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Malinak D, Dolezal R, Hepnarova V, Hozova M, Andrys R, Bzonek P, Racakova V, Korabecny J, Gorecki L, Mezeiova E, Psotka M, Jun D, Kuca K, Musilek K. Synthesis, in vitro screening and molecular docking of isoquinolinium-5-carbaldoximes as acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase reactivators. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2020; 35:478-488. [PMID: 31910701 PMCID: PMC6968506 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2019.1710501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical isoquinolinium-5-carbaldoximes was designed and prepared for cholinesterase reactivation purposes. The novel compounds were evaluated for intrinsic acetylcholinesterase (AChE) or butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibition, when the majority of novel compounds resulted with high inhibition of both enzymes and only weak inhibitors were selected for reactivation experiments on human AChE or BChE inhibited by sarin, VX, or paraoxon. The AChE reactivation for all used organophosphates was found negligible if compared to the reactivation ability of obidoxime. Importantly, two compounds were found to reactivate BChE inhibited by sarin or VX better to obidoxime at human attainable concentration. One compound resulted as better reactivator of NEMP (VX surrogate)-inhibited BChE than obidoxime. The in vitro results were further rationalized by molecular docking studies showing future directions on designing potent BChE reactivators.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rafael Dolezal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Vendula Hepnarova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslava Hozova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Bzonek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Racakova
- Faculty of Informatics and Management, Center for Basic and Applied Research, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Gorecki
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mezeiova
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Psotka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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52
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Koenig JA, Acon Chen C, Shih TM. Development of a Larval Zebrafish Model for Acute Organophosphorus Nerve Agent and Pesticide Exposure and Therapeutic Evaluation. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8040106. [PMID: 33213094 PMCID: PMC7712847 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compound exposure remains a present threat through agricultural accidents, warfare, or terrorist activity. The primary mechanism of organophosphorus toxicity is through inhibition of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, with current emergency treatment including anticholinergics, benzodiazepines, and oxime reactivators. However, a need for more effective and broadly acting countermeasures remains. This study aimed to develop larval zebrafish as a high-throughput model for evaluating novel therapeutics against acute organophosphorus exposure. Larval zebrafish at six days post-fertilization were exposed to acute concentrations of seven organophosphorus compounds and treated with one of three oximes. Lethality studies indicated similar relative toxicity to that seen in the established rodent model, with chemical warfare agents proving more lethal than organophosphorus pesticides. Additionally, the organophosphorus-specific response for oxime reactivation of acetylcholinesterase was comparable to what has been previously reported. Behavioral studies measuring the visual motor response demonstrated greater efficacy for centrally acting oxime compounds than for those that are contained to the peripheral tissue. Overall, these results support the use of this larval zebrafish model as a high-throughput screening platform for evaluating novel treatments following acute organophosphorus exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tsung-Ming Shih
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-410-436-3414; Fax: +1-410-436-2690
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53
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Izquierdo PG, O'Connor V, Green AC, Holden-Dye L, Tattersall JEH. C. elegans pharyngeal pumping provides a whole organism bio-assay to investigate anti-cholinesterase intoxication and antidotes. Neurotoxicology 2020; 82:50-62. [PMID: 33176172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase by either organophosphates or carbamates causes anti-cholinesterase poisoning. This arises through a wide range of neurotoxic effects triggered by the overstimulation of the cholinergic receptors at synapses and neuromuscular junctions. Without intervention, this poisoning can lead to profound toxic effects, including death, and the incomplete efficacy of the current treatments, particularly for oxime-insensitive agents, provokes the need to find better antidotes. Here we show how the non-parasitic nematode Caenorhabditis elegans offers an excellent tool for investigating the acetylcholinesterase intoxication. The C. elegans neuromuscular junctions show a high degree of molecular and functional conservation with the cholinergic transmission that operates in the autonomic, central and neuromuscular synapses in mammals. In fact, the anti-cholinesterase intoxication of the worm's body wall neuromuscular junction has been unprecedented in understanding molecular determinants of cholinergic function in nematodes and other organisms. We extend the use of the model organism's feeding behaviour as a tool to investigate carbamate and organophosphate mode of action. We show that inhibition of the cholinergic-dependent rhythmic pumping of the pharyngeal muscle correlates with the inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase activity caused by aldicarb, paraoxons and DFP exposure. Further, this bio-assay allows one to address oxime dependent reversal of cholinesterase inhibition in the context of whole organism recovery. Interestingly, the recovery of the pharyngeal function after such anti-cholinesterase poisoning represents a sensitive and easily quantifiable phenotype that is indicative of the spontaneous recovery or irreversible modification of the worm acetylcholinesterase after inhibition. These observations highlight the pharynx of C. elegans as a new tractable approach to explore anti-cholinesterase intoxication and recovery with the potential to resolve critical genetic determinants of these neurotoxins' mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia G Izquierdo
- Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom.
| | - Vincent O'Connor
- Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - A Christopher Green
- Dstl, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy Holden-Dye
- Biological Sciences, Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - John E H Tattersall
- Dstl, Defence Science and Technology Laboratory, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire, SP4 0JQ, United Kingdom
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54
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Sharma R, Upadhyaya K, Gupta B, Ghosh KK, Tripathi RP, Musilek K, Kuca K. Glycosylated-imidazole aldoximes as reactivators of pesticides inhibited AChE: Synthesis and in-vitro reactivation study. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 80:103454. [PMID: 32645360 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2020.103454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The present armamentarium of commercially available antidotes provides limited protection against the neurological effects of organophosphate exposure. Hence, there is an urgent need to design and develop molecules that can protect and reactivate inhibited-AChE in the central nervous system. Some natural compounds like glucose and certain amino acids (glutamate, the anion of glutamic acid) can easily cross the blood brain barrier although they are highly polar. Glucose is mainly transported by systems like glucose transporter protein type 1 (GLUT1). For this reason, a series of non-quaternary and quaternary glycosylated imidazolium oximes with different alkane linkers have been designed and synthesized. These compounds were evaluated for their in-vitro reactivation ability against pesticide (paraoxon-ethyl and paraoxon-methyl) inhibited-AChE and compared with standards antidote AChE reactivators pralidoxime and obidoxime. Several physicochemical properties including acid dissociation constant (pKa), logP, logD, HBD and HBA, have also been assessed for reported compounds. Out of the synthesized compounds, three have exhibited comparable potency with a standard antidote (pralidoxime).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sharma
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG 492010, India; Department of Plant Physiology, Agril. Biochemistry, Medicinal & Aromatic Plants, Indira Gandhi Agricultural University, Raipur, CG 492005, India
| | - Kapil Upadhyaya
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, 250 West Green Street, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Bhanushree Gupta
- Centre for Basic Sciences, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur CG 492010, India.
| | - Kallol K Ghosh
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, CG 492010, India
| | - Rama P Tripathi
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research-Raebareli, Sarojini Nagar, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226301, India
| | - Kamil Musilek
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- University of Hradec Kralove, Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, Rokitanskeho 62, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 50005, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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55
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Gambino A, Burnett JC, Koide K. Methyl Scanning and Revised Binding Mode of 2-Pralidoxime, an Antidote for Nerve Agent Poisoning. ACS Med Chem Lett 2020; 11:1893-1898. [PMID: 33062170 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus nerve agents (OPNAs) inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and, despite the Chemical Weapons Convention arms control treaty, continue to represent a threat to both military personnel and civilians. 2-Pralidoxime (2-PAM) is currently the only therapeutic countermeasure approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration for treating OPNA poisoning. However, 2-PAM is not centrally active due to its hydrophilicity and resulting poor blood-brain barrier permeability; hence, these deficiencies warrant the development of more hydrophobic analogs. Specifically, gaps exist in previously published structure activity relationship (SAR) studies for 2-PAM, thereby making it difficult to rationally design novel analogs that are concomitantly more permeable and more efficacious. In this study, we methodically performed a methyl scan on the core pyridinium of 2-PAM to identify ring positions that could tolerate both additional steric bulk and hydrophobicity. Subsequently, SAR-guided molecular docking was used to rationalize hydropathically feasible binding modes for 2-PAM and the reported derivatives. Overall, the data presented herein provide new insights that may facilitate the rational design of more efficacious 2-PAM analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Gambino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - James C. Burnett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Kazunori Koide
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, 219 Parkman Avenue, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
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56
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Talley TT, Chao CK, Berkman CE, Richardson RJ, Thompson CM. Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterases by Stereoisomeric Organophosphorus Compounds Containing Both Thioester and p-Nitrophenyl Leaving Groups. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:2455-2466. [PMID: 32833441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Studies with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by organophosphorus (OP) compounds with two chiral centers can serve as models or surrogates for understanding the rate, orientation, and postinhibitory mechanisms by the nerve agent soman that possesses dual phosphorus and carbon chiral centers. In the current approach, stereoisomers of O-methyl, [S-(succinic acid, diethyl ester), O-(4-nitrophenyl) phosphorothiolate (MSNPs) were synthesized, and the inhibition, reactivation, and aging mechanisms were studied with electric eel AChE (eeAChE) and recombinant mouse brain AChE (rmAChE). The MSNP RPRC isomer was the strongest inhibitor of both eeAChE and rmAChE at 8- and 24-fold greater potency, respectively, than the weakest SPSC isomer. eeAChE inhibited by the RPRC- or RPSC-MSNP isomer underwent spontaneous reactivation ∼10- to 20-fold faster than the enzyme inhibited by SPRC- and SPSC-MSNP, and only 4% spontaneous reactivation was observed from the SPRC-eeAChE adduct. Using 2-pyridine aldoxime methiodide (2-PAM) or trimedoxime (TMB-4), eeAChE inhibited by RPRC- or SPRC-MSNP reactivated up to 90% and 3- to 4-fold faster than eeAChE inhibited by the RPSC- or SPSC-MSNP isomer. Spontaneous reactivation rates for rmAChE were 1.5- to 10-fold higher following inhibition by RPSC- and SPSC-MSNPs than inhibition by either RC isomer, a trend opposite to that found for eeAChE. Oxime reactivation of rmAChE following inhibition by RPRC- and SPRC-MSNPs was 2.5- to 5-fold faster than inhibition by RPSC- or SPSC-MSNPs. Due to structural similarities, MSNPs that phosphylate AChE with the loss of the p-nitrophenoxy (PNP) group form identical, nonreactivatable adducts to those formed from SP-isomalathion; however, all the MSNP isomers inhibited AChE to form adducts that reactivated. Thus, MSNPs inactivate AChE via the ejection of either PNP or thiosuccinyl groups to form a combination of reactivatable and nonreactivatable adducts, and this differs from the mechanism of AChE inhibition by isomalathion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Todd T Talley
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
| | - Clifford E Berkman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Rudy J Richardson
- Departments of Environmental Health Sciences and Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States.,Center of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Charles M Thompson
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana 59812, United States
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Quantitative T 2 MRI is predictive of neurodegeneration following organophosphate exposure in a rat model. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13007. [PMID: 32747689 PMCID: PMC7400670 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69991-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds, such as chemical warfare nerve agents and pesticides, are known to cause neurological damage. This study measured nerve agent-related neuropathology and determined whether quantitative T2 MRI could be used as a biomarker of neurodegeneration. Quantitative T2 MRI was performed using a 9.4 T MRI on rats prior to and following soman exposure. T2 images were taken at least 24 h prior, 1 h and 18-24 h after soman exposure. Rats were pre- and post-treated with HI-6 dimethanesulfonate and atropine methyl nitrate. A multicomponent T2 acquisition and analysis was performed. Brains were stained with Fluoro-Jade C to assess neurodegeneration. Rats exposed to soman developed behavioral expression of electrographic seizures. At 18-24 h after soman exposure, significant increases in T2, a possible marker of edema, were found in multiple regions. The largest changes were in the piriform cortex (before: 47.7 ± 1.4 ms; 18-24 h: 82.3 ± 13.4 ms). Fluoro-Jade C staining showed significant neurodegeneration 18-24 h post exposure. The piriform cortex had the strongest correlation between the change in relaxation rate and percent neurodegeneration (r = 0.96, p < 0.001). These findings indicate there is regionally specific neurodegeneration 24 h after exposure to soman. The high correlation between T2 relaxivity and histopathology supports the use of T2 as a marker of injury.
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Worek F, Thiermann H, Koller M, Wille T. In Vitro Interaction of Organophosphono- and Organophosphorothioates with Human Acetylcholinesterase. Molecules 2020; 25:E3029. [PMID: 32630769 PMCID: PMC7412149 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25133029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1997 was a milestone in the prohibition of chemical warfare agents (CWA). Yet, the repeated use of CWA underlines the ongoing threat to the population. Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents still represent the most toxic CWA subgroup. Defensive research on nerve agents is mainly focused on the "classical five", namely tabun, sarin, soman, cyclosarin and VX, although Schedule 1 of the CWC covers an unforeseeable number of homologues. Likewise, an uncounted number of OP pesticides have been produced in previous decades. Our aim was to determine the in vitro inhibition kinetics of selected organophosphono- and organophosphorothioates with human AChE, as well as hydrolysis of the agents in human plasma and reactivation of inhibited AChE, in order to derive potential structure-activity relationships. The investigation of the interactions of selected OP compounds belonging to schedule 1 (V-agents) and schedule 2 (amiton) of the CWC with human AChE revealed distinct structural effects of the P-alkyl, P-O-alkyl and N,N-dialkyl residues on the inhibitory potency of the agents. Irrespective of structural modifications, all tested V-agents presented as highly potent AChE inhibitors. The high stability of the tested agents in human plasma will most likely result in long-lasting poisoning in vivo, having relevant consequences for the treatment regimen. In conclusion, the results of this study emphasize the need to investigate the biological effects of nerve agent analogues in order to assess the efficacy of available medical countermeasures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, D-80937 Munich, Germany; (H.T.); (M.K.); (T.W.)
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Worek F, Thiermann H, Wille T. Organophosphorus compounds and oximes: a critical review. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:2275-2292. [PMID: 32506210 PMCID: PMC7367912 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02797-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides and nerve agents still pose a threat to the population. Treatment of OP poisoning is an ongoing challenge and burden for medical services. Standard drug treatment consists of atropine and an oxime as reactivator of OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase and is virtually unchanged since more than six decades. Established oximes, i.e. pralidoxime, obidoxime, TMB-4, HI-6 and MMB-4, are of insufficient effectiveness in some poisonings and often cover only a limited spectrum of the different nerve agents and pesticides. Moreover, the value of oximes in human OP pesticide poisoning is still disputed. Long-lasting research efforts resulted in the preparation of countless experimental oximes, and more recently non-oxime reactivators, intended to replace or supplement the established and licensed oximes. The progress of this development is slow and none of the novel compounds appears to be suitable for transfer into advanced development or into clinical use. This situation calls for a critical analysis of the value of oximes as mainstay of treatment as well as the potential and limitations of established and novel reactivators. Requirements for a straightforward identification of superior reactivators and their development to licensed drugs need to be addressed as well as options for interim solutions as a chance to improve the therapy of OP poisoning in a foreseeable time frame.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
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60
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Bi H, Ouyang Q, Wei Z, Zheng Z. Design, synthesis and evaluation of novel nonquaternary and 3 non-oxime reactivators for acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphates. Bioorg Chem 2020; 100:103902. [PMID: 32388435 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A new series of novel nonquaternary conjugates and non-oxime reactivators for reactivation of both nerve agents and pesticides inhibited hAChE were described in this paper. Conjugates with piperazine linked to the substituted salicylaldoxime emerged as efficient reactivators for VX inhibited hAChE. The in vitro reactivation experiment showed that some of them were equal or more efficient reactivators for pesticides inhibited hAChE than obidoxime. It was also found that some non-oxime derivatives of Mannich phenols displayed obvious reactivation potency for VX, sarin and pesticides inhibited hAChE even in very low concentration. It has been proved that introduction of peripheral site ligands with widespread aromatic system and amide substitutions could increase binding affinity for inhibited hAChE in most cases, which contribute to the reactivation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanglei Bi
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design & Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China; Department of Pharmacy, The 969th Hospital of the joint logistics support force of PLA, Hohhot 010051, China
| | - Qin Ouyang
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Shapingba, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Zhao Wei
- Department of Medicinal and analytical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 300071, China.
| | - Zhibing Zheng
- Laboratory of Computer-Aided Drug Design & Discovery, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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61
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Efficient detoxification of nerve agents by oxime-assisted reactivation of acetylcholinesterase mutants. Neuropharmacology 2020; 171:108111. [PMID: 32333945 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2020.108111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The recent advancements in crystallography and kinetics studies involving reactivation mechanism of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by nerve agents have enabled a new paradigm in the search for potent medical countermeasures in case of nerve agents exposure. Poisonings by organophosphorus compounds (OP) that lead to life-threatening toxic manifestations require immediate treatment that combines administration of anticholinergic drugs and an aldoxime as a reactivator of AChE. An alternative approach to reduce the in vivo toxicity of OP centers on the use of bioscavengers against the parent organophosphate. Our recent research showed that site-directed mutagenesis of AChE can enable aldoximes to substantially accelerate the reactivation of OP-enzyme conjugates while dramatically slowing down rates of OP-conjugate dealkylation (aging). Therefore, this review focuses on oxime-assisted catalysis by AChE mutants that provides a potential means for degradation of organophosphates in the plasma before reaching the cellular target site. This article is part of the special issue entitled 'Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors: From Bench to Bedside to Battlefield'.
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62
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Bouknight KD, Jurkouich KM, Compton JR, Khavrutskii IV, Guelta MA, Harvey SP, Legler PM. Structural and kinetic evidence of aging after organophosphate inhibition of human Cathepsin A. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 177:113980. [PMID: 32305437 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2020.113980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Human Cathepsin A (CatA) is a lysosomal serine carboxypeptidase of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) and is structurally similar to acetylcholinesterase (AChE). CatA can remove the C-terminal amino acids of endothelin I, angiotensin I, Substance P, oxytocin, and bradykinin, and can deamidate neurokinin A. Proteomic studies identified CatA and its homologue, SCPEP1, as potential targets of organophosphates (OP). CatA could be stably inhibited by low µM to high nM concentrations of racemic sarin (GB), soman (GD), cyclosarin (GF), VX, and VR within minutes to hours at pH 7. Cyclosarin was the most potent with a kinetically measured dissociation constant (KI) of 2 µM followed by VR (KI = 2.8 µM). Bimolecular rate constants for inhibition by cyclosarin and VR were 1.3 × 103 M-1sec-1 and 1.2 × 103 M-1sec-1, respectively, and were approximately 3-orders of magnitude lower than those of human AChE indicating slower reactivity. Notably, both AChE and CatA bound diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP) comparably and had KIDFP = 13 µM and 11 µM, respectively. At low pH, greater than 85% of the enzyme spontaneously reactivated after OP inhibition, conditions under which OP-adducts of cholinesterases irreversibly age. At pH 6.5 CatA remained stably inhibited by GB and GF and <10% of the enzyme spontaneously reactivated after 200 h. A crystal structure of DFP-inhibited CatA was determined and contained an aged adduct. Similar to AChE, CatA appears to have a "backdoor" for product release. CatA has not been shown previously to age. These results may have implications for: OP-associated inflammation; cardiovascular effects; and the dysregulation of RAS enzymes by OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayla D Bouknight
- Hampton University, 100 E Queen St, Hampton, VA 23668, United States
| | - Kayla M Jurkouich
- Case Western Reserve University, Dept. of Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland, 10900 Euclid Avenue, OH 44106, United States
| | - Jaimee R Compton
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, United States
| | - Ilja V Khavrutskii
- Uniformed Services University, Armed Forces Radiobiology Research Institute, 4301 Jones Bridge Rd., Bethesda, MD 20889-5648, United States
| | - Mark A Guelta
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities and Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
| | - Steven P Harvey
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities and Development Command Chemical Biological Center, 5183 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010, United States
| | - Patricia M Legler
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave., Washington, DC 20375, United States.
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Amend N, Niessen KV, Seeger T, Wille T, Worek F, Thiermann H. Diagnostics and treatment of nerve agent poisoning—current status and future developments. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1479:13-28. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Karin V. Niessen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Thomas Seeger
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology Munich Germany
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64
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de Castro AA, Assis LC, Soares FV, Kuca K, Polisel DA, da Cunha EFF, Ramalho TC. Trends in the Recent Patent Literature on Cholinesterase Reactivators (2016-2019). Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030436. [PMID: 32178264 PMCID: PMC7175240 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is the key enzyme responsible for deactivating the ACh neurotransmitter. Irreversible or prolonged inhibition of AChE, therefore, elevates synaptic ACh leading to serious central and peripheral adverse effects which fall under the cholinergic syndrome spectra. To combat the toxic effects of some AChEI, such as organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents, many compounds with reactivator effects have been developed. Within the most outstanding reactivators, the substances denominated oximes stand out, showing good performance for reactivating AChE and restoring the normal synaptic acetylcholine (ACh) levels. This review was developed with the purpose of covering the new advances in AChE reactivation. Over the past years, researchers worldwide have made efforts to identify and develop novel active molecules. These researches have been moving farther into the search for novel agents that possess better effectiveness of reactivation and broad-spectrum reactivation against diverse OP agents. In addition, the discovery of ways to restore AChE in the aged form is also of great importance. This review will allow us to evaluate the major advances made in the discovery of new acetylcholinesterase reactivators by reviewing all patents published between 2016 and 2019. This is an important step in continuing this remarkable research so that new studies can begin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre A. de Castro
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Letícia C. Assis
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Flávia V. Soares
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.C.R.)
| | - Daniel A. Polisel
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Elaine F. F. da Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
| | - Teodorico C. Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras 37200-000, Brazil; (A.A.d.C.); (L.C.A.); (F.V.S.); (D.A.P.); (E.F.F.d.C.)
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, 500 03 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Correspondence: (K.K.); (T.C.R.)
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65
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Butyrylcholinesterase, a stereospecific in vivo bioscavenger against nerve agent intoxication. Biochem Pharmacol 2020; 171:113670. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.113670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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66
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Bu L, Guo L, Xie J. An in situ assay of nerve agents enabled by a self-assembled bienzymatic electrochemical biosensor. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00929f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
A new self-assembled bienzymatic electrochemical biosensor is proposed to in situ detect NAs and readily investigate the inhibition processes of NAs using a single step protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijuan Bu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100850
- P. R. China
| | - Lei Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100850
- P. R. China
| | - Jianwei Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, and Laboratory of Toxicant Analysis
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology
- Academy of Military Medical Sciences
- Beijing 100850
- P. R. China
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67
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McGarry KG, Lalisse RF, Moyer RA, Johnson KM, Tallan AM, Winters TP, Taris JE, McElroy CA, Lemmon EE, Shafaat HS, Fan Y, Deal A, Marguet SC, Harvilchuck JA, Hadad CM, Wood DW. A Novel, Modified Human Butyrylcholinesterase Catalytically Degrades the Chemical Warfare Nerve Agent, Sarin. Toxicol Sci 2019; 174:133-146. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) present a global threat to both military and civilian populations. The acute toxicity of CWNAs stems from their ability to effectively inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE). This inhibition can lead to uncontrolled cholinergic cellular signaling, resulting in cholinergic crisis and, ultimately, death. Although the current FDA-approved standard of care is moderately effective when administered early, development of novel treatment strategies is necessary. Butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is an enzyme which displays a high degree of structural homology to AChE. Unlike AChE, the roles of BChE are uncertain and possibilities are still being explored. However, BChE appears to primarily serve as a bioscavenger of toxic esters due to its ability to accommodate a wide variety of substrates within its active site. Like AChE, BChE is also readily inhibited by CWNAs. Due to its high affinity for binding CWNAs, and that null-BChE yields no apparent health effects, exogenous BChE has been explored as a candidate therapeutic for CWNA intoxication. Despite years of research, minimal strides have been made to develop a catalytic bioscavenger. Furthermore, BChE is only in early clinical trials as a stoichiometric bioscavenger of CWNAs, and large quantities must be administered to treat CWNA toxicity. Here, we describe previously unidentified mutations to residues within and adjacent to the acyl binding pocket (positions 282–285 were mutagenized from YGTP to NHML) of BChE that confer catalytic degradation of the CWNA, sarin. These mutations, along with corresponding future efforts, may finally lead to a novel therapeutic to combat CWNA intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin G McGarry
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Remy F Lalisse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | | | - Alexi M Tallan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Joeseph E Taris
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Craig A McElroy
- College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Hannah S Shafaat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Yamin Fan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Aniliese Deal
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Sean C Marguet
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - David W Wood
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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McGarry KG, Schill KE, Winters TP, Lemmon EE, Sabourin CL, Harvilchuck JA, Moyer RA. Characterization of Cholinesterases From Multiple Large Animal Species for Medical Countermeasure Development Against Chemical Warfare Nerve Agents. Toxicol Sci 2019; 174:124-132. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfz250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) compounds, which include insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs) such as sarin (GB) and VX, continue to be a global threat to both civilian and military populations. It is widely accepted that cholinesterase inhibition is the primary mechanism for acute OP toxicity. Disruption of cholinergic function through the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) leads to the accumulation of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Excess acetylcholine at the synapse results in an overstimulation of cholinergic neurons which manifests in the common signs and symptoms of OP intoxication (miosis, increased secretions, seizures, convulsions, and respiratory failure). The primary therapeutic strategy employed in the United States to treat OP intoxication includes reactivation of inhibited AChE with the oxime pralidoxime (2-PAM) along with the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist atropine and the benzodiazepine, diazepam. CWNAs are also known to inhibit butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) without any apparent toxic effects. Therefore, BChE may be viewed as a “bioscavenger” that stoichiometrically binds CWNAs and removes them from circulation. The degree of inhibition of AChE and BChE and the effectiveness of 2-PAM are known to vary among species. Animal models are imperative for evaluating the efficacy of CWNA medical countermeasures, and a thorough characterization of available animal models is important for translating results to humans. Thus, the objective of this study was to compare the circulating levels of each of the cholinesterases as well as multiple kinetic properties (inhibition, reactivation, and aging rates) of both AChE and BChE derived from humans to AChE and BChE derived from commonly used large animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Erin E Lemmon
- Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, OH 43201, Ohio
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69
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Wong PT, Bhattacharjee S, Cannon J, Tang S, Yang K, Bowden S, Varnau V, O'Konek JJ, Choi SK. Reactivity and mechanism of α-nucleophile scaffolds as catalytic organophosphate scavengers. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:3951-3963. [PMID: 30942252 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob00503j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite their unique benefits imparted by their structure and reactivity, certain α-nucleophile molecules remain underexplored as chemical inactivators for the topical decontamination of reactive organophosphates (OPs). Here, we present a library of thirty α-nucleophile scaffolds, each designed with either a pyridinium aldoxime (PAM) or hydroxamic acid (HA) α-nucleophile core tethered to a polar or charged scaffold for optimized physicochemical properties and reactivity. These library compounds were screened for their abilities to catalyze the hydrolysis of a model OP, paraoxon (POX), in kinetic assays. These screening experiments led to the identification of multiple lead compounds with the ability to inactivate POX two- to four-times more rapidly than Dekon 139-the active ingredient currently used for skin decontamination of OPs. Our mechanistic studies, performed under variable pH and temperature conditions suggested that the differences in the reactivity and activation energy of these compounds are fundamentally attributable to the core nucleophilicity and pKa. Following their screening and mechanistic studies, select lead compounds were further evaluated and demonstrated greater efficacy than Dekon 139 in the topical decontamination of POX in an ex vivo porcine skin model. In addition to OP reactivity, several compounds in the PAM class displayed a dual mode of activity, as they retained the ability to reactivate POX-inhibited acetylcholine esterase (AChE). In summary, this report describes a rationale for the hydrophilic scaffold design of α-nucleophiles, and it offers advanced insights into their chemical reactivity, mechanism, and practical utility as OP decontaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela T Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA.
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70
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Parvaz S, Taheri-Ledari R, Esmaeili MS, Rabbani M, Maleki A. A brief survey on the advanced brain drug administration by nanoscale carriers: With a particular focus on AChE reactivators. Life Sci 2019; 240:117099. [PMID: 31760098 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.117099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Obviously, delivery of the medications to the brain is more difficult than other tissues due to the existence of a strong obstacle, which is called blood-brain barrier (BBB). Because of the lipophilic nature of this barrier, it would be a complex (and in many cases impossible) process to cross the medications with hydrophilic behavior from BBB and deliver them to the brain. Thus, novel intricate drug-carriers in nano scales have been recently developed and suitably applied for this purpose. One of the most important categories of these hydrophilic medications, are reactivators for acetyl cholinesterase (AChE) enzyme that facilitates the breakdown of acetylcholine (as a neurotransmitter). The AChE function is inhibited by organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents that are extremely used in military conflicts. In this review, the abilities of the nanosized drug delivery systems to perform as suitable vehicles for AChE reactivators are comprehensively discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sina Parvaz
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Reza Taheri-Ledari
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mir Saeed Esmaeili
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mahboubeh Rabbani
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Ali Maleki
- Department of Chemistry, Iran University of Science and Technology, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran.
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71
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Bharate SB, Chao CK, Thompson CM. Comparison of the reactivation rates of acetylcholinesterase modified by structurally different organophosphates using novel pyridinium oximes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 71:103218. [PMID: 31302432 PMCID: PMC6736693 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.103218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel panel of oximes were synthesized, which have displayed varying degree of reactivation ability towards different organophosphorus (OP) modified cholinesterases. In the present article, we report a comparative reactivation profile of a series of quaternary pyridinium-oximes for electric eel acetylcholinesterase (EEAChE) inhibited by the organophosphorus (OP) inhibitors methyl paraoxon (MePOX), ethyl paraoxon (POX; paraoxon) and diisopropyl fluorophosphate (DFP) that are distinguishable as dimethoxyphosphoryl, diethoxyphosphoryl and diisopropoxyphosphoryl AChE-OP-adducts. Most of the 59-oximes tested led to faster and more extensive reactivation of MePOX- and POX-inhibited EEAChE as compared to DFP-modified EEAChE. All were effective reactivators of three OP-modified EEAChE conjugates showing 18-21% reactivation for DFP-inhibited AChE and ≥45% reactivation for MePOX- and POX-inhibited EEAChE. Oximes 7 and 8 showed kr values better than pralidoxime (1) for DFP-inhibited EEAChE. Reactivation rates determined at different inhibition times showed no significant change in kr values during 0-90 min incubation with three OPs. However, a 34-72% decrease in kr for MePOX and POX and > 95% decrease in kr for DFP-inhibited EEAChE was observed after 24 h of OP-exposure (aging).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandip B Bharate
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA; Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, 180001, India.
| | - Chih-Kai Chao
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA
| | - Charles M Thompson
- The Center for Structural and Functional Neuroscience, Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Montana, Missoula, MT, 59812, USA.
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72
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Gil-San-Millan R, López-Maya E, Platero-Prats AE, Torres-Pérez V, Delgado P, Augustyniak AW, Kim MK, Lee HW, Ryu SG, Navarro JAR. Magnesium Exchanged Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks with Improved Detoxification Properties of Nerve Agents. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:11801-11805. [PMID: 31322871 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b05571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
UiO-66, MOF-808 and NU-1000 metal-organic frameworks exhibit a differentiated reactivity toward [Mg(OMe)2(MeOH)2]4 related to their pore accessibility. Microporous UiO-66 remains unchanged while mesoporous MOF-808 and hierarchical micro/mesoporous NU-1000 materials yield doped systems containing exposed MgZr5O2(OH)6 clusters in the mesoporous cavities. This modification is responsible for a remarkable enhancement of the catalytic activity toward the hydrolytic degradation of P-F and P-S bonds of toxic nerve agents, at room temperature, in unbuffered aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Gil-San-Millan
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Universidad de Granada , Av. Fuentenueva S/N , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Elena López-Maya
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Universidad de Granada , Av. Fuentenueva S/N , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Ana E Platero-Prats
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , 28049 Madrid , Spain
| | - Virginia Torres-Pérez
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Universidad de Granada , Av. Fuentenueva S/N , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Pedro Delgado
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Universidad de Granada , Av. Fuentenueva S/N , 18071 Granada , Spain
| | - Adam W Augustyniak
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Universidad de Granada , Av. Fuentenueva S/N , 18071 Granada , Spain.,Departament of Chemistry , University of Wroclaw , 50-137 Wroclaw , Poland
| | - Min Kun Kim
- Agency for Defense Development , Yuseong P.O. Box 35, Daejeon 34186 , South Korea
| | - Hae Wan Lee
- Agency for Defense Development , Yuseong P.O. Box 35, Daejeon 34186 , South Korea
| | - Sam Gon Ryu
- Agency for Defense Development , Yuseong P.O. Box 35, Daejeon 34186 , South Korea
| | - Jorge A R Navarro
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica , Universidad de Granada , Av. Fuentenueva S/N , 18071 Granada , Spain
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73
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[Organophosphorus poisoning: Towards enzymatic treatments]. ANNALES PHARMACEUTIQUES FRANÇAISES 2019; 77:349-362. [PMID: 31253354 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharma.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OP) are toxic molecules developed as insecticides and chemical warfare nerve agents (CWNAs). Most OP are neurotoxic and act as nervous system disruptors by blocking cholinergic transmission. They are therefore responsible for many poisonings worldwide. OP toxicity may result either from acute or chronic exposure, and their poisoning effect were evaluated using several animal models. These latter were also used for evaluating the efficacy of antidotes. Strategies based on enzymes that can trap (stoichiometric bioscavengers) or degrade (catalytic bioscavengers) OP, were particularly studied since they allow effective decontamination, without toxicity or environmental impact. This review summarizes the results obtained in vivo with enzymes through three levels: prophylaxis, treatment and external decontamination. The efficiency of enzymatic treatments in different animal models is presented and the relevance of these models is also discussed for a better extrapolation to humans.
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74
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Catalytically Active Imine-based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Detoxification of Nerve Agent Simulants in Aqueous Media. MATERIALS 2019; 12:ma12121974. [PMID: 31248117 PMCID: PMC6631658 DOI: 10.3390/ma12121974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A series of imine-based covalent organic frameworks decorated in their cavities with different alkynyl, pyrrolidine, and N-methylpyrrolidine functional groups have been synthetized. These materials exhibit catalytic activity in aqueous media for the hydrolytic detoxification of nerve agents, as exemplified with nerve gas simulant diisopropylfluorophosphate (DIFP). These preliminary results suggest imine-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as promising materials for detoxification of highly toxic molecules.
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75
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Vitorović-Todorović MD, Worek F, Perdih A, Bauk SĐ, Vujatović TB, Cvijetić IN. The in vitro protective effects of the three novel nanomolar reversible inhibitors of human cholinesterases against irreversible inhibition by organophosphorous chemical warfare agents. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 309:108714. [PMID: 31228470 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is an enzyme which terminates the cholinergic neurotransmission, by hydrolyzing acetylcholine at the nerve and nerve-muscle junctions. The reversible inhibition of AChE was suggested as the pre-treatment option of the intoxications caused by nerve agents. Based on our derived 3D-QSAR model for the reversible AChE inhibitors, we designed and synthesized three novel compounds 8-10, joining the tacrine and aroylacrylic acid phenylamide moieties, with a longer methylene chain to target two distinct, toplogically separated anionic areas on the AChE. The targeted compounds exerted low nanomolar to subnanomolar potency toward the E. eel and human AChE's as well as the human BChE and showed mixed inhibition type in kinetic studies. All compounds were able to slow down the irreversible inhibition of the human AChE by several nerve agents including tabun, soman and VX, with the estimated protective indices around 5, indicating a valuable level of protection. Putative noncovalent interactions of the selected ligand 10 with AChE active site gorge were finally explored by molecular dynamics simulation suggesting a formation of the salt bridge between the protonated linker amino group and the negatively charged Asp74 carboxylate side chain as a significant player for the successful molecular recognition in line with the design strategy. The designed compounds may represent a new class of promising leads for the development of more effective pre-treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, Munich, Germany
| | - Andrej Perdih
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sonja Đ Bauk
- Military Technical Institute, Ratka Resanovića 1, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara B Vujatović
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, Serbia
| | - Ilija N Cvijetić
- National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Innovation Center of The Faculty of Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Studentski Trg 12-16, Serbia
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76
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Polisel DA, de Castro AA, Mancini DT, da Cunha EFF, França TCC, Ramalho TC, Kuca K. Slight difference in the isomeric oximes K206 and K203 makes huge difference for the reactivation of organophosphorus-inhibited AChE: Theoretical and experimental aspects. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 309:108671. [PMID: 31207225 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Studies with oximes have been extensively developed to design new reactivators with better efficiency, and greater spectrum of action. In this study, we aimed to analyze the influence of the Carbamoyl group position change in two isomeric oximes, K203 and K206, on the reactivation percentage of Mus musculus Acetylcholinesterase (MmAChE), inhibited by different nerve agents. Theoretical calculations were performed to assess the difference for the oxime activity with inhibited AChE-complexes and the factors that govern this difference. Comparing theoretical and experimental data, it is possible to observe that this change between the oximes results in different reactivation percentage for the same nerve agent, due to the different interaction modes and activation energy for the studied systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Polisel
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | | | - Daiana T Mancini
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Elaine F F da Cunha
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil; Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Tanos C C França
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to the Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Teodorico C Ramalho
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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77
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Marquart K, Prokopchuk O, Wilhelm D, Worek F, Thiermann H, Martignoni ME, Wille T. Human small bowel as model for poisoning with organophosphorus compounds. Toxicol In Vitro 2019; 57:76-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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78
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Bester SM, Adipietro KA, Funk VL, Myslinski JM, Keul ND, Cheung J, Wilder PT, Wood ZA, Weber DJ, Height JJ, Pegan SD. The structural and biochemical impacts of monomerizing human acetylcholinesterase. Protein Sci 2019; 28:1106-1114. [PMID: 30993792 PMCID: PMC6856767 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Serving a critical role in neurotransmission, human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) is the target of organophosphate nerve agents. Hence, there is an active interest in studying the mechanism of inhibition and recovery of enzymatic activity, which could lead to better countermeasures against nerve agents. As hAChE is found in different oligomeric assemblies, certain approaches to studying it have been problematic. Herein, we examine the biochemical and structural impact of monomerizing hAChE by using two mutations: L380R/F535K. The activities of monomeric hAChE L380R/F535K and dimeric hAChE were determined to be comparable utilizing a modified Ellman's assay. To investigate the influence of subunit-subunit interactions on the structure of hAChE, a 2.1 Å X-ray crystallographic structure was determined. Apart from minor shifts along the dimer interface, the overall structure of the hAChE L380R/F535K mutant is similar to that of dimeric hAChE. To probe whether the plasticity of the active site was overtly impacted by monomerizing hAChE, the kinetic constants of (PR/S ) - VX (ethyl({2-[bis(propan-2-yl)amino]ethyl}sulfanyl)(methyl)phosphinate) inhibition and subsequent rescue of hAChE L380R/F535K activity with HI-6 (1-(2'-hydroxyiminomethyl-1'-pyridinium)-3-(4'-carbamoyl-1-pyridinium)) were determined and found to be comparable to those of dimeric hAChE. Thus, hAChE L380R/F535K could be used as a substitute for dimeric hAChE when experimentally probing the ability of the hAChE active site to accommodate future nerve agent threats or judge the ability of new therapeutics to access the active site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Bester
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia 30602
| | - Kaylin A. Adipietro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular TherapeuticsUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland 21201
| | - Vanessa L. Funk
- U.S. Army Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland 21010‐5424
| | - James M. Myslinski
- U.S. Army Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland 21010‐5424
| | - Nicholas D. Keul
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia 30602
| | - Jonah Cheung
- New York Structural Biology CenterNew YorkNew York 10027
| | - Paul T. Wilder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular TherapeuticsUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland 21201
| | - Zachary A. Wood
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia 30602
| | - David J. Weber
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Biomolecular TherapeuticsUniversity of Maryland School of MedicineBaltimoreMaryland 21201
| | - Jude J. Height
- U.S. Army Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland 21010‐5424
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical SciencesUniversity of GeorgiaAthensGeorgia 30602
- U.S. Army Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving GroundMaryland 21010‐5424
- United States Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving GroundEdgewoodMaryland
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79
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Amend N, Thiermann H, Worek F, Wille T. The arrhythmogenic potential of nerve agents and a cardiac safety profile of antidotes - A proof-of-concept study using human induced pluripotent stem cells derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM). Toxicol Lett 2019; 308:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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80
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Qin T, Huang Y, Zhu K, Wang J, Pan C, Liu B, Wang L. A flavonoid-based fluorescent test strip for sensitive and selective detection of a gaseous nerve agent simulant. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1076:125-130. [PMID: 31203956 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2018] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Developing fluorescent sensors with ability of monitoring gaseous nerve agents in a sensitive and selective manner is of great importance due to the extreme toxicity and volatility of organophosphorus nerve agents. Herein we reported a novel oxime-modified flavonoid sensor and carefully investigated its sensing behavior towards nerve agent simulants, diethylchlorophosphate (DCP). In the presence of DCP, a remarkable fluorescence enhancement accompanied with emission color change could be observed by naked eyes in solution. The response time was less than 90 s and LOD value was calculated as 0.78 μmol/L in solution. The sensing mechanism could be ascribed to the specific reaction between halophosphate and hydroxyl group of oxime. Furthermore, sensor strips have been successfully constructed by using PEG as matrix with a simple preparation process, and also achieved the sensitive and selective detection of DCP vapor. These results in this study may provide important references for further design of dye-based sensor strips for detection of nerve agents both in solution and gas phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Qin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Yingying Huang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Kangning Zhu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Chengjun Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
| | - Lei Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China; Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.
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81
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Kobrlova T, Korabecny J, Soukup O. Current approaches to enhancing oxime reactivator delivery into the brain. Toxicology 2019; 423:75-83. [PMID: 31112674 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
The misuse of organophosphate compounds still represents a current threat worldwide. Treatment of poisoning with organophosphates (OPs) remains unsatisfactorily resolved despite the extensive investment in research in academia. There are no universal, effective and centrally-active acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reactivators to countermeasure OP intoxication. One major obstacle is to overcome the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The central compartment is readily accessible by the OPs which are lipophilic bullets that can easily cross the BBB, whereas first-line therapeutics, namely oxime-based AChE reactivators and atropine, do not cross or do so rather slowly. The limitation of oxime-based AChE reactivators can be ascribed to their chemical nature, bearing a positive charge which is essential either for their AChE affinity or their reactivating potency. The aim of this article is to review the methods for targeting the brain by oxime reactivators that have been developed so far. Approaches using prodrugs, lipophilicity enhancement, or sugar-based oximes have been rather unsuccessful. However, other strategies have been more promising, such as the use of nanoparticles or co-administration of the reactivator with efflux transporter inhibitors. Encouraging results have also been associated with intranasal delivery, but research in this field is still at the beginning. Further research of auspicious approaches is inevitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tereza Kobrlova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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82
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Hsu FL, Bae SY, McGuire J, Anderson DR, Bester SM, Height JJ, Pegan SD, Walz AJ. Synthesis and Molecular Properties of Nerve Agent Reactivator HLö-7 Dimethanesulfonate. ACS Med Chem Lett 2019; 10:761-766. [PMID: 31097996 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.9b00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The threat of a deliberate release of chemical nerve agents has underscored the need to continually improve field effective treatments for these types of poisonings. The oxime containing HLö-7 is a potential second-generation therapeutic reactivator. A synthetic process for HLö-7 is detailed with improvements to the DIBAL reduction and ion exchange steps. HLö-7 was visualized for the first time within the active site of human acetylcholinesterase and its relative ex vivo potency confirmed against various nerve agents using a phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Lian Hsu
- United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Su Y. Bae
- United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Jack McGuire
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Dana R Anderson
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Stephanie M. Bester
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
| | - Jude J. Height
- United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Scott D. Pegan
- United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, United States
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Andrew J. Walz
- United States Army Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
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83
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Zorbaz T, Malinak D, Kuca K, Musilek K, Kovarik Z. Butyrylcholinesterase inhibited by nerve agents is efficiently reactivated with chlorinated pyridinium oximes. Chem Biol Interact 2019; 307:16-20. [PMID: 31004594 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bispyridinium oximes with one (K865, K866, K867) or two (K868, K869, K870) ortho-positioned chlorine moiety, analogous to previously known K027, K048 and K203 oximes, and potent reactivators of human acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by nerve agents, were tested in the reactivation of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) inhibited by sarin, cyclosarin, VX, and tabun. A previously highlighted AChE reactivator, dichlorinated bispyridinium oxime with propyl linker (K868), was tested in more detail for reactivation of four nerve agent-BChE conjugates. Its BChE reactivation potency was showed to be promising when compared to the standard oximes used in medical practice, asoxime (HI-6) and pralidoxime (2-PAM), especially in case of sarin and tabun. This finding could be used in the pseudo-catalytic scavenging of the most nerve agents due to its cumulative capacity to reactivate both AChE and BChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
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84
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Franjesevic AJ, Sillart SB, Beck JM, Vyas S, Callam CS, Hadad CM. Resurrection and Reactivation of Acetylcholinesterase and Butyrylcholinesterase. Chemistry 2019; 25:5337-5371. [PMID: 30444932 PMCID: PMC6508893 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2018] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus (OP) nerve agents and pesticides present significant threats to civilian and military populations. OP compounds include the nefarious G and V chemical nerve agents, but more commonly, civilians are exposed to less toxic OP pesticides, resulting in the same negative toxicological effects and thousands of deaths on an annual basis. After decades of research, no new therapeutics have been realized since the mid-1900s. Upon phosphylation of the catalytic serine residue, a process known as inhibition, there is an accumulation of acetylcholine (ACh) in the brain synapses and neuromuscular junctions, leading to a cholinergic crisis and eventually death. Oxime nucleophiles can reactivate select OP-inhibited acetylcholinesterase (AChE). Yet, the fields of reactivation of AChE and butyrylcholinesterase encounter additional challenges as broad-spectrum reactivation of either enzyme is difficult. Additional problems include the ability to cross the blood brain barrier (BBB) and to provide therapy in the central nervous system. Yet another complication arises in a competitive reaction, known as aging, whereby OP-inhibited AChE is converted to an inactive form, which until very recently, had been impossible to reverse to an active, functional form. Evaluations of uncharged oximes and other neutral nucleophiles have been made. Non-oxime reactivators, such as aromatic general bases and Mannich bases, have been developed. The issue of aging, which generates an anionic phosphylated serine residue, has been historically recalcitrant to recovery by any therapeutic approach-that is, until earlier this year. Mannich bases not only serve as reactivators of OP-inhibited AChE, but this class of compounds can also recover activity from the aged form of AChE, a process referred to as resurrection. This review covers the modern efforts to address all of these issues and notes the complexities of therapeutic development along these different lines of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Franjesevic
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Sydney B Sillart
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jeremy M Beck
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Shubham Vyas
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
- Current Address: Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, 1500 Illinois St., Golden, CO, 80401, USA
| | - Christopher S Callam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Christopher M Hadad
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, 100 West 18th Ave, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
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85
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Wein T, Wanner KT, Rappenglück S, Sichler S, Niessen KV, Seeger T, Worek F, Thiermann H. New Resensitizers for the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor by Ligand-Based Pharmacophore Modeling. Curr Comput Aided Drug Des 2019; 15:104-109. [PMID: 29968541 DOI: 10.2174/1573409914666180703120201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Irreversible inhibition of the acetylcholinesterase upon intoxication with organophosphorus compounds leads to an accumulation of acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft and a subsequent desensitization of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors which may ultimately result in respiratory failure. A direct intervention at the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) was proposed as an alternative therapeutic approach to the treatment with atropine and oximes. METHODS The bispyridinium compound MB327 has been found to recover functional activity of nAChR thus representing a promising starting point for the development of new drugs for the treatment of organophosphate poisoning. Recent solid-supported membrane-based electrophysiological experiments have identified symmetrically substituted bispyridinium compounds e.g. MB327, MB583, and PTM0001 that are able to resensitize nAChR of Torpedo californica. In addition, six compounds have been found not to show any resensitizing potential and were thus classified as inactive. This set of active and inactive bispyridinium compounds was taken to develop a pharmacophore model and in silico screening of a virtual database of bispyridinium compounds to identify new compounds that are able to restore the functional activity of desensitized nAChR. RESULTS Screening of a virtual compound database of symmetrically substituted bispyridinium compounds with the derived pharmacophore yielded several promising compounds which satisfy the pharmacophore and ought to have the same or even better resensitizing effect on nAChR as the parent compound MB327.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Wein
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Butenandtstr, 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus T Wanner
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Butenandtstr, 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rappenglück
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Butenandtstr, 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Sonja Sichler
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universitat München, Butenandtstr, 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Karin V Niessen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Seeger
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
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86
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Advice on assistance and protection provided by the Scientific Advisory Board of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons: Part 1. On medical care and treatment of injuries from nerve agents. Toxicology 2019; 415:56-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2019.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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87
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Kovarik Z, Kalisiak J, Hrvat NM, Katalinić M, Zorbaz T, Žunec S, Green C, Radić Z, Fokin VV, Sharpless KB, Taylor P. Reversal of Tabun Toxicity Enabled by a Triazole-Annulated Oxime Library-Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase. Chemistry 2019; 25:4100-4114. [PMID: 30458057 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase (AChE), an enzyme that degrades the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, when covalently inhibited by organophosphorus compounds (OPs), such as nerve agents and pesticides, can be reactivated by oximes. However, tabun remains among the most dangerous nerve agents due to the low reactivation efficacy of standard pyridinium aldoxime antidotes. Therefore, finding an optimal reactivator for prophylaxis against tabun toxicity and for post-exposure treatment is a continued challenge. In this study, we analyzed the reactivation potency of 111 novel nucleophilic oximes mostly synthesized using the CuAAC triazole ligation between alkyne and azide building blocks. We identified several oximes with significantly improved in vitro reactivating potential for tabun-inhibited human AChE, and in vivo antidotal efficacies in tabun-exposed mice. Our findings offer a significantly improved platform for further development of antidotes and scavengers directed against tabun and related phosphoramidate exposures, such as the Novichok compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Jarosław Kalisiak
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Suzana Žunec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, HR-10000, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Carol Green
- SRI International, Menlo Park, CA, 94025-3493, USA
| | - Zoran Radić
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0650, USA
| | - Valery V Fokin
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.,The Bridge@USC, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - K Barry Sharpless
- Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Palmer Taylor
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0650, USA
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88
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Gorecki L, Soukup O, Kucera T, Malinak D, Jun D, Kuca K, Musilek K, Korabecny J. Oxime K203: a drug candidate for the treatment of tabun intoxication. Arch Toxicol 2018; 93:673-691. [PMID: 30564897 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2377-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
For over 60 years, researchers across the world have sought to deal with poisoning by nerve agents, the most toxic and lethal chemical weapons. To date, there is no efficient causal antidote with sufficient effect. Every trialed compound fails to fulfil one or more criteria (e.g. reactivation potency, broad reactivation profile). In this recent contribution, we focused our attention to one of the promising compounds, namely the bis-pyridinium reactivator K203. The oxime K203 is very often cited as the best reactivator against tabun poisoning. Herein, we provide all the available literature data in comprehensive and critical review to address whether K203 could be considered as a new drug candidate against organophosphorus poisoning with the stress on tabun. We describe its development from the historical point of view and review all available in vitro as well as in vivo data to date. K203 is easily accessible by a relatively simple two-step synthesis. It is well accommodated in the enzyme active gorge of acetylcholinesterase providing suitable interactions for reactivation, as shown by molecular docking simulations. According to a literature survey, in vitro data for tabun-inhibited AChE are extraordinary. However, in vivo efficiency remains unconvincing. The K203 toxicity profile did not show any perturbations compared to clinically used standards; on the other hand versatility of K203 does not exceed currently available oximes. In summary, K203 does not seem to address current issues associated with the organophosphorus poisoning, especially the broad profile against all nerve agents. However, its reviewed efficacy entitles K203 to be considered as a backup or tentative replacement for obidoxime and trimedoxime, currently only available anti-tabun drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Gorecki
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Kucera
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - David Malinak
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. .,Faculty of Science, Department of Chemistry, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 500 03, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 500 01, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic. .,Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 500 05, Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
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89
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Bester SM, Guelta MA, Cheung J, Winemiller MD, Bae SY, Myslinski J, Pegan SD, Height JJ. Structural Insights of Stereospecific Inhibition of Human Acetylcholinesterase by VX and Subsequent Reactivation by HI-6. Chem Res Toxicol 2018; 31:1405-1417. [PMID: 30462502 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Over 50 years ago, the toxicity of irreversible organophosphate inhibitors targeting human acetylcholinesterase (hAChE) was observed to be stereospecific. The therapeutic reversal of hAChE inhibition by reactivators has also been shown to depend on the stereochemistry of the inhibitor. To gain clarity on the mechanism of stereospecific inhibition, the X-ray crystallographic structures of hAChE inhibited by a racemic mixture of VX (P R/S) and its enantiomers were obtained. Beyond identifying hAChE structural features that lend themselves to stereospecific inhibition, structures of the reactivator HI-6 bound to hAChE inhibited by VX enantiomers of varying toxicity, or in its uninhibited state, were obtained. Comparison of hAChE in these pre-reactivation and post-reactivation states along with enzymatic data reveals the potential influence of unproductive reactivator poses on the efficacy of these types of therapeutics. The recognition of structural features related to hAChE's stereospecificity toward VX shed light on the molecular influences of toxicity and their effect on reactivators. In addition to providing a better understanding of the innate issues with current reactivators, an avenue for improvement of reactivators is envisioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M Bester
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States
| | - Mark A Guelta
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Jonah Cheung
- New York Structural Biology Center , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Mark D Winemiller
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Su Y Bae
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - James Myslinski
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Scott D Pegan
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia 30602 , United States.,Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
| | - Jude J Height
- Edgewood Chemical Biological Center, United States Army , Aberdeen Proving Ground, Aberdeen , Maryland 21010 , United States
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90
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Wei Z, Bi H, Liu YQ, Nie HF, Yao L, Wang SZ, Yang J, Wang YA, Liu X, Zheng ZB. Design, synthesis and evaluation of new classes of nonquaternary reactivators for acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphates. Bioorg Chem 2018; 81:681-688. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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91
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de Paula RL, de Almeida JSFD, Cavalcante SFA, Gonçalves AS, Simas ABC, Franca TCC, Valis M, Kuca K, Nepovimova E, Granjeiro JM. Molecular Modeling and In Vitro Studies of a Neutral Oxime as a Potential Reactivator for Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Paraoxon. Molecules 2018; 23:E2954. [PMID: 30424582 PMCID: PMC6278417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23112954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The present work aimed to compare the small, neutral and monoaromatic oxime, isatin-3-oxime (isatin-O), to the commercial ones, pralidoxime (2-PAM) and obidoxime, in a search for a new potential reactivator for acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibited by the pesticide paraoxon (AChE/POX) as well as a novel potential scaffold for further synthetic modifications. The multicriteria decision methods (MCDM) allowed the identification of the best docking poses of those molecules inside AChE/POX for further molecular dynamic (MD) studies, while Ellman's modified method enabled in vitro inhibition and reactivation assays. In corroboration with the theoretical studies, our experimental results showed that isatin-O have a reactivation potential capable of overcoming 2-PAM at the initial moments of the assay. Despite not achieving better results than obidoxime, this molecule is promising for being an active neutral oxime with capacity of crossing the blood⁻brain barrier (BBB), to reactivate AChE/POX inside the central and peripheral nervous systems. Moreover, the fact that isatin-O can also act as anticonvulsant makes this molecule a possible multipotent reactivator. Besides, the MCDM method showed to be an accurate method for the selection of the best docking poses generated in the docking studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reuel L de Paula
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Avenida Nossa Senhora das Graças 50, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, Brazil.
- IDQBRN (Brazilian Army CBRN Defense Institute), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil.
| | - Joyce S F D de Almeida
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
| | - Samir F A Cavalcante
- IDQBRN (Brazilian Army CBRN Defense Institute), Avenida das Américas 28705, Rio de Janeiro 23020-470, Brazil.
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS Bloco H Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Arlan S Gonçalves
- Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology, Avenida Ministro Salgado Filho S/N, Vila Velha 29106-010, Brazil.
| | - Alessandro B C Simas
- Walter Mors Institute of Research on Natural Products, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ), CCS Bloco H Cidade Universitária, Rio de Janeiro 21941-902, Brazil.
| | - Tanos C C Franca
- Laboratory of Molecular Modeling Applied to Chemical and Biological Defense, Military Institute of Engineering, Praça General Tibúrcio 80, Rio de Janeiro 22290-270, Brazil.
- Center for Basic and Applied Research, Faculty of Informatics and Management, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Valis
- Department of Neurology, Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Králové and University Hospital, Simkova 870, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - Eugenie Nepovimova
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Králové, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Králové, Czech Republic.
| | - José M Granjeiro
- National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO), Avenida Nossa Senhora das Graças 50, Duque de Caxias 25250-020, Brazil.
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92
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Zorbaz T, Malinak D, Maraković N, Maček Hrvat N, Zandona A, Novotny M, Skarka A, Andrys R, Benkova M, Soukup O, Katalinić M, Kuca K, Kovarik Z, Musilek K. Pyridinium Oximes with Ortho-Positioned Chlorine Moiety Exhibit Improved Physicochemical Properties and Efficient Reactivation of Human Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Several Nerve Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:10753-10766. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b01398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tamara Zorbaz
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - David Malinak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Nikola Maraković
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Nikolina Maček Hrvat
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Zandona
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Michal Novotny
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Skarka
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Rudolf Andrys
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Benkova
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Maja Katalinić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Kuca
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Zrinka Kovarik
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, HR-10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Kamil Musilek
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Hradec Kralove, Rokitanskeho 62, 50003 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Research Center, University Hospital in Hradec Kralove, Sokolska 581, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
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93
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Tang S, Wong PT, Cannon J, Yang K, Bowden S, Bhattacharjee S, O'Konek JJ, Choi SK. Hydrophilic scaffolds of oxime as the potent catalytic inactivator of reactive organophosphate. Chem Biol Interact 2018; 297:67-79. [PMID: 30393113 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2018.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Despite its efficacy as a skin decontaminant of reactive organophosphates (OP), Dekon 139-a potassium salt of 2,3-butanedione monooxime (DAM)-is associated with adverse events related to percutaneous absorption largely due to its small size and lipophilicity. In order to address this physicochemical issue, we synthesized and evaluated the activity of a focused library of 14 hydrophilic oxime compounds, each designed with either a DAM or monoisonitrosoacetone (MINA) oxime tethered to a polar or charged scaffold in order to optimize the size, hydrophilicity, and oxime acidity. High-throughput colorimetric assays were performed with paraoxon (POX) as a model OP to determine the kinetics of POX inactivation by these compounds under various pH and temperature conditions. This primary screening led to the identification of 6 lead compounds, predominantly in the MINA series, which displayed superb catalytic activity by reducing the POX half-life (t1/2) by 2-3 fold relative to Dekon 139. Our mechanistic studies show that POX inactivation by the oxime compounds occurred faster at a higher temperature and in a pH-dependent manner in which the negatively charged oximate species is ≥ 10-fold more effective than the neutral oxime species. Lastly, using one of the lead compounds, we demonstrated its promising efficacy for POX decontamination in porcine skin ex vivo, and showed its potent ability to protect acetylcholine esterase (AChE) through POX inactivation. In summary, we report the rational design and chemical biological validation of novel hydrophilic oximes which address an unmet need in therapeutic OP decontamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengzhuang Tang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Pamela T Wong
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jayme Cannon
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Kelly Yang
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Sierra Bowden
- Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Somnath Bhattacharjee
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Jessica J O'Konek
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States
| | - Seok Ki Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States; Michigan Nanotechnology Institute for Medicine and Biological Sciences, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, United States.
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94
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Touvrey C, Courageux C, Guillon V, Terreux R, Nachon F, Brazzolotto X. X-ray structures of human bile-salt activated lipase conjugated to nerve agents surrogates. Toxicology 2018; 411:15-23. [PMID: 30359675 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of human butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) as a stoichiometric bioscavenger of nerve agents is well established. However, wide use is currently limited by production and purification costs. Aiming at identifying an alternative human protein bioscavenger, we looked for an original scaffold candidate by virtual screening of the Protein Data Bank for functional similarity using the "Surfing the Molecules" software (sumo-pbil.ibcp.fr) and a search model based on the BChE active site topology. Besides the expected acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase, we identified a set of bile salt activated lipases structures, among which the human pancreatic lipase (hBAL) that shares 34% identity with BChE. We produced the recombinant enzyme in mammalian cells, purified it, and measured the inhibition constants for paraoxon and surrogates of VX, sarin and tabun. We solved the X-ray structure of apo hBAL and conjugates with paraoxon and the surrogates at resolutions in the 2-Å range. These structures allow the assessment of hBAL for scavenging nerve agents. They revealed that hBAL has inverted stereoselectivity for the surrogates of nerve agent compared to human cholinesterases. We observed a remarkable flip of the catalytic histidine driven by the chelation of Zn2+. Dealkylation of the conjugate, aka aging, was solely observed for paraoxon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Touvrey
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Charlotte Courageux
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Brétigny sur Orge, 91220, France
| | - Virginia Guillon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Brétigny sur Orge, 91220, France
| | - Raphael Terreux
- Institut de Biologie et Chimie des Protéines, 7 Passage du Vercors, 69367 Lyon Cedex 07, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Brétigny sur Orge, 91220, France.
| | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Brétigny sur Orge, 91220, France
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95
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Horn G, de Koning MC, van Grol M, Thiermann H, Worek F. Interactions between acetylcholinesterase, toxic organophosphorus compounds and a short series of structurally related non-oxime reactivators: Analysis of reactivation and inhibition kinetics in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2018; 299:218-225. [PMID: 30312685 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Poisoning by organophosphorus compounds (OP) is characterized by inhibition of the key enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and potentially fatal outcomes in humans. Insufficient efficacy of the standard therapy with atropine and AChE reactivators (oximes) against certain OP initiated synthesis of novel non-oxime reactivators basing on the common structure 4-amino-2-((diethylamino)methyl)phenol (ADOC). Recently, we reported of a pyrrolidine-bearing ADOC analogue (3 l) with a remarkable ability to reactivate OP-inhibited AChE. This in vitro study was undertaken to determine reactivity, affinity and overall reactivation constants of 3 l, the reference compound ADOC and two structural analogues with human AChE inhibited by paraoxon, sarin, cyclosarin and VX. The data showed a 10 to 34-fold reactivating potency of 3 l compared to ADOC mainly due to improved affinity. Additionally, various interactions between non-oximes, human or guinea pig (GP) AChE and structurally different OP were investigated: OP-inhibited guinea pig AChE was less amenable to reactivation by ADOC and 3 l than human AChE. Compound 3 l was considered as potential pretreatment to prevent AChE from irreversible inhibition by OP: In the presence of 10 μM 3 l inhibition of native human AChE was attenuated resulting in protective indices (PI) ranging from about 2.7 to 6.0. A combination of 3 l and the bispyridinium oxime HI-6 was tested to reactivate OP-inhibited AChE: The superior reactivator of the respective OP-AChE combination dominated the reactivation process and a synergistic effect could not be observed. In conclusion, novel non-oxime reactivators like 3 l may be considered as promising templates for the design of more potent therapeutics against poisoning by highly toxic OP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Horn
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | | | - Marco van Grol
- TNO, Lange Kleiweg 137, 2288 GJ Rijswijk, the Netherlands
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937 Munich, Germany.
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96
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Price M, Whitmore C, Tattersall J, Green A, Rice H. Efficacy of the antinicotinic compound MB327 against soman poisoning – Importance of experimental end point. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:167-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 11/01/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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97
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Discovery of a potent non-oxime reactivator of nerve agent inhibited human acetylcholinesterase. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 157:151-160. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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98
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Marquart K, Prokopchuk O, Worek F, Thiermann H, Martignoni ME, Wille T. Human small bowel as a useful tool to investigate smooth muscle effects of potential therapeutics in organophosphate poisoning. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:235-240. [PMID: 29154801 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Isolated organs proofed to be a robust tool to study effects of (potential) therapeutics in organophosphate poisoning. Small bowel samples have been successfully used to reveal smooth muscle relaxing effects. In the present study, the effects of obidoxime, TMB-4, HI-6 and MB 327 were investigated on human small bowel tissue and compared with rat data. Hereby, the substances were tested in at least seven different concentrations in the jejunum or ileum both pre-contracted with carbamoylcholine. Additionally, the cholinesterase activity of native tissue was determined. Human small intestine specimens showed classical dose response-curves, similar to rat tissue, with MB 327 exerting the most potent smooth muscle relaxant effect in both species (human EC50=0.7×10-5M and rat EC50=0.7×10-5M). The AChE activity for human and rat samples did not differ significantly (rat jejunum=1351±166 mU/mg wet weight; rat ileum=1078±123 mU/mg wet weight; human jejunum=1030±258 mU/mg wet weight; human ileum=1293±243 mU/mg wet weight). Summarizing, our isolated small bowel setup seems to be a solid tool to investigate the effects of (potential) therapeutics on pre-contracted smooth muscle, with data being transferable between rat and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Marquart
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany
| | - Olga Prokopchuk
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany
| | - Horst Thiermann
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany
| | - Marc E Martignoni
- Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstr. 11, 80397 Munich, Germany.
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Wein T, Höfner G, Rappenglück S, Sichler S, Niessen KV, Seeger T, Worek F, Thiermann H, Wanner KT. Searching for putative binding sites of the bispyridinium compound MB327 in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Toxicol Lett 2018; 293:184-189. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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100
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Santoni G, de Sousa J, de la Mora E, Dias J, Jean L, Sussman JL, Silman I, Renard PY, Brown RCD, Weik M, Baati R, Nachon F. Structure-Based Optimization of Nonquaternary Reactivators of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibited by Organophosphorus Nerve Agents. J Med Chem 2018; 61:7630-7639. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.8b00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Santoni
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Julien de Sousa
- Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES, UMR CNRS 7515, 67087 Strasbourg, France
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | | | - José Dias
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
| | - Ludovic Jean
- Université de Normandie, COBRA, UMR 6014, FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Joel L. Sussman
- Department of Structural Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Israel Silman
- Department of Neurobiology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Pierre-Yves Renard
- Université de Normandie, COBRA, UMR 6014, FR 3038, Université de Rouen, INSA de Rouen, CNRS, 76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France
| | - Richard C. D. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Weik
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rachid Baati
- Université de Strasbourg, ICPEES, UMR CNRS 7515, 67087 Strasbourg, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et Risques Chimiques, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 91220 Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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