51
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Kim JI, Kim JW, Park S, Hong SB, Lee DS, Paek SH, Han DH, Cheong JH, Kim BN. The GRIN2B and GRIN2A Gene Variants Are Associated With Continuous Performance Test Variables in ADHD. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1538-1546. [PMID: 27199241 DOI: 10.1177/1087054716649665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To examine the association between variants of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor subunit-encoding genes (GRIN2A and GRIN2B) and continuous performance test (CPT) variables in ADHD and healthy controls. Method: In all, 253 ADHD patients and 98 controls were recruited. The diagnosis, genotype, and diagnosis-genotype interaction effects for the CPT variables were examined. Results: Significant diagnosis effects were detected for all CPT variables. There were significant genotype and interaction effects on response time variability (RTV) by the GRIN2B variant. The C/C subgroup had higher RTV than the C/T + T/T subgroup in ADHD, but not in controls. There were significant genotype effects on omission errors by the GRIN2A variant. The G/G subgroup had more omission errors than the G/A + A/A subgroup in ADHD patients, but not in controls. Conclusion: These results suggest that the genetic variants of GRIN2B and GRIN2A confer an increased susceptibility to attentional impairment in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Inhyang Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Won Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Subin Park
- National Center for Mental Health, Kwangjin-ju, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Beom Hong
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Soo Lee
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Ha Paek
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Chung Ang University, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Bung-Nyun Kim
- Seoul National University College of Medicine, Chongno-gu, Republic of Korea
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52
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Puts NA, Ryan M, Oeltzschner G, Horska A, Edden RAE, Mahone EM. Reduced striatal GABA in unmedicated children with ADHD at 7T. Psychiatry Res Neuroimaging 2020; 301:111082. [PMID: 32438277 DOI: 10.1016/j.pscychresns.2020.111082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Attention-deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention and increased impulsive and hypermotoric behaviors.Despite the high prevalence and impact of ADHD, little is known about the underlying neurophysiology of ADHD. The main inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate are receiving increased attention in ADHD and can be measured using Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (MRS). However, MRS studies in ADHD are limited. We measured GABA and glutamate in young unmedicated participants, utilizing high magnetic field strength. Fifty unmedicated children (26 with ADHD, 24 controls) aged 5-9 years completed MRS at 7T and behavioral testing. GABA and glutamate were measured in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), premotor cortex (PMC), and striatum, and estimated using LCModel. Children with ADHD showed poorer inhibitory control and significantly reduced GABA/Cr in the striatum, but not in ACC, DLPFC, or PMC regions. There were no significant group differences for Glu/Cr levels, or correlations with behavioral manifestations of ADHD. The primary finding of this study is a reduction of striatal GABA levels in unmedicated children with ADHD at 7T. These findings provide guidance for future studies or interventions. Reduced striatal GABA may be a marker for specific GABA-related treatment for ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolaas A Puts
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States; Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Sackler Institute for Translational Neurodevelopment, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, 16 De Crespigny Park, London, SE5 8AB, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew Ryan
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 1750 E. Fairmount Ave., Baltimore, MD 21231 United States
| | - Georg Oeltzschner
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - Alena Horska
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
| | - Richard A E Edden
- Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, United States; F.M. Kirby Research Center for Functional Brain Imaging, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, United States
| | - E Mark Mahone
- Department of Neuropsychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, 1750 E. Fairmount Ave., Baltimore, MD 21231 United States; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, 600 N Wolfe St., Baltimore, MD 21287, United States
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53
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Adamo N, Hodsoll J, Asherson P, Buitelaar JK, Kuntsi J. Ex-Gaussian, Frequency and Reward Analyses Reveal Specificity of Reaction Time Fluctuations to ADHD and Not Autism Traits. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2020; 47:557-567. [PMID: 30027330 PMCID: PMC6397137 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-018-0457-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Both attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have been linked to increased reaction time variability (RTV), a marker of attentional fluctuation. Here we test whether specificity to either trait emerges when we examine (1) detailed ex-Gaussian and frequency RTV subcomponents, (2) effects while controlling for the other trait and (3) improvement in the RTV measures following rewards or a faster event rate. 1110 children aged 7-10 years from a population-based sample completed a Go/No-Go task under three conditions (slow, fast and incentives). We measured RTV with standard deviation of RT (SDRT), ex-Gaussian distribution measures (Sigma and Tau), RT fluctuations in cycles of ~14-90 s in all conditions (Slow-4 and Slow-5), and RT fluctuations in cycles of 2-14 s in the fast condition (Slow-2 and Slow-3). Parent-rated ADHD and ASD traits were obtained. All refined RTV components were linked to ADHD traits only and not to ASD traits, while Sigma did not relate to either trait. Although both ADHD and ASD social-communication traits were associated with SDRT, the association with social-communication impairments disappeared when controlling for ADHD traits. A reward-induced improvement in RTV measures, indicating malleability, emerged in relation to ADHD traits but not ASD traits. Under closer inspection, specificity emerges of high RTV to ADHD traits. For the clinician, our findings indicate that attentional fluctuation in children with high ASD traits may be due to co-occurring ADHD traits and emphasise how the effectiveness of rewards does not generalise from ADHD to ASD traits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicoletta Adamo
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park (PO80), London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - John Hodsoll
- Department of Biostatistics & Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park (PO20), London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Philip Asherson
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park (PO80), London, SE5 8AF, UK
| | - Jan K Buitelaar
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Centre, Trigon building, Route 200, Kapittelweg 29, 6525 EN, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jonna Kuntsi
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park (PO80), London, SE5 8AF, UK.
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54
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Wang YY, Sun L, Liu YW, Pan JH, Zheng YM, Wang YF, Zang YF, Zhang H. The Low-Frequency Fluctuation of Trial-by-Trial Frontal Theta Activity and Its Correlation With Reaction-Time Variability in Sustained Attention. Front Psychol 2020; 11:1555. [PMID: 32765356 PMCID: PMC7381245 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reaction-time variability is a critical index of sustained attention. However, researchers still lack effective measures to establish the association between neurophysiological activity and this behavioral variability. Here, the present study recorded reaction time (RT) and cortical electroencephalogram (EEG) in healthy subjects when they continuously performed an alternative responding task. The frontal theta activity and reaction-time variability were examined trial by trial using the measures of standard deviation (SD) in the time domain and amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) in the frequency domain. Our results showed that the SD of reaction-time variability did not have any correlation with the SD of trial-by-trial frontal theta activity, and the ALFF of reaction-time variability has a significant correlation with the ALFF of trial-by-trial frontal theta activity in 0.01–0.027 Hz. These results suggested the methodological significance of ALFF in establishing the association between neurophysiological activity and reaction-time variability. Furthermore, these findings also support the low-frequency fluctuation as a potential feature of sustained attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Yao Wang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Li Sun
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi-Wei Liu
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Hui Pan
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Ming Zheng
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Feng Wang
- Institute of Mental Health, The Sixth Hospital, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
| | - Hang Zhang
- Institute of Psychological Sciences, College of Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Center for Cognition and Brain Disorders, The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China.,Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Research in Assessment of Cognitive Impairments, Hangzhou, China
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55
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Ulberstad F, Boström H, Chavanon M, Knollmann M, Wiley J, Christiansen H, Thorell LB. Objective measurement of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder symptoms outside the clinic using the QbCheck: Reliability and validity. Int J Methods Psychiatr Res 2020; 29:e1822. [PMID: 32100383 PMCID: PMC7301281 DOI: 10.1002/mpr.1822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective measurements of ADHD symptom levels can be a highly valuable complement to ratings. However, sometimes it is not feasible to bring patients into the clinic/lab for assessment. The aim of the present study was therefore to evaluate the psychometric properties of the QbCheck, an online computerized test that measures errors and reaction time as well as activity during testing using the computer's built-in web camera. Study I (n = 27 adolescents/adults) investigated test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the QbCheck. Study II included 142 adolescents/adults (69 with ADHD/73 controls) and investigated convergent and diagnostic validity, as well as usability, of the QbCheck. In Study I, the QbCheck showed high test-retest reliability and high concurrent validity. In Study II, high convergent validity was observed when studying associations between the QbCheck performed in the home and the QbTest performed at the clinic. In addition, the QbCheck discriminated well between patients with ADHD and controls, with a sensitivity of 82.6 and a specificity of 79.5. The QbCheck appears to be a valuable test with good psychometric properties and will thereby enable assessment of ADHD symptom levels in adolescents and adults outside the clinic in the home setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Ulberstad
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Hans Boström
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Mira‐Lynn Chavanon
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Department of PsychologyPhilipps University MarburgGermany
| | - Martin Knollmann
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics, and PsychotherapyUniversity Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg‐EssenEssenGermany
| | | | - Hanna Christiansen
- Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, Department of PsychologyPhilipps University MarburgGermany
| | - Lisa B. Thorell
- Department of Clinical NeuroscienceKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
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56
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Lam SL, Criaud M, Alegria A, Barker GJ, Giampietro V, Rubia K. Neurofunctional and behavioural measures associated with fMRI-neurofeedback learning in adolescents with Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. NEUROIMAGE-CLINICAL 2020; 27:102291. [PMID: 32526685 PMCID: PMC7287276 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2020.102291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Neurofeedback (fMRI-NF) targeting brain areas/networks shown to be dysfunctional by previous fMRI research is a promising novel neurotherapy for ADHD. Our pioneering study in 31 adolescents with ADHD showed that fMRI-NF of the right inferior frontal cortex (rIFC) and of the left parahippocampal gyrus (lPHG) was associated with clinical improvements. Previous studies using electro-encephalography-NF have shown, however, that not all ADHD patients learn to self-regulate, and the predictors of fMRI-NF self-regulation learning are not presently known. The aim of the current study was therefore to elucidate the potential predictors of fMRI-NF learning by investigating the relationship between fMRI-NF learning and baseline inhibitory brain function during an fMRI stop task, along with clinical and cognitive measures. fMRI-NF learning capacity was calculated for each participant by correlating the number of completed fMRI-NF runs with brain activation in their respective target regions from each run (rIFC or lPHG); higher correlation values were taken as a marker of better (linear) fMRI-NF learning. Linear correlations were then conducted between baseline measures and the participants' capacity for fMRI-NF learning. Better fMRI-NF learning was related to increased activation in left inferior fronto-striatal regions during the fMRI stop task. Poorer self-regulation during fMRI-NF training was associated with enhanced activation in posterior temporo-occipital and cerebellar regions. Cognitive and clinical measures were not associated with general fMRI-NF learning across all participants. A categorical analysis showed that 48% of adolescents with ADHD successfully learned fMRI-NF and this was also not associated with any baseline clinical or cognitive measures except that faster processing speed during inhibition and attention tasks predicted learning. Taken together, the findings suggest that imaging data are more predictive of fMRI-NF self-regulation skills in ADHD than behavioural data. Stronger baseline activation in fronto-striatal cognitive control regions predicts better fMRI-NF learning in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheut-Ling Lam
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
| | - Marion Criaud
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Analucia Alegria
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Gareth J Barker
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Vincent Giampietro
- Department of Neuroimaging, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Katya Rubia
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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57
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Miranda P, Cox CD, Alexander M, Danev S, Lakey JRT. In Quest of Pathognomonic/Endophenotypic Markers of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Potential of EEG-Based Frequency Analysis and ERPs to Better Detect, Prevent and Manage ADHD. MEDICAL DEVICES-EVIDENCE AND RESEARCH 2020; 13:115-137. [PMID: 32547262 PMCID: PMC7250294 DOI: 10.2147/mder.s241205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a chronic heritable developmental delay psychiatric disorder requiring chronic management, characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, hyperkinectivity and impulsivity. Subjective clinical evaluation still remains crucial in its diagnosis. Discussed are two key aspects in the “characterizing ADHD” and on the quest for objective “pathognomonic/endophenotypic diagnostic markers of ADHD”. The first aspect briefly revolves around issues related to identification of pathognomonic/endophenotypic diagnostic markers in ADHD. Issues discussed include changes in ADHD definition, remission/persistence and overlapping-symptoms cum shared-heritability with its co-morbid cross-border mental disorders. The second aspect discussed is neurobiological and EEG-based studies on ADHD. Given the neurobiological and temporal aspects of ADHD symptoms the electroencephalograph (EEG) like NeuralScan by Medeia appears as an appropriate tool. The EEGs appropriateness is further enhanced when coupled with suitable behavior/cognitive/motor/psychological tasks/paradigms yielding EEG-based markers like event-related-potential (ERPs like P3 amplitudes and latency), reaction time variability (RTV), Theta:Beta ratio (TBR) and sensorimotor rhythm (SMR). At present, these markers could potentially help in the neurobiological characterization of ADHD and either help in identifying or lay the groundwork for identifying pathognomonic and/or endophenotypic EEG-based markers enabling its diagnosis, treatment and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Miranda
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Michael Alexander
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
| | | | - Jonathan R T Lakey
- Department of Surgery and Biomedical Engineering, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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58
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Elmaghrabi S, Nahmias MJ, Adamo N, Di Martino A, Somandepalli K, Patel V, McLaughlin A, De Sanctis V, Castellanos FX. Is Increased Response Time Variability Related to Deficient Emotional Self-Regulation in Children With ADHD? J Atten Disord 2020; 24:1045-1056. [PMID: 30047295 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718788950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Elevated response time intrasubject variability (RT-ISV) characterizes ADHD. Deficient emotional self-regulation (DESR), defined by summating Child Behavior Checklist Anxious/Depressed, Aggressive, and Attention subscale scores, has been associated with worse outcome in ADHD. To determine if DESR is differentially associated with elevated RT-ISV, we examined RT-ISV in children with ADHD with and without DESR and in typically developing children (TDC). Method: We contrasted RT-ISV during a 6-min Eriksen Flanker Task in 31 children with ADHD without DESR, 34 with ADHD with DESR, and 65 TDC. Results: Regardless of DESR, children with ADHD showed significantly greater RT-ISV than TDC (p < .001). The ADHD subgroups, defined by presence or absence of DESR, did not differ from each other. Conclusion: Increased RT-ISV characterizes ADHD regardless of comorbid DESR. Alongside similar findings in children and adults with ADHD, these results suggest that RT-ISV is related to cognitive rather than emotional dysregulation in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Francisco X Castellanos
- Hassenfeld Children's Hospital at NYU Langone, New York City, USA.,The Nathan S. Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA
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59
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Kuc K, Bielecki M, Racicka-Pawlukiewicz E, Czerwinski MB, Cybulska-Klosowicz A. The SLC6A3 gene polymorphism is related to the development of attentional functions but not to ADHD. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6176. [PMID: 32277231 PMCID: PMC7148317 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63296-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropharmacological and human clinical studies have suggested that the brain dopaminergic system is substantively involved in normal and pathological phenotypes of attention. Dopamine transporter gene (SLC6A3) was proposed as a candidate gene for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). We investigated the effect of the SLC6A3 variants on cognitive performance in ADHD and healthy children and teenagers. Participants completed cognitive tasks measuring attentional switching, selective and sustained attention, and effectiveness of alerting, orienting and executive attention. We estimated the effects of 40 bp variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphism located in the 3' untranslated region (3' UTR) (9-repeat vs 10-repeat allele) of the SLC6A3 gene, ADHD diagnosis, age, and their interactions as predictors of cognitive performance. ADHD children demonstrated deficits in most of the examined attention processes, persistent within the examined age range (9-16 years). No significant effects were observed for the interaction of ADHD and the SLC6A3 polymorphism, but the results revealed a significant main effect of SLC6A3 genotype in the entire research sample. Subjects carrying 9R allele performed the switching task significantly worse in comparison to children with 10R/10R or 10R/11R genotype. SLC6A3 polymorphism moderated age-related improvements in orienting and attentional switching. Results suggest that SLC6A3 genotype influence these attentional/cognitive functions which deficits are not the key symptoms in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Kuc
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Maksymilian Bielecki
- Department of Psychology, SWPS University of Social Sciences and Humanities, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Michał B Czerwinski
- Laboratory of Neuroinformatics, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anita Cybulska-Klosowicz
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
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60
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Rzepka-Migut B, Paprocka J. Efficacy and Safety of Melatonin Treatment in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder-A Review of the Literature. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10040219. [PMID: 32272607 PMCID: PMC7226342 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10040219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are neurodevelopmental disorders with disturbed melatonin secretion profile and sleep problems. The growing incidence of ASD and ADHD inspires scientists to research the underlying causes of these conditions. The authors focused on two fundamental aspects, the first one being the presentation of the role of melatonin in ASD and ADHD and the second of the influence of melatonin treatment on sleep disorders. The authors present the use of melatonin both in the context of causal and symptomatic treatment and discuss melatonin supplementation: Dosage patterns, effectiveness, and safety. Sleep disorders may have a different clinical picture, so the assessment of exogenous melatonin efficacy should also refer to a specific group of symptoms. The review draws attention to the wide range of doses of melatonin used in supplementation and the need to introduce unified standards especially in the group of pediatric patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Rzepka-Migut
- Department of Pediatric Neurology and Pediatrics, St. Queen Jadwiga’s Regional Clinical Hospital No 2, 35-301 Rzeszów, Poland;
| | - Justyna Paprocka
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Faculty of Medical Science in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland
- Correspondence:
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61
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Rodríguez-Martínez EI, Arjona Valladares A, Gómez-González J, Diaz-Sanchez JA, Gómez CM. Neurophysiological differences between ADHD and control children and adolescents during the recognition phase of a working memory task. Neurosci Res 2020; 164:46-54. [PMID: 32268186 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Impairment of executive functions including attention and working memory (WM) have been proposed as an important feature of Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). During the recognition phase of a delayed match-to-sample test (DMTS) a reduced N2pc component, related to the attentional selection of the memorized item and a reduced distractor positivity (Pd), related to the processing suppression of distractors are expected in ADHD subjects. For the purpose of the study, twenty-nine ADHD subjects diagnosed with a structured interview and the DuPaul questionnaire, were included in the study. Thirty-four control subjects were recruited from public schools and matched by age (from 6 to 17 years old) and gender with the ADHD group. Reaction times (RTs), errors, and Event Related Potentials (ERPs) were obtained in a DMTS task during the recognition phase in correct trials. RTs and errors were higher in ADHD subjects compared to the control group. Specifically, errors were much higher in ADHD than in controls. The cluster mass permutation statistics showed a significant N2pc component in both groups during the recognition phase, but a significant Pd component was present only in controls. The present results suggest that in correct trials ADHD children use the same neural resources to select the memorized item from WM with similar efficacy than controls, although a lower Pd suggests a difficulty in suppressing distractors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Antonio Arjona Valladares
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Jaime Gómez-González
- Unit of Mental Health Hospital Virgen Macarena, Avenida Doctor Fedriani, n 3, 41007 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - José A Diaz-Sanchez
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
| | - Carlos M Gómez
- Human Psychobiology Lab, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Seville, Seville, Spain.
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Transdiagnostic Brain Mapping in Developmental Disorders. Curr Biol 2020; 30:1245-1257.e4. [PMID: 32109389 PMCID: PMC7139199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.01.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Revised: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Childhood learning difficulties and developmental disorders are common, but progress toward understanding their underlying brain mechanisms has been slow. Structural neuroimaging, cognitive, and learning data were collected from 479 children (299 boys, ranging in age from 62 to 223 months), 337 of whom had been referred to the study on the basis of learning-related cognitive problems. Machine learning identified different cognitive profiles within the sample, and hold-out cross-validation showed that these profiles were significantly associated with children's learning ability. The same machine learning approach was applied to cortical morphology data to identify different brain profiles. Hold-out cross-validation demonstrated that these were significantly associated with children's cognitive profiles. Crucially, these mappings were not one-to-one. The same neural profile could be associated with different cognitive impairments across different children. One possibility is that the organization of some children's brains is less susceptible to local deficits. This was tested by using diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) to construct whole-brain white-matter connectomes. A simulated attack on each child's connectome revealed that some brain networks were strongly organized around highly connected hubs. Children with these networks had only selective cognitive impairments or no cognitive impairments at all. By contrast, the same attacks had a significantly different impact on some children's networks, because their brain efficiency was less critically dependent on hubs. These children had the most widespread and severe cognitive impairments. On this basis, we propose a new framework in which the nature and mechanisms of brain-to-cognition relationships are moderated by the organizational context of the overall network.
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63
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Wang R, Martin CD, Lei AL, Hausknecht KA, Ishiwari K, Richards JB, Haj-Dahmane S, Shen RY. Prenatal Ethanol Exposure Leads to Attention Deficits in Both Male and Female Rats. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:12. [PMID: 32038156 PMCID: PMC6992663 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal ethanol exposure (PE) causes multiple behavioral and cognitive deficits, collectively referred to as fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD). Studies show that 49-94% of FASD children exhibit attention deficits, even when they have normal IQs or lack severe facial deformities, suggesting that attention deficits could be caused by even moderate prenatal exposure to alcohol, of which the underlying neural mechanisms are still unclear. A valid rodent model could help elucidate this phenomenon. MATERIALS AND METHODS A second-trimester equivalent binge drinking PE model was utilized. Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were administered with 15% (w/v) ethanol (6 g/kg/day, via gastric gavage) during gestational days 8-20, and their offspring were the subjects in the present study. A modified 2-choice reaction time (2-CRT) task was used to illustrate possible attention deficits, including increased action impulsivity and lapses of attention. Enhanced impulsivity was reflected by more premature responses while increased lapses of attention were manifested as more incorrect responses and/or greater variability of reaction time, demonstrated by more skewed distributions of reaction time. Ten-week-old male and female rats were tested for three sessions following 16-19 days of training. RESULTS Our PE paradigm caused no major teratogenic effects. PE led to increased impulsivity exhibited as greater premature responses and augmented lapses of attention shown by greater skewnesses of reaction time distributions, relative to controls. The deficits were observed in both PE male and female rats. Interestingly, in males, the attention deficits were detected only when the 2-CRT task was relatively difficult whereas in females they were detected even when the task was at a less demanding level. CONCLUSION We show that the binge drinking pattern of PE led to attention deficits in both sexes of rats even though no major teratogenic effects were observed. Therefore, this rodent model can be used to study neural mechanisms underlying attention deficits caused by PE and to explore effective intervention approaches for FASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruixiang Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
- Department of Psychology, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Connor D. Martin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Anna L. Lei
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Kathryn A. Hausknecht
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Keita Ishiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Jerry B. Richards
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Samir Haj-Dahmane
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Roh-Yu Shen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
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64
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Salunkhe G, Feige B, Saville CWN, Stefanou ME, Linden D, Bender S, Berger A, Smyrnis N, Biscaldi M, Klein C. Dissociating Slow Responses From Slow Responding. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:505800. [PMID: 33132925 PMCID: PMC7562713 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.505800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increased Intra-Subject Variability (ISV) is a candidate endophenotype of ADHD. ISV's relationship with response speed is highly relevant for ADHD as patients are highly variable but typically no slower than controls. This brief report addresses the relationship between variability and speed by employing dimensional analyses for differentiated performance measures, with a particular focus on the ex-Gaussian measures, across relevant ADHD studies and in young healthy adults (N = 70). For both patients with ADHD and healthy adults, we found that reaction time standard deviation and mean reaction time were strongly correlated, thus failing to dissociate, but ex-Gaussian tau (τ) shared only little variance with Gaussian mu (μ), thus dissociating slow responses (τ) from response speed or-if given-slow responding (μ). Our results highlight the utility of employing the ex-Gaussian measures to disentangle ISV and speed, particularly for ADHD data as patients make more slow responses but are not overall slower than typical controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gayatri Salunkhe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Maria Elena Stefanou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, United Kingdom
| | - David Linden
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
| | - Stephan Bender
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andrea Berger
- Department of Psychology, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - Nikolaos Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Monica Biscaldi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Eginition Hospital, Athens, Greece
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65
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Loughrey DG, Mihelj E, Lawlor BA. Age-related hearing loss associated with altered response efficiency and variability on a visual sustained attention task. AGING NEUROPSYCHOLOGY AND COGNITION 2019; 28:1-25. [PMID: 31868123 DOI: 10.1080/13825585.2019.1704393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the association between age-related hearing loss (ARHL) and differences in response efficiency and variability on a sustained attention task. The study population comprised 32 participants in a hearing loss group (HLG) and 34 controls without hearing loss (CG). Mean reaction time (RT) and accuracy were recorded to assess response efficiency. RT variability was decomposed to examine temporal aspects of variability associated with neural arousal and top-down executive control of vigilant attention. The HLG had a significantly longer mean RT, possibly reflecting a strategic approach to maintain accuracy. The HLG also demonstrated altered variability (indicative of greater decline in neural arousal) but maintained executive control that was significantly predictive of poorer response efficiency. Adults with ARHL may rely on higher-order attention networks to compensate for decline in both peripheral sensory function and in subcortical arousal systems which mediate lower-order automatic neurocognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Loughrey
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland/University of California , San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ernest Mihelj
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich , Switzerland
| | - Brian A Lawlor
- Global Brain Health Institute, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland/University of California, San Francisco. Mercer's Institute for Successful Ageing, St James Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
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66
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Machida K, Murias M, Johnson KA. Electrophysiological Correlates of Response Time Variability During a Sustained Attention Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:363. [PMID: 31680915 PMCID: PMC6803451 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Individuals with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) tend to perform cognitive tasks with greater Response Time Variability (RTV). Greater RTV in ADHD may be due to inefficient functional connectivity of the brain during information processing. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between brain connectivity, RTV, and levels of ADHD symptoms. Twenty-eight children aged 9–12 years and 49 adolescents aged 15–18 years performed the Sustained Attention to Response Task (SART) while EEG was recorded. The participants’ levels of ADHD symptoms were measured using self- and parent-rated questionnaires. The ex-Gaussian analysis and The Fast Fourier Transform were used to measure multiple aspects of RTV. Functional connectivity between 64 electrodes was computed during task performance, and global efficiency and modularity were calculated, reflecting integration and segregation of the brain, respectively. There was a positive association between multiple RTV measures and the level of ADHD symptoms, where participants with higher levels of ADHD symptoms showed greater RTV, except for sigma from the ex-Gaussian analysis. More efficient brain network activity, measured by global efficiency, was associated with reduced RTV. Children showed greater RTV and less efficient brain network activity compared with the adolescents. These findings support the view that stable responses are achieved with more integrated (and efficient) brain connectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Machida
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Michael Murias
- Institute for Innovations in Developmental Sciences, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Katherine A Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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67
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Machida K, Johnson KA. Integration and Segregation of the Brain Relate to Stability of Performance in Children and Adolescents with Varied Levels of Inattention and Impulsivity. Brain Connect 2019; 9:711-729. [DOI: 10.1089/brain.2019.0671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Keitaro Machida
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Katherine A. Johnson
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
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68
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Trenado C, González-Ramírez A, Lizárraga-Cortés V, Pedroarena Leal N, Manjarrez E, Ruge D. The Potential of Trial-by-Trial Variabilities of Ongoing-EEG, Evoked Potentials, Event Related Potentials and fMRI as Diagnostic Markers for Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Front Neurosci 2019; 12:850. [PMID: 31379473 PMCID: PMC6657500 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Trenado
- Translational Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Anaí González-Ramírez
- Translational Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.,Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurophysics, Institute of Physiology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Victoria Lizárraga-Cortés
- Translational Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany.,Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurophysics, Institute of Physiology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Nicole Pedroarena Leal
- Translational Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Elias Manjarrez
- Integrative Neurophysiology and Neurophysics, Institute of Physiology, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Diane Ruge
- Translational Neuromodulation Unit, Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
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69
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Effects of Exercise on Cognitive Performance in Children and Adolescents with ADHD: Potential Mechanisms and Evidence-based Recommendations. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8060841. [PMID: 31212854 PMCID: PMC6617109 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8060841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder with a complex symptomatology, and core symptoms as well as functional impairment often persist into adulthood. Recent investigations estimate the worldwide prevalence of ADHD in children and adolescents to be ~7%, which is a substantial increase compared to a decade ago. Conventional treatment most often includes pharmacotherapy with central nervous stimulants, but the number of non-responders and adverse effects call for treatment alternatives. Exercise has been suggested as a safe and low-cost adjunctive therapy for ADHD and is reported to be accompanied by positive effects on several aspects of cognitive functions in the general child population. Here we review existing evidence that exercise affects cognitive functions in children with and without ADHD and present likely neurophysiological mechanisms of action. We find well-described associations between physical activity and ADHD, as well as causal evidence in the form of small to moderate beneficial effects following acute aerobic exercise on executive functions in children with ADHD. Despite large heterogeneity, meta-analyses find small positive effects of exercise in population-based control (PBC) children, and our extracted effect sizes from long-term interventions suggest consistent positive effects in children and adolescents with ADHD. Paucity of studies probing the effect of different exercise parameters impedes finite conclusions in this regard. Large-scale clinical trials with appropriately timed exercise are needed. In summary, the existing preliminary evidence suggests that exercise can improve cognitive performance intimately linked to ADHD presentations in children with and without an ADHD diagnosis. Based on the findings from both PBC and ADHD children, we cautiously provide recommendations for parameters of exercise.
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70
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A Probabilistic Classification Procedure Based on Response Time Analysis Towards a Quick Pre-Diagnosis of Student’s Attention Deficit. MATHEMATICS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/math7050473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A classification methodology based on an experimental study is proposed towards a fast pre-diagnosis of attention deficit. Our sample consisted of school-aged children between 8 and 12 years from Valencia, Spain. The study was based on the response time (RT) to visual stimuli in computerized tasks. The process of answering consecutive questions usually follows an ex-Gaussian distribution of the RTs. Specifically, we seek to propose a simple automatic classification scheme of children based on the most recent evidence of the relationship between RTs and ADHD. Specifically, the prevalence percentage and reported evidence for RTs in relation to ADHD or to attention deficit symptoms were taken as reference in our study. We explain step by step how to go from the computer-based experiments and through the data analysis. Our desired aim is to provide a methodology to determine quickly those children who behave differently from the mean child in terms of response times and thus are potential candidates to be diagnosed for ADHD or any another cognitive disorder related to attention deficit. This is highly desirable as there is an urgent need for objective instruments to diagnose attention deficit symptomatology. Most of the methodologies available nowadays lead to an overdiagnosis of ADHD and are not based on direct measurement but on interviews of people related to the child such as parents or teachers. Although the ultimate diagnosis must be made by a psychologist, the selection provided by a methodology like ours could allow them to focus on assessing a smaller number of candidates which would help save time and other resources.
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71
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Models of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Behav Processes 2019; 162:205-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beproc.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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72
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Hilger K, Fiebach CJ. ADHD symptoms are associated with the modular structure of intrinsic brain networks in a representative sample of healthy adults. Netw Neurosci 2019; 3:567-588. [PMID: 31089485 PMCID: PMC6497005 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurodevelopmental disorders with significant and often lifelong effects on social, emotional, and cognitive functioning. Influential neurocognitive models of ADHD link behavioral symptoms to altered connections between and within functional brain networks. Here, we investigate whether network-based theories of ADHD can be generalized to understanding variations in ADHD-related behaviors within the normal (i.e., clinically unaffected) adult population. In a large and representative sample, self-rated presence of ADHD symptoms varied widely; only 8 out of 291 participants scored in the clinical range. Subject-specific brain network graphs were modeled from functional MRI resting-state data and revealed significant associations between (nonclinical) ADHD symptoms and region-specific profiles of between-module and within-module connectivity. Effects were located in brain regions associated with multiple neuronal systems including the default-mode network, the salience network, and the central executive system. Our results are consistent with network perspectives of ADHD and provide further evidence for the relevance of an appropriate information transfer between task-negative (default-mode) and task-positive brain regions. More generally, our findings support a dimensional conceptualization of ADHD and contribute to a growing understanding of cognition as an emerging property of functional brain networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Hilger
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- IDeA Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Christian J. Fiebach
- Department of Psychology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- IDeA Center for Individual Development and Adaptive Education, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Brain Imaging Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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73
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Salum GA, Sato JR, Manfro AG, Pan PM, Gadelha A, do Rosário MC, Polanczyk GV, Castellanos FX, Sonuga-Barke E, Rohde LA. Reaction time variability and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: is increased reaction time variability specific to attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder? Testing predictions from the default-mode interference hypothesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 11:47-58. [PMID: 30927230 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-018-0257-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increased reaction time variability (RTV) is one of the most replicable behavioral correlates of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). However, this may not be specific to ADHD but a more general marker of psychopathology. Here we compare RT variability in individuals with ADHD and those with other childhood internalizing and externalizing conditions both in terms of standard (i.e., the standard deviation of reaction time) and alternative indices that capture low-frequency oscillatory patterns in RT variations over time thought to mark periodic lapses of attention in ADHD. A total of 667 participants (6-12 years old) were classified into non-overlapping diagnostic groups consisting of children with fear disorders (n = 91), distress disorders (n = 56), ADHD (n = 103), oppositional defiant or conduct disorder (ODD/CD; n = 40) and typically developing controls (TDC; n = 377). We used a simple two-choice reaction time task to measure reaction time. The strength of oscillations in RTs across the session was extracted using spectral analyses. Higher RTV was present in ADHD compared to all other disorder groups, effects that were equally strong across all frequency bands. Interestingly, we found that lower RTV to characterize ODD/CD relative to TDC, a finding that was more pronounced at lower frequencies. In general, our data support RTV as a specific marker of ADHD. RT variation across time in ADHD did not show periodicity in a specific frequency band, not supporting that ADHD RTV is the product of spontaneous periodic lapses of attention. Low-frequency oscillations may be particularly useful to differentiate ODD/CD from TDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni A Salum
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Clinical Research Center, 6th Floor, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil
| | - João R Sato
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal do ABC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Arthur G Manfro
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil. .,ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Clinical Research Center, 6th Floor, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil.
| | - Pedro M Pan
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ary Gadelha
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria C do Rosário
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Guilherme V Polanczyk
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Francisco X Castellanos
- New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.,Nathan Kline Institute, Orangeburg, NY, USA
| | | | - Luis A Rohde
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents - CNPq, São Paulo, Brazil.,ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Ramiro Barcelos, 2350, Clinical Research Center, 6th Floor, Porto Alegre, 90035-903, Brazil.,Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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74
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Ünsel-Bolat G, Ercan ES, Bolat H, Süren S, Bacanlı A, Yazıcı KU, Rohde LA. Comparisons between sluggish cognitive tempo and ADHD-restrictive inattentive presentation phenotypes in a clinical ADHD sample. ATTENTION DEFICIT AND HYPERACTIVITY DISORDERS 2019; 11:363-372. [PMID: 30911899 DOI: 10.1007/s12402-019-00301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
There is a debate how different ADHD cases with a comorbid sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) phenotype are from subjects with a pure inattentive ADHD presentation (ADHD-restrictive inattentive presentation). In this study, 214 patients aged 8-15 years from an ADHD outpatient clinic were assessed, and 100 typically developing controls (TD) were recruited as comparisons. No psychiatric comorbidities except for oppositional defiant disorder were allowed. We compared 29 cases with ADHD + SCT with 34 ADHD-RI cases and 92 TD subjects on sociodemographic profiles, CBCL subscales scores and neurocognitive findings. Regarding sociodemographic profiles (age, gender and parental education) and CBCL subscales, ADHD + SCT and ADHD-RI cases did not differ in any score (all p > 0.05). Comparing with SCT cases, ADHD-RI cases presented slower psychomotor speed and worse neurocognitive index (p < 0.001). We found that only SCT was independently associated with a lower performance in total memory score. ADHD-RI was independently associated with longer reaction time. Our findings suggest that although SCT might be expected to present longer reaction time, we found that slower psychomotor speed and longer reaction time scores were related to inattention. Overall, SCT and ADHD-RI groups were distinguished by differential associations with measures of memory and reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gül Ünsel-Bolat
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Elazig City Hospital, Elazig, Turkey.
| | - Eyüp Sabri Ercan
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hilmi Bolat
- Department of Medical Genetics, Elazig City Hospital, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Serkan Süren
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Park Hospital, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Ali Bacanlı
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Zübeyde Hanım Hospital, Başkent University, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Kemal Utku Yazıcı
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Fırat University, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Luis Augusto Rohde
- ADHD Outpatient Program, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- National Institute of Developmental Psychiatry for Children and Adolescents, São Paulo, Brazil
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75
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Salunkhe G, Feige B, Saville CWN, Lancaster TM, Stefanou ME, Bender S, Berger A, Smyrnis N, Biscaldi M, Linden DEJ, Klein C. The impact of the COMT genotype and cognitive demands on facets of intra-subject variability. Brain Cogn 2019; 132:72-79. [PMID: 30903983 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2019.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Intra-Subject Variability (ISV), a potential index of catecholaminergic regulation, is elevated in several disorders linked with altered dopamine function. ISV has typically been defined as reaction time standard deviation. However, the ex-Gaussian and spectral measures capture different aspects and may delineate different underlying sources of ISV; thus reflecting different facets of the construct. We examined the impact of factors associated with dopamine metabolism, namely, Catechol-O-Methyltransferase Val158Met (COMT) genotype and Working Memory (WM) and response-switching on ISV facets in young healthy adults. The Met allele was associated with overall increased variability. The rather exclusive sensitivity of ex-Gaussian tau to frequencies below 0.025 Hz and the quasi-periodic structure of particularly slow responses support the interpretation of tau as low frequency fluctuations of neuronal networks. Sigma, by contrast, may reflect neural noise. Regarding cognitive demands, a WM load-related increase in variability was present for all genotypes and all ISV facets. Contrastingly, ISV facets reacted differently to variations in response-switching as, across genotypes, sigma was elevated for rare target trials whereas tau was elevated for frequent standard trials, particularly for Met homozygotes. Our findings support the significant role of COMT in regulating behavioural ISV with its facetted structure and presumed underlying neural processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Salunkhe
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - B Feige
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - C W N Saville
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, United Kingdom
| | - T M Lancaster
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute, Cardiff University, United Kingdom
| | - M E Stefanou
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - S Bender
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - A Berger
- Department of Psychology and Zlotowski Center of Neuroscience, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer Sheva, Israel
| | - N Smyrnis
- Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - M Biscaldi
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - D E J Linden
- School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Netherlands
| | - C Klein
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychotherapy, and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, University of Freiburg, Germany; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Germany; Department of Psychiatry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
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76
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Manuel AL, Foxe D, Bradshaw N, Cordato NJ, Hodges JR, Burrell JR, Piguet O. Sustained attention failures on a 3-min reaction time task is a sensitive marker of dementia. J Neurol 2019; 266:1323-1331. [PMID: 30834482 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The objective of the study is to determine the utility of a simple reaction time task as a marker of general cognitive decline across the frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) spectrum and in Alzheimer's disease (AD). One hundred and twelve patients presenting with AD or FTLD affecting behaviour (behavioural-variant frontotemporal dementia), language (progressive non fluent aphasia, logopenic progressive aphasia, semantic dementia) or motor function (corticobasal syndrome, progressive supranuclear palsy, frontotemporal dementia-motor neuron disease) and 25 age-matched healthy controls completed the Psychomotor Vigilance Task (PVT), a 3-min reaction time (RT) task. The proportion of lapses (RT > 500 ms) was significantly increased in dementia patients compared to healthy controls, except for semantic dementia, and correlated with all cognitive functions except language. Discrimination of individuals (dementia patients versus healthy controls) based on the proportion of lapses yielded the highest classification performance (Area Under the Curve, AUC, 0.90) compared to standard neuropsychological tests. Only the complete and lengthy neuropsychological battery had a higher predictive value (AUC 0.96). The basic ability to sustain attention is fundamental to perform any cognitive task. Lapses, interpreted as momentary shifts in goal-directed processing, can therefore, be used as a marker of general cognitive decline indicative of possible dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie L Manuel
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia. .,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia. .,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia.
| | - David Foxe
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
| | - Nathan Bradshaw
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia
| | - Nicholas J Cordato
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.,The Department of Aged Care, St George Hospital, Kogarah, Australia.,Calvary Health Care Sydney, Kogarah, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Clinical Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - James R Burrell
- Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.,Clinical Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Concord General Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- School of Psychology, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Brain and Mind Centre, The University of Sydney, 100 Mallett Street, Camperdown, Sydney, NSW, 2050, Australia.,ARC Centre of Excellence in Cognition and its Disorders, Sydney, Australia
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77
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Isbell E, Calkins SD, Swingler MM, Leerkes EM. Attentional fluctuations in preschoolers: Direct and indirect relations with task accuracy, academic readiness, and school performance. J Exp Child Psychol 2019; 167:388-403. [PMID: 29274944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jecp.2017.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Attentional control fluctuates in the presence of internal and external distractors, wandering on and off a given task. The current study investigated individual differences in attentional fluctuations in 250 preschoolers. Attentional fluctuations were assessed via intra-individual variability in response time in a Go/No-Go task. Greater fluctuations in attentional control were linked to lower task accuracy. In addition, greater attentional fluctuations predicted lower performance in a task of cognitive flexibility, the Dimensional Change Card Sort task. Attentional fluctuations were also associated with laboratory measures of academic readiness in preschool, as assessed by the Applied Problems and Letter-Word Identification subscales of the Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement, which in turn predicted teacher reports of academic performance in first grade. Attentional fluctuations also had indirect associations with emergent math skills in preschool, via cognitive flexibility, as well as indirect associations with first-grade teacher reports of academic performance, via the relations between cognitive flexibility and emergent math skills in preschool. These results suggest that consistency is an important aspect of attentional control during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Isbell
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA.
| | - Susan D Calkins
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
| | - Margaret M Swingler
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Frank Porter Graham Child Development Institute, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Esther M Leerkes
- University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Greensboro, NC 27412, USA
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78
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Holmes J, Bryant A, Gathercole SE. Protocol for a transdiagnostic study of children with problems of attention, learning and memory (CALM). BMC Pediatr 2019; 19:10. [PMID: 30621646 PMCID: PMC6328007 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-018-1385-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A substantial proportion of the school-age population experience cognitive-related learning difficulties. Not all children who struggle at school receive a diagnosis, yet their problems are sufficient to warrant additional support. Understanding the causes of learning difficulties is the key to developing effective prevention and intervention strategies for struggling learners. The aim of this project is to apply a transdiagnostic approach to children with cognitive developmental difficulties related to learning to discover the underpinning mechanisms of learning problems. METHODS A cohort of 1000 children aged 5 to 18 years is being recruited. The sample consists of 800 children with problems in attention, learning and / memory, as identified by a health or educational professional, and 200 typically-developing children recruited from the same schools as those with difficulties. All children are completing assessments of cognition, including tests of phonological processing, short-term and working memory, attention, executive function and processing speed. Their parents/ carers are completing questionnaires about the child's family history, communication skills, mental health and behaviour. Children are invited for an optional MRI brain scan and are asked to provide an optional DNA sample (saliva). Hypothesis-free data-driven methods will be used to identify the cognitive, behavioural and neural dimensions of learning difficulties. Machine-learning approaches will be used to map the multi-dimensional space of the cognitive, neural and behavioural measures to identify clusters of children with shared profiles. Finally, group comparisons will be used to test theories of development and disorder. DISCUSSION Our multi-systems approach to identifying the causes of learning difficulties in a heterogeneous sample of struggling learners provides a novel way to enhance our understanding of the common and complex needs of the majority of children who struggle at school. Our broad recruitment criteria targeting all children with cognitive learning problems, irrespective of diagnoses and comorbidities, are novel and make our sample unique. Our dataset will also provide a valuable resource of genetic, imaging and cognitive developmental data for the scientific community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joni Holmes
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF England
| | - Annie Bryant
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF England
| | - the CALM Team
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF England
| | - Susan Elizabeth Gathercole
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, 15 Chaucer Road, Cambridge, CB2 7EF England
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79
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Rebello K, Moura LM, Pinaya WHL, Rohde LA, Sato JR. Default Mode Network Maturation and Environmental Adversities During Childhood. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 2:2470547018808295. [PMID: 32440587 PMCID: PMC7219900 DOI: 10.1177/2470547018808295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Default mode network (DMN) plays a central role in cognition and brain disorders.
It has been shown that adverse environmental conditions impact neurodevelopment,
but how these conditions impact in DMN maturation is still poorly understood.
This article reviews representative neuroimaging functional studies addressing
the interactions between DMN development and environmental factors, focusing on
early life adversities, a critical period for brain changes. Studies focused on
this period of life offer a special challenge: to disentangle the
neurodevelopmental connectivity changes from those related to environmental
conditions. We first summarized the literature on DMN maturation, providing an
overview of both typical and atypical development patterns in childhood and
early adolescence. Afterward, we focused on DMN changes associated with chronic
exposure to environmental adversities during childhood. This summary suggests
that changes in DMN development could be a potential allostatic neural feature
associated with an embodiment of environmental circumstances. Finally, we
discuss about some key methodological issues that should be considered in
paradigms addressing environmental adversities and open questions for future
investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keila Rebello
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil
| | - Luciana M Moura
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil
| | - Walter H L Pinaya
- Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Luis A Rohde
- Department of Psychiatry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - João R Sato
- Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Brazil
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80
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Ehlis AC, Deppermann S, Fallgatter AJ. Performance monitoring and post-error adjustments in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: an EEG analysis. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:396-406. [PMID: 30375834 PMCID: PMC6203547 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recently, research into attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has focused increasingly on its neurobiological underpinnings, revealing (among other things) frontal lobe alterations. Specifically, action-monitoring deficits have been described, including impaired behavioural adjustments following errors. Our aim was to examine the neurophysiological background of post-error behavioural alterations in an adult ADHD sample for the first time, hypothesizing that people with ADHD would differ from controls in neurophysiological markers of cognitive preparation and stimulus processing, specifically following errors. METHODS In total, 34 people with ADHD and 34 controls participated in an electroencephalography measurement while performing a flanker task. The final number of electroencephalography samples included in the analyses ranged from 23 to 28. We recorded event-related potentials for the erroneous response itself (error-related negativity) and for events following errors (intertrial interval: contingent negative variation; next flanker stimulus: P300). RESULTS Over frontal electrode sites, error-related negativity amplitudes were significantly reduced in people with ADHD across response conditions. Both groups showed reduced P300 amplitudes on flanker stimuli following errors. Moreover, during the intertrial interval, patients exhibited significantly reduced contingent negative variation, specifically following errors. At the behavioural level, we observed no significant group differences in post-error data. LIMITATIONS Only adults were examined (no longitudinal data). CONCLUSION Based on previous reports of post-error behavioural alterations in childhood samples, we conclude that people with ADHD develop compensatory strategies across the lifespan that lead to inconspicuous post-error behaviour in adulthood. Neurophysiologically, however, subtle alterations remain, indicating a perseverance of at least some frontal lobe deficits in people with ADHD who are partially medicated, particularly with respect to action-monitoring and post-error adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Christine Ehlis
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Deppermann, Fallgatter); the Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Fallgatter); and the LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Fallgatter)
| | - Saskia Deppermann
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Deppermann, Fallgatter); the Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Fallgatter); and the LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Fallgatter)
| | - Andreas J. Fallgatter
- From the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Deppermann, Fallgatter); the Centre for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Fallgatter); and the LEAD Graduate School and Research Network, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany (Ehlis, Fallgatter)
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81
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Kucyi A, Tambini A, Sadaghiani S, Keilholz S, Cohen JR. Spontaneous cognitive processes and the behavioral validation of time-varying brain connectivity. Netw Neurosci 2018; 2:397-417. [PMID: 30465033 PMCID: PMC6195165 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
In cognitive neuroscience, focus is commonly placed on associating brain function with changes in objectively measured external stimuli or with actively generated cognitive processes. In everyday life, however, many forms of cognitive processes are initiated spontaneously, without an individual's active effort and without explicit manipulation of behavioral state. Recently, there has been increased emphasis, especially in functional neuroimaging research, on spontaneous correlated activity among spatially segregated brain regions (intrinsic functional connectivity) and, more specifically, on intraindividual fluctuations of such correlated activity on various time scales (time-varying functional connectivity). In this Perspective, we propose that certain subtypes of spontaneous cognitive processes are detectable in time-varying functional connectivity measurements. We define these subtypes of spontaneous cognitive processes and review evidence of their representations in time-varying functional connectivity from studies of attentional fluctuations, memory reactivation, and effects of baseline states on subsequent perception. Moreover, we describe how these studies are critical to validating the use of neuroimaging tools (e.g., fMRI) for assessing ongoing brain network dynamics. We conclude that continued investigation of the behavioral relevance of time-varying functional connectivity will be beneficial both in the development of comprehensive neural models of cognition, and in informing on best practices for studying brain network dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Kucyi
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Arielle Tambini
- Department of Psychology, and Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Sepideh Sadaghiani
- Department of Psychology, and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Shella Keilholz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University/Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Jessica R Cohen
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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82
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Astle DE, Bathelt J, Holmes J. Remapping the cognitive and neural profiles of children who struggle at school. Dev Sci 2018; 22:e12747. [PMID: 30171790 PMCID: PMC6808180 DOI: 10.1111/desc.12747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Our understanding of learning difficulties largely comes from children with specific diagnoses or individuals selected from community/clinical samples according to strict inclusion criteria. Applying strict exclusionary criteria overemphasizes within group homogeneity and between group differences, and fails to capture comorbidity. Here, we identify cognitive profiles in a large heterogeneous sample of struggling learners, using unsupervised machine learning in the form of an artificial neural network. Children were referred to the Centre for Attention Learning and Memory (CALM) by health and education professionals, irrespective of diagnosis or comorbidity, for problems in attention, memory, language, or poor school progress (n = 530). Children completed a battery of cognitive and learning assessments, underwent a structural MRI scan, and their parents completed behavior questionnaires. Within the network we could identify four groups of children: (a) children with broad cognitive difficulties, and severe reading, spelling and maths problems; (b) children with age-typical cognitive abilities and learning profiles; (c) children with working memory problems; and (d) children with phonological difficulties. Despite their contrasting cognitive profiles, the learning profiles for the latter two groups did not differ: both were around 1 SD below age-expected levels on all learning measures. Importantly a child’s cognitive profile was not predicted by diagnosis or referral reason. We also constructed whole-brain structural connectomes for children from these four groupings (n = 184), alongside an additional group of typically developing children (n = 36), and identified distinct patterns of brain organization for each group. This study represents a novel move toward identifying data-driven neurocognitive dimensions underlying learning-related difficulties in a representative sample of poor learners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duncan E Astle
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Joe Bathelt
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | | | - Joni Holmes
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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83
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Collings RD, Eaton LG. Covert Attention, Temperament, and Looking: A Novel Approach to Studying Attention in the Social World. Psychol Rep 2018; 122:2220-2241. [PMID: 30217126 DOI: 10.1177/0033294118799734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The current study examines relations between individual differences in attention measured in laboratory and real-world settings. In-laboratory computer-based assessments of orienting, phasic alertness, and executive attention as well as self-report measures of temperament and attention-related problems were administered to 111 undergraduate participants. Participants later completed a walking tour of a multistory building while wearing video recording glasses. The recordings were subsequently coded for orientation and capture of overt attention. Overt attention was correlated with attention-related traits only in high-demand walking conditions (stairways). Our findings suggest that individual differences should be a more important consideration in attention research. The novel methodology piloted here may be especially practical for studying overt attention in social settings.
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84
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Effectiveness of Intraindividual Variability in Detecting Subtle Cognitive Performance Deficits in Breast Cancer Patients. J Int Neuropsychol Soc 2018; 24:724-734. [PMID: 29880075 DOI: 10.1017/s1355617718000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to determine if intraindividual variability would be more sensitive than speed or accuracy in detecting subtle cancer-related cognitive disturbance. METHODS Data were from a previous study in which 60 breast cancer (BC) patients underwent neuropsychological assessment before commencement of chemotherapy and again following each chemotherapy cycle. Sixty healthy controls were tested at equivalent intervals. Hierarchical linear modeling was used to compare the BC and control groups in terms of accuracy, mean reaction time, and intraindividual variability in reaction time on a computerized continuous performance test with three conditions: a simple reaction time task, a "1-back" task, and a "2-back" task. RESULTS An increase in accuracy and response speed over sessions was noted on some tasks in the sample as a whole but there were no differences in these parameters between the BC patients and the controls on any condition. There was a significant group difference in change in intraindividual variability across sessions (i.e., a "group × session interaction"), albeit only on the most complex "2-back" task. Intraindividual variability declined in the control group (i.e., consistency improved with practice) but this practice effect was significantly attenuated in the BC patients. There was no main effect of group on the "2-back" task. CONCLUSIONS Results support our hypothesis that intraindividual variability is a more sensitive indicator of subtle cognitive disturbance than conventional speed or accuracy measures and may have potential in the assessment of mild cognitive impairment in patients with non-central nervous system cancers. (JINS, 2018, 24, 724-734).
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85
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Weigard A, Huang-Pollock C, Brown S, Heathcote A. Testing formal predictions of neuroscientific theories of ADHD with a cognitive model-based approach. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2018; 127:529-539. [PMID: 30010369 PMCID: PMC6091877 DOI: 10.1037/abn0000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Neuroscientific theories of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) alternately posit that cognitive aberrations in the disorder are due to acute attentional lapses, slowed neural processing, or reduced signal-to-noise ratios. However, they make similar predictions about behavioral summary statistics (response times [RTs] and accuracy), hindering the field's ability to produce strong and specific tests of these theories. The current study uses the linear ballistic accumulator (LBA; Brown & Heathcote, 2008), a mathematical model of choice RT tasks, to distinguish between competing theory predictions. Children with ADHD (n = 80) and age-matched controls (n = 32) completed a numerosity discrimination paradigm at 2 levels of difficulty, and RT data were fit to the LBA model to test theoretical predictions. Individuals with ADHD displayed slowed processing of evidence for correct responses (signal) relative to their peers but comparable processing of evidence for error responses (noise) and between-trial variability in processing (performance lapses). The findings are inconsistent with accounts that posit an increased incidence of attentional lapses in the disorder and provide partial support for those that posit slowed neural processing and lower signal-to-noise ratios. Results also highlight the utility of well-developed cognitive models for distinguishing between the predictions of etiological theories of psychopathology. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Scott Brown
- School of Psychology, University of Newcastle
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86
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Masina F, Di Rosa E, Mapelli D. Intra-Individual Variability of Error Awareness and Post-error Slowing in Three Different Age-Groups. Front Psychol 2018; 9:902. [PMID: 29922207 PMCID: PMC5996170 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Error awareness (EA) and post-error slowing (PES) are two crucial components of an adequate performance monitoring because, respectively, they allow being aware of an error and triggering performance adjustments following unexpected events. Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the ontogenetic trajectories of EA and PES, as well as to examine how EA and PES interact with each other. Methods: The performance of three groups of participants (children, younger, and older adults) in a modified version of the Error Awareness task (EAT; Hester et al., 2005) was compared. In particular, in this study not only variations of the average performance were examined, but also intra-individual variability (IIV), considered in terms of variations of SD and ex-Gaussian parameters (mu, sigma, and tau). Results: Two distinct ontogenetic trajectories of EA and PES were observed. Regarding EA, we observe a U-shaped curve that describes an increase of the process from childhood to early adulthood and a progressive reduction advancing age in late adulthood. Furthermore, a greater IIV in older adults indicated a susceptibility of EA to the aging process. The ontogenetic trajectory of PES seems substantially different from the trajectory that describes EA since in PES we do not observe age-related differences. Conclusion: These results suggest that EA and PES are two independent processes. Furthermore, it appears that EA and PES are differently prone to short-term fluctuations in performance across the lifespan. While EA presents an increase in IIV in aging, PES seems to be immune to these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Masina
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Elisa Di Rosa
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Daniela Mapelli
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Human Inspired Technologies Research Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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87
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Okazaki K, Yamamuro K, Iida J, Ota T, Nakanishi Y, Matsuura H, Uratani M, Sawada S, Azechi T, Kishimoto N, Kishimoto T. Intra-individual variability across cognitive task in drug-naïve pediatric patients with obsessive compulsive disorder. Psychiatry Res 2018; 264:421-426. [PMID: 29702436 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2018.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Attention deficit is commonly observed in several psychiatric conditions. In particular, patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder exhibit not only attention deficit, but also intra-individual variability in response times (IIV-RT) during the performance of cognitive tasks related to attention span and sustained attention. Although obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) is commonly observed across childhood, little is known about abnormalities in IIV-RT during the auditory odd-ball task, and how these changes relate to event-related potentials (ERPs) components. In the present study, we compared the ERPs of 15 adolescent and pediatric patients with OCD with 15 healthy age, sex, and IQ-matched controls. We found that tau of IIV-TR was not significantly different between the OCD group and controls, whereas the OCD group exhibited lower mu and sigma compared to controls. Furthermore, we revealed that P300 amplitude was significantly attenuated in the OCD group at Fz, C3, and C4, compared with controls. The present study thereby provided the first evidence that individuals with pediatric or adolescent OCD exhibit lower variability in reaction time in IIV-RT during an auditory odd-ball task than controls. These results suggest that there are no impairments in attention span and sustained attention in pediatric and adolescent patients with OCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Okazaki
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Yamamuro
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan.
| | - Junzo Iida
- Faculty of Nursing, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Toyosaku Ota
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Yoko Nakanishi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Hiroki Matsuura
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Prefectural General Rehabilitation Center, Shiki, Japan
| | | | - Satomi Sawada
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Takahiro Azechi
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Naoko Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
| | - Toshifumi Kishimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Nara Medical University School of Medicine, Kashihara, Japan
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88
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Georges C, Hoffmann D, Schiltz C. Implicit and Explicit Number-Space Associations Differentially Relate to Interference Control in Young Adults With ADHD. Front Psychol 2018; 9:775. [PMID: 29881363 PMCID: PMC5976776 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Behavioral evidence for the link between numerical and spatial representations comes from the spatial-numerical association of response codes (SNARC) effect, consisting in faster reaction times to small/large numbers with the left/right hand respectively. The SNARC effect is, however, characterized by considerable intra- and inter-individual variability. It depends not only on the explicit or implicit nature of the numerical task, but also relates to interference control. To determine whether the prevalence of the latter relation in the elderly could be ascribed to younger individuals' ceiling performances on executive control tasks, we determined whether the SNARC effect related to Stroop and/or Flanker effects in 26 young adults with ADHD. We observed a divergent pattern of correlation depending on the type of numerical task used to assess the SNARC effect and the type of interference control measure involved in number-space associations. Namely, stronger number-space associations during parity judgments involving implicit magnitude processing related to weaker interference control in the Stroop but not Flanker task. Conversely, stronger number-space associations during explicit magnitude classifications tended to be associated with better interference control in the Flanker but not Stroop paradigm. The association of stronger parity and magnitude SNARC effects with weaker and better interference control respectively indicates that different mechanisms underlie these relations. Activation of the magnitude-associated spatial code is irrelevant and potentially interferes with parity judgments, but in contrast assists explicit magnitude classifications. Altogether, the present study confirms the contribution of interference control to number-space associations also in young adults. It suggests that magnitude-associated spatial codes in implicit and explicit tasks are monitored by different interference control mechanisms, thereby explaining task-related intra-individual differences in number-space associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carrie Georges
- Institute of Cognitive Science and Assessment, Research Unit Education, Culture, Cognition and Society, Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Danielle Hoffmann
- Luxembourg Centre for Educational Testing, Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Christine Schiltz
- Institute of Cognitive Science and Assessment, Research Unit Education, Culture, Cognition and Society, Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg, Luxembourg
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89
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Marquardt L, Eichele H, Lundervold AJ, Haavik J, Eichele T. Event-Related-Potential (ERP) Correlates of Performance Monitoring in Adults With Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Front Psychol 2018; 9:485. [PMID: 29706908 PMCID: PMC5907771 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most frequent neurodevelopmental disorders in children and tends to persist into adulthood. Evidence from neuropsychological, neuroimaging, and electrophysiological studies indicates that alterations of error processing are core symptoms in children and adolescents with ADHD. To test whether adults with ADHD show persisting deficits and compensatory processes, we investigated performance monitoring during stimulus-evaluation and response-selection, with a focus on errors, as well as within-group correlations with symptom scores. Methods: Fifty-five participants (27 ADHD and 28 controls) aged 19-55 years performed a modified flanker task during EEG recording with 64 electrodes, and the ADHD and control groups were compared on measures of behavioral task performance, event-related potentials of performance monitoring (N2, P3), and error processing (ERN, Pe). Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale (ASRS) was used to assess ADHD symptom load. Results: Adults with ADHD showed higher error rates in incompatible trials, and these error rates correlated positively with the ASRS scores. Also, we observed lower P3 amplitudes in incompatible trials, which were inversely correlated with symptom load in the ADHD group. Adults with ADHD also displayed reduced error-related ERN and Pe amplitudes. There were no significant differences in reaction time (RT) and RT variability between the two groups. Conclusion: Our findings show deviations of electrophysiological measures, suggesting reduced effortful engagement of attentional and error-monitoring processes in adults with ADHD. Associations between ADHD symptom scores, event-related potential amplitudes, and poorer task performance in the ADHD group further support this notion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn Marquardt
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Heike Eichele
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Astri J Lundervold
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Jan Haavik
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Division of Psychiatry, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Tom Eichele
- K.G. Jebsen Centre for Research on Neuropsychiatric Disorders, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Section for Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
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90
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Neural circuitry underlying sustained attention in healthy adolescents and in ADHD symptomatology. Neuroimage 2018; 169:395-406. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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91
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Association of the N100 TMS-evoked potential with attentional processes: A motor cortex TMS–EEG study. Brain Cogn 2018; 122:9-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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92
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Barber AD, Caffo BS, Pekar JJ, Mostofsky SH. Decoupling of reaction time-related default mode network activity with cognitive demand. Brain Imaging Behav 2018; 11:666-676. [PMID: 27003584 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-016-9543-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Reaction Time (RT) is associated with increased amplitude of the Blood Oxygen-Level Dependent (BOLD) response in task positive regions. Few studies have focused on whether opposing RT-related suppression of task activity also occurs. The current study used two Go/No-go tasks with different cognitive demands to examine regions that showed greater BOLD suppression for longer RT trials. These RT-related suppression effects occurred within the DMN and were task-specific, localizing to separate regions for the two tasks. In the task requiring working memory, RT-related de-coupling of the DMN occurred. This was reflected by opposing RT-BOLD effects for different DMN regions, as well as by reduced positive RT-related Psycho-Physiological Interaction (PPI) connectivity within the DMN and a lack of negative RT-related PPI connectivity between DMN and task positive regions. The results suggest that RT-related DMN suppression is task-specific. RT-related de-coupling of the DMN with more complex task demands may contribute to lapses of attention and performance decrements that occur during cognitively-demanding tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita D Barber
- Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA.
| | - Brian S Caffo
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, 615 North Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - James J Pekar
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Stewart H Mostofsky
- Kennedy Krieger Institute, 707 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
- Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 733 N. Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
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93
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Capodieci A, Lachina S, Cornoldi C. Handwriting difficulties in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). RESEARCH IN DEVELOPMENTAL DISABILITIES 2018; 74:41-49. [PMID: 29366923 DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Handwriting is fundamental in school and everyday life situations. Legibility guarantees that writing productions communicate information, and speed is often crucial, especially in children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), in order to increase the likelihood of their being able to work efficiently and stay on-task during school activities. Preliminary reports have shown an impairment in handwriting of children with ADHD, but evidence is still unclear, especially in the case of speed where research has offered contradictory results. Children's performance, furthermore, has yet to be investigated under the cognitive loading conditions typical of academic tasks in classroom. To shed light on this matter, we examined the handwriting performance in a simple condition but also under (verbal or spatial) working memory (WM) load in 16 fourth- and fifth-grade children with symptoms of ADHD and 16 matched control children. Our results showed that the groups speed differed significantly only in the verbal WM loading condition, where children with symptoms of ADHD wrote more slowly and showed a greater intra-individual variability than controls. Handwriting legibility was affected by verbal WM loading too. These findings are discussed in relation to their educational and clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Simona Lachina
- University of Padua, via Venezia 12, 35129 Padova, Italy.
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94
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Murray MM, Thelen A, Ionta S, Wallace MT. Contributions of Intraindividual and Interindividual Differences to Multisensory Processes. J Cogn Neurosci 2018; 31:360-376. [PMID: 29488852 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Most evidence on the neural and perceptual correlates of sensory processing derives from studies that have focused on only a single sensory modality and averaged the data from groups of participants. Although valuable, such studies ignore the substantial interindividual and intraindividual differences that are undoubtedly at play. Such variability plays an integral role in both the behavioral/perceptual realms and in the neural correlates of these processes, but substantially less is known when compared with group-averaged data. Recently, it has been shown that the presentation of stimuli from two or more sensory modalities (i.e., multisensory stimulation) not only results in the well-established performance gains but also gives rise to reductions in behavioral and neural response variability. To better understand the relationship between neural and behavioral response variability under multisensory conditions, this study investigated both behavior and brain activity in a task requiring participants to discriminate moving versus static stimuli presented in either a unisensory or multisensory context. EEG data were analyzed with respect to intraindividual and interindividual differences in RTs. The results showed that trial-by-trial variability of RTs was significantly reduced under audiovisual presentation conditions as compared with visual-only presentations across all participants. Intraindividual variability of RTs was linked to changes in correlated activity between clusters within an occipital to frontal network. In addition, interindividual variability of RTs was linked to differential recruitment of medial frontal cortices. The present findings highlight differences in the brain networks that support behavioral benefits during unisensory versus multisensory motion detection and provide an important view into the functional dynamics within neuronal networks underpinning intraindividual performance differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Micah M Murray
- Vaudois University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne.,Center for Biomedical Imaging of Lausanne and Geneva.,Fondation Asile des Aveugles and University of Lausanne.,Vanderbilt University Medical Center
| | | | - Silvio Ionta
- Vaudois University Hospital Center and University of Lausanne.,Fondation Asile des Aveugles and University of Lausanne.,ETH Zürich
| | - Mark T Wallace
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center.,Vanderbilt University
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95
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Abstract
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text. Background: Although air pollution’s short-term effects are well understood to be marked and preventable, its acute neuropsychological effects have, to our knowledge, not yet been studied. We aim to examine the association between daily variation in traffic-related air pollution and attention. Methods: We conducted a follow-up study from January 2012 to March 2013 in 2,687 school children from 265 classrooms in 39 schools in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). We assessed four domains of children’s attention processes every 3 months over four repeated visits providing a total of 10,002 computerized tests on 177 different days using the child Attention Network test (ANT). Ambient daily levels of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and elemental carbon (EC) in particulate matter <2.5 µm (PM2.5) filters were measured at a fixed air quality background monitoring station and in schools. Results: Daily ambient levels of both NO2 and EC were negatively associated with all attention processes (e.g., children in the bottom quartile of daily exposure to ambient NO2 levels had a 14.8 msecond [95% confidence interval, 11.2, 18.4] faster response time than those in the top quartile, which was equivalent to a 1.1-month [0.84, 1.37] retardation in the natural developmental improvement in response speed with age). Similar findings were observed after adjusting for the average indoor (classroom) levels of pollutants. Associations for EC were similar to those for NO2 and robust to several sensitivity analyses. Conclusions: The short-term association of traffic-related air pollutants with fluctuations in attention adds to the evidence that air pollution may have potential harmful effects on neurodevelopment. See video abstract at, http://links.lww.com/EDE/B158.
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96
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Baijot S, Cevallos C, Zarka D, Leroy A, Slama H, Colin C, Deconinck N, Dan B, Cheron G. EEG Dynamics of a Go/Nogo Task in Children with ADHD. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7120167. [PMID: 29261133 PMCID: PMC5742770 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7120167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Studies investigating event-related potential (ERP) evoked in a Cue-Go/NoGo paradigm have shown lower frontal N1, N2 and central P3 in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) compared to typically developing children (TDC). However, the electroencephalographic (EEG) dynamics underlying these ERPs remain largely unexplored in ADHD. Methods: We investigate the event-related spectral perturbation and inter-trial coherence linked to the ERP triggered by visual Cue-Go/NoGo stimuli, in 14 children (7 ADHD and 7 TDC) aged 8 to 12 years. Results: Compared to TDC, the EEG dynamics of children with ADHD showed a lower theta-alpha ITC concomitant to lower occipito-parietal P1-N2 and frontal N1-P2 potentials in response to Cue, Go and Nogo stimuli; an upper alpha power preceding lower central Go-P3; a lower theta-alpha power and ITC were coupled to a lower frontal Nogo-N3; a lower low-gamma power overall scalp at 300 ms after Go and Nogo stimuli. Conclusion: These findings suggest impaired ability in children with ADHD to conserve the brain oscillations phase associated with stimulus processing. This physiological trait might serve as a target for therapeutic intervention or be used as monitoring of their effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Baijot
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1020 Brussels, Belgium; (S.B.); (N.D.); (B.D.)
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Cognitive Neurosciences Research Unit, Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Carlos Cevallos
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP640, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (D.Z.); (A.L.)
- Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería Mecánica, Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Quito 170517, Ecuador
| | - David Zarka
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP640, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (D.Z.); (A.L.)
- Research Unit in Osteopathy, Faculty of Motor Sciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Leroy
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP640, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (D.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Hichem Slama
- Neuropsychology and Functional Neuroimaging Research Unit, Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Cognitive Neurosciences Research Unit, Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Clinical and Cognitive Neuropsychology, Erasme Hospital, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1070 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Cecile Colin
- Cognitive Neurosciences Research Unit, Center for Research in Cognition and Neurosciences, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Sensory Neurophysiology, CHU Brugmann, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1020 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Nicolas Deconinck
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1020 Brussels, Belgium; (S.B.); (N.D.); (B.D.)
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP640, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (D.Z.); (A.L.)
| | - Bernard Dan
- Department of Neurology, Hôpital Universitaire des Enfants Reine Fabiola, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1020 Brussels, Belgium; (S.B.); (N.D.); (B.D.)
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP640, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (D.Z.); (A.L.)
- Medical and Rehabilitation Departments, Inkendaal Rehabilitation Hospital, 1602 Vlezenbeek, Belgium
| | - Guy Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP640, 808 route de Lennik, 1070 Brussels, Belgium; (C.C.); (D.Z.); (A.L.)
- Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Université de Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +32-25-553-403
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97
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Querne L, Fall S, Le Moing AG, Bourel-Ponchel E, Delignières A, Simonnot A, de Broca A, Gondry-Jouet C, Boucart M, Berquin P. Effects of Methylphenidate on Default-Mode Network/Task-Positive Network Synchronization in Children With ADHD. J Atten Disord 2017; 21:1208-1220. [PMID: 24420764 DOI: 10.1177/1087054713517542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A failure of the anti-phase synchronization between default-mode (DMN) and task-positive networks (TPN) may be involved in a main manifestation of ADHD: moment-to-moment variability. The study investigated whereby methylphenidate may improve TPN/DMN synchronization in ADHD. METHOD Eleven drug-naive ADHD children and 11 typically developing (TD) children performed a flanker task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. The ADHD group was scanned without and 1 month later with methylphenidate. The signal was analyzed by independent component analysis. RESULTS The TD group showed anti-phase DMN/TPN synchronization. The unmedicated ADHD group showed synchronous activity in the posterior DMN only, which was positively correlated with response time variability for the flanker task. Methylphenidate initiated a partial anti-phase TPN/DMN synchronization, reduced variability, and abolished the variability/DMN correlation. CONCLUSION Although results should be interpreted cautiously because the sample size is small, they suggest that a failure of the TPN/DMN synchronization could be involved in the moment-to-moment variability in ADHD. Methylphenidate initiated TPN/DMN synchronization, which in turn appeared to reduce variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Querne
- 1 GRAMFC INSERM U1105, Université de Picardie Jules-vernes, France.,2 Service de Neuropédiatrie, CHU Amiens-Picardie, France
| | - Sidy Fall
- 1 GRAMFC INSERM U1105, Université de Picardie Jules-vernes, France.,2 Service de Neuropédiatrie, CHU Amiens-Picardie, France
| | - Anne-Gaëlle Le Moing
- 1 GRAMFC INSERM U1105, Université de Picardie Jules-vernes, France.,2 Service de Neuropédiatrie, CHU Amiens-Picardie, France
| | | | - Aline Delignières
- 1 GRAMFC INSERM U1105, Université de Picardie Jules-vernes, France.,2 Service de Neuropédiatrie, CHU Amiens-Picardie, France
| | - Anais Simonnot
- 1 GRAMFC INSERM U1105, Université de Picardie Jules-vernes, France
| | - Alain de Broca
- 1 GRAMFC INSERM U1105, Université de Picardie Jules-vernes, France
| | | | | | - Patrick Berquin
- 1 GRAMFC INSERM U1105, Université de Picardie Jules-vernes, France.,2 Service de Neuropédiatrie, CHU Amiens-Picardie, France
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98
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Shaw P, Blumberg HP. Timely Research in Bipolar Disorder and Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder. Biol Psychiatry 2017; 82:621-622. [PMID: 28965559 PMCID: PMC5937925 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Shaw
- National Human Genome Research Institute and the National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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99
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Rosenberg MD, Hsu WT, Scheinost D, Todd Constable R, Chun MM. Connectome-based Models Predict Separable Components of Attention in Novel Individuals. J Cogn Neurosci 2017; 30:160-173. [PMID: 29040013 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Although we typically talk about attention as a single process, it comprises multiple independent components. But what are these components, and how are they represented in the functional organization of the brain? To investigate whether long-studied components of attention are reflected in the brain's intrinsic functional organization, here we apply connectome-based predictive modeling (CPM) to predict the components of Posner and Petersen's influential model of attention: alerting (preparing and maintaining alertness and vigilance), orienting (directing attention to a stimulus), and executive control (detecting and resolving cognitive conflict) [Posner, M. I., & Petersen, S. E. The attention system of the human brain. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 13, 25-42, 1990]. Participants performed the Attention Network Task (ANT), which measures these three factors, and rested during fMRI scanning. CPMs tested with leave-one-subject-out cross-validation successfully predicted novel individual's overall ANT accuracy, RT variability, and executive control scores from functional connectivity observed during ANT performance. CPMs also generalized to predict participants' alerting scores from their resting-state functional connectivity alone, demonstrating that connectivity patterns observed in the absence of an explicit task contain a signature of the ability to prepare for an upcoming stimulus. Suggesting that significant variance in ANT performance is also explained by an overall sustained attention factor, the sustained attention CPM, a model defined in prior work to predict sustained attentional abilities, predicted accuracy, RT variability, and executive control from task-based data and predicted RT variability from resting-state data. Our results suggest that, whereas executive control may be closely related to sustained attention, the infrastructure that supports alerting is distinct and can be measured at rest. In the future, CPM may be applied to elucidate additional independent components of attention and relationships between the functional brain networks that predict them.
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100
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Gazzellini S, Napolitano A, Bauleo G, Bisozzi E, Lispi ML, Ardu E, Castelli E, Benso F. Time-frequency analyses of reaction times and theta/beta EEG ratio in pediatric patients with traumatic brain injury: A preliminary study. Dev Neurorehabil 2017; 20:393-407. [PMID: 27629793 DOI: 10.1080/17518423.2016.1216470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The literature on patients with attention deficit reports peculiar reaction time (RT) oscillation at very low frequencies (VLFO=0.06-0.2 Hz). The data were explained as default mode network (DMN) intrusion in goal-oriented activity. The present study investigates whether a pattern of recurrent lapses in attention can be detected in TBI patients and whether VLFO can be generalized to the sustained attention deficit, regardless of etiology. METHODS Groups of pediatric TBIs and healthy controls performed four attentional tasks. RT and theta/beta timeseries were subjected to wavelet analyses. RESULTS Significant high-power VLFOs were recorded in patient group performances but not in those of controls, both for RTs and theta/beta in all the tasks. CONCLUSION This preliminary study suggests that central-midline theta/beta ratio could be considered a neurophysiological correlate of RT variability and that the general continuous goal-oriented activity can be cross-etiologically affected by recurrent lapses in attention regardless of the specific cognitive component involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Gazzellini
- a Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Antonio Napolitano
- b Clinical Technology Innovations Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Graziella Bauleo
- c "Il filo dalla Torre" Centre for Education, Autism and Disability , Rome , Italy
| | - Eleonora Bisozzi
- a Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Lispi
- a Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS , Rome , Italy
| | | | - Enrico Castelli
- a Department of Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital IRCCS , Rome , Italy
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