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Lumniczky K, Impens N, Armengol G, Candéias S, Georgakilas AG, Hornhardt S, Martin OA, Rödel F, Schaue D. Low dose ionizing radiation effects on the immune system. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 149:106212. [PMID: 33293042 PMCID: PMC8784945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ionizing radiation interacts with the immune system in many ways with a multiplicity that mirrors the complexity of the immune system itself: namely the need to maintain a delicate balance between different compartments, cells and soluble factors that work collectively to protect, maintain, and restore tissue function in the face of severe challenges including radiation damage. The cytotoxic effects of high dose radiation are less relevant after low dose exposure, where subtle quantitative and functional effects predominate that may go unnoticed until late after exposure or after a second challenge reveals or exacerbates the effects. For example, low doses may permanently alter immune fitness and therefore accelerate immune senescence and pave the way for a wide spectrum of possible pathophysiological events, including early-onset of age-related degenerative disorders and cancer. By contrast, the so called low dose radiation therapy displays beneficial, anti-inflammatory and pain relieving properties in chronic inflammatory and degenerative diseases. In this review, epidemiological, clinical and experimental data regarding the effects of low-dose radiation on the homeostasis and functional integrity of immune cells will be discussed, as will be the role of immune-mediated mechanisms in the systemic manifestation of localized exposures such as inflammatory reactions. The central conclusion is that ionizing radiation fundamentally and durably reshapes the immune system. Further, the importance of discovery of immunological pathways for modifying radiation resilience amongst other research directions in this field is implied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Lumniczky
- National Public Health Centre, Department of Radiation Medicine, Budapest, Albert Florian u. 2-6, 1097, Hungary.
| | - Nathalie Impens
- Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, Biosciences Expert Group, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Gemma Armengol
- Unit of Biological Anthropology, Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Biosciences, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193-Bellaterra, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Serge Candéias
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IRIG-LCBM, 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Alexandros G Georgakilas
- DNA Damage Laboratory, Physics Department, School of Applied Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou 15780, Athens, Greece.
| | - Sabine Hornhardt
- Federal Office for Radiation Protection (BfS), Ingolstaedter Landstr.1, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany.
| | - Olga A Martin
- Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne 3052, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, University Hospital, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Dörthe Schaue
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095-1714, USA.
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Wittenborn TR, Fahlquist Hagert C, Ferapontov A, Fonager S, Jensen L, Winther G, Degn SE. Comparison of gamma and x-ray irradiation for myeloablation and establishment of normal and autoimmune syngeneic bone marrow chimeras. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247501. [PMID: 33730087 PMCID: PMC7968675 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Murine bone marrow (BM) chimeras are a versatile and valuable research tool in stem cell and immunology research. Engraftment of donor BM requires myeloablative conditioning of recipients. The most common method used for mice is ionizing radiation, and Cesium-137 gamma irradiators have been preferred. However, radioactive sources are being out-phased worldwide due to safety concerns, and are most commonly replaced by X-ray sources, creating a need to compare these sources regarding efficiency and potential side effects. Prior research has proven both methods capable of efficiently ablating BM cells and splenocytes in mice, but with moderate differences in resultant donor chimerism across tissues. Here, we compared Cesium-137 to 350 keV X-ray irradiation with respect to immune reconstitution, assaying complete, syngeneic BM chimeras and a mixed chimera model of autoimmune disease. Based on dose titration, we find that both gamma and X-ray irradiation can facilitate a near-complete donor chimerism. Mice subjected to 13 Gy Cesium-137 irradiation and reconstituted with syngeneic donor marrow were viable and displayed high donor chimerism, whereas X-ray irradiated mice all succumbed at 13 Gy. However, a similar degree of chimerism as that obtained following 13 Gy gamma irradiation could be achieved by 11 Gy X-ray irradiation, about 85% relative to the gamma dose. In the mixed chimera model of autoimmune disease, we found that a similar autoimmune phenotype could be achieved irrespective of irradiation source used. It is thus possible to compare data generated, regardless of the irradiation source, but every setup and application likely needs individual optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Rea Wittenborn
- The Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Cecilia Fahlquist Hagert
- The Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Alexey Ferapontov
- The Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sofie Fonager
- The Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Jensen
- The Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gudrun Winther
- The Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Søren Egedal Degn
- The Laboratory for Lymphocyte Biology, Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Mahr B, Pilat N, Granofszky N, Muckenhuber M, Unger LW, Weijler AM, Wiletel M, Steiner R, Dorner L, Regele H, Wekerle T. Distinct roles for major and minor antigen barriers in chimerism-based tolerance under irradiation-free conditions. Am J Transplant 2021; 21:968-977. [PMID: 32633070 PMCID: PMC7984377 DOI: 10.1111/ajt.16177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Eliminating cytoreductive conditioning from chimerism-based tolerance protocols would facilitate clinical translation. Here we investigated the impact of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and minor histocompatibility antigen (MiHA) barriers on mechanisms of tolerance and rejection in this setting. Transient depletion of natural killer (NK) cells at the time of bone marrow (BM) transplantation (BMT) (20 × 106 BALB/c BM cells → C57BL/6 recipients under costimulation blockade [CB] and rapamycin) prevented BM rejection. Despite persistent levels of mixed chimerism, BMT recipients gradually rejected skin grafts from the same donor strain. Extending NK cell depletion did not improve skin graft survival. However, F1 (C57BL/6×BALB/c) donors, which do not elicit NK cell-mediated rejection, induced durable chimerism and tolerance. In contrast, if F1 donors with BALB/c background only were used (BALB/c×BALB.B), no tolerance was observed. In the absence of MiHA disparities (B10.D2 donors, MHC-mismatch only), temporal NK cell depletion established stable chimerism and tolerance. Conversely, MHC identical BM (BALB.B donors, MiHA mismatch only) readily engrafted without NK cell depletion but no skin graft tolerance ensued. Therefore, we conclude that under CB and rapamycin, MHC disparities provoke NK cell-mediated BM rejection in nonirradiated recipients whereas MiHA disparities do not prevent BM engraftment but impede skin graft tolerance in established mixed chimeras.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Mahr
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Nina Pilat
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Nicolas Granofszky
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Moritz Muckenhuber
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Lukas W. Unger
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Anna M. Weijler
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Mario Wiletel
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Romy Steiner
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Lisa Dorner
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Heinz Regele
- Clinical Institute of PathologyMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Thomas Wekerle
- Section of Transplantation ImmunologyDepartment of SurgeryMedical University of ViennaViennaAustria
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Heylmann D, Ponath V, Kindler T, Kaina B. Comparison of DNA repair and radiosensitivity of different blood cell populations. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2478. [PMID: 33510180 PMCID: PMC7843614 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the frequent use of ionising radiation (IR) in therapy and diagnostics and the unavoidable exposure to external radiation sources, our knowledge regarding the radiosensitivity of human blood cell populations is limited and published data, obtained under different experimental conditions, are heterogeneous. To compare the radiosensitivity of different hematopoietic cell populations, we set out to determine the responses of cells obtained from peripheral blood of healthy volunteers under identical conditions (resting, non-stimulated cells). First, we measured the radiation response of T cells (Treg, Th, CTL), B cells, NK cells, CD34+ progenitor cells and monocytes obtained from peripheral blood and monocyte-derived macrophages (Mph) and immature dendritic cells (iDC) ex vivo and show that T and B cells are highly sensitive, starting to undergo apoptosis following IR with a dose as low as 0.125 Gy. Importantly, there was no clear threshold dose and cell death/apoptosis increased up to a saturation level with a dose of 2 Gy. The sensitivity decreased in the order of T cells > NK and B cells > monocytes > macrophages and iDC. The data confirm a previous report that Mph and iDC are radiation-resistant compared to their progenitor monocytes. Although non-stimulated T and B cells were highly radiation-sensitive compared to monocytes and macrophages, they were competent in the repair of DNA double-strand breaks, as shown by a decline in γH2AX foci in the post-exposure period. CD34+ cells obtained from peripheral blood also showed γH2AX decline post-exposure, indicating they are repair competent. Granulocytes (CD15+) did not display any γH2AX staining following IR. Although peripheral blood lymphocytes, the main fraction are T cells, were significantly more radiation-sensitive than monocytes, they displayed the expression of the repair proteins XRCC1, ligase III and PARP-1, which were nearly non-expressed in monocytes. To assess whether monocytes are depleted in vivo following IR, we measured the amount of T cells and monocytes in cancer patients who received total-body radiation (TBR, 6 × 2 Gy). We observed that the number of T cells in the peripheral blood significantly declined already after the first day of TBR and remained at a low level, which was accompanied by an increase in the number of γH2AX foci in the surviving CD3+ T cell fraction. In contrast, the number of monocytes did not decline extensively, reflecting their radiation resistance compared to T cells. Monocytes also showed an accumulation of γH2AX foci in vivo, but the levels were significantly lower than in T cells. CD56+ NK cells displayed a response similar to T cells. The data support the notion that unstimulated T cell subfractions are nearly equally radiation sensitive. There are, however, remarkable differences in the radiation sensitivity between the lymphoid and the myeloid lineage, with lymphoid cells being significantly more sensitive than cells of the myeloid lineage. In the myeloid lineage, macrophages and iDCs were the most radio-resistant cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heylmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Viviane Ponath
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Center for Tumor Biology and Immunology, Institute for Tumor Immunology, Philipps University, Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Kindler
- Department of Medical Oncology and Pneumology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Johannes Gutenberg-University Mainz, Obere Zahlbacher Straße 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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55
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Yashavarddhan MH, Sharma AK, Chaudhary P, Bajaj S, Singh S, Shukla SK. Development of hematopoietic syndrome mice model for localized radiation exposure. Sci Rep 2021; 11:89. [PMID: 33420217 PMCID: PMC7794306 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80075-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Current models to study the hematopoietic syndrome largely rely on the uniform whole-body exposures. However, in the radio-nuclear accidents or terrorist events, exposure can be non-uniform. The data available on the non-uniform exposures is limited. Thus, we have developed a mice model for studying the hematopoietic syndrome in the non-uniform or partial body exposure scenarios using the localized cobalt60 gamma radiation exposure. Femur region of Strain 'A' male mice was exposed to doses ranging from 7 to 20 Gy. The 30 day survival assay showed 19 Gy as LD100 and 17 Gy as LD50. We measured an array of cytokines and important stem cell markers such as IFN-γ, IL-3, IL-6, GM-CSF, TNF-α, G-CSF, IL-1α, IL-1β, CD 34 and Sca 1. We found significant changes in IL-6, GM-CSF, TNF-α, G-CSF, and IL-1β levels compared to untreated groups and amplified levels of CD 34 and Sca 1 positive population in the irradiated mice compared to the untreated controls. Overall, we have developed a mouse model of the hematopoietic acute radiation syndrome that might be useful for understanding of the non-uniform body exposure scenarios. This may also be helpful in the screening of drugs intended for individuals suffering from radiation induced hematopoietic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Yashavarddhan
- National Institute of Cancer Prevention & Research, Indian Council of Medical Research, Sector-39, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201301, India
| | - Ajay Kumar Sharma
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Pankaj Chaudhary
- The Patrick G Johnston Centre for Cancer Research, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Sania Bajaj
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Sukhvir Singh
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Sandeep Kumar Shukla
- Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Defence Research and Development Organisation, Brig. S K Mazumdar Marg, Timarpur, Delhi, 110054, India.
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56
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Ragunathan K, Upfold NLE, Oksenych V. Interaction between Fibroblasts and Immune Cells Following DNA Damage Induced by Ionizing Radiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228635. [PMID: 33207781 PMCID: PMC7696681 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAF) form the basis of tumor microenvironment and possess immunomodulatory functions by interacting with other cells surrounding tumor, including T lymphocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells and natural killer cells. Ionizing radiation is a broadly-used method in radiotherapy to target tumors. In mammalian cells, ionizing radiation induces various types of DNA damages and DNA damage response. Being unspecific, radiotherapy affects all the cells in tumor microenvironment, including the tumor itself, CAFs and immune cells. CAFs are extremely radio-resistant and do not initiate apoptosis even at high doses of radiation. However, following radiation, CAFs become senescent and produce a distinct combination of immunoregulatory molecules. Radiosensitivity of immune cells varies depending on the cell type due to inefficient DNA repair in, for example, monocytes and granulocytes. In this minireview, we are summarizing recent findings on the interaction between CAF, ionizing radiation and immune cells in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalaiyarasi Ragunathan
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (K.R.); (N.L.E.U.)
| | - Nikki Lyn Esnardo Upfold
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (K.R.); (N.L.E.U.)
| | - Valentyn Oksenych
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), 7028 Trondheim, Norway; (K.R.); (N.L.E.U.)
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT-The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition (BioNuT), Karolinska Institutet, 14183 Huddinge, Sweden
- KG Jebsen Centre for B Cell Malignancies, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, N-0316 Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, 0318 Oslo, Norway
- Correspondence:
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Ghandhi SA, Sima C, Weber WM, Melo DR, Rudqvist N, Morton SR, Turner HC, Amundson SA. Dose and Dose-Rate Effects in a Mouse Model of Internal Exposure to 137Cs. Part 1: Global Transcriptomic Responses in Blood. Radiat Res 2020; 196:478-490. [PMID: 32931585 PMCID: PMC8864709 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Internal contamination by radionuclides may constitute a major source of exposure and biological damage after radiation accidents and potentially in a dirty bomb or improvised nuclear device scenario. We injected male C57BL/6 mice with radiolabeled cesium chloride solution (137CsCl) to evaluate the biological effects of varying cumulative doses and dose rates in a two-week study. Injection activities of 137CsCl were 5.71, 6.78, 7.67 and 9.29 MBq, calculated to achieve a target dose of 4 Gy at days 14, 7, 5 and 3, respectively. We collected whole blood samples at days 2, 3, 5, 7 and 14 so that we can publish the issue in Decemberfrom all injection groups and measured gene expression using Agilent Mouse Whole Genome microarrays. We identified both dose-rate-independent and dose-rate-dependent gene expression responses in the time series. Gene Ontology analysis indicated a rapid and persistent immune response to the chronic low-dose-rate irradiation, consistent with depletion of radiosensitive B cells. Pathways impacting platelet aggregation and TP53 signaling appeared activated, but not consistently at all times in the study. Clustering of genes by pattern and identification of dose-rate-independent and -dependent genes provided insight into possible drivers of the dynamic transcriptome response in vivo, and also indicated that TP53 signaling may be upstream of very different transcript response patterns. This characterization of the biological response of blood cells to internal radiation at varying doses and dose rates is an important step in understanding the effects of internal contamination after a nuclear event.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chao Sima
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genomic Systems Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77845
| | - Waylon M. Weber
- The Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Dunstana R. Melo
- The Lovelace Biomedical Research Institute, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87108
| | - Nils Rudqvist
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Shad R. Morton
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
| | - Helen C. Turner
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York 10032
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58
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Barsoumian HB, Ramapriyan R, Younes AI, Caetano MS, Menon H, Comeaux NI, Cushman TR, Schoenhals JE, Cadena AP, Reilly TP, Chen D, Masrorpour F, Li A, Hong DS, Diab A, Nguyen QN, Glitza I, Ferrarotto R, Chun SG, Cortez MA, Welsh J. Low-dose radiation treatment enhances systemic antitumor immune responses by overcoming the inhibitory stroma. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-000537. [PMID: 33106386 PMCID: PMC7592253 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Despite some successes with checkpoint inhibitors for treating cancer, most patients remain refractory to treatment, possibly due to the inhibitory nature of the tumor stroma that impedes the function and entry of effector cells. We devised a new technique of combining immunotherapy with radiotherapy (XRT), more specifically low-dose XRT, to overcome the stroma and maximize systemic outcomes. Methods We bilaterally established 344SQ lung adenocarcinoma tumors in 129Sv/Ev mice. Primary and secondary tumors were irradiated with either high-dose or low-dose of XRT with systemic anti-programmed cell death protein 1 and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4 administration. Survival and tumor growth were monitored for the various groups, and secondary tumors were phenotyped by flow cytometry for immune populations. Tumor growth factor-beta (TGF-β) cytokine levels were assessed locally after low-dose XRT, and specific immune-cell depletion experiments were conducted to identify the major contributors to the observed systemic antitumor effect. Results Through our preclinical and clinical studies, we observed that when tumor burden was high, there was a necessity of combining high-dose XRT to ‘prime’ T cells at the primary tumor site, with low-dose XRT directed to secondary (metastatic) tumors to ‘modulate the stroma’. Low-dose XRT improved the antitumor outcomes of checkpoint inhibitors by favoring M1 macrophage polarization, enhancing natural killer (NK) cell infiltration, and reducing TGF-β levels. Depletion of CD4+ T cells and NK cells abrogated the observed antitumor effect. Conclusion Our data extend the benefits of low-dose XRT to reprogram the tumor environment and improve the infiltration and function of effector immune cells into secondary tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rishab Ramapriyan
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ahmed I Younes
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mauricio S Caetano
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Hari Menon
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Nathan I Comeaux
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Taylor R Cushman
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan E Schoenhals
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandra P Cadena
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Dawei Chen
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Fatemeh Masrorpour
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ailin Li
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - David S Hong
- Investigational Cancer Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Adi Diab
- Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Quynh-Nhu Nguyen
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Isabella Glitza
- Melanoma Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Renata Ferrarotto
- Thoracic Medical Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen G Chun
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Maria Angelica Cortez
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James Welsh
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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Shimura T, Nakashiro C, Narao M, Ushiyama A. Induction of oxidative stress biomarkers following whole-body irradiation in mice. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240108. [PMID: 33002096 PMCID: PMC7529313 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Dose assessment is an important issue for radiation emergency medicine to determine appropriate clinical treatment. Hematopoietic tissues are extremely vulnerable to radiation exposure. A decrease in blood cell count following radiation exposure is the first quantitative bio-indicator using hematological techniques. We further examined induction of oxidative stress biomarkers in residual lymphocytes to identify new biomarkers for dosimetry. In vivo whole-body radiation to mice exposed to 5 Gy significantly induces DNA double-strand breaks, which were visualized by γ-H2AX in mouse blood cells. Mouse blood smears and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from irradiated mice were used for immunostaining for oxidative biomarkers, parkin or Nrf2. Parkin is the E3 ubiquitin ligase, which is normally localized in the cytoplasm, is relocated to abnormal mitochondria with low membrane potential (ΔΨm), where it promotes clearance via mitophagy. Nrf2 transcription factor controls the major cellular antioxidant responses. Both markers of oxidative stress were more sensitive and persistent over time than nuclear DNA damage. In conclusion, parkin and Nrf2 are potential biomarkers for use in radiation dosimetry. Identification of several biological markers which show different kinetics for radiation response is essential for radiation dosimetry that allows the assessment of radiation injury and efficacy of clinical treatment in emergency radiation incidents. Radiation-induced oxidative damage is useful not only for radiation dose assessment but also for evaluation of radiation risks on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsutomu Shimura
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Akira Ushiyama
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Public Health, Wako, Japan
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60
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Kurup SP, Moioffer SJ, Pewe LL, Harty JT. p53 Hinders CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Targeted Gene Disruption in Memory CD8 T Cells In Vivo. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:2222-2230. [PMID: 32887747 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
CRISPR/Cas9 technology has revolutionized rapid and reliable gene editing in cells. Although many cell types have been subjected to CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing, there is no evidence of success in genetic alteration of Ag-experienced memory CD8 T cells. In this study, we show that CRISPR/Cas9-mediated gene editing in memory CD8 T cells precludes their proliferation after Ag re-encounter in vivo. This defect is mediated by the proapoptotic transcription factor p53, a sensor of DNA damage. Temporarily inhibiting p53 function offers a window of opportunity for the memory CD8 T cells to repair the DNA damage, facilitating robust recall responses on Ag re-encounter. We demonstrate this by functionally altering memory CD8 T cells using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted gene disruption under the aegis of p53siRNA in the mouse model. Our approach thus adapts the CRISPR/Cas9 technology for memory CD8 T cells to undertake gene editing in vivo, for the first time, to our knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samarchith P Kurup
- Department of Cellular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602.,Center for Tropical and Emerging Global Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602
| | - Steven J Moioffer
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - Lecia L Pewe
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and
| | - John T Harty
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242; and .,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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Ariyoshi K, Miura T, Kasai K, Goh VST, Fujishima Y, Nakata A, Takahashi A, Shimizu Y, Shinoda H, Yamashiro H, Seymour C, Mothersill C, Yoshida MA. Environmental radiation on large Japanese field mice in Fukushima reduced colony forming potential in hematopoietic progenitor cells without inducing genomic instability. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 98:1147-1158. [PMID: 32791031 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1807643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the environmental radiation effects of wild animals after the Fukushima Dai-ichi nuclear power plant accident, we assessed effects on hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) in large Japanese field mice (Apodemus speciosus). MATERIALS AND METHODS A. speciosus were collected from three contaminated sites and control area. The air dose-rates at the control and contaminated areas were 0.96 ± 0.05 μGy/d (Hirosaki), 14.4 ± 2.4 μGy/d (Tanashio), 208.8 ± 31.2 μGy/d (Ide), 470.4 ± 93.6 μGy/d (Omaru), respectively. We investigated possible DNA damage and pro-inflammatory markers in the bone marrow (BM) cells. The colony-forming potential of BM cells was estimated by the number of HPC colony-forming cells. Radiation-induced genomic instability (RIGI) in HPCs was also analyzed by quantifying delayed DNA damage in CFU-GM clones. RESULTS Although no significant differences in DNA damage and inflammation markers in BM cells from control and contaminated areas, the number of HPC colonies exhibited an inverse correlation with air dose-rate. With regard to RIGI, no significant differences in DNA damage of CFU-GM clones between the mice from the control and the three contaminated areas. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that low dose-rate radiation of more than 200 Gy/d reduced HPCs, possibly eliminating genomically unstable HPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ariyoshi
- Integrated Center for Science and Humanities, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Tomisato Miura
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Kosuke Kasai
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Valerie Swee Ting Goh
- Department of Bioscience and Laboratory Medicine, Hirosaki University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hirosaki, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Department of Radiation Biology, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akifumi Nakata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University of Science, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | - Hisashi Shinoda
- Graduate School of Dentistry, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hideaki Yamashiro
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishiku, Japan
| | - Colin Seymour
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | | | - Mitsuaki A Yoshida
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki, Japan
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62
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Amini P, Ashrafizadeh M, Motevaseli E, Najafi M, Shirazi A. Mitigation of radiation-induced hematopoietic system injury by melatonin. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:815-821. [PMID: 32125094 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increased risks of exposure to accidental radiation events are a concern in today's world. Radiation terror, nuclear explosion, as well as accidental exposure to radioactive sources in some industries pose a threat to the life of exposed persons. Studies have been conducted using some low-toxic agents to mitigate radiation toxicity and increase survival probability for exposed people. In the current study, we aimed to show the mitigation of radiation-induced mortality and bone marrow toxicity using postirradiation treatment with melatonin. METHOD Mice whole bodies were exposed to 4 or 7 Gy radiation followed by treatment with melatonin after 24 hours. Survival of mice with or without melatonin, the levels of peripheral cells, transforming growth factor (TGF)-β and 8-hydroxy-2' -deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) in the bone marrow, as well as the expression of NADPH oxidase (NOX)2 and NOX4 in bone marrow cells were evaluated. RESULTS Whole body irradiation led to mortality 30 days after irradiation. However, melatonin treatment reduced mortality. Irradiation also showed severe reduction of lymphocytes, platelets, and red blood cells. The expressions of NOX2 and NOX4, in addition to TGF-β level, were increased after exposure to radiation. Melatonin ameliorated the increased levels of these factors and improved the number of blood cells. CONCLUSIONS Melatonin showed ability to mitigate radiation-induced hematopoietic system toxicity and also increased survival rate. These results suggest that melatonin could be a potential mitigator for accidental radiation events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Amini
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Ashrafizadeh
- Department of Basic Science, Veterinary Medicine Faculty, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Alireza Shirazi
- Department of Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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63
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Khodamoradi E, Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi M, Amini P, Motevaseli E, Shabeeb D, Musa AE, Najafi M, Farhood B. Targets for protection and mitigation of radiation injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2020; 77:3129-3159. [PMID: 32072238 PMCID: PMC11104832 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-020-03479-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Protection of normal tissues against toxic effects of ionizing radiation is a critical issue in clinical and environmental radiobiology. Investigations in recent decades have suggested potential targets that are involved in the protection against radiation-induced damages to normal tissues and can be proposed for mitigation of radiation injury. Emerging evidences have been shown to be in contrast to an old dogma in radiation biology; a major amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and cell toxicity occur during some hours to years after exposure to ionizing radiation. This can be attributed to upregulation of inflammatory and fibrosis mediators, epigenetic changes and disruption of the normal metabolism of oxygen. In the current review, we explain the cellular and molecular changes following exposure of normal tissues to ionizing radiation. Furthermore, we review potential targets that can be proposed for protection and mitigation of radiation toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Khodamoradi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Hoseini-Ghahfarokhi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Peyman Amini
- Department of Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elahe Motevaseli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dheyauldeen Shabeeb
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Misan, Misan, Iraq
- Misan Radiotherapy Center, Misan, Iraq
| | - Ahmed Eleojo Musa
- Department of Medical Physics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (International Campus), Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Department of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Kranich J, Chlis NK, Rausch L, Latha A, Schifferer M, Kurz T, Foltyn-Arfa Kia A, Simons M, Theis FJ, Brocker T. In vivo identification of apoptotic and extracellular vesicle-bound live cells using image-based deep learning. J Extracell Vesicles 2020; 9:1792683. [PMID: 32944180 PMCID: PMC7480589 DOI: 10.1080/20013078.2020.1792683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The in vivo detection of dead cells remains a major challenge due to technical hurdles. Here, we present a novel method, where injection of fluorescent milk fat globule-EGF factor 8 protein (MFG-E8) in vivo combined with imaging flow cytometry and deep learning allows the identification of dead cells based on their surface exposure of phosphatidylserine (PS) and other image parameters. A convolutional autoencoder (CAE) was trained on defined pictures and successfully used to identify apoptotic cells in vivo. However, unexpectedly, these analyses also revealed that the great majority of PS+ cells were not apoptotic, but rather live cells associated with PS+ extracellular vesicles (EVs). During acute viral infection apoptotic cells increased slightly, while up to 30% of lymphocytes were decorated with PS+ EVs of antigen-presenting cell (APC) exosomal origin. The combination of recombinant fluorescent MFG-E8 and the CAE-method will greatly facilitate analyses of cell death and EVs in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Kranich
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Munich, Germany
| | - Nikolaos-Kosmas Chlis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rausch
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Munich, Germany
| | - Ashretha Latha
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Munich, Germany
| | - Martina Schifferer
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany
| | - Tilman Kurz
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Mikael Simons
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (Synergy), Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Fabian J Theis
- Institute of Computational Biology, Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Mathematics, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Thomas Brocker
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute for Immunology, Munich, Germany
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65
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Etani R, Ojima M, Ariyoshi K, Fujishima Y, Kai M. Cellular kinetics of hematopoietic cells with Sfpi1 deletion are present at different frequencies in bone-marrow and spleen in X-irradiated mice. Int J Radiat Biol 2020; 96:1119-1124. [PMID: 32658559 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2020.1793018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Several past studies using a mouse model of radiation-induced AML (rAML) have shown that hemizygous deletion of the Sfpi1 gene (HDSG) is an initiating event for the development of rAML. In this study, we examined the difference in frequency of HDSG in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) Rich hematopoietic Cell population (HRCs) from bone marrow (BM) and spleen of C3H mice irradiated with 3 Gy X-rays. MATERIALS AND METHODS 8-weeks old male C3H mice were irradiated 3Gy of whole body X-ray (1 Gy/min) and mice were sacrificed at 1, 4, 8, and 26 weeks. Then, HSPCs were isolated from BM of femur and spleen, the frequency of HRCs with Sfpi1 gene deletion was analyzed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS The frequency of HRCs with HDSG in both BM and spleen was increased 1 week after X-irradiation. Then, the frequency of HRCs with HDSG in BM showed a gradual decrease from 4 to 26 weeks, whereas HRCs with HDSG in spleen remained high, even at 26 weeks after X-irradiation. HDSG is less likely to be eliminated, particularly in the spleen, after X-irradiation. The spleen as well as BM of the femur may be major sites of rAML development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reo Etani
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita City, Japan
| | - Mitsuaki Ojima
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita City, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ariyoshi
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City, Japan.,Integrated Center for Science and Humanities, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima City, Japan
| | - Yohei Fujishima
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, Hirosaki City, Japan.,Department of Radiation Biology, Tohoku University Grauduate School of Medicine, Sendai City, Japan
| | - Michiaki Kai
- Laboratory of Environmental Health Science, Oita University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Oita City, Japan
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66
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Wilson GD, Mehta MP, Welsh JS, Chakravarti A, Rogers CL, Fontanesi J. Investigating Low-Dose Thoracic Radiation as a Treatment for COVID-19 Patients to Prevent Respiratory Failure. Radiat Res 2020; 194:1-8. [PMID: 32845978 DOI: 10.1667/rade-20-00108.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George D Wilson
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
| | - Minesh P Mehta
- Miami Cancer Institute, Baptist Health South Florida, Miami, Florida
| | - James S Welsh
- Loyola University Chicago, Stritch School of Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, Maywood, Illinois
| | - Arnab Chakravarti
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - James Fontanesi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, William Beaumont Hospital, Royal Oak, Michigan
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67
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Liang T, Tong W, Ma S, Chang P. Standard therapies: solutions for improving therapeutic effects of immune checkpoint inhibitors on colorectal cancer. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1773205. [PMID: 32934878 PMCID: PMC7466849 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1773205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy using immune checkpoint inhibitors has opened a new era for cancer management. In colorectal cancer, patients with a phenotype of deficient mismatch repair or high microsatellite instability benefit from immunotherapy. However, the response of rest cases to immunotherapy alone is still poor. Nevertheless, preclinical data have revealed that either ionizing irradiation or chemotherapy can improve the tumoral immune milieu, because these approaches can induce immunogenic cell death among cancer cells. In this regard, combination use of standard therapy plus immunotherapy should be feasible. In this review, we will introduce the specific roles of standard therapies, including radiotherapy, chemotherapy, antiangiogenic and anti-EGFR therapy, in improving therapeutic effect of immune checkpoint inhibitors on colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Liang
- Oncology Department, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Weihua Tong
- Department of Gastrointestinal and Colorectal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Siyang Ma
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Pengyu Chang
- Department of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Radiation Oncology & Therapy, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, P.R. China
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68
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Fu H, Xue Y, Su F, Ding K, Wang Y, Yu H, Zhu J, Li Q, Ge C, Zheng X. Plasma Proteins as Biomarkers of Mortality After Total Body Irradiation in Mice. Dose Response 2020; 18:1559325820920141. [PMID: 32341685 PMCID: PMC7171989 DOI: 10.1177/1559325820920141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
During large-scale acute radiation exposure, rapidly distinguishing exposed individuals from nonexposed individuals is necessary. Identifying those exposed to high and potentially lethal radiation doses, and in need of immediate treatment, is especially important. To address this and find plasma biomarkers to assess ionizing radiation-induced mortality in the early stages, mice were administered a whole-body lethal dose of γ radiation, and radiation-induced damage was evaluated. Multiple blood biomarkers were screened using an antibody array, followed by validation using enzyme-linked immunoassay. The results revealed that irradiation (IR)-induced mortality in mice and caused body weight and blood platelet losses in deceased mice compared to surviving mice. The levels of certain proteins differed after IR between these 2 groups. Specific proteins in preirradiated mice were also found to potentiate radiosensitivity. Plasma levels of interleukin (IL)-22, urokinase, resistin, and IL-6 were associated with radiation-induced mortality in irradiated mice and may be useful as potential mortality predictors. Our results suggest that estimating the levels of certain plasma proteins is a promising alternative to conventional cytogenetic biodosimetry to accurately identify individuals exposed to high radiation doses and those at risk of death due to exposure. This strategy would facilitate the rapid triage of individuals requiring immediate and intensive medical treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanjiang Fu
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Xue
- College of Life Science and Technology, Office of Academic Affairs, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Fei Su
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Kexin Ding
- Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Haiyue Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Office of Academic Affairs, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Jie Zhu
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Life Science and Technology, Office of Academic Affairs, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Changhui Ge
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofei Zheng
- Department of Experimental Hematology and Biochemistry, Beijing Key Laboratory for Radiobiology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, China.,Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui, China
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69
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Lee S, Cho O, Chun M, Chang SJ, Kong TW, Lee EJ, Lee Y. Association Between Radiation Tolerance of Lymphocytes and Clinical Outcomes in Cervical Cancer. In Vivo 2020; 33:2191-2198. [PMID: 31662555 DOI: 10.21873/invivo.11721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM This study evaluated whether the lymphocyte tolerance factor (LTF) was an indicator of radiation tolerance of lymphocytes (RTL) using the relative lymphocyte count (RLC), and considering clinical outcomes. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 92 cervical cancer patients treated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) were analysed. RLC0 was pre-treatment RLC, and RLC1, and RLC2 were at the first and second week of CCRT, respectively. LTF1 was RLC1:RLC2. LTF2 was the dimension of the convex or concave shape comprising the three RLC vertexes. Patients were divided into three groups: good RTL group, low LTF1; moderate RTL group, high LTF1 and low LTF2; and poor RTL group, high LTF1 and high LTF2. RESULTS Patients with good tumour response to radiotherapy were mostly included in the good RTL group than in the other groups. The poor RTL group had lower 3-year progression-free survival (57.1% vs. 83.8% and 82%, p=0.01) and 5-year disease-specific survival (71.8% vs. 90.4% and 94.9%, p=0.062) rates than the moderate and good RTL groups. Multivariate analyses showed that poor RTL was a significant survival predictor. CONCLUSION The poor RTL group according to LTF is a potential predictor of clinical outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiho Lee
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Oyeon Cho
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Mison Chun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk Jun Chang
- Department of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Wook Kong
- Department of Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ju Lee
- Department of Radiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yonghee Lee
- Department of Pathology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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Abravan A, Eide HA, Helland Å, Malinen E. Radiotherapy-related lymphopenia in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer receiving palliative radiotherapy. Clin Transl Radiat Oncol 2020; 22:15-21. [PMID: 32181373 PMCID: PMC7063172 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctro.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Risk of grade 3 lymphopenia increased with RT dose to the soft tissue and trabecular bone. High baseline CRP/Albumin was negatively associated with overall survival. Risk of lymphopenia may decrease by limiting irradiation field in palliative RT.
Background Lymphopenia during radiotherapy (RT) may have an adverse effect on treatment outcome. The aim of this study is to investigate associations between lymphopenia and RT parameters in patients with advanced lung cancer. Moreover, to investigate the prognostic role of lymphopenia, blood protein levels, and treatment and patient-related factors. Material and Methods Sixty-two advanced stage non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients were retrospectively analyzed. Blood counts were available prior to, during, and after RT (3Gyx10). For each patient, a thoracic volume of interest (VOI) –including thoracic soft tissue and trabecular bone– was obtained by applying a CT window of −500 to 1200 HU in the planning CT. Dose parameters from thoracic VOI and other regions including lungs and vertebrae were calculated. Association between risk of lymphopenia ≥ G3 (lymphocytes at nadir according to CTCAE v4.0) and therapeutic parameters was investigated using Logistic regression. Relationships between overall survival (OS) and RT dose parameters, baseline blood counts and protein levels, and clinical factors were evaluated using Log-rank and Cox models. Result Mean thoracic RT dose (odds ratio [OR] 1.67; p = 0.04), baseline lymphocytes (OR 0.65; p = 0.01), and corticosteroids use (OR 6.07; p = 0.02) were significantly associated with increased risk of lymphopenia ≥ G3 in multivariable analysis. Worse OS was associated with high mean thoracic RT dose, high CRP/Albumin, large tumor volume and corticosteroids use (p < 0.05, univariate analysis), but not with lymphopenia ≥ G3. CRP/Albumin ratio > 0.12 (hazard ratio [HR] 2.28, p = 0.03) and corticosteroid use (HR 2.52, p = 0.01) were independently associated with worse OS. Conclusion High thoracic RT dose gave a higher risk of lymphopenia ≥ G3; hence limiting dose volume to the thorax may be valuable in preventing severe lymphopenia for patients receiving palliative fractionated RT. Still, lymphopenia ≥ G3 was not associated with worse OS. however, high baseline CRP/Albumin was associated with poorer OS and may carry important information as a prognostic factor of OS in advanced NSCLC receiving palliative RT.
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Key Words
- C-reactive protein/Albumin
- CRP, C-Reactive Protein
- CRT, Chemo-radiotherapy
- CT, Computed Tomography
- CTCAE, Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events
- Corticosteroid
- ECOG, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group
- GTV, Gross Tumor Volume
- HR, Hazard Ratio
- Hematologic toxicity
- Lung cancer
- Lymphopenia
- NSCLC, Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
- OR, Odds Ratio
- OS, Overall Survival
- Overall survival
- RT, Radiotherapy
- Radiotherapy
- VOI, Volume of Interest
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Abravan
- Department of Medical Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Corresponding author at: Department of Medical Physics, Oslo University Hospital, PO Box 4953 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Hanne Astrid Eide
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Åslaug Helland
- Department of Oncology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Eirik Malinen
- Department of Medical Physics, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Physics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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71
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Ghandhi SA, Smilenov L, Shuryak I, Pujol-Canadell M, Amundson SA. Discordant gene responses to radiation in humans and mice and the role of hematopoietically humanized mice in the search for radiation biomarkers. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19434. [PMID: 31857640 PMCID: PMC6923394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55982-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mouse (Mus musculus) is an extensively used model of human disease and responses to stresses such as ionizing radiation. As part of our work developing gene expression biomarkers of radiation exposure, dose, and injury, we have found many genes are either up-regulated (e.g. CDKN1A, MDM2, BBC3, and CCNG1) or down-regulated (e.g. TCF4 and MYC) in both species after irradiation at ~4 and 8 Gy. However, we have also found genes that are consistently up-regulated in humans and down-regulated in mice (e.g. DDB2, PCNA, GADD45A, SESN1, RRM2B, KCNN4, IFI30, and PTPRO). Here we test a hematopoietically humanized mouse as a potential in vivo model for biodosimetry studies, measuring the response of these 14 genes one day after irradiation at 2 and 4 Gy, and comparing it with that of human blood irradiated ex vivo, and blood from whole body irradiated mice. We found that human blood cells in the hematopoietically humanized mouse in vivo environment recapitulated the gene expression pattern expected from human cells, not the pattern seen from in vivo irradiated normal mice. The results of this study support the use of hematopoietically humanized mice as an in vivo model for screening of radiation response genes relevant to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanaz A Ghandhi
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th street, VC11-237, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Lubomir Smilenov
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th street, VC11-237, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Igor Shuryak
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th street, VC11-237, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Monica Pujol-Canadell
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th street, VC11-237, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sally A Amundson
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, 630 W 168th street, VC11-237, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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Sun Z, Wu K, Lin Q, Fei H, Jiang H, Chen T, Yuan Y. Toll-like receptor 4 protects against irradiation-induced hematopoietic injury by promoting granulopoiesis and alleviating marrow adipogenesis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 520:420-427. [PMID: 31607480 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.10.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Irradiation induces severe damage in the hematopoietic system, which leads to bone marrow hyperplasia, pancytopenia, and aggravated tissue formation in bone marrow. Studies have shown that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) has a protective effect against irradiation, but the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we used a TLR4 knockout (TLR4-/-) mouse irradiation model and found that the white blood cell and platelet counts in the peripheral blood of TLR4-/- mice recovered slowly after irradiation, with bone marrow hyperplasia and increased mortality. Additionally, we found that the proportion of CD11b+Gr1+ granulocytes in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of TLR4-/- mice was lower than that of wild-type mice after irradiation. Further, we found that the expression of NADPH Oxidases (NOXs) in the bone marrow was down-regulated after irradiation of TLR4-/- mice, and administration of the NOXs inhibitor VAS2870 reduced the proportion of CD11b+Gr1+ cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood of wild-type mice after irradiation. Irradiation induced severe marrow adipocytes accumulation in TLR4-/- mice, TLR4 ligand lipopolysaccharide promoted proliferation and inhibited adipogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells. In summary, our data suggest that TLR4 promotes myeloid hyperplasia by up-regulating the expression of NOXs after irradiation, prohibits marrow adipogensis and increases the tolerance of mice to irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengxu Sun
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Kunpeng Wu
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiwang Lin
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He Fei
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yan Yuan
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
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73
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Wen KK, Han SS, Vyas YM. Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein senses irradiation-induced DNA damage to coordinate the cell-protective Golgi dispersal response in human T and B lymphocytes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2019; 145:324-334. [PMID: 31604087 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked primary immune deficiency disorder resulting from Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) deficiency. Lymphocytes from patients with WAS manifest increased DNA damage and lymphopenia from cell death, yet how WASp influences DNA damage-linked cell survival is unknown. A recently described mechanism promoting cell survival after ionizing radiation (IR)-induced DNA damage involves fragmentation and dispersal of the Golgi apparatus, known as the Golgi-dispersal response (GDR), which uses the Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3)-DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK)-myosin XVIIIA-F-actin signaling pathway. OBJECTIVE We sought to define WASp's role in the DNA damage-induced GDR and its disruption as a contributor to the development of radiosensitivity-linked immunodeficiency in patients with WAS. METHODS In human TH and B-cell culture systems, DNA damage-induced GDR elicited by IR or radiomimetic chemotherapy was monitored in the presence or absence of WASp or GOLPH3 alone or both together. RESULTS WASp deficiency completely prevents the development of IR-induced GDR in human TH and B cells, despite the high DNA damage load. Loss of WASp impedes nuclear translocation of GOLPH3 and its colocalization with the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs). Surprisingly, however, depletion of GOLPH3 alone or depolymerization of F-actin in WASp-sufficient TH cells still allows development of robust GDR, suggesting that WASp, but not GOLPH3, is essential for GDR and cell survival after IR-induced DNA-damage in human lymphocytes. CONCLUSION The study identifies WASp as a novel effector of the nucleus-to-Golgi cell-survival pathway triggered by IR-induced DNA damage in cells of the hematolymphoid lineage and proposes an impaired GDR as a new cause for development of a "radiosensitive" form of immune dysregulation in patients with WAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Kuang Wen
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, and the Stead Family University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Seong-Su Han
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, and the Stead Family University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Yatin M Vyas
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, and the Stead Family University of Iowa Children's Hospital, Iowa City, Iowa.
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Kent MS, Emami S, Rebhun R, Theon A, Hansen K, Sparger E. The effects of local irradiation on circulating lymphocytes in dogs receiving fractionated radiotherapy. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 18:191-198. [PMID: 31424596 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Localized radiation therapy can be an effective treatment for cancer but is associated with localized and systemic side effects. Several studies have noted changes in complete blood count (CBC) parameters including decreases in the absolute lymphocyte count (ALC) and increases in the neutrophil:lymphocyte ratio (NLR). These changes could reflect immunosuppression and may contribute to decreased efficacy of immunotherapies used to treat cancer. We hypothesized that dogs would demonstrate decreased ALCs during a course of radiotherapy. A retrospective study was conducted on 203 dogs receiving definitive-intent radiotherapy. Demographic information, CBC values and details of the radiotherapy protocol were collected. The mean lymphocyte count pre-treatment was 1630.68 cells/μL (SD ± 667.56) with a mean NLR of 3.66 (SD ± 4.53). The mean lymphocyte count mid-treatment was 1251.07 cells/μL (SD ± 585.96) and the mean NLR was 6.23 (SD ± 4.99). There was a significant decrease in the mean lymphocyte count by 351.41 lymphocytes/μL (SD ± 592.32) between pre-treatment and mid-treatment (P < .0001), and a corresponding significant increase in the mean NLR of 0.93 (P = .02). Lymphopenia grade increased in 33.5% of dogs and was significant (P = .03). The ALC decrease was not correlated with the volume irradiated (P = .27), but correlated with the irradiated volume:body weight ratio (P = .03). A subset of patients (n = 35) with additional CBCs available beyond the mid-treatment time point demonstrated significant and sustained downward trends in the ALC compared with baseline. Although severe lymphopenia was rare, these decreases, especially if sustained, could impact adjuvant therapy for their cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Kent
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Shaheen Emami
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Rob Rebhun
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Alain Theon
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Katherine Hansen
- Department of Surgical and Radiological Sciences, University of California Davis, Davis, California
| | - Ellen Sparger
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California
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Williams BA, Law A, Hunyadkurti J, Desilets S, Leyton JV, Keating A. Antibody Therapies for Acute Myeloid Leukemia: Unconjugated, Toxin-Conjugated, Radio-Conjugated and Multivalent Formats. J Clin Med 2019; 8:E1261. [PMID: 31434267 PMCID: PMC6723634 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8081261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent decades, therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) has remained relatively unchanged, with chemotherapy regimens primarily consisting of an induction regimen based on a daunorubicin and cytarabine backbone, followed by consolidation chemotherapy. Patients who are relapsed or refractory can be treated with allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation with modest benefits to event-free and overall survival. Other modalities of immunotherapy include antibody therapies, which hold considerable promise and can be categorized into unconjugated classical antibodies, multivalent recombinant antibodies (bi-, tri- and quad-specific), toxin-conjugated antibodies and radio-conjugated antibodies. While unconjugated antibodies can facilitate Natural Killer (NK) cell antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), bi- and tri-specific antibodies can engage either NK cells or T-cells to redirect cytotoxicity against AML targets in a highly efficient manner, similarly to classic ADCC. Finally, toxin-conjugated and radio-conjugated antibodies can increase the potency of antibody therapies. Several AML tumour-associated antigens are at the forefront of targeted therapy development, which include CD33, CD123, CD13, CLL-1 and CD38 and which may be present on both AML blasts and leukemic stem cells. This review focused on antibody therapies for AML, including pre-clinical studies of these agents and those that are either entering or have been tested in early phase clinical trials. Antibodies for checkpoint inhibition and microenvironment targeting in AML were excluded from this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent A Williams
- Cell Therapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada.
| | - Arjun Law
- Hans Messner Allogeneic Blood and Marrow Transplant Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Judit Hunyadkurti
- Département de medécine nucléaire et radiobiology, Faculté de medécine et des sciences de la santé, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | | | - Jeffrey V Leyton
- Département de medécine nucléaire et radiobiology, Faculté de medécine et des sciences de la santé, Centre hospitalier universitaire de Sherbrooke (CHUS), Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Sherbrooke Molecular Imaging Centre, Centre de recherche du CHUS, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
- Institute de pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC J1H 5N4, Canada
| | - Armand Keating
- Cell Therapy Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
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Mukherjee S, Laiakis EC, Fornace AJ, Amundson SA. Impact of inflammatory signaling on radiation biodosimetry: mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. BMC Genomics 2019; 20:329. [PMID: 31046668 PMCID: PMC6498469 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-019-5689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ionizing Radiation (IR) is a known pro-inflammatory agent and in the process of development of biomarkers for radiation biodosimetry, a chronic inflammatory disease condition could act as a confounding factor. Hence, it is important to develop radiation signatures that can distinguish between IR-induced inflammatory responses and pre-existing disease. In this study, we compared the gene expression response of a genetically modified mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease (Il10−/−) with that of a normal wild-type mouse to potentially develop transcriptomics-based biodosimetry markers that can predict radiation exposure in individuals regardless of pre-existing inflammatory condition. Results Wild-type (WT) and Il10−/− mice were exposed to whole body irradiation of 7 Gy X-rays. Gene expression responses were studied using high throughput whole genome microarrays in peripheral blood 24 h post-irradiation. Analysis resulted in identification of 1962 and 1844 genes differentially expressed (p < 0.001, FDR < 10%) after radiation exposure in Il10−/− and WT mice respectively. A set of 155 genes was also identified as differentially expressed between WT and Il10−/− mice at the baseline pre-irradiation level. Gene ontology analysis revealed that the 155 baseline differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in inflammatory response, glutathione metabolism and collagen deposition. Analysis of radiation responsive genes revealed that innate immune response and p53 signaling processes were strongly associated with up-regulated genes, whereas B-cell development process was found to be significant amongst downregulated genes in the two genotypes. However, specific immune response pathways like MHC based antigen presentation, interferon signaling and hepatic fibrosis were associated with radiation responsive genes in Il10−/− mice but not WT mice. Further analysis using the IPA prediction tool revealed significant differences in the predicted activation status of T-cell mediated signaling as well as regulators of inflammation between WT and Il10−/− after irradiation. Conclusions Using a mouse model we established that an inflammatory disease condition could affect the expression of many radiation responsive genes. Nevertheless, we identified a panel of genes that, regardless of disease condition, could predict radiation exposure. Our results highlight the need for consideration of pre-existing conditions in the population in the process of development of reliable biodosimetry markers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12864-019-5689-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanjay Mukherjee
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Evagelia C Laiakis
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Oncology, Lombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cell Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, 20057, USA
| | - Sally A Amundson
- Center for Radiological Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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77
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Spiegel JL, Hambrecht M, Kohlbauer V, Haubner F, Ihler F, Canis M, Schilling AF, Böker KO, Dressel R, Streckfuss-Bömeke K, Jakob M. Radiation-induced sensitivity of tissue-resident mesenchymal stem cells in the head and neck region. Head Neck 2019; 41:2892-2903. [PMID: 31017352 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 01/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tissue-resident mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess the ability to migrate to areas of inflammation and promote the regeneration of damaged tissue. However, it remains unclear how radiation influences this capacity of MSC in the head and neck region. METHODS Two types of MSCs of the head and neck region (mucosa [mMSC] and parotid gland [pMSC]) were isolated, cultured and exposed to single radiation dosages of 2 Gy/day up to 10 days. Effects on morphology, colony forming ability, apoptosis, chemokine receptor expression, cytokine secretion, and cell migration were analyzed. RESULTS Although MSC preserved MSC-specific regenerative abilities and immunomodulatory properties following irradiation in our in vitro model, we found a deleterious impact on colony forming ability, especially in pMSC. CONCLUSIONS MSC exhibited robustness and activation upon radiation for the support of tissue regeneration, but lost their potential to replicate, thus possibly leading to depletion of the local MSC-pool after irradiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Spiegel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Mario Hambrecht
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Universitaetsmedizin Goettingen, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Vera Kohlbauer
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Frank Haubner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Friedrich Ihler
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Vertigo and Balance Disorders, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Canis
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
| | - Arndt F Schilling
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kai O Böker
- Department of Trauma Surgery, Orthopedics and Plastic Surgery, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ralf Dressel
- Institute of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Streckfuss-Bömeke
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,DZHK (German Center for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Mark Jakob
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitaet Muenchen, Munich, Germany
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78
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Boulton F. Ionising radiation and childhood leukaemia revisited. Med Confl Surviv 2019; 35:144-170. [PMID: 30821174 DOI: 10.1080/13623699.2019.1571684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Increased incidences of childhood acute leukaemia were noted among survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki. In Western societies, Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukaemia has a distinct epidemiology peaking at 3 years old. Exposure to ionising radiation is an established hazard but it is difficult to gauge the precise risk of less than 100 mSv. Since 1983 significant leukaemia incidences have been reported among families residing near nuclear installations. The target cells (naïve neonatal lymphocytes) get exposed to multiple xenobiotic challenges and undergo extraordinary proliferation and physiological somatic genetic change. Population movements and ionising radiation are considered taking account of updated understanding of radiation biology, cancer cytogenetics and immunological diversity. Double Strand Breaks in DNA arise through metabolic generation of Reactive Oxygen Species, and nearly always are repaired; but mis-repairs can be oncogenic. Recombinant Activating Gene enzymes in rapidly dividing perinatal pre-B lymphocytes being primed for antibody diversity are targeted to Signal Sequences in the Immunoglobulin genes. off target pseudo-sequences may allow RAG enzymes to create autosomal DSBs which, when mis-repaired, become translocated oncogenes. Immunogens acting by chance at crucial stages may facilitate this. In such circumstances, oncogenic DSBs from ionising radiation are less likely to be significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Boulton
- Medact , London , UK.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton , Southampton , UK
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79
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Gault N, Verbiest T, Badie C, Romeo PH, Bouffler S. Hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell responses to low radiation doses - implications for leukemia risk. Int J Radiat Biol 2019; 95:892-899. [PMID: 30652952 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1569777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the responses of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) to low doses of ionizing radiation formed an important aspect of the RISK-IR project ( www.risk-ir.eu ). A brief overview of these studies is presented here. The findings confirm the sensitivity of HSPCs to radiation even at low doses, and illustrate the substantial impact that differentiation state has upon cell sensitivity. The work provides mechanistic support for epidemiological findings of leukemia risk at dose levels used in diagnostic CT imaging, and further suggests that low-dose irradiation may facilitate bone marrow transplantation, a finding that could lead to refinements in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Gault
- a CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS , Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex , France.,b Inserm U967 , Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex , France.,c CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS-U1274 Inserm-Université Paris-Diderot , Paris , France.,d CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS-U1274 Inserm-Université Paris-Sud , Paris , France
| | - Tom Verbiest
- e Public Health England , Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Oxfordshire , UK
| | - Christophe Badie
- e Public Health England , Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Oxfordshire , UK
| | - Paul-Henri Romeo
- a CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS , Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex , France.,b Inserm U967 , Fontenay-aux-Roses Cedex , France.,c CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS-U1274 Inserm-Université Paris-Diderot , Paris , France.,d CEA/DRF/IBFJ/iRCM/LRTS-U1274 Inserm-Université Paris-Sud , Paris , France
| | - Simon Bouffler
- e Public Health England , Centre for Radiation, Chemical and Environmental Hazards , Oxfordshire , UK
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80
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Delayed Captopril Administration Mitigates Hematopoietic Injury in a Murine Model of Total Body Irradiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2198. [PMID: 30778109 PMCID: PMC6379397 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38651-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing potential for accidental radiation exposure from either nuclear accidents or terrorist activities has escalated the need for radiation countermeasure development. We previously showed that a 30-day course of high-dose captopril, an ACE inhibitor, initiated 1–4 h after total body irradiation (TBI), improved Hematopoietic Acute Radiation Syndrome (H-ARS) and increased survival in mice. However, because of the time likely required for the deployment of a stockpiled radiation countermeasure to a radiation mass casualty site, there is a need for therapies that can be administered 24–48 hours after initial exposure. Using C57BL/6 mice exposed to an LD50-80/30 of 60Co TBI (7.75–7.9 Gy, 0.615 Gy/min), we show that low-dose captopril administration, initiated as late as 48 h post-TBI and continued for 14 days, significantly enhanced overall survival similarly to high-dose, rapid administration. Captopril treatment did not affect radiation-induced cell cycle arrest genes or the immediate loss of hematopoietic precursors. Reduced mortality was associated with the recovery of bone marrow cellularity and mature blood cell recovery at 21–30 days post-irradiation. Captopril reduced radiation-induced cytokines EPO, G-CSF, and SAA in the plasma. Finally, delayed captopril administration mitigated brain micro-hemorrhage at 21 days post-irradiation. These data indicate that low dose captopril administered as late as 48 h post-TBI for only two weeks improves survival that is associated with hematopoietic recovery and reduced inflammatory response. These data suggest that captopril may be an ideal countermeasure to mitigate H-ARS following accidental radiation exposure.
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81
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Zigmond RE, Echevarria FD. Macrophage biology in the peripheral nervous system after injury. Prog Neurobiol 2018; 173:102-121. [PMID: 30579784 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation has positive and negative effects. This review focuses on the roles of macrophage in the PNS. Transection of PNS axons leads to degeneration and clearance of the distal nerve and to changes in the region of the axotomized cell bodies. In both locations, resident and infiltrating macrophages are found. Macrophages enter these areas in response to expression of the chemokine CCL2 acting on the macrophage receptor CCR2. In the distal nerve, macrophages and other phagocytes are involved in clearance of axonal debris, which removes molecules that inhibit nerve regeneration. In the cell body region, macrophage trigger the conditioning lesion response, a process in which neurons increase their regeneration after a prior lesion. In mice in which the genes for CCL2 or CCR2 are deleted, neither macrophage infiltration nor the conditioning lesion response occurs in dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Macrophages exist in different phenotypes depending on their environment. These phenotypes have different effects on axonal clearance and neurite outgrowth. The mechanism by which macrophages affect neuronal cell bodies is still under study. Overexpression of CCL2 in DRG in uninjured animals leads to macrophage accumulation in the ganglia and to an increase in the growth potential of DRG neurons. This increased growth requires activation of neuronal STAT3. In contrast, in acute demyelinating neuropathies, macrophages are involved in stripping myelin from peripheral axons. The molecular mechanisms that trigger macrophage action after trauma and in autoimmune disease are receiving increased attention and should lead to avenues to promote regeneration and protect axonal integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E Zigmond
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4975, USA.
| | - Franklin D Echevarria
- Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106-4975, USA
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82
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Clinically Relevant Radiation Exposure Differentially Impacts Forms of Cell Death in Human Cells of the Innate and Adaptive Immune System. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113574. [PMID: 30428512 PMCID: PMC6274975 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancer treatments, especially high-dose radiotherapy (HDRT) is applied. Patients suffering from chronic inflammatory diseases benefit from low-dose radiation therapy (LDRT), but exposure to very low radiation doses can still steadily increase for diagnostic purposes. Yet, little is known about how radiation impacts on forms of cell death in human immune cells. In this study, the radiosensitivity of human immune cells of the peripheral blood was examined in a dose range from 0.01 to 60 Gy with regard to induction of apoptosis, primary necrosis, and secondary necrosis. Results showed that immune cells differed in their radiosensitivity, with monocytes being the most radioresistant. T cells mainly died by necrosis and were moderately radiosensitive. This was followed by B and natural killer (NK) cells, which died mainly by apoptosis. X-radiation had no impact on cell death in immune cells at very low doses (≤0.1 Gy). Radiation doses of LDRT (0.3–0.7 Gy) impacted on the more radiosensitive NK and B cells, which might contribute to attenuation of inflammation. Even single doses applied during RT of tumors did not erase the immune cells completely. These in vitro studies can be considered as the basis to optimize individual radiation therapy schemes in multimodal settings and to define suited time points for further inclusion of immunotherapies.
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83
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Heylmann D, Badura J, Becker H, Fahrer J, Kaina B. Sensitivity of CD3/CD28-stimulated versus non-stimulated lymphocytes to ionizing radiation and genotoxic anticancer drugs: key role of ATM in the differential radiation response. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:1053. [PMID: 30323167 PMCID: PMC6189042 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Activation of T cells, a major fraction of peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLCS), is essential for the immune response. Genotoxic stress resulting from ionizing radiation (IR) and chemical agents, including anticancer drugs, has serious impact on T cells and, therefore, on the immune status. Here we compared the sensitivity of non-stimulated (non-proliferating) vs. CD3/CD28-stimulated (proliferating) PBLC to IR. PBLCs were highly sensitive to IR and, surprisingly, stimulation to proliferation resulted in resistance to IR. Radioprotection following CD3/CD28 activation was observed in different T-cell subsets, whereas stimulated CD34+ progenitor cells did not become resistant to IR. Following stimulation, PBLCs showed no significant differences in the repair of IR-induced DNA damage compared with unstimulated cells. Interestingly, ATM is expressed at high level in resting PBLCs and CD3/CD28 stimulation leads to transcriptional downregulation and reduced ATM phosphorylation following IR, indicating ATM to be key regulator of the high radiosensitivity of resting PBLCs. In line with this, pharmacological inhibition of ATM caused radioresistance of unstimulated, but not stimulated, PBLCs. Radioprotection was also achieved by inhibition of MRE11 and CHK1/CHK2, supporting the notion that downregulation of the MRN-ATM-CHK pathway following CD3/CD28 activation results in radioprotection of proliferating PBLCs. Interestingly, the crosslinking anticancer drug mafosfamide induced, like IR, more death in unstimulated than in stimulated PBLCs. In contrast, the bacterial toxin CDT, damaging DNA through inherent DNase activity, and the DNA methylating anticancer drug temozolomide induced more death in CD3/CD28-stimulated than in unstimulated PBLCs. Thus, the sensitivity of stimulated vs. non-stimulated lymphocytes to genotoxins strongly depends on the kind of DNA damage induced. This is the first study in which the killing response of non-proliferating vs. proliferating T cells was comparatively determined. The data provide insights on how immunotherapeutic strategies resting on T-cell activation can be impacted by differential cytotoxic effects resulting from radiation and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Heylmann
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jennifer Badura
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Huong Becker
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany
| | - Jörg Fahrer
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.,Rudolf Buchheim Institute of Pharmacology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Schubertstraße 81, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Bernd Kaina
- Institute of Toxicology, University Medical Center, Obere Zahlbacher Strasse 67, 55131, Mainz, Germany.
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84
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Relationship between the Regulation of Caspase-8-Mediated Apoptosis and Radioresistance in Human THP-1-Derived Macrophages. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103154. [PMID: 30322167 PMCID: PMC6214119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiosensitivity varies depending on the cell type; highly differentiated cells typically exhibit greater radioresistance. We recently demonstrated that human macrophages derived from THP-1 monocytic cells, which lack TP53, are highly resistant to radiation-induced apoptosis compared with undifferentiated THP-1 cells. However, the mechanisms by which THP-1 cells acquire radioresistance during differentiation remain unknown. Herein, we investigated the mechanisms by which THP-1-derived macrophages develop p53-independent radioresistance by analyzing DNA damage responses and apoptotic pathways. Analysis of γ-H2AX foci, which indicates the formation of DNA double-strand breaks (DSB), suggested that a capacity to repair DSB of macrophages is comparable to that of radiosensitive THP-1 cells. Furthermore, treatment with inhibitors against DSB repair-related proteins failed to enhance radiation-induced apoptosis in THP-1-derrived macrophages. Analysis of the apoptotic pathways showed that radiosensitive THP-1 cells undergo apoptosis through the caspase-8/caspase-3 cascade after irradiation, whereas this was not observed in the macrophages. Caspase-8 protein expression was lower in macrophages than in THP-1 cells, whereas mRNA expressions were comparable between both cell types. Co-treatment with a proteasome inhibitor and ionizing radiation effectively induced apoptosis in macrophages in a caspase-8-dependent manner. Results suggest that the regulation of caspase-8-mediated apoptosis during differentiation plays a role in the p53-independent radioresistance of THP-1-derived macrophages.
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85
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Ponath V, Heylmann D, Haak T, Woods K, Becker H, Kaina B. Compromised DNA Repair and Signalling in Human Granulocytes. J Innate Immun 2018; 11:74-85. [PMID: 30296787 DOI: 10.1159/000492678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In previous studies, we showed impaired DNA repair in human monocytes. Here, we addressed the question of whether human neutrophilic granulocytes that arise from the same precursor as monocytes exhibit a similar phenotype and are impaired in repairing their DNA. We show that neutrophilic granulocytes isolated from peripheral blood display a lack of the same repair proteins that are missing in monocytes and do not show repair of their DNA when damaged by ionising radiation (IR) or chemical ROS. Contrary to T cells, we observed no decline in the number of single-strand breaks following γ-radiation. Also, granulocytes did not show γH2AX foci formation while T cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) responded. In comparison to PBL, XRCC1, PARP-1 and ligase III were not expressed and there was also no discernible signal for key damage response proteins ATM, ATR and DNA-PKCS as well as γH2AX in neutrophils. Time course and dose-response experiments confirmed the absence of H2AX phosphorylation after radiation treatment although an accumulation of double-strand breaks was detected in the neutral Comet assay. Overall, the data indicate that terminally differentiated neutrophilic granulocytes in the peripheral blood display strong downregulation of DNA repair and DNA damage response factors, which should be taken into account if studies with whole peripheral blood containing granulocytes are performed, causing a significant intra-experimental variation in the cellular repair capacity.
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86
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Panek A, Miszczyk J, Swakoń J. Biological effects and inter-individual variability in peripheral blood lymphocytes of healthy donors exposed to 60 MeV proton radiotherapeutic beam. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:1085-1094. [PMID: 30273081 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2019.1524941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of our study was to investigate the amount of initial DNA damage and cellular repair capacity of human peripheral blood lymphocytes exposed to the therapeutic proton beam and compare it to X-rays. Materials and methods: Lymphocytes from 10 healthy donors were irradiated in the Spread Out Bragg Peak of the 60 MeV proton beam or, as a reference, exposed to 250 kV X-rays. DNA damage level was assessed using the alkaline version of the comet assay method. For both sources of radiation, dose-DNA damage response (0-4 Gy) and DNA repair kinetics (0-120 min) were estimated. The observed DNA damage was then used to calculate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of the proton beam in comparison to that of X-rays. Results: Dose-response relationships for the DNA damage level showed linear dependence for both proton beam and X-rays (R2 = 0.995 for protons and R2 = 0.993 for X-rays). Within the dose range of 1-4 Gy, protons were significantly more effective in inducing DNA damage than were X-rays (p < .05). The average RBE, calculated from the proton and X-ray doses required for the iso-effective, internally standardized tail DNA parameter (sT-DNA) was 1.28 ± 0.57. Similar half-life time of residual damage and repair efficiency of induced DNA damage for both radiation types were observed. In the X-irradiated group, significant inter-individual differences were observed. Conclusions: Proton therapy was more effective at high radiation doses. However, DNA damage repair mechanism after proton irradiation seems to differ from that following X-rays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Panek
- a Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences , Krakow , Poland
| | - Justyna Miszczyk
- a Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences , Krakow , Poland
| | - Jan Swakoń
- a Institute of Nuclear Physics Polish Academy of Sciences , Krakow , Poland
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87
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Shi X, Xia H, Zhang W, Li G, Li A. Radiotherapy for one rectal cancer patient with cirrhosis and moderate to severe thrombocytopenia: a case report. Onco Targets Ther 2018; 11:5203-5207. [PMID: 30214226 PMCID: PMC6118332 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s174638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When patients with cirrhosis and severe thrombocytopenia suffer malignant tumors, there is usually no effective and feasible treatment method due to the high risk of hemorrhage. Herein, we report a case in which radiotherapy was given to a patient with a strong desire for the treatment. The patient was a 66-year-old man with a 13-year history of cirrhosis and a 10-year history of thrombocytopenia, and was diagnosed with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC; T4aN1M0, stage IIIB). The platelet count before radiotherapy was 32 × 109/L, and the blood coagulation was normal. The severity of thrombocytopenia increased after 2 Gy × 7 fractions pelvic radiation, with platelet counts dropping to 16 × 109/L. Platelet counts failed to return to pre-therapy levels after supporting therapy including recombinant human interleukin 11 subcutaneous injection and platelet transfusion. Although radiotherapy was discontinued eventually, the data presented here represent a valuable resource that can help inform treatment decisions for tumor patients with cirrhosis and thrombocytopenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqi Shi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China,
| | - Huifang Xia
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China,
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China,
| | - Guang Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China,
| | - Ailin Li
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China,
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88
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Hematopoietic reconstitution of neonatal immunocompetent mice to study conditions with a perinatal window of susceptibility. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12254. [PMID: 30115970 PMCID: PMC6095844 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30767-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Efficient hematopoietic reconstitution of wild type mice requires preconditioning. Established experimental protocols exist to transplant hematopoietic stem cells into lethally irradiated or chemically myeloablated adult mice or unirradiated immunodeficient mice. We sought to develop a protocol to reconstitute immuno-replete neonatal mice. We describe irradiation and injection procedures for two-day old mice that lead to efficient long-term reconstitution of primary and secondary lymphoid organs. We demonstrate that the frequencies of lymphoid and myeloid cells in primary and secondary lymphoid organs are indistinguishable from unirradiated uninjected sex- and age-matched control animals by 5 weeks post-reconstitution. Thus, this system will facilitate studies aimed at understanding the developmental and environmental mechanisms that contribute to conditions that have a window of susceptibility during the perinatal period.
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89
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Mapping Bone Marrow Response in the Vertebral Column by Positron Emission Tomography Following Radiotherapy and Erlotinib Therapy of Lung Cancer. Mol Imaging Biol 2018; 21:391-398. [DOI: 10.1007/s11307-018-1226-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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90
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Roch-Lefèvre S, Grégoire E, Martin-Bodiot C, Flegal M, Fréneau A, Blimkie M, Bannister L, Wyatt H, Barquinero JF, Roy L, Benadjaoud M, Priest N, Jourdain JR, Klokov D. Cytogenetic damage analysis in mice chronically exposed to low-dose internal tritium beta-particle radiation. Oncotarget 2018; 9:27397-27411. [PMID: 29937993 PMCID: PMC6007944 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to carry out a comprehensive examination of potential genotoxic effects of low doses of tritium delivered chronically to mice and to compare these effects to the ones resulting from equivalent doses of gamma-irradiation. Mice were chronically exposed for one or eight months to either tritiated water (HTO) or organically bound tritium (OBT) in drinking water at concentrations of 10 kBq/L, 1 MBq/L or 20 MBq/L. Dose rates of internal β-particle resulting from such tritium treatments were calculated and matching external gamma-exposures were carried out. We measured cytogenetic damage in bone marrow and in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) and the cumulative tritium doses (0.009 - 181 mGy) were used to evaluate the dose-response of OBT in PBLs, as well as its relative biological effectiveness (RBE). Neither tritium, nor gamma exposures produced genotoxic effects in bone marrow. However, significant increases in chromosome damage rates in PBLs were found as a result of chronic OBT exposures at 1 and 20 M Bq/L, but not at 10 kBq/L. When compared to an external acute gamma-exposure ex vivo, the RBE of OBT for chromosome aberrations induction was evaluated to be significantly higher than 1 at cumulative tritium doses below 10 mGy. Although found non-existent at 10 kBq/L (the WHO limit), the genotoxic potential of low doses of tritium (>10 kBq/L), mainly OBT, may be higher than currently assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Roch-Lefèvre
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, IRSN, Pôle Santé et Environnement, Direction de la Santé, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Eric Grégoire
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, IRSN, Pôle Santé et Environnement, Direction de la Santé, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Cécile Martin-Bodiot
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, IRSN, Pôle Santé et Environnement, Direction de la Santé, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Matthew Flegal
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Amélie Fréneau
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, IRSN, Pôle Santé et Environnement, Direction de la Santé, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Melinda Blimkie
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Laura Bannister
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heather Wyatt
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joan-Francesc Barquinero
- Present address at: Autonomous University of Barcelona, Faculty of Biosciences, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Laurence Roy
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, IRSN, Pôle Santé et Environnement, Direction de la Santé, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mohamed Benadjaoud
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, IRSN, Pôle Santé et Environnement, Direction de la Santé, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Nick Priest
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-René Jourdain
- Institut de Radioprotection et de Sûreté Nucléaire, IRSN, Direction des Affaires Internationales, Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Dmitry Klokov
- Radiobiology and Health, Canadian Nuclear Laboratories, Chalk River, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Biochemistrty, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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91
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Morisada M, Chamberlin M, Allen C. Exploring the rationale for combining ionizing radiation and immune checkpoint blockade in head and neck cancer. Head Neck 2018; 40:1321-1334. [PMID: 29461655 PMCID: PMC5980679 DOI: 10.1002/hed.25101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ability of radiation to enhance antitumor immunity under specific experimental conditions is well established. Here, we explore preclinical data and the rationale for combining different radiation doses and fractions with immune checkpoint blockade immunotherapy. METHODS We conducted a review of the literature. RESULTS The ability of high-dose or hypofractionated radiation to enhance antitumor immunity resulting in additive or synergistic tumor control when combined with checkpoint blockade is well studied. Whether low-dose daily fractionated radiation does the same is less well studied and available data suggests it may be immunosuppressive. CONCLUSION Although daily fractionated radiation is well established as the standard of care for the treatment of patients with head and neck cancer, how this radiation schema alters antitumor immunity needs further study. If the radiation doses and fractions alter antitumor immunity differently can have profound implications in the rational design of clinical trials investigating whether radiation can enhance response rates to immune checkpoint blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Morisada
- Translation Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Michael Chamberlin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD
| | - Clint Allen
- Translation Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD
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92
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Suzuki F, Loucas BD, Ito I, Asai A, Suzuki S, Kobayashi M. Survival of Mice with Gastrointestinal Acute Radiation Syndrome through Control of Bacterial Translocation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:77-86. [PMID: 29743312 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages (Mϕ) with the M2b phenotype (Pheno2b-Mϕ) in bacterial translocation sites have been described as cells responsible for the increased susceptibility of mice with gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome to sepsis caused by gut bacteria. In this study, we tried to reduce the mortality of mice exposed to 7-10 Gy of gamma rays by controlling Pheno2b-Mϕ polarization in bacterial translocation sites. MicroRNA-222 was induced in association with gamma irradiation. Pheno2b-Mϕ polarization was promoted and maintained in gamma-irradiated mice through the reduction of a long noncoding RNA growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (a CCL1 gene silencer) influenced by this microRNA. Therefore, the host resistance of 7-9-Gy gamma-irradiated mice to sepsis caused by bacterial translocation was improved after treatment with CCL1 antisense oligodeoxynucleotide. However, the mortality of 10-Gy gamma-irradiated mice was not alleviated by this treatment. The crypts and villi in the ileum of 10-Gy gamma-irradiated mice were severely damaged, but these were markedly improved after transplantation of intestinal lineage cells differentiated from murine embryonic stem cells. All 10-Gy gamma-irradiated mice given both of the oligodeoxynucleotide and intestinal lineage cells survived, whereas all of the same mice given either of them died. These results indicate that high mortality rates of mice irradiated with 7-10 Gy of gamma rays are reducible by depleting CCL1 in combination with the intestinal lineage cell transplantation. These findings support the novel therapeutic possibility of victims who have gastrointestinal acute radiation syndrome for the reduction of their high mortality rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujio Suzuki
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555;
| | - Bradford D Loucas
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Ichiaki Ito
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
| | - Akira Asai
- The Second Department of Internal Medicine, Osaka Medical College, Takatsuki 569-8686, Japan; and
| | - Sumihiro Suzuki
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107
| | - Makiko Kobayashi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555
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93
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Voos P, Fuck S, Weipert F, Babel L, Tandl D, Meckel T, Hehlgans S, Fournier C, Moroni A, Rödel F, Thiel G. Ionizing Radiation Induces Morphological Changes and Immunological Modulation of Jurkat Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:922. [PMID: 29760710 PMCID: PMC5936756 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Impairment or stimulation of the immune system by ionizing radiation (IR) impacts on immune surveillance of tumor cells and non-malignant cells and can either foster therapy response or side effects/toxicities of radiation therapy. For a better understanding of the mechanisms by which IR modulates T-cell activation and alters functional properties of these immune cells, we exposed human immortalized Jurkat cells and peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) to X-ray doses between 0.1 and 5 Gy. This resulted in cellular responses, which are typically observed also in naïve T-lymphocytes in response of T-cell receptor immune stimulation or mitogens. These responses include oscillations of cytosolic Ca2+, an upregulation of CD25 surface expression, interleukin-2 and interferon-γ synthesis, elevated expression of Ca2+ sensitive K+ channels and an increase in cell diameter. The latter was sensitive to inhibition by the immunosuppressant cyclosporine A, Ca2+ buffer BAPTA-AM, and the CDK1-inhibitor RO3306, indicating the involvement of Ca2+-dependent immune activation and radiation-induced cell cycle arrest. Furthermore, on a functional level, Jurkat and PBL cell adhesion to endothelial cells was increased upon radiation exposure and was highly dependent on an upregulation of integrin beta-1 expression and clustering. In conclusion, we here report that IR impacts on immune activation and functional properties of T-lymphocytes that may have implications in both toxic effects and treatment response to combined radiation and immune therapy in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Voos
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Fuck
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Fabian Weipert
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Laura Babel
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Dominique Tandl
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Tobias Meckel
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stephanie Hehlgans
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Claudia Fournier
- Department of Biophysics, GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anna Moroni
- Department of Biosciences and CNR IBF-Mi, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Franz Rödel
- Department of Radiotherapy and Oncology, Goethe-University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerhard Thiel
- Department of Biology, Membrane Biophysics, Technische Universität Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany
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94
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Rückert M, Deloch L, Fietkau R, Frey B, Hecht M, Gaipl US. Immune modulatory effects of radiotherapy as basis for well-reasoned radioimmunotherapies. Strahlenther Onkol 2018; 194:509-519. [PMID: 29500551 DOI: 10.1007/s00066-018-1287-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Radiotherapy (RT) has been known for decades as a local treatment modality for malign and benign disease. In order to efficiently exploit the therapeutic potential of RT, an understanding of the immune modulatory properties of ionizing radiation is mandatory. These should be used for improvement of radioimmunotherapies for cancer in particular. METHODS We here summarize the latest research and review articles about immune modulatory properties of RT, with focus on radiation dose and on combination of RT with selected immunotherapies. Based on the knowledge of the manifold immune mechanisms that are triggered by RT, thought-provoking impulse for multimodal radioimmunotherapies is provided. RESULTS It has become obvious that ionizing radiation induces various forms of cell death and associated processes via DNA damage initiation and triggering of cellular stress responses. Immunogenic cell death (ICD) is of special interest since it activates the immune system via release of danger signals and via direct activation of immune cells. While RT with higher single doses in particular induces ICD, RT with a lower dose is mainly responsible for immune cell recruitment and for attenuation of an existing inflammation. The counteracting immunosuppression emanating from tumor cells can be overcome by combining RT with selected immunotherapies such as immune checkpoint inhibition, TGF-β inhibitors, and boosting of immunity with vaccination. CONCLUSION In order to exploit the full power of RT and thereby develop efficient radioimmunotherapies, the dose per fraction used in RT protocols, the fractionation, the quality, and the quantity of certain immunotherapies need to be qualitatively and chronologically well-matched to the individual immune status of the patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Rückert
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Lisa Deloch
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rainer Fietkau
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Hecht
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Universitätsstr. 27, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
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Du J, Zhang P, Zhao H, Dong S, Yang Y, Cui J, Gao F, Cai J, Liu C. The mechanism for the radioprotective effects of zymosan-A in mice. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2413-2421. [PMID: 29411511 PMCID: PMC5867165 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
It proved that Zymosan-A protected the haematopoietic system from radiation-induced damage via Toll-Like Receptor2 in our previous study. In this study, we investigated the potential mechanism for the radioprotective effects of Zymosan-A. The mice were treated with Zymosan-A (50 mg/kg, dissolved in NS) via peritoneal injection 24 and 2 hours before ionizing radiation. Apoptosis of bone marrow cells and the levels of IL-6, IL-12, G-CSF and GM-CSF were evaluated by flow cytometry assay. DNA damage was determined by γ-H2AX foci assay. In addition, RNA sequencing was performed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Zymosan-A protected bone marrow cells from radiation-induced apoptosis, up-regulated IL-6, IL-12, G-CSF and GM-CSF in bone marrow cells. Zymosan-A also protected cells from radiation-induced DNA damage. Moreover, RNA sequencing analysis revealed that Zymosan-A induced 131 DEGs involved in the regulation of immune system process and inflammatory response. The DEGs were mainly clustered in 18 KEGG pathways which were also associated with immune system processes. Zymosan-A protected bone marrow cells from radiation-induced apoptosis and up-regulated IL-6, IL-12, G-CSF and GM-CSF. Moreover, Zymosan-A might also exhibit radioprotective effects through regulating immune system process and inflammatory response. These results provided new knowledge regarding the radioprotective effect of Zymosan-A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicong Du
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Pei Zhang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hainan Zhao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Suhe Dong
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyong Yang
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianguo Cui
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Gao
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianming Cai
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cong Liu
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Faculty of Naval Medicine, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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96
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Lumniczky K, Candéias SM, Gaipl US, Frey B. Editorial: Radiation and the Immune System: Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Front Immunol 2018; 8:1933. [PMID: 29410662 PMCID: PMC5787080 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Lumniczky
- Radiation Medicine, National Public Health Institute (OKI), Budapest, Hungary
| | - Serge M Candéias
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, BIG-LCBM, Grenoble, France
| | - Udo S Gaipl
- Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Benjamin Frey
- Radiation Oncology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
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97
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Cho J, Bing SJ, Kim A, Lee NH, Byeon SH, Kim GO, Jee Y. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) rescues mice from γ-ray irradiation by accelerating hematopoiesis and curtailing immunosuppression. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2017; 55:306-319. [PMID: 27927068 PMCID: PMC6130760 DOI: 10.1080/13880209.2016.1237976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 09/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Beetroot [Beta vulgaris Linné (Chenopodiaceae)], a vegetable usually consumed as a food or a medicinal plant in Europe, has been reported to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Since the lymphohematopoietic system is the most sensitive tissue to ionizing radiation, protecting it from radiation damage is one of the best ways to decrease detrimental effects from radiation exposure. OBJECTIVE In this study, we evaluated the radio-protective effects of beetroot in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and progenitor cells. MATERIALS AND METHODS Beetroot extract was administered at a dose of 400 mg/mouse per os (p.o.) three times into C57BL/6 mice and, at day 10 after γ-ray irradiation, diverse molecular presentations were measured and compared against non-irradiated and irradiated mice with PBS treatments. Survival of beetroot-fed and unfed irradiated animal was also compared. RESULTS Beetroot not only stimulated cell proliferation, but also minimized DNA damage of splenocytes. Beetroot also repopulated S-phase cells and increased Ki-67 or c-Kit positive cells in bone marrow. Moreover, beetroot-treated mice showed notable boosting of differentiation of HSCs into burst-forming units-erythroid along with increased production of IL-3. Also, beetroot-treated mice displayed enhancement in the level of hematocrit and hemoglobin as well as the number of red blood cell in peripheral blood. Beetroot diet improved survival rate of lethally exposed mice with a dose reduction factor (DRF) of 1.1. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION These results suggest that beetroot has the potency to preserve bone marrow integrity and stimulate the differentiation of HSCs against ionizing radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhee Cho
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jin Bing
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Areum Kim
- Department of Advanced Convergence Technology & Science, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Nam Ho Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Byeon
- Department of Chemistry, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ok Kim
- Jeju Diversity Research Institute, Seogwipo, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngheun Jee
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Republic of Korea
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98
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Morisada M, Clavijo PE, Moore E, Sun L, Chamberlin M, Van Waes C, Hodge JW, Mitchell JB, Friedman J, Allen CT. PD-1 blockade reverses adaptive immune resistance induced by high-dose hypofractionated but not low-dose daily fractionated radiation. Oncoimmunology 2017; 7:e1395996. [PMID: 29399393 PMCID: PMC5790397 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2017.1395996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Preclinical evidence suggests that high-dose hypofractionated ionizing radiation (IR) can enhance anti-tumor immunity and result in significant tumor control when combined with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, low-dose daily fractioned IR used for many tumor types including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma results in lymphopenia and may be immunosuppressive. We compared immune correlates, primary tumor and abscopal tumor control rates following the addition of PD-1 mAb to either high-dose hypofractioned (8Gyx2) or low-dose daily fractionated (2Gyx10) IR in syngeneic models of cancer. When compared to 2Gyx10 IR, 8Gyx2 IR preserved peripheral and tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T-lymphocyte accumulation and activation and reduced peripheral and tumor gMDSC accumulation. Regulatory T-lymphocytes were largely unaltered. Type I and I IFN levels and expression of IFN-responsive MHC class I and PD-L1 was enhanced in tumors treated with 8Gyx2 compared to 2Gyx10 IR. Functionally, tumor-specific CD8+ T-lymphocyte IFN responses within tumor draining lymph nodes were enhanced following 8Gyx2 IR but suppressed following 2Gyx10 IR. When combined with PD-1 mAb, reversal of adaptive immune resistance and subsequent enhancement of CD8+ cell dependent primary and abscopal tumor control was observed following 8Gyx2 but not 2Gyx10 IR. These data strongly support that compared to daily fractionated low-dose IR, high-dose hypofractionated IR preserves or enhances anti-tumor immunity and, when combined with PD-1 mAb to reverse adaptive immune resistance, promotes anti-tumor immunity to control primary and distant tumors. These data critically inform the rational design of trials combining IR and ICB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Morisada
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul E. Clavijo
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ellen Moore
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lillian Sun
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael Chamberlin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carter Van Waes
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James W. Hodge
- Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jay Friedman
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Clint T. Allen
- Translational Tumor Immunology Program, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Head and Neck Surgery Branch, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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99
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Muraro E, Furlan C, Avanzo M, Martorelli D, Comaro E, Rizzo A, Fae' DA, Berretta M, Militello L, Del Conte A, Spazzapan S, Dolcetti R, Trovo' M. Local High-Dose Radiotherapy Induces Systemic Immunomodulating Effects of Potential Therapeutic Relevance in Oligometastatic Breast Cancer. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1476. [PMID: 29163540 PMCID: PMC5681493 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Local irradiation of cancer through radiotherapy can induce spontaneous regression of non-directly irradiated lesions, suggesting the involvement of systemic antitumor immune responses. In oligometastatic breast cancer (BC) patients, the use of stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) favors the local control of treated lesions and may contribute to break local tolerance and release tumor-associated antigens (TAAs), improving host antitumor immunity. We performed a detailed immunomonitoring of BC patients undergoing SBRT to verify its ability to “switch on” the anti-tumor immunity both systemically, in peripheral blood, and locally, employing in vitro BC models. Twenty-one BC patients with ≤6 metastases were treated with 3 daily doses of 10 Gy with SBRT. Blood samples for immune profiling were collected before and after treatment. One month after treatment a third of patients displayed the boosting or even the de novo appearance of polyfunctional CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses against known BC TAAs (survivin, mammaglobin-A, HER2), through intracellular staining in flow cytometry. Half of patients showed increased numbers of activated natural killer (NK) cells, measured with multispectral flow cytometry, immediately after the first dose of SBRT. Interestingly, high levels of activated NK cells at diagnosis correlated with a longer progression-free survival. BC in vitro models, treated with the same SBRT modality, showed enhanced expression of MHC class-I and class-II, major histocompatibility complex class I-related chain A/B, and Fas molecules, and increased release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNF-α. Consistently, we noticed enhanced production of perforin by CD4+ T cells when patients’ lymphocytes were cultured in the presence of irradiated BC cell line, compared to untreated targets. Besides immunogenic effects, SBRT also enhanced the percentages of circulating regulatory T cells, and increased indoleamine 2,3 dioxygenase and PD-L1 expression in BC in vitro models. These results suggest that SBRT may boost host antitumor immune responses also in an advanced disease setting such as oligometastatic BC, by inducing immunomodulating effects both locally and systemically. However, the concomitant induction of immunosuppressive pathways suggests that a combination with immunotherapy could further enhance the in situ vaccination ability of radiotherapy, possibly further improving the curative potential of SBRT in this subset of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Muraro
- Immunopathology and Biomarker Unit, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Carlo Furlan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Michele Avanzo
- Division of Medical Physics, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Debora Martorelli
- Immunopathology and Biomarker Unit, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Elisa Comaro
- Immunopathology and Biomarker Unit, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Aurora Rizzo
- Immunopathology and Biomarker Unit, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Damiana A Fae'
- Immunopathology and Biomarker Unit, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Loredana Militello
- Department of Medical Oncology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | | | - Simon Spazzapan
- Department of Medical Oncology, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Riccardo Dolcetti
- Immunopathology and Biomarker Unit, Department of Translational Research, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.,Translational Research Institute, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Marco Trovo'
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata of Udine, Udine, Italy
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100
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Holm KL, Syljuåsen RG, Hasvold G, Alsøe L, Nilsen H, Ivanauskiene K, Collas P, Shaposhnikov S, Collins A, Indrevær RL, Aukrust P, Fevang B, Blomhoff HK. TLR9 stimulation of B-cells induces transcription of p53 and prevents spontaneous and irradiation-induced cell death independent of DNA damage responses. Implications for Common variable immunodeficiency. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185708. [PMID: 28973009 PMCID: PMC5626471 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we address the important issue of whether B-cells protected from irradiation-induced cell death, may survive with elevated levels of DNA damage. If so, such cells would be at higher risk of gaining mutations and undergoing malignant transformation. We show that stimulation of B-cells with the TLR9 ligands CpG-oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) prevents spontaneous and irradiation-induced death of normal peripheral blood B-cells, and of B-cells from patients diagnosed with Common variable immunodeficiency (CVID). The TLR9-mediated survival is enhanced by the vitamin A metabolite retinoic acid (RA). Importantly, neither stimulation of B-cells via TLR9 alone or with RA increases irradiation-induced DNA strand breaks and DNA damage responses such as activation of ATM and DNA-PKcs. We prove that elevated levels of γH2AX imposed by irradiation of stimulated B-cells is not due to induction of DNA double strand breaks, but merely reflects increased levels of total H2AX upon stimulation. Interestingly however, we unexpectedly find that TLR9 stimulation of B-cells induces low amounts of inactive p53, explained by transcriptional induction of TP53. Taken together, we show that enhanced survival of irradiated B-cells is not accompanied by elevated levels of DNA damage. Our results imply that TLR9-mediated activation of B-cells not only promotes cell survival, but may via p53 provide cells with a barrier against harmful consequences of enhanced activation and proliferation. As CVID-derived B-cells are more radiosensitive and prone to undergo apoptosis than normal B-cells, our data support treatment of CVID patients with CpG-ODN and RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristine Lillebø Holm
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi Gussgard Syljuåsen
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Grete Hasvold
- Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Radiumhospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lene Alsøe
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Hilde Nilsen
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, University of Oslo and Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
| | - Kristina Ivanauskiene
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Philippe Collas
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sergey Shaposhnikov
- Comet Biotech AS, Norgenotech AS, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew Collins
- Comet Biotech AS, Norgenotech AS, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Randi Larsen Indrevær
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål Aukrust
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Børre Fevang
- Section of Clinical Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
- Research Institute of Internal Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Heidi Kiil Blomhoff
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- * E-mail:
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