a myeloid-dependent fashion. The resolving fibrotic abscess lacks abundant glucose and oxygen but is replete with antimicrobial peptides, which together contribute to MRSA clearance. Thus, PPARγ agonists may serve as viable treatment options for complicated MRSA SSTIs.
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67
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Li H, Jiang T, Li MQ, Zheng XL, Zhao GJ. Transcriptional Regulation of Macrophages Polarization by MicroRNAs. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1175. [PMID: 29892301 PMCID: PMC5985397 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Diversity and plasticity are the hallmarks of cells from the monocyte-macrophage lineage. Macrophages undergo classical M1 or alternative M2 activation in response to the microenvironment signals. Several transcription factors, such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, signal transducers and activators of transcription, CCAAT-enhancer-binding proteins, interferon regulatory factors, Kruppel-like factors, GATA binding protein 3, nuclear transcription factor-κB, and c-MYC, were found to promote the expression of specific genes, which dictate the functional polarization of macrophages. Importantly, these transcription factors can be regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs), a group of small non-coding RNAs, which regulate gene expression through translation repression or mRNA degradation. Recent studies have also revealed that miRNAs control macrophage polarization by regulating transcription factors in response to the microenvironment signals. This review will summarize recent progress of miRNAs in the transcriptional regulation of macrophage polarization and provide the insights into the development of macrophage-centered diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- The Clinic Medical College, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Ting Jiang
- Department of Practice Educational, Office of Academic Affairs, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Meng-Qi Li
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, The University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Key Laboratory of Molecular Targets and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guo-Jun Zhao
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, The University of Calgary, Health Sciences Center, Calgary, AB, Canada
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68
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Regulation of Immune Cell Function by PPARs and the Connection with Metabolic and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19061575. [PMID: 29799467 PMCID: PMC6032042 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19061575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 05/16/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence points towards the existence of a bidirectional interconnection between metabolic disease and neurodegenerative disorders, in which inflammation is linking both together. Activation of members of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) family has been shown to have beneficial effects in these interlinked pathologies, and these improvements are often attributed to anti-inflammatory effects of PPAR activation. In this review, we summarize the role of PPARs in immune cell function, with a focus on macrophages and T cells, and how this was shown to contribute to obesity-associated inflammation and insulin resistance, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative disorders. We address gender differences as a potential explanation in observed contradictory results, and we highlight PPAR-induced metabolic changes as a potential mechanism of regulation of immune cell function through these nuclear receptors. Together, immune cell-specific activation of PPARs present a promising therapeutic approach to treat both metabolic and neurodegenerative diseases.
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69
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Koo SJ, Szczesny B, Wan X, Putluri N, Garg NJ. Pentose Phosphate Shunt Modulates Reactive Oxygen Species and Nitric Oxide Production Controlling Trypanosoma cruzi in Macrophages. Front Immunol 2018; 9:202. [PMID: 29503646 PMCID: PMC5820298 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolism provides substrates for reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitric oxide (NO) generation, which are a part of the macrophage (Mφ) anti-microbial response. Mφs infected with Trypanosoma cruzi (Tc) produce insufficient levels of oxidative species and lower levels of glycolysis compared to classical Mφs. How Mφs fail to elicit a potent ROS/NO response during infection and its link to glycolysis is unknown. Herein, we evaluated for ROS, NO, and cytokine production in the presence of metabolic modulators of glycolysis and the Krebs cycle. Metabolic status was analyzed by Seahorse Flux Analyzer and mass spectrometry and validated by RNAi. Tc infection of RAW264.7 or bone marrow-derived Mφs elicited a substantial increase in peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α expression and pro-inflammatory cytokine release, and moderate levels of ROS/NO by 18 h. Interferon (IFN)-γ addition enhanced the Tc-induced ROS/NO release and shut down mitochondrial respiration to the levels noted in classical Mφs. Inhibition of PPAR-α attenuated the ROS/NO response and was insufficient for complete metabolic shift. Deprivation of glucose and inhibition of pyruvate transport showed that Krebs cycle and glycolysis support ROS/NO generation in Tc + IFN-γ stimulated Mφs. Metabolic profiling and RNAi studies showed that glycolysis-pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) at 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was essential for ROS/NO response and control of parasite replication in Mφ. We conclude that IFN-γ, but not inhibition of PPAR-α, supports metabolic upregulation of glycolytic-PPP for eliciting potent ROS/NO response in Tc-infected Mφs. Chemical analogs enhancing the glucose-PPP will be beneficial in controlling Tc replication and dissemination by Mφs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sue-Jie Koo
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Xianxiu Wan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Nisha Jain Garg
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States.,Institute for Human Infections and Immunity, University of Texas Medical Branch (UTMB), Galveston, TX, United States
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70
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Gutting T, Weber CA, Weidner P, Herweck F, Henn S, Friedrich T, Yin S, Kzhyshkowska J, Gaiser T, Janssen KP, Reindl W, Ebert MPA, Burgermeister E. PPARγ-activation increases intestinal M1 macrophages and mitigates formation of serrated adenomas in mutant KRAS mice. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1423168. [PMID: 29721374 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1423168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify novel hubs for cancer immunotherapy, we generated C57BL/6J mice with concomitant deletion of the drugable transcription factor PPARγ and transgenic overexpression of the mutant KRASG12V oncogene in enterocytes. Animals developed epithelial hyperplasia, transmural inflammation and serrated adenomas in the small intestine with infiltration of CD3+ FOXP3+ T-cells and macrophages into the lamina propria of the non-malignant mucosa. Within serrated polyps, CD3+ CD8+ T-cells and phosphorylated ERK1/2 were reduced and the senescence marker P21 and macrophage counts up-regulated, indicative of an immunosuppressive tissue microenvironment. Treatment of mutant KRASG12V mice with the PPARγ-agonist rosiglitazone augmented M1 macrophage numbers, reduced IL4 expression and diminished polyp load in mice. Rosiglitazone also promoted M1 polarisation of human THP1-derived macrophages and decreased Il4 mRNA in isolated murine lymphocytes. Thus, inhibition of the oncogenic driver mutant RAS by PPARγ in epithelial and immune cell compartments may be a future target for the prevention or treatment of human malignancies associated with intestinal inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Gutting
- Dept. of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Christian A Weber
- Dept. of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Philip Weidner
- Dept. of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank Herweck
- Dept. of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sarah Henn
- Dept. of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Teresa Friedrich
- Dept. of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Shuiping Yin
- Dept. of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Julia Kzhyshkowska
- Dept. of Innate Immunity and Tolerance, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Timo Gaiser
- Dept. of Pathology, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- Dept. of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Reindl
- Dept. of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Matthias P A Ebert
- Dept. of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Elke Burgermeister
- Dept. of Medicine II, University Hospital Mannheim, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
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71
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Penas FN, Carta D, Dmytrenko G, Mirkin GA, Modenutti CP, Cevey ÁC, Rada MJ, Ferlin MG, Sales ME, Goren NB. Treatment with a New Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor Gamma Agonist, Pyridinecarboxylic Acid Derivative, Increases Angiogenesis and Reduces Inflammatory Mediators in the Heart of Trypanosoma cruzi-Infected Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1738. [PMID: 29312293 PMCID: PMC5732351 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection induces an intense inflammatory response in diverse host tissues. The immune response and the microvascular abnormalities associated with infection are crucial aspects in the generation of heart damage in Chagas disease. Upon parasite uptake, macrophages, which are involved in the clearance of infection, increase inflammatory mediators, leading to parasite killing. The exacerbation of the inflammatory response may lead to tissue damage. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor that exerts important anti-inflammatory effects and is involved in improving endothelial functions and proangiogenic capacities. In this study, we evaluated the intermolecular interaction between PPARγ and a new synthetic PPARγ ligand, HP24, using virtual docking. Also, we showed that early treatment with HP24, decreases the expression of NOS2, a pro-inflammatory mediator, and stimulates proangiogenic mediators (vascular endothelial growth factor A, CD31, and Arginase I) both in macrophages and in the heart of T. cruzi-infected mice. Moreover, HP24 reduces the inflammatory response, cardiac fibrosis and the levels of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, interleukin 6) released by macrophages of T. cruzi-infected mice. We consider that PPARγ agonists might be useful as coadjuvants of the antiparasitic treatment of Chagas disease, to delay, reverse, or preclude the onset of heart damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Nicolás Penas
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Davide Carta
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Ganna Dmytrenko
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO)-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Gerado A Mirkin
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Carlos Pablo Modenutti
- Instituto de Química Biológica, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales (IQUIBICEN)-CONICET, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ágata Carolina Cevey
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Jimena Rada
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Grazia Ferlin
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - María Elena Sales
- Centro de Estudios Farmacológicos y Botánicos (CEFyBO)-CONICET, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Nora Beatriz Goren
- Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM)-CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Universidad de Buenos Aires, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas en Retrovirus y Sida (INBIRS), Facultad de Medicina, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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72
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miR-27b-3p, miR-181a-1-3p, and miR-326-5p are involved in the inhibition of macrophage activation in chronic liver injury. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:1091-1105. [DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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73
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Bai L, Li Z, Li Q, Guan H, Zhao S, Liu R, Wang R, Zhang J, Jia Y, Fan J, Wang N, Reddy JK, Shyy JYJ, Liu E. Mediator 1 Is Atherosclerosis Protective by Regulating Macrophage Polarization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2017. [PMID: 28642237 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.117.309672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE MED1 (mediator 1) interacts with transcription factors to regulate transcriptional machinery. The role of MED1 in macrophage biology and the relevant disease state remains to be investigated. APPROACH AND RESULTS To study the molecular mechanism by which MED1 regulates the M1/M2 phenotype switch of macrophage and the effect on atherosclerosis, we generated MED1/apolipoprotein E (ApoE) double-deficient (MED1ΔMac/ApoE-/-) mice and found that atherosclerosis was greater in MED1ΔMac/ApoE-/- mice than in MED1fl/fl/ApoE-/- littermates. The gene expression of M1 markers was increased and that of M2 markers decreased in both aortic wall and peritoneal macrophages from MED1ΔMac/ApoE-/- mice, whereas MED1 overexpression rectified the changes in M1/M2 expression. Moreover, LDLR (low-density lipoprotein receptor)-deficient mice received bone marrow from MED1ΔMac mice showed greater atherosclerosis. Mechanistically, MED1 ablation decreased the binding of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) and enrichment of H3K4me1 and H3K27ac to upstream region of M2 marker genes. Furthermore, interleukin 4 induction of PPARγ and MED1 increased the binding of PPARγ or MED1 to the PPAR response elements of M2 marker genes. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that MED1 is required for the PPARγ-mediated M2 phenotype switch, with M2 marker genes induced but M1 marker genes suppressed. MED1 in macrophages has an antiatherosclerotic role via PPARγ-regulated transactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Bai
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - Zhao Li
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - Qianwei Li
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - Hua Guan
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - Sihai Zhao
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - Ruihan Liu
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - Rong Wang
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - Jin Zhang
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - Yuzhi Jia
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - Jianglin Fan
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - Nanping Wang
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - Janardan K Reddy
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.)
| | - John Y-J Shyy
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.).
| | - Enqi Liu
- From the Research Institute of Atherosclerotic Disease, Health Science Center and Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education of China (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Laboratory Animal Center, Health Science Center (L.B., Q.L., H.G., S.Z., R.L., R.W., E.L.), Cardiovascular Research Center, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center (L.B., Z.L., J.Z., N.W., J.Y.-J.S.), Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL (Y.J., J.K.R.); Department of Molecular Pathology, Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Medicine and Engineering, University of Yamanashi, Japan (J.F.); and Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla (J.Y.-J.S.).
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Kim YS, Lee HM, Kim JK, Yang CS, Kim TS, Jung M, Jin HS, Kim S, Jang J, Oh GT, Kim JM, Jo EK. PPAR-α Activation Mediates Innate Host Defense through Induction of TFEB and Lipid Catabolism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 198:3283-3295. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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75
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Sanmarco LM, Ponce NE, Visconti LM, Eberhardt N, Theumer MG, Minguez ÁR, Aoki MP. IL-6 promotes M2 macrophage polarization by modulating purinergic signaling and regulates the lethal release of nitric oxide during Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:857-869. [PMID: 28087471 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The production of nitric oxide (NO) is a key defense mechanism against intracellular pathogens but it must be tightly controlled in order to avoid excessive detrimental oxidative stress. In this study we described a novel mechanism through which interleukin (IL)-6 mediates the regulation of NO release induced in response to Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Using a murine model of Chagas disease, we found that, in contrast to C57BL/6 wild type (WT) mice, IL-6-deficient (IL6KO) mice exhibited a dramatic increase in plasma NO levels concomitant with a significantly higher amount of circulating IL-1β and inflammatory monocytes. Studies on mouse macrophages and human monocytes, revealed that IL-6 decreased LPS-induced NO production but this effect was abrogated in the presence of anti-IL-1β and in macrophages deficient in the NLRP3 inflammasome. In accordance, while infected WT myocardium exhibited an early shift from microbicidal/M1 to anti-inflammatory/M2 macrophage phenotype, IL6KO cardiac tissue never displayed a dominant M2 macrophage profile that correlated with decreased expression of ATP metabolic machinery and a lower cardiac parasite burden. The deleterious effects of high NO production-induced oxidative stress were evidenced by enhanced cardiac malondialdehyde levels, myocardial cell death and mortality. The survival rate was improved by the treatment of IL-6-deficient mice with a NO production-specific inhibitor. Our data revealed that IL-6 regulates the excessive release of NO through IL-1β inhibition and determines the establishment of an M2 macrophage profile within infected heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliana M Sanmarco
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Nicolás E Ponce
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Laura M Visconti
- Hospital Nuestra Señora de la Misericordia del Nuevo Siglo, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Natalia Eberhardt
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Martin G Theumer
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Ángel R Minguez
- Hospital Nuestra Señora de la Misericordia del Nuevo Siglo, Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Maria P Aoki
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI)-Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina.
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76
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Wang Q, Su YY, Li YQ, Zhang YF, Yang S, Wang JL, Li HY. Atorvastatin alleviates renal ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats by promoting M1-M2 transition. Mol Med Rep 2016; 15:798-804. [PMID: 28035383 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.6074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) often occurs as a result of ischemia-reperfusion (IR). Previous studies have demonstrated that inflammation is an important contributor to AKI. Atorvastatin (ATO) possesses anti‑inflammatory properties and has been demonstrated to exert protective effects against renal IR injury (IRI). However, the underlying mechanism requires further study. In the present study, a rat model of renal IRI was successfully established. Consistent with the results of a previous study, ATO significantly attenuated IRI, which was supported by a decrease in serum creatinine and an increase in creatinine clearance rate, as well as alleviated pathological alterations in renal tubular cells. There are two types of activated macrophages: Proinflammatory M1 and anti‑inflammatory M2 macrophages, which have been demonstrated to exert contributory and protective effects on IRI, respectively. The present study demonstrated that treatment with ATO significantly decreased M1 macrophage density and increased M2 macrophage density, as compared with the IR group. In addition, it is well known that M1 macrophages can be induced by T helper 1 cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‑α and interferon (IFN)‑γ, whereas M2 macrophages can be induced by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)‑γ. The present study indicated that ATO treatment significantly decreased the expression levels of TNF‑α and IFN‑γ, and increased PPAR‑γ expression. In conclusion, ATO may ameliorate renal IRI by promoting M1‑M2 transition. Furthermore, ATO‑mediated macrophage polarization in rats with renal IRI may be associated with the downregulation of TNF‑α and IFN‑γ, and the upregulation of PPAR-γ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Yan Su
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Yan-Qun Li
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Fang Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Shen Yang
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Lin Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- Department of Nephrology, Huadu District People's Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510800, P.R. China
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77
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Marcone S, Evans P, Fitzgerald DJ. 15-Deoxy-Δ 12,14-Prostaglandin J 2 Modifies Components of the Proteasome and Inhibits Inflammatory Responses in Human Endothelial Cells. Front Immunol 2016; 7:459. [PMID: 27833612 PMCID: PMC5081389 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
15-Deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2 (15d-PGJ2) is an electrophilic lipid mediator derived from PGD2 with potent anti-inflammatory effects. These are likely to be due to the covalent modification of cellular proteins, via a reactive α,β-unsaturated carbonyl group in its cyclopentenone ring. This study was carried out to identify novel cellular target(s) for covalent modification by 15d-PGJ2 and to investigate the anti-inflammatory effects of the prostaglandin on endothelial cells (EC). The data presented here show that 15d-PGJ2 modifies and inhibits components of the proteasome and consequently inhibits the activation of the NF-κB pathway in response to TNF-α. This, in turn, inhibits the adhesion and migration of monocytes toward activated EC, by reducing the expression of adhesion molecules and chemokines in the EC. The effects are consistent with the covalent modification of 13 proteins in the 19S particle of the proteasome identified by mass spectrometry and the suppression of proteasome function, and were similar to the effects seen with a known proteasome inhibitor (MG132). The ubiquitin-proteasome system has been implicated in the regulation of several inflammatory processes and the observation that 15d-PGJ2 profoundly affects the proteasome functions in human EC suggests that 15d-PGJ2 may regulate the progression of inflammatory disorders such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Marcone
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Paul Evans
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
| | - Desmond J Fitzgerald
- UCD Conway Institute, School of Medicine and Medical Science, University College Dublin , Dublin , Ireland
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78
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Zhang M, Zhou Z, Wang J, Li S. MiR-130b promotes obesity associated adipose tissue inflammation and insulin resistance in diabetes mice through alleviating M2 macrophage polarization via repression of PPAR-γ. Immunol Lett 2016; 180:1-8. [PMID: 27746169 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inflammatory pathways play an important role in impaired glucose metabolism and insulin production. Adipose tissue inflammation is characterized by infiltration and expansion of macrophages, leading to type 2 diabetes (T2D). Macrophage polarization contributes to various inflammatory responses and cytokine production profiles. MiR-130b is involved in regulating immune response and metabolism. However, the specific role in macrophage polarization and glucose metabolism of T2D has not been reported. In this study, C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet to induce T2D mice model. The peritoneal macrophages were isolated, miR-130b and M1/M2 polarization was analyzed. Glucose tolerance was also detected. In addition, the relationship between miR-130b and the target gene was identified. We showed that mice fed on high-fat diet demonstrated significantly higher body weight and impaired glucose tolerance. In addition, the miR-130b level was up-regulated in macrophage of high-fat diet mice, which regulated M1/M2 polarization, adipose tissue inflammation and glucose tolerance. Furthermore, we identified PPAR-γ as a miR-130b target gene and regulated macrophage polarization. In summary, our findings demonstrated that miR-130b was a novel regulator of macrophage polarization and contributed to adipose tissue inflammation and insulin tolerance via repression of PPAR-γ. Furthermore, miR-130b represented a promising target for T2D therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shangdong, 276000, China
| | - Zhongqi Zhou
- Department of Nephrology, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shangdong, 276000, China
| | - Jinguang Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, Shangdong, 276000, China
| | - Shufa Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The Third People's Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, Shangdong, 276000, China.
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79
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Lloyd AF, Miron VE. Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms Underpinning Macrophage Activation during Remyelination. Front Cell Dev Biol 2016; 4:60. [PMID: 27446913 PMCID: PMC4914869 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2016.00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Remyelination is an example of central nervous system (CNS) regeneration, whereby myelin is restored around demyelinated axons, re-establishing saltatory conduction and trophic/metabolic support. In progressive multiple sclerosis, remyelination is limited or fails altogether which is considered to contribute to axonal damage/loss and consequent disability. Macrophages have critical roles in both CNS damage and regeneration, such as remyelination. This diverse range in functions reflects the ability of macrophages to acquire tissue microenvironment-specific activation states. This activation is dynamically regulated during efficient regeneration, with a switch from pro-inflammatory to inflammation-resolution/pro-regenerative phenotypes. Although, some molecules and pathways have been implicated in the dynamic activation of macrophages, such as NFκB, the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning plasticity of macrophage activation are unclear. Identifying mechanisms regulating macrophage activation to pro-regenerative phenotypes may lead to novel therapeutic strategies to promote remyelination in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F Lloyd
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
| | - Veronique E Miron
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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80
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Santos MHH, de Lourdes Higuchi M, Tucci PJF, Garavelo SM, Reis MM, Antonio EL, Serra AJ, Maranhão RC. Previous exercise training increases levels of PPAR-α in long-term post-myocardial infarction in rats, which is correlated with better inflammatory response. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2016; 71:163-8. [PMID: 27074178 PMCID: PMC4785847 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2016(03)08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise is a protective factor for cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, with unclear mechanisms. Changing the myocardial metabolism causes harmful consequences for heart function and exercise contributes to metabolic adjustment modulation. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are also myocardium metabolism regulators capable of decreasing the inflammatory response. We hypothesized that PPAR-α is involved in the beneficial effects of previous exercise on myocardial infarction (MI) and cardiac function, changing the expression of metabolic and inflammatory response regulators and reducing myocardial apoptosis, which partially explains the better outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS Exercised rats engaged in swimming sessions for 60 min/day, 5 days/week, for 8 weeks. Both the exercised rats and sedentary rats were randomized to MI surgery and followed for 1 week (EI1 or SI1) or 4 weeks (EI4 or SI4) of healing or to sham groups. Echocardiography was employed to detect left ventricular function and the infarct size. Additionally, the TUNEL technique was used to assess apoptosis and immunohistochemistry was used to quantitatively analyze the PPAR-α, TNF-α and NF-κB antigens in the infarcted and non-infarcted myocardium. MI-related mortality was higher in SI4 than in EI4 (25% vs 12%), without a difference in MI size. SI4 exhibited a lower shortening fraction than EI4 did (24% vs 35%) and a higher apoptosis/area rate (3.97±0.61 vs 1.90±1.82) in infarcted areas (both p=0.001). Immunohistochemistry also revealed higher TNF-α levels in SI1 than in EI1 (9.59 vs 4.09, p<0.001) in infarcted areas. In non-infarcted areas, EI4 showed higher levels of TNF-α and positive correlations between PPAR-α and NF-κB (r=0.75, p=0.02), in contrast to SI4 (r=0.05, p=0.87). CONCLUSION Previously exercised animals had better long-term ventricular function post-MI, in addition to lower levels of local inflammatory markers and less myocardial apoptosis, which seemed to be related to the presence of PPAR-α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Harumi Higuchi Santos
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, São Paulo/, SP, Brazil
- E-mail:
| | - Maria de Lourdes Higuchi
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, São Paulo/, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Shérrira M Garavelo
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, São Paulo/, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia M Reis
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, São Paulo/, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Raul Cavalcante Maranhão
- Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Laboratório de Patologia Cardíaca, São Paulo/, SP, Brazil
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81
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Flores JJ, Klebe D, Rolland WB, Lekic T, Krafft PR, Zhang JH. PPARγ-induced upregulation of CD36 enhances hematoma resolution and attenuates long-term neurological deficits after germinal matrix hemorrhage in neonatal rats. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 87:124-33. [PMID: 26739391 PMCID: PMC4724557 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Germinal matrix hemorrhage remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in preterm infants in the United States with little progress made in its clinical management. Survivors are often afflicted with long-term neurological sequelae, including cerebral palsy, mental retardation, hydrocephalus, and psychiatric disorders. Blood clots disrupting normal cerebrospinal fluid circulation and absorption after germinal matrix hemorrhage are thought to be important contributors towards post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus development. We evaluated if upregulating CD36 scavenger receptor expression in microglia and macrophages through PPARγ stimulation, which was effective in experimental adult cerebral hemorrhage models and is being evaluated clinically, will enhance hematoma resolution and ameliorate long-term brain sequelae using a neonatal rat germinal matrix hemorrhage model. PPARγ stimulation (15d-PGJ2) increased short-term PPARγ and CD36 expression levels as well as enhanced hematoma resolution, which was reversed by a PPARγ antagonist (GW9662) and CD36 siRNA. PPARγ stimulation (15d-PGJ2) also reduced long-term white matter loss and post-hemorrhagic ventricular dilation as well as improved neurofunctional outcomes, which were reversed by a PPARγ antagonist (GW9662). PPARγ-induced upregulation of CD36 in macrophages and microglia is, therefore, critical for enhancing hematoma resolution and ameliorating long-term brain sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerry J Flores
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Damon Klebe
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - William B Rolland
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Tim Lekic
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - Paul R Krafft
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA
| | - John H Zhang
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA; Departments of Anesthesiology and Neurosurgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
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Cevey ÁC, Mirkin GA, Penas FN, Goren NB. Low-dose benznidazole treatment results in parasite clearance and attenuates heart inflammatory reaction in an experimental model of infection with a highly virulent Trypanosoma cruzi strain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR PARASITOLOGY-DRUGS AND DRUG RESISTANCE 2015; 6:12-22. [PMID: 26862474 PMCID: PMC4706620 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpddr.2015.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is the main cause of dilated cardiomyopathy in the Americas. Antiparasitic treatment mostly relies on benznidazole (Bzl) due to Nifurtimox shortage or unavailability. Both induce adverse drug effects (ADE) of varied severity in many patients, leading to treatment discontinuation or abandonment. Since dosage may influence ADE, we aimed to assess Bzl efficacy in terms of parasiticidal and anti-inflammatory activity, using doses lower than those previously reported. BALB/c mice infected with the T. cruzi RA strain were treated with different doses of Bzl. Parasitaemia, mortality and weight change were assessed. Parasite load, tissue infiltrates and inflammatory mediators were studied in the heart. Serum creatine kinase (CK) activity was determined as a marker of heart damage. The infection-independent anti-inflammatory properties of Bzl were studied in an in vitro model of LPS-treated cardiomyocyte culture. Treatment with 25 mg/kg/day Bzl turned negative the parasitological parameters, induced a significant decrease in IL-1β, IL-6 and NOS2 in the heart and CK activity in serum, to normal levels. No mortality was observed in infected treated mice. Primary cultured cardiomyocytes treated with Bzl showed that inflammatory mediators were reduced via inhibition of the NF-κB pathway. A Bzl dose lower than that previously reported for treatment of experimental Chagas disease exerts adequate antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory effects leading to parasite clearance and tissue healing. This may be relevant to reassess the dose currently used for the treatment of human Chagas disease, aiming to minimize ADE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ágata Carolina Cevey
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM - UBA, CONICET), Argentina
| | - Gerardo Ariel Mirkin
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM - UBA, CONICET), Argentina
| | - Federico Nicolás Penas
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM - UBA, CONICET), Argentina
| | - Nora Beatriz Goren
- Instituto de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Parasitología Médica (IMPaM - UBA, CONICET), Argentina.
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83
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PPARγ and the Innate Immune System Mediate the Resolution of Inflammation. PPAR Res 2015; 2015:549691. [PMID: 26713087 PMCID: PMC4680113 DOI: 10.1155/2015/549691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The resolution of inflammation is an active and dynamic process, mediated in large part by the innate immune system. Resolution represents not only an increase in anti-inflammatory actions, but also a paradigm shift in immune cell function to restore homeostasis. PPARγ, a ligand activated transcription factor, has long been studied for its anti-inflammatory actions, but an emerging body of literature is investigating the role of PPARγ and its ligands (including thiazolidinediones, prostaglandins, and oleanolic acids) in all phases of resolution. PPARγ can shift production from pro- to anti-inflammatory mediators by neutrophils, platelets, and macrophages. PPARγ and its ligands further modulate platelet and neutrophil function, decreasing trafficking, promoting neutrophil apoptosis, and preventing platelet-leukocyte interactions. PPARγ alters macrophage trafficking, increases efferocytosis and phagocytosis, and promotes alternative M2 macrophage activation. There are also roles for this receptor in the adaptive immune response, particularly regarding B cells. These effects contribute towards the attenuation of multiple disease states, including COPD, colitis, Alzheimer's disease, and obesity in animal models. Finally, novel specialized proresolving mediators-eicosanoids with critical roles in resolution-may act through PPARγ modulation to promote resolution, providing another exciting area of therapeutic potential for this receptor.
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84
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Pontis S, Ribeiro A, Sasso O, Piomelli D. Macrophage-derived lipid agonists of PPAR-αas intrinsic controllers of inflammation. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 51:7-14. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1092944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Perretti M, Leroy X, Bland EJ, Montero-Melendez T. Resolution Pharmacology: Opportunities for Therapeutic Innovation in Inflammation. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:737-755. [PMID: 26478210 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Current medicines for the clinical management of inflammatory diseases act by inhibiting specific enzymes or antagonising specific receptors or blocking their ligands. In the past decade, a new paradigm in our understanding of the inflammatory process has emerged with the appreciation of genetic, molecular, and cellular mechanisms that are engaged to actively resolve inflammation. The 'resolution of acute inflammation' is enabled by counter-regulatory checkpoints to terminate the inflammatory reaction, promoting healing and repair. It may be possible to harness this knowledge for innovative approaches to the treatment of inflammatory pathologies. Here we discuss current translational attempts to develop agonists at proresolving targets as a strategy to rectify chronic inflammatory status. We reason this new approach will lead to the identification of better drugs that will establish a new branch of pharmacology, 'resolution pharmacology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Perretti
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
| | - Xavier Leroy
- Drug Discovery Biology, Actelion Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Allschwil, Switzerland
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Ma J, Liu R, Wang X, Liu Q, Chen Y, Valle RP, Zuo YY, Xia T, Liu S. Crucial Role of Lateral Size for Graphene Oxide in Activating Macrophages and Stimulating Pro-inflammatory Responses in Cells and Animals. ACS NANO 2015; 9:10498-515. [PMID: 26389709 PMCID: PMC5522963 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b04751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 276] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is increasingly used in biomedical applications because it possesses not only the unique properties of graphene including large surface area and flexibility but also hydrophilicity and dispersibility in aqueous solutions. However, there are conflicting results on its biocompatibility and biosafety partially due to large variations in physicochemical properties of GO, and the role of these properties including lateral size in the biological or toxicological effects of GO is still unclear. In this study, we focused on the role of lateral size by preparing a panel of GO samples with differential lateral sizes using the same starting material. We found that, in comparison to its smaller counterpart, larger GO showed a stronger adsorption onto the plasma membrane with less phagocytosis, which elicited more robust interaction with toll-like receptors and more potent activation of NF-κB pathways. By contrast, smaller GO sheets were more likely taken up by cells. As a result, larger GO promoted greater M1 polarization, associated with enhanced production of inflammatory cytokines and recruitment of immune cells. The in vitro results correlated well with local and systemic inflammatory responses after GO administration into the abdominal cavity, lung, or bloodstream through the tail vein. Together, our study delineated the size-dependent M1 induction of macrophages and pro-inflammatory responses of GO in vitro and in vivo. Our data also unearthed the detailed mechanism underlying these effects: a size-dependent interaction between GO and the plasma membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yunan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Russell P. Valle
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Yi Y. Zuo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Tian Xia
- Division of NanoMedicine, Department of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
- Address correspondence to (S. Liu) ; (T. Xia)
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Address correspondence to (S. Liu) ; (T. Xia)
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