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Munshi K, Pawlowski K, Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Picker JD. Review of Salient Investigational Drugs for the Treatment of Fragile X Syndrome. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol 2017; 27:850-863. [PMID: 28475355 DOI: 10.1089/cap.2016.0200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited cause of intellectual disability, in addition to being the commonest diagnosable cause of autism. The identification of the biochemical mechanism underlying this disorder has provided amenable targets for therapy. This review aims to provide an overview of investigational drug therapies for FXS. METHODS The authors carried out a search of clinical and preclinical trials for FXS in PubMed and on the U.S. National Institutes of Health index of clinical trials ( www.clinicaltrials.gov ). We limited our review to Phase II trials or more preliminary and reviewed the associated publications for these studies, complemented by a review of the literature on PubMed. RESULTS The review of the preclinical, Phase I, and Phase II trials of agents with therapeutic potential in FXS revolves around an understanding of the putative pathways in the pathogenesis of FXS. While there is significant overlap between some of these pathways, the agents can be categorized as modulators of the metabotropic glutamate receptor system, GABAergic agents, and miscellaneous modulators affecting other pathways. CONCLUSION As trials involving agents targeting different aspects of the molecular biology proceed, common themes have emerged. With the great hope came great disappointment as the initial trials failed to demonstrate sufficient significance. In particular, the differences in outcome between the animal models and humans have highlighted the unique challenges of carrying out trials in these cognitively and behaviorally challenged individuals, as well as a dearth of clinically relevant outcome measures for use in medication trials. However, in reviewing and reframing the studies of the last decade, many important lessons have been learned, which will ultimately have a greater impact on therapeutic research in the field of developmental delay as a whole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaizad Munshi
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Katherine Pawlowski
- 3 Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,4 Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph Gonzalez-Heydrich
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Jonathan D Picker
- 1 Department of Psychiatry, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts.,2 Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts.,3 Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital , Boston, Massachusetts
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Castagnola S, Bardoni B, Maurin T. The Search for an Effective Therapy to Treat Fragile X Syndrome: Dream or Reality? Front Synaptic Neurosci 2017; 9:15. [PMID: 29163124 PMCID: PMC5681520 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2017.00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is the most common form of intellectual disability and a primary cause of autism. It originates from the lack of the Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP), which is an RNA-binding protein encoded by the Fragile X Mental Retardation Gene 1 (FMR1) gene. Multiple roles have been attributed to this protein, ranging from RNA transport (from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, but also along neurites) to translational control of mRNAs. Over the last 20 years many studies have found a large number of FMRP mRNA targets, but it is still not clear which are those playing a critical role in the etiology of FXS. So far, no therapy for FXS has been found, making the quest for novel targets of considerable importance. Several pharmacological approaches have been attempted, but, despite some promising preclinical results, no strategy gave successful outcomes, due either to the induction of major side effects or to the lack of improvement of the phenotypes. However, these studies suggested that, in order to measure the effectiveness of a specific treatment, trials should be redesigned and new endpoints defined in FXS patients. Nevertheless, the search for new therapeutic targets for FXS is very active. In this context, the advances in animal modeling, coupled with better understanding of neurobiology and physiopathology of FXS, are of crucial importance in developing new selected treatments. Here, we discuss the pathways that were recently linked to the physiopathology of FXS (mGluR, GABAR, insulin, Insulin-like Growth Factor 1 (IGF-1), MPP-9, serotonin, oxytocin and endocannabinoid signaling) and that suggest new approaches to find an effective therapy for this disorder. Our goal with this review article is to summarize some recent relevant findings on FXS treatment strategies in order to have a clearer view of the different pathways analyzed to date emphasizing those shared with other synaptic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Castagnola
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Valbonne, France
| | - Barbara Bardoni
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Valbonne, France
| | - Thomas Maurin
- Université Côte d'Azur, CNRS, Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IPMC), Valbonne, France
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Lacivita E, Perrone R, Margari L, Leopoldo M. Targets for Drug Therapy for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Challenges and Future Directions. J Med Chem 2017; 60:9114-9141. [PMID: 29039668 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by persistent deficits in social communication and interaction and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, and activities. Various factors are involved in the etiopathogenesis of ASD, including genetic factors, environmental toxins and stressors, impaired immune responses, mitochondrial dysfunction, and neuroinflammation. The heterogeneity in the phenotype among ASD patients and the complex etiology of the condition have long impeded the advancement of the development of pharmacological therapies. In the recent years, the integration of findings from mouse models to human genetics resulted in considerable progress toward the understanding of ASD pathophysiology. Currently, strategies to treat core symptoms of ASD are directed to correct synaptic dysfunctions, abnormalities in central oxytocin, vasopressin, and serotonin neurotransmission, and neuroinflammation. Here, we present a survey of the studies that have suggested molecular targets for drug development for ASD and the state-of-the-art of medicinal chemistry efforts in related areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Perrone
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Lucia Margari
- Dipartimento di Scienze Mediche di Base, Neuroscienze e Organi di Senso, Unità di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , Piazza Giulio Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro , via Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
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Altered surface mGluR5 dynamics provoke synaptic NMDAR dysfunction and cognitive defects in Fmr1 knockout mice. Nat Commun 2017; 8:1103. [PMID: 29062097 PMCID: PMC5653653 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-017-01191-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) is crucially implicated in the pathophysiology of Fragile X Syndrome (FXS); however, its dysfunction at the sub-cellular level, and related synaptic and cognitive phenotypes are unexplored. Here, we probed the consequences of mGluR5/Homer scaffold disruption for mGluR5 cell-surface mobility, synaptic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) function, and behavioral phenotypes in the second-generation Fmr1 knockout (KO) mouse. Using single-molecule tracking, we found that mGluR5 was significantly more mobile at synapses in hippocampal Fmr1 KO neurons, causing an increased synaptic surface co-clustering of mGluR5 and NMDAR. This correlated with a reduced amplitude of synaptic NMDAR currents, a lack of their mGluR5-activated long-term depression, and NMDAR/hippocampus dependent cognitive deficits. These synaptic and behavioral phenomena were reversed by knocking down Homer1a in Fmr1 KO mice. Our study provides a mechanistic link between changes of mGluR5 dynamics and pathological phenotypes of FXS, unveiling novel targets for mGluR5-based therapeutics. Dysfunction of mGluR5 has been implicated in Fragile X syndrome. Here, using a single-molecule tracking technique, the authors found an increased lateral mobility of mGluR5 at the synaptic site in Fmr1 KO hippocampal neurons, leading to abnormal NMDAR-mediated synaptic plasticity and cognitive deficits.
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The effects of the 5-HT7 receptor on hippocampal long-term potentiation and apoptosis in a rat model of Alzheimer’s disease. Brain Res Bull 2017; 135:85-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Beaudet G, Paizanis E, Zoratto F, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Freret T, Laviola G, Boulouard M, Adriani W. LP-211, a selective 5-HT7
receptor agonist, increases novelty-preference and promotes risk-prone behavior in rats. Synapse 2017; 71. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G. Beaudet
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - E. Paizanis
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
| | - F. Zoratto
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - E. Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”; Bari Italy
| | - M. Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia-Scienze del Farmaco; Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro,”; Bari Italy
- BIOFORDRUG s.r.l; Spin-off by Università degli Studi di Bari; Bari Italy
| | - T. Freret
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
| | - G. Laviola
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
| | - M. Boulouard
- INSERM U1075 COMETE UNICAEN; University of Caen Normandie; Caen F-14000 France
| | - W. Adriani
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità; Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health; Rome I-00161 Italy
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Frameworking memory and serotonergic markers. Rev Neurosci 2017; 28:455-497. [DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2016-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract:The evidence for neural markers and memory is continuously being revised, and as evidence continues to accumulate, herein, we frame earlier and new evidence. Hence, in this work, the aim is to provide an appropriate conceptual framework of serotonergic markers associated with neural activity and memory. Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) has multiple pharmacological tools, well-characterized downstream signaling in mammals’ species, and established 5-HT neural markers showing new insights about memory functions and dysfunctions, including receptors (5-HT1A/1B/1D, 5-HT2A/2B/2C, and 5-HT3-7), transporter (serotonin transporter [SERT]) and volume transmission present in brain areas involved in memory. Bidirectional influence occurs between 5-HT markers and memory/amnesia. A growing number of researchers report that memory, amnesia, or forgetting modifies neural markers. Diverse approaches support the translatability of using neural markers and cerebral functions/dysfunctions, including memory formation and amnesia. At least, 5-HT1A, 5-HT4, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7receptors and SERT seem to be useful neural markers and therapeutic targets. Hence, several mechanisms cooperate to achieve synaptic plasticity or memory, including changes in the expression of neurotransmitter receptors and transporters.
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AlOlaby RR, Sweha SR, Silva M, Durbin-Johnson B, Yrigollen CM, Pretto D, Hagerman RJ, Tassone F. Molecular biomarkers predictive of sertraline treatment response in young children with fragile X syndrome. Brain Dev 2017; 39:483-492. [PMID: 28242040 PMCID: PMC5420478 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2017.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Several neurotransmitters involved in brain development are altered in fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Serotonin plays a vital role in synaptogenesis and postnatal brain development. Deficits in serotonin synthesis and abnormal neurogenesis were shown in young children with autism, suggesting that treating within the first years of life with a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor might be the most effective time. In this study we aimed to identify molecular biomarkers involved in the serotonergic pathway that could predict the response to sertraline treatment in young children with FXS. METHODS Genotypes were determined for several genes involved in serotonergic pathway in 51 children with FXS, ages 24-72months. Correlations between genotypes and deviations from baseline in primary and secondary outcome measures were modeled using linear regression models. RESULTS A significant association was observed between a BDNF polymorphism and improvements for several clinical measures, including the Clinical Global Impression scale (P=0.008) and the cognitive T score (P=0.017) in those treated with sertraline compared to those in the placebo group. Additionally, polymorphisms in the MAOA, Cytochrome P450 2C19 and 2D6, and in the 5-HTTLPR gene showed a significant correlation with some of the secondary measures included in this study. CONCLUSION This study shows that polymorphisms of genes involved in the serotonergic pathway could play a potential role in predicting response to sertraline treatment in young children with FXS. Larger studies are warranted to confirm these initial findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Rafik AlOlaby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Stefan R Sweha
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Marisol Silva
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Department of Biostatistics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Carolyn M Yrigollen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Dalyir Pretto
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, CA, USA,Department of Pediatrics, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California, Davis, School of Medicine, Davis, CA, USA; MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Davis, CA, USA.
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Li YH, Han L, Wu KLK, Chan YS. Activation of 5-HT 7 receptors reverses NMDA-R-dependent LTD by activating PKA in medial vestibular neurons. Neuropharmacology 2017; 123:242-248. [PMID: 28483393 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The medial vestibular nucleus (MVN) is a major output station for neurons that project to the vestibulo-spinal pathway. MVN neurons show capacity for long-term depression (LTD) during the juvenile period. We investigated LTD of MVN neurons using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings. High frequency stimulation (HFS) robustly induced LTD in 90% of type B neurons in the MVN, while only 10% of type A neurons were responsive, indicating that type B neurons are the major contributors to LTD in the MVN. The neuromodulator serotonin (5-HT) is known to modulate LTD in neural circuits of the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus. We therefore aim to determine the action of 5-HT on the LTD of type B MVN neurons and elucidate the relevant 5-HT receptor subtypes responsible for its action. Using specific agonists and antagonists of 5-HT receptors, we found that selective activation of 5-HT7 receptor in type B neurons in the MVN of juvenile (P13-16) rats completely abolished NMDA-receptor-mediated LTD in a protein kinase A (PKA)-dependent manner. Our finding that 5-HT restricts plasticity of type B MVN neurons via 5-HT7 receptors offers a mechanism whereby vestibular tuning contributes to the maturation of the vestibulo-spinal circuit and highlights the role of 5-HT in postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Hai Li
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of Education, Research Center of Rehabilitation Science and Technology, School of Life Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, PR China; School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Lei Han
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Kenneth Lap Kei Wu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Ying-Shing Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, Hong Kong, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Congnitive Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, PR China.
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Low-basicity 5-HT 7 Receptor Agonists Synthesized Using the van Leusen Multicomponent Protocol. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1444. [PMID: 28473721 PMCID: PMC5431432 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00822-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A series of 5-aryl-1-alkylimidazole derivatives was synthesized using the van Leusen multicomponent reaction. The chemotype is the first example of low-basicity scaffolds exhibiting high affinity for 5-HT7 receptor together with agonist function. The chosen lead compounds 3-(1-ethyl-1H-imidazol-5-yl)-5-iodo-1H-indole (AGH-107, 1o, Ki 5-HT7 = 6 nM, EC50 = 19 nM, 176-fold selectivity over 5-HT1AR) and 1e (5-methoxy analogue, Ki 5-HT7 = 30 nM, EC50 = 60 nM) exhibited high selectivity over related CNS targets, high metabolic stability and low toxicity in HEK-293 and HepG2 cell cultures. A rapid absorption to the blood, high blood-brain barrier permeation and a very high peak concentration in the brain (Cmax = 2723 ng/g) were found for 1o after i.p. (5 mg/kg) administration in mice. The compound was found active in novel object recognition test in mice, at 0.5, 1 and 5 mg/kg. Docking to 5-HT7R homology models indicated a plausible binding mode which explain the unusually high selectivity over the related CNS targets. Halogen bond formation between the most potent derivatives and the receptor is consistent with both the docking results and SAR. 5-Chlorine, bromine and iodine substitution resulted in a 13, 27 and 89-fold increase in binding affinities, respectively, and in enhanced 5-HT1AR selectivity.
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61
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Valenti D, de Bari L, Vigli D, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Laviola G, Vacca RA, De Filippis B. Stimulation of the brain serotonin receptor 7 rescues mitochondrial dysfunction in female mice from two models of Rett syndrome. Neuropharmacology 2017; 121:79-88. [PMID: 28419872 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by severe behavioral and physiological symptoms. Mutations in the methyl CpG binding protein 2 gene (MECP2) cause more than 95% of classic cases, and currently there is no cure for this devastating disorder. Recently we have demonstrated that neurobehavioral and brain molecular alterations can be rescued in a RTT mouse model, by pharmacological stimulation of the brain serotonin receptor 7 (5-HT7R). This member of the serotonin receptor family, crucially involved in the regulation of brain structural plasticity and cognitive processes, can be stimulated by systemic repeated treatment with LP-211, a brain-penetrant selective agonist. The present study extends previous findings by demonstrating that LP-211 treatment (0.25 mg/kg, once per day for 7 days) rescues mitochondrial respiratory chain impairment, oxidative phosphorylation deficiency and the reduced energy status in the brain of heterozygous female mice from two highly validated mouse models of RTT (MeCP2-308 and MeCP2-Bird mice). Moreover, LP-211 treatment completely restored the radical species overproduction by brain mitochondria in the MeCP2-308 model and partially recovered the oxidative imbalance in the more severely affected MeCP2-Bird model. These results provide the first evidence that RTT brain mitochondrial dysfunction can be rescued targeting the brain 5-HT7R and add compelling preclinical evidence of the potential therapeutic value of LP-211 as a pharmacological approach for this devastating neurodevelopmental disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy.
| | - Lidia de Bari
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy
| | - Daniele Vigli
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dept. Pharmacy, University of Bari "A. Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dept. Pharmacy, University of Bari "A. Moro", via Orabona 4, 70125 Bari, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosa Anna Vacca
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies, National Council of Research, Bari, Italy
| | - Bianca De Filippis
- Center for Behavioral Sciences and Mental Health, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.
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Wirth A, Holst K, Ponimaskin E. How serotonin receptors regulate morphogenic signalling in neurons. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 151:35-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2015] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Speranza L, Labus J, Volpicelli F, Guseva D, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Bellenchi GC, di Porzio U, Bijata M, Perrone-Capano C, Ponimaskin E. Serotonin 5-HT7 receptor increases the density of dendritic spines and facilitates synaptogenesis in forebrain neurons. J Neurochem 2017; 141:647-661. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Speranza
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”; CNR; Naples Italy
- Cellular Neurophysiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Dominick P. Purpura; Department of Neuroscience Albert Einstein College of Medicine; New York New York USA
| | - Josephine Labus
- Cellular Neurophysiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | | | - Daria Guseva
- Cellular Neurophysiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy; University of Bari “A. Moro”; Bari Italy
| | | | - Gian Carlo Bellenchi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”; CNR; Naples Italy
- IRCCS Neuromed; Pozzilli (IS) Italy
| | - Umberto di Porzio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”; CNR; Naples Italy
| | - Monika Bijata
- Cellular Neurophysiology; Hannover Medical School; Hannover Germany
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology; Nencki Institute; Warsaw Poland
| | - Carla Perrone-Capano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics “Adriano Buzzati Traverso”; CNR; Naples Italy
- University of Naples Federico II; Naples Italy
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Zareifopoulos N, Papatheodoropoulos C. Effects of 5-HT-7 receptor ligands on memory and cognition. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2016; 136:204-209. [PMID: 27780766 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2016.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT7R is the most recently cloned serotonin receptor and thus one the least studied. Many drugs, experimental and in clinical use bind to 5-HT7 with high affinity, though their effects have yet to be clearly elucidated. Its physiological function, though not completely clear, is mostly associated with learning and memory, with both agonists and antagonists possessing subtle procognitive and promnesic properties. We consider it a promising area of research, though still in its infancy, which may one day lead to clinical benefits for patients with various afflictions characterised by cognitive dysfunction, particularily autism spectrum disorder, fragile X syndrome and Alzheimer's disease.
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Structural modifications of the serotonin 5-HT7 receptor agonist N-(4-cyanophenylmethyl)-4-(2-biphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide (LP-211) to improve in vitro microsomal stability: A case study. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 120:363-79. [PMID: 27318552 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT7 serotonin receptor is revealing a promising target for innovative therapeutic strategies of neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. Here, we report the synthesis of thirty long-chain arylpiperazine analogs of the selective and brain penetrant 5-HT7 receptor agonist LP-211 (1) designed to enhance stability towards microsomal oxidative metabolism. Commonly used medicinal chemistry strategies were used (i.e., reduction of overall lipophilicity, introduction of electron-withdrawing groups, blocking of potential vulnerable sites of metabolism), and in vitro microsomal stability was tested. The data showed that the adopted design strategy does not directly translate into improvements in stability. Instead, the metabolic stability of the compounds was related to the presence of specific substituents in well-defined regions of the molecule. The collected data allowed for the construction of a machine learning model that, in a given chemical space, is able to describe and quantitatively predict the metabolic stability of the compounds. The majority of the synthesized compounds maintained high affinity for 5-HT7 receptors and showed selectivity towards 5-HT6 and dopamine D2 receptors and different selectivity for 5-HT1A and α1 adrenergic receptors. Compound 50 showed 3-fold higher in vitro stability towards oxidative metabolism than 1 and was able to stimulate neurite outgrowth in neuronal primary cultures through the 5-HT7 receptor in a shorter time and at a lower concentration than the agonist 1. A preliminary disposition study in mice revealed that compound 50 was metabolically stable and was able to pass the blood-brain barrier, thus representing a new tool for studying the pharmacotherapeutic potential of 5-HT7 receptor in vivo.
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Abstract
Diverse neuropsychiatric disorders present dysfunctional memory and no effective treatment exits for them; likely as result of the absence of neural markers associated to memory. Neurotransmitter systems and signaling pathways have been implicated in memory and dysfunctional memory; however, their role is poorly understood. Hence, neural markers and cerebral functions and dysfunctions are revised. To our knowledge no previous systematic works have been published addressing these issues. The interactions among behavioral tasks, control groups and molecular changes and/or pharmacological effects are mentioned. Neurotransmitter receptors and signaling pathways, during normal and abnormally functioning memory with an emphasis on the behavioral aspects of memory are revised. With focus on serotonin, since as it is a well characterized neurotransmitter, with multiple pharmacological tools, and well characterized downstream signaling in mammals' species. 5-HT1A, 5-HT4, 5-HT5, 5-HT6, and 5-HT7 receptors as well as SERT (serotonin transporter) seem to be useful neural markers and/or therapeutic targets. Certainly, if the mentioned evidence is replicated, then the translatability from preclinical and clinical studies to neural changes might be confirmed. Hypothesis and theories might provide appropriate limits and perspectives of evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo Meneses
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional Mexico City, Mexico
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Canal CE, Felsing DE, Liu Y, Zhu W, Wood JT, Perry CK, Vemula R, Booth RG. An Orally Active Phenylaminotetralin-Chemotype Serotonin 5-HT7 and 5-HT1A Receptor Partial Agonist that Corrects Motor Stereotypy in Mouse Models. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1259-70. [PMID: 26011730 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Stereotypy (e.g., repetitive hand waving) is a key phenotype of autism spectrum disorder, Fragile X and Rett syndromes, and other neuropsychiatric disorders, and its severity correlates with cognitive and attention deficits. There are no effective treatments, however, for stereotypy. Perturbation of serotonin (5-HT) neurotransmission contributes to stereotypy, suggesting that distinct 5-HT receptors may be pharmacotherapeutic targets to treat stereotypy and related neuropsychiatric symptoms. For example, preclinical studies indicate that 5-HT7 receptor activation corrects deficits in mouse models of Fragile X and Rett syndromes, and clinical trials for autism are underway with buspirone, a 5-HT1A partial agonist with relevant affinity at 5-HT7 receptors. Herein, we report the synthesis, in vitro molecular pharmacology, behavioral pharmacology, and pharmacokinetic parameters in mice after subcutaneous and oral administration of (+)-5-(2'-fluorophenyl)-N,N-dimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalen-2-amine ((+)-5-FPT), a new, dual partial agonist targeting both 5-HT7 (Ki = 5.8 nM, EC50 = 34 nM) and 5-HT1A (Ki = 22 nM, EC50 = 40 nM) receptors. Three unique, heterogeneous mouse models were used to assess the efficacy of (+)-5-FPT to reduce stereotypy: idiopathic jumping in C58/J mice, repetitive body rotations in C57BL/6J mice treated with the NMDA antagonist, MK-801, and repetitive head twitching in C57BL/6J mice treated with the 5-HT2 agonist, DOI. Systemic (+)-5-FPT potently and efficaciously reduced or eliminated stereotypy in each of the mouse models without altering locomotor behavior on its own, and additional tests showed that (+)-5-FPT, at the highest behaviorally active dose tested, enhanced social interaction and did not cause behaviors indicative of serotonin syndrome. These data suggest that (+)-5-FPT is a promising medication for treating stereotypy in psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clinton E. Canal
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Daniel E. Felsing
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Yue Liu
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wanying Zhu
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - JodiAnne T. Wood
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Charles K. Perry
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Rajender Vemula
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Raymond G. Booth
- Center for Drug Discovery, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Chemistry & Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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Gross C, Hoffmann A, Bassell GJ, Berry-Kravis EM. Therapeutic Strategies in Fragile X Syndrome: From Bench to Bedside and Back. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:584-608. [PMID: 25986746 PMCID: PMC4489963 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-015-0355-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS), an inherited intellectual disability often associated with autism, is caused by the loss of expression of the fragile X mental retardation protein. Tremendous progress in basic, preclinical, and translational clinical research has elucidated a variety of molecular-, cellular-, and system-level defects in FXS. This has led to the development of several promising therapeutic strategies, some of which have been tested in larger-scale controlled clinical trials. Here, we will summarize recent advances in understanding molecular functions of fragile X mental retardation protein beyond the well-known role as an mRNA-binding protein, and will describe current developments and emerging limitations in the use of the FXS mouse model as a preclinical tool to identify therapeutic targets. We will review the results of recent clinical trials conducted in FXS that were based on some of the preclinical findings, and discuss how the observed outcomes and obstacles will inform future therapy development in FXS and other autism spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Gross
- />Division of Neurology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229 USA
| | - Anne Hoffmann
- />Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
| | - Gary J. Bassell
- />Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Berry-Kravis
- />Departments of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612 USA
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69
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GABAB receptor upregulates fragile X mental retardation protein expression in neurons. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10468. [PMID: 26020477 PMCID: PMC4447080 DOI: 10.1038/srep10468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an RNA-binding protein important for the control of translation and synaptic function. The mutation or silencing of FMRP causes Fragile X syndrome (FXS), which leads to intellectual disability and social impairment. γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the mammalian central nervous system, and its metabotropic GABAB receptor has been implicated in various mental disorders. The GABAB receptor agonist baclofen has been shown to improve FXS symptoms in a mouse model and in human patients, but the signaling events linking the GABAB receptor and FMRP are unknown. In this study, we found that GABAB receptor activation upregulated cAMP response element binding protein-dependent Fmrp expression in cultured mouse cerebellar granule neurons via two distinct mechanisms: the transactivation of insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor and activation of protein kinase C. In addition, a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAB receptor, CGP7930, stimulated Fmrp expression in neurons. These results suggest a role for GABAB receptor in Fmrp regulation and a potential interest of GABAB receptor signaling in FXS improvement.
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70
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De Filippis B, Chiodi V, Adriani W, Lacivita E, Mallozzi C, Leopoldo M, Domenici MR, Fuso A, Laviola G. Long-lasting beneficial effects of central serotonin receptor 7 stimulation in female mice modeling Rett syndrome. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:86. [PMID: 25926782 PMCID: PMC4396444 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by severe behavioral and physiological symptoms. Mutations in the methyl CpG binding protein 2 gene (MECP2) cause more than 95% of classic cases, and currently there is no cure for this devastating disorder. Recently we have demonstrated that specific behavioral and brain molecular alterations can be rescued in MeCP2-308 male mice, a RTT mouse model, by pharmacological stimulation of the brain serotonin receptor 7 (5-HT7R). This member of the serotonin receptor family—crucially involved in the regulation of brain structural plasticity and cognitive processes—can be stimulated by systemic repeated treatment with LP-211, a brain-penetrant selective 5-HT7R agonist. The present study extends previous findings by demonstrating that the LP-211 treatment (0.25 mg/kg, once per day for 7 days) rescues RTT-related phenotypic alterations, motor coordination (Dowel test), spatial reference memory (Barnes mazetest) and synaptic plasticity (hippocampal long-term-potentiation) in MeCP2-308 heterozygous female mice, the genetic and hormonal milieu that resembles that of RTT patients. LP-211 also restores the activation of the ribosomal protein (rp) S6, the downstream target of mTOR and S6 kinase, in the hippocampus of RTT female mice. Notably, the beneficial effects on neurobehavioral and molecular parameters of a seven-day long treatment with LP-211 were evident up to 2 months after the last injection, thus suggesting long-lasting effects on RTT-related impairments. Taken together with our previous study, these results provide compelling preclinical evidence of the potential therapeutic value for RTT of a pharmacological approach targeting the brain 5-HT7R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca De Filippis
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Chiodi
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Bari "A. Moro" Bari, Italy
| | - Cinzia Mallozzi
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | | | - Maria Rosaria Domenici
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Fuso
- Department of Psychology, Section of Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome Rome, Italy ; European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità Rome, Italy
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71
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Costa L, Sardone LM, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Ciranna L. Novel agonists for serotonin 5-HT7 receptors reverse metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long-term depression in the hippocampus of wild-type and Fmr1 KO mice, a model of Fragile X Syndrome. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:65. [PMID: 25814945 PMCID: PMC4357247 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin 5-HT7 receptors are expressed in the hippocampus and modulate the excitability of hippocampal neurons. We have previously shown that 5-HT7 receptors modulate glutamate-mediated hippocampal synaptic transmission and long-term synaptic plasticity. In particular, we have shown that activation of 5-HT7 receptors reversed metabotropic glutamate receptor-mediated long-term depression (mGluR-LTD) in wild-type (wt) and in Fmr1 KO mice, a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome in which mGluR-LTD is abnormally enhanced, suggesting that 5-HT7 receptor agonists might be envisaged as a novel therapeutic strategy for Fragile X Syndrome. In this perspective, we have characterized the basic in vitro pharmacokinetic properties of novel molecules with high binding affinity and selectivity for 5-HT7 receptors and we have tested their effects on synaptic plasticity using patch clamp on acute hippocampal slices. Here we show that LP-211, a high affinity selective agonist of 5-HT7 receptors, reverses mGluR-LTD in wt and Fmr1 KO mice, correcting a synaptic malfunction in the mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome. Among novel putative agonists of 5-HT7 receptors, the compound BA-10 displayed improved affinity and selectivity for 5-HT7 receptors and improved in vitro pharmacokinetic properties with respect to LP-211. BA-10 significantly reversed mGluR-LTD in the CA3-CA1 synapse in wt and Fmr1KO mice, indicating that BA-10 behaved as a highly effective agonist of 5-HT7 receptors and reduced exaggerated mGluR-LTD in a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome. On the other side, the compounds RA-7 and PM-20, respectively arising from in vivo metabolism of LP-211 and BA-10, had no effect on mGluR-LTD thus did not behave as agonists of 5-HT7 receptors in our conditions. The present results provide information about the structure-activity relationship of novel 5-HT7 receptor agonists and indicate that LP-211 and BA-10 might be used as novel pharmacological tools for the therapy of Fragile X Syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara Costa
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina Messina, Italy
| | - Lara M Sardone
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | | | - Lucia Ciranna
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
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72
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Speranza L, Giuliano T, Volpicelli F, De Stefano ME, Lombardi L, Chambery A, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Bellenchi GC, di Porzio U, Crispino M, Perrone-Capano C. Activation of 5-HT7 receptor stimulates neurite elongation through mTOR, Cdc42 and actin filaments dynamics. Front Behav Neurosci 2015; 9:62. [PMID: 25814944 PMCID: PMC4356071 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 02/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have indicated that the serotonin receptor subtype 7 (5-HT7R) plays a crucial role in shaping neuronal morphology during embryonic and early postnatal life. Here we show that pharmacological stimulation of 5-HT7R using a highly selective agonist, LP-211, enhances neurite outgrowth in neuronal primary cultures from the cortex, hippocampus and striatal complex of embryonic mouse brain, through multiple signal transduction pathways. All these signaling systems, involving mTOR, the Rho GTPase Cdc42, Cdk5, and ERK, are known to converge on the reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins that subserve neurite outgrowth. Indeed, our data indicate that neurite elongation stimulated by 5-HT7R is modulated by drugs affecting actin polymerization. In addition, we show, by 2D Western blot analyses, that treatment of neuronal cultures with LP-211 alters the expression profile of cofilin, an actin binding protein involved in microfilaments dynamics. Furthermore, by using microfluidic chambers that physically separate axons from the soma and dendrites, we demonstrate that agonist-dependent activation of 5-HT7R stimulates axonal elongation. Our results identify for the first time several signal transduction pathways, activated by stimulation of 5-HT7R, that converge to promote cytoskeleton reorganization and consequent modulation of axonal elongation. Therefore, the activation of 5-HT7R might represent one of the key elements regulating CNS connectivity and plasticity during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Speranza
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy ; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", CNR Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Giuliano
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", CNR Naples, Italy
| | - Floriana Volpicelli
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", CNR Naples, Italy ; Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - M Egle De Stefano
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome La Sapienza Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Lombardi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin", Istituto Pasteur Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti, University of Rome La Sapienza Rome, Italy
| | - Angela Chambery
- Department of Environmental, Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, Second University of Naples Naples, Italy ; IRCCS, Multimedica Milano, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Department of Pharmacy - Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari Bari, Italy
| | - Gian C Bellenchi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", CNR Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto di Porzio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", CNR Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Perrone-Capano
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy ; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", CNR Naples, Italy
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Canale V, Kurczab R, Partyka A, Satała G, Witek J, Jastrzębska-Więsek M, Pawłowski M, Bojarski AJ, Wesołowska A, Zajdel P. Towards novel 5-HT7 versus 5-HT1A receptor ligands among LCAPs with cyclic amino acid amide fragments: Design, synthesis, and antidepressant properties. Part II. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 92:202-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.12.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Wang H, Pati S, Pozzo-Miller L, Doering LC. Targeted pharmacological treatment of autism spectrum disorders: fragile X and Rett syndromes. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:55. [PMID: 25767435 PMCID: PMC4341567 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) are genetically and clinically heterogeneous and lack effective medications to treat their core symptoms. Studies of syndromic ASDs caused by single gene mutations have provided insights into the pathophysiology of autism. Fragile X and Rett syndromes belong to the syndromic ASDs in which preclinical studies have identified rational targets for drug therapies focused on correcting underlying neural dysfunction. These preclinical discoveries are increasingly translating into exciting human clinical trials. Since there are significant molecular and neurobiological overlaps among ASDs, targeted treatments developed for fragile X and Rett syndromes may be helpful for autism of different etiologies. Here, we review the targeted pharmacological treatment of fragile X and Rett syndromes and discuss related issues in both preclinical studies and clinical trials of potential therapies for the diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hansen Wang
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sandipan Pati
- Department of Neurology, Epilepsy Division, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lucas Pozzo-Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, The University of Alabama at Birmingham Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Laurie C Doering
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University Hamilton, ON, Canada
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75
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Naumenko VS, Popova NK, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Ponimaskin EG. Interplay between serotonin 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors in depressive disorders. CNS Neurosci Ther 2015; 20:582-90. [PMID: 24935787 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine or 5-HT) is an important neurotransmitter regulating a wide range of physiological and pathological functions via activation of heterogeneously expressed 5-HT receptors. Besides the important role of 5-HT receptors in the pathogenesis of depressive disorders and in their clinical medications, underlying mechanisms are far from being completely understood. This review focuses on possible cross talk between two serotonin receptors, 5-HT1A and the 5-HT7 . Although these receptors are highly co-expressed in brain regions implicated in depression, and most agonists developed for the 5-HT1A or 5-HT7 receptors have cross-reactivity, their functional interaction has not been yet established. It has been recently shown that 5-HT1A and 5-HT7 receptors form homo- and heterodimers both in vitro and in vivo. From the functional point of view, heterodimerization has been shown to play an important role in regulation of receptor-mediated signaling and internalization, suggesting the implication of heterodimerization in the development and maintenance of depression. Interaction between these receptors is also of clinical interest, because both receptors represent an important pharmacological target for the treatment of depression and anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir S Naumenko
- Department of Behavioral Neurogenomics, Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Novosibirsk, Russia
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76
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Targeting the Serotonin 5-HT7 Receptor in the Search for Treatments for CNS Disorders: Rationale and Progress to Date. CNS Drugs 2015; 29:265-75. [PMID: 25721336 PMCID: PMC4555343 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-015-0236-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The 5-HT7 (5-hydroxytryptamine 7, serotonin 7) receptor is one of the most recently identified members of the serotonin receptor family. Pharmacological tools, including selective antagonists and, more recently, agonists, along with 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7R) knock-out mice have revealed the involvement of this receptor in central nervous system processes. Its well-established role in controlling body temperature and regulating sleep and circadian rhythms has implicated this receptor in mood disorders. Thus, the 5-HT7R has gained much attention as a possible target for the treatment of depression. Although preclinical data support the antidepressant-like actions of 5-HT7R antagonists, their clinical efficacy has not been yet established. Other evidence has implicated the 5-HT7R in learning and memory. Preclinical findings suggest that blockade of this receptor may be beneficial against schizophrenia-like cognitive deficits. Other possible indications include nociception, epilepsy, migraine, autism spectrum disorders, and Rett Syndrome. However, the question is whether the beneficial effects may be achieved by activation or blockade of 5-HT7Rs. Hence, this review briefly summarises the recent findings on the role of 5-HT7Rs and their ligands in CNS disorders.
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77
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Persistent modification of forebrain networks and metabolism in rats following adolescent exposure to a 5-HT7 receptor agonist. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2015; 232:75-89. [PMID: 24923983 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3639-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The serotonin 7 receptor (5-HT7-R) is part of a neuro-transmission system with a proposed role in neural plasticity and in mood, cognitive or sleep regulation. OBJECTIVES We investigated long-term consequences of sub-chronic treatment, during adolescence (43-45 to 47-49 days old) in rats, with a novel 5-HT7-R agonist (LP-211, 0 or 0.250 mg/kg/day). METHODS We evaluated behavioural changes as well as forebrain structural/functional modifications by in vivo magnetic resonance (MR) in a 4.7 T system, followed by ex vivo histology. RESULTS Adult rats pre-treated during adolescence showed reduced anxiety-related behaviour, in terms of reduced avoidance in the light/dark test and a less fragmented pattern of exploration in the novel object recognition test. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) revealed decreased mean diffusivity (MD) in the amygdala, increased fractional anisotropy (FA) in the hippocampus (Hip) and reduced axial (D||) together with increased radial (D⊥) diffusivity in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc). An increased neural dendritic arborization was confirmed in the NAcc by ex vivo histology. Seed-based functional MR imaging (fMRI) identified increased strength of connectivity within and between "limbic" and "cortical" loops, with affected cross-correlations between amygdala, NAcc and Hip. The latter displayed enhanced connections through the dorsal striatum (dStr) to dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (dl-PFC) and cerebellum. Functional connection also increased between amygdala and limbic elements such as NAcc, orbito-frontal cortex (OFC) and hypothalamus. MR spectroscopy (1H-MRS) indicated that adolescent LP-211 exposure increased glutamate and total creatine in the adult Hip. CONCLUSIONS Persistent MR-detectable modifications indicate a rearrangement within forebrain networks, accounting for long-lasting behavioural changes as a function of developmental 5-HT7-R stimulation.
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78
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Hanson AC, Hagerman RJ. Serotonin dysregulation in Fragile X Syndrome: implications for treatment. Intractable Rare Dis Res 2014; 3:110-7. [PMID: 25606361 PMCID: PMC4298641 DOI: 10.5582/irdr.2014.01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X Syndrome (FXS) is a trinucleotide repeat disorder that results in the silencing of the Fragile X Mental Retardation 1 gene (FMR1), leading to a lack of the FMR1 protein (FMRP). FMRP is an mRNA-binding protein that regulates the translation of hundreds of mRNAs important for synaptic plasticity. Several of these pathways have been identified and have guided the development of targeted treatments for FXS. Here we present evidence that serotonin is dysregulated in FXS and treatment with the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) sertraline may be beneficial for individuals with FXS, particularly in early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Randi J Hagerman
- UC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Address correspondence to: Dr. Randi J. Hagerman, UC Davis MIND Institute and Department of Pediatrics, UC Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA. E-mail:
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Structure–activity relationships and molecular modeling studies of novel arylpiperazinylalkyl 2-benzoxazolones and 2-benzothiazolones as 5-HT7 and 5-HT1A receptor ligands. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 85:716-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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80
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De Filippis B, Nativio P, Fabbri A, Ricceri L, Adriani W, Lacivita E, Leopoldo M, Passarelli F, Fuso A, Laviola G. Pharmacological stimulation of the brain serotonin receptor 7 as a novel therapeutic approach for Rett syndrome. Neuropsychopharmacology 2014; 39:2506-18. [PMID: 24809912 PMCID: PMC4207333 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2014.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Rett syndrome (RTT) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by severe behavioral and physiological symptoms. Mutations in the methyl CpG-binding protein 2 gene (MECP2) cause >95% of classic cases, and currently there is no cure for this devastating disorder. The serotonin receptor 7 (5-HT7R) is linked to neuro-physiological regulation of circadian rhythm, mood, cognition, and synaptic plasticity. We presently report that 5-HT7R density is consistently reduced in cortical and hippocampal brain areas of symptomatic MeCP2-308 male mice, a RTT model. Systemic repeated treatment with LP-211 (0.25 mg/kg once/day for 7 days), a brain-penetrant selective 5-HT7R agonist, was able to rescue RTT-related defective performance: anxiety-related profiles in a Light/Dark test, motor abilities in a Dowel test, the exploratory behavior in the Marble Burying test, as well as memory in the Novelty Preference task. In the brain of RTT mice, LP-211 also reversed the abnormal activation of PAK and cofilin (key regulators of actin cytoskeleton dynamics) and of the ribosomal protein (rp) S6, whose reduced activation in MECP2 mutant neurons by mTOR is responsible for the altered protein translational control. Present findings indicate that pharmacological targeting of 5-HT7R improves specific behavioral and molecular manifestations of RTT, thus representing a first step toward the validation of an innovative systemic treatment. Beyond RTT, the latter might be extended to other disorders associated with intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca De Filippis
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Nativio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Fabbri
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Ricceri
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Walter Adriani
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Bari ‘A Moro', Bari, Italy
| | | | | | - Andrea Fuso
- Department of Psychology, Section of Neuroscience, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- European Center for Brain Research (CERC)/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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81
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Valenti D, de Bari L, De Filippis B, Henrion-Caude A, Vacca RA. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a central actor in intellectual disability-related diseases: An overview of Down syndrome, autism, Fragile X and Rett syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 2:202-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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82
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Volpicelli F, Speranza L, di Porzio U, Crispino M, Perrone-Capano C. The serotonin receptor 7 and the structural plasticity of brain circuits. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:318. [PMID: 25309369 PMCID: PMC4162376 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) modulates numerous physiological processes in the nervous system. Together with its function as neurotransmitter, 5-HT regulates neurite outgrowth, dendritic spine shape and density, growth cone motility and synapse formation during development. In the mammalian brain 5-HT innervation is virtually ubiquitous and the diversity and specificity of its signaling and function arise from at least 20 different receptors, grouped in 7 classes. Here we will focus on the role 5-HT7 receptor (5-HT7R) in the correct establishment of neuronal cytoarchitecture during development, as also suggested by its involvement in several neurodevelopmental disorders. The emerging picture shows that this receptor is a key player contributing not only to shape brain networks during development but also to remodel neuronal wiring in the mature brain, thus controlling cognitive and emotional responses. The activation of 5-HT7R might be one of the mechanisms underlying the ability of the CNS to respond to different stimuli by modulation of its circuit configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Floriana Volpicelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy ; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council (CNR) Naples, Italy
| | - Luisa Speranza
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council (CNR) Naples, Italy
| | - Umberto di Porzio
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council (CNR) Naples, Italy
| | - Marianna Crispino
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy
| | - Carla Perrone-Capano
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Naples Federico II Naples, Italy ; Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati Traverso", National Research Council (CNR) Naples, Italy
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83
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Ciranna L, Catania MV. 5-HT7 receptors as modulators of neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission and plasticity: physiological role and possible implications in autism spectrum disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:250. [PMID: 25221471 PMCID: PMC4145633 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 08/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin type 7 receptors (5-HT7) are expressed in several brain areas, regulate brain development, synaptic transmission and plasticity, and therefore are involved in various brain functions such as learning and memory. A number of studies suggest that 5-HT7 receptors could be potential pharmacotherapeutic target for cognitive disorders. Several abnormalities of serotonergic system have been described in patients with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), including abnormal activity of 5-HT transporter, altered blood and brain 5-HT levels, reduced 5-HT synthesis and altered expression of 5-HT receptors in the brain. A specific role for 5-HT7 receptors in ASD has not yet been demonstrated but some evidence implicates their possible involvement. We have recently shown that 5-HT7 receptor activation rescues hippocampal synaptic plasticity in a mouse model of Fragile X Syndrome, a monogenic cause of autism. Several other studies have shown that 5-HT7 receptors modulate behavioral flexibility, exploratory behavior, mood disorders and epilepsy, which include core and co-morbid symptoms of ASD. These findings further suggest an involvement of 5-HT7 receptors in ASD. Here, we review the physiological roles of 5-HT7 receptors and their implications in Fragile X Syndrome and other ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Ciranna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Catania Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Vincenza Catania
- Institute of Neurological Sciences, the National Research Council of Italy (CNR) Catania, Italy ; Laboratory of Neurobiology, IRCCS Oasi Maria SS Troina, Italy
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84
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De Filippis B, Romano E, Laviola G. Aberrant Rho GTPases signaling and cognitive dysfunction: in vivo evidence for a compelling molecular relationship. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 2:285-301. [PMID: 24971827 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are key intracellular signaling molecules that coordinate dynamic changes in the actin cytoskeleton, thereby stimulating a variety of processes, including morphogenesis, migration, neuronal development, cell division and adhesion. Deviations from normal Rho GTPases activation state have been proposed to disrupt cognition and synaptic plasticity. This review focuses on the functional consequences of genetic ablation of upstream and downstream Rho GTPases molecules on cognitive function and neuronal morphology and connectivity. Available information on this issue is described and compared to that gained from mice carrying mutations in the most studied Rho GTPases and from pharmacological in vivo studies in which brain Rho GTPases signaling was modulated. Results from reviewed literature provide definitive evidence of a compelling link between Rho GTPases signaling and cognitive function, thus supporting the notion that Rho GTPases and their downstream effectors may represent important therapeutic targets for disorders associated with cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca De Filippis
- Sect. Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy.
| | - Emilia Romano
- Sect. Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy; Bambino Gesù, Children Hospital, IRCCS, Roma, Italy
| | - Giovanni Laviola
- Sect. Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology & Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Roma, Italy
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85
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Hansen HD, Lacivita E, Di Pilato P, Herth MM, Lehel S, Ettrup A, Andersen VL, Dyssegaard A, De Giorgio P, Perrone R, Berardi F, Colabufo NA, Niso M, Knudsen GM, Leopoldo M. Synthesis, radiolabeling and in vivo evaluation of [11C](R)-1-[4-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-(2-pyrazinyloxy)-2-propanol, a potential PET radioligand for the 5-HT7 receptor. Eur J Med Chem 2014; 79:152-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2014.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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86
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Design, synthesis, radiolabeling and in vivo evaluation of potential positron emission tomography (PET) radioligands for brain imaging of the 5-HT7 receptor. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:1736-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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87
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Braat S, Kooy RF. Fragile X syndrome neurobiology translates into rational therapy. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:510-9. [PMID: 24508819 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Causal genetic defects have been identified for various neurodevelopmental disorders. A key example in this respect is fragile X syndrome, one of the most frequent genetic causes of intellectual disability and autism. Since the discovery of the causal gene, insights into the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms have increased exponentially. Over the past years, defects were discovered in pathways that are potentially amendable by pharmacological treatment. These findings have inspired the initiation of clinical trials in patients. The targeted pathways converge in part with those of related neurodevelopmental disorders raising hopes that the treatments developed for this specific disorder might be more broadly applicable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sien Braat
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - R Frank Kooy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Antwerp, Prins Boudewijnlaan 43, Antwerp, Belgium.
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88
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Doll CA, Broadie K. Impaired activity-dependent neural circuit assembly and refinement in autism spectrum disorder genetic models. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:30. [PMID: 24570656 PMCID: PMC3916725 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Early-use activity during circuit-specific critical periods refines brain circuitry by the coupled processes of eliminating inappropriate synapses and strengthening maintained synapses. We theorize these activity-dependent (A-D) developmental processes are specifically impaired in autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). ASD genetic models in both mouse and Drosophila have pioneered our insights into normal A-D neural circuit assembly and consolidation, and how these developmental mechanisms go awry in specific genetic conditions. The monogenic fragile X syndrome (FXS), a common cause of heritable ASD and intellectual disability, has been particularly well linked to defects in A-D critical period processes. The fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is positively activity-regulated in expression and function, in turn regulates excitability and activity in a negative feedback loop, and appears to be required for the A-D remodeling of synaptic connectivity during early-use critical periods. The Drosophila FXS model has been shown to functionally conserve the roles of human FMRP in synaptogenesis, and has been centrally important in generating our current mechanistic understanding of the FXS disease state. Recent advances in Drosophila optogenetics, transgenic calcium reporters, highly-targeted transgenic drivers for individually-identified neurons, and a vastly improved connectome of the brain are now being combined to provide unparalleled opportunities to both manipulate and monitor A-D processes during critical period brain development in defined neural circuits. The field is now poised to exploit this new Drosophila transgenic toolbox for the systematic dissection of A-D mechanisms in normal versus ASD brain development, particularly utilizing the well-established Drosophila FXS disease model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A Doll
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kendal Broadie
- Department of Biological Sciences, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA ; Kennedy Center for Research on Human Development, Vanderbilt University Nashville, TN, USA
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89
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The role of serotonin in memory: interactions with neurotransmitters and downstream signaling. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:723-38. [PMID: 24430027 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3818-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Serotonin, or 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT), is found to be involved in many physiological or pathophysiological processes including cognitive function. Seven distinct receptors (5-HT1-7), each with several subpopulations, have been identified for serotonin, which are different in terms of localization and downstream signaling. Because of the development of selective agonists and antagonists for these receptors as well as transgenic animal models of cognitive disorders, our understanding of the role of serotonergic transmission in learning and memory has improved in recent years. A large body of evidence indicates the interplay between serotonergic transmission and other neurotransmitters including acetylcholine, dopamine, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate, in the neurobiological control of learning and memory. In addition, there has been an alteration in the density of serotonergic receptors in aging and Alzheimer's disease, and serotonin modulators are found to alter the process of amyloidogenesis and exert cognitive-enhancing properties. Here, we discuss the serotonin-induced modulation of various systems involved in mnesic function including cholinergic, dopaminergic, GABAergic, glutamatergic transmissions as well as amyloidogenesis and intracellular pathways.
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90
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Sethna F, Moon C, Wang H. From FMRP function to potential therapies for fragile X syndrome. Neurochem Res 2013; 39:1016-31. [PMID: 24346713 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-013-1229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is caused by mutations in the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene. Most FXS cases occur due to the expansion of the CGG trinucleotide repeats in the 5' un-translated region of FMR1, which leads to hypermethylation and in turn silences the expression of FMRP (fragile X mental retardation protein). Numerous studies have demonstrated that FMRP interacts with both coding and non-coding RNAs and represses protein synthesis at dendritic and synaptic locations. In the absence of FMRP, the basal protein translation is enhanced and not responsive to neuronal stimulation. The altered protein translation may contribute to functional abnormalities in certain aspects of synaptic plasticity and intracellular signaling triggered by Gq-coupled receptors. This review focuses on the current understanding of FMRP function and potential therapeutic strategies that are mainly based on the manipulation of FMRP targets and knowledge gained from FXS pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferzin Sethna
- Genetics Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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91
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Carbonetto S. A blueprint for research on Shankopathies: a view from research on autism spectrum disorder. Dev Neurobiol 2013; 74:85-112. [PMID: 24218108 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are associated with mutations in a host of genes including a number that function in synaptic transmission. Phelan McDermid syndrome involves mutations in SHANK3 which encodes a protein that forms a scaffold for glutamate receptors at the synapse. SHANK3 is one of the genes that underpins the synaptic hypothesis for ASD. We discuss this hypothesis with a view to the broader context of ASD and with special emphasis on highly penetrant genetic disorders including Shankopathies. We propose a blueprint for near and longer-term goals for fundamental and translational research on Shankopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Carbonetto
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, H3G1A4, Canada
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92
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Atanes P, Lacivita E, Rodríguez J, Brea J, Burgueño J, Vela JM, Cadavid MI, Loza MI, Leopoldo M, Castro M. The arylpiperazine derivatives N-(4-cyanophenylmethyl)-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide and N-benzyl-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide exert a long-lasting inhibition of human serotonin 5-HT7 receptor binding and cAMP signaling. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2013; 1:e00013. [PMID: 25505568 PMCID: PMC4186431 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2013] [Revised: 09/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a detailed in vitro pharmacological characterization of two arylpiperazine derivatives, compound N-(4-cyanophenylmethyl)-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide (LP-211) previously identified as a high-affinity brain penetrant ligand for 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) type 7 (5-HT7) receptors, and its analog N-benzyl-4-(2-diphenyl)-1-piperazinehexanamide (MEL-9). Both ligands exhibited competitive displacement of [3H]-(2R)-1-[(3-hydroxyphenyl)sulfonyl]-2-[2-(4-methyl-1-piperidinyl)ethyl]pyrrolidine ([3H]-SB-269970) radioligand binding and insurmountable antagonism of 5-carboxamidotryptamine (5-CT)-stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) signaling in human embryonic kidney (HEK293) cells stably expressing human 5-HT7 receptors. They also inhibited forskolin-stimulated adenylate cyclase activity in 5-HT7-expressing HEK293 cells but not in the parental cell line. The compounds elicited long-lasting (at least 24 h) concentration-dependent inhibition of radioligand binding at 5-HT7-binding sites in whole-cell radioligand binding assays, after pretreatment of the cells with the compounds and subsequent compound removal. In cAMP assays, pretreatment of cells with the compounds rendered 5-HT7 receptors unresponsive to 5-CT and also rendered 5-HT7-expressing HEK293 cells unresponsive to forskolin. Compound 1-(2-biphenyl)piperazine (RA-7), a known active metabolite of LP-211 present in vivo, was able to partially inhibit 5-HT7 radioligand binding in a long-lasting irreversible manner. Hence, LP-211 and MEL-9 were identified as high-affinity long-acting inhibitors of human 5-HT7 receptor binding and function in cell lines. The detailed in vitro characterization of these two pharmacological tools targeting 5-HT7 receptors may benefit the study of 5-HT7 receptor function and it may lead to the development of novel selective pharmacological tools with defined functional properties at 5-HT7 receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Atanes
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Enza Lacivita
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro" Bari, Italy
| | - Javier Rodríguez
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Brea
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Javier Burgueño
- Esteve; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Miguel Vela
- Esteve; Drug Discovery and Preclinical Development Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Isabel Cadavid
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - María Isabel Loza
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Marcello Leopoldo
- Dipartimento di Farmacia - Scienze del Farmaco, Università degli Studi di Bari "A. Moro" Bari, Italy
| | - Marián Castro
- Biofarma Research Group, Department of Pharmacology, Center for Research in Molecular Medicine and Chronic Diseases (CIMUS), University of Santiago de Compostela Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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93
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Lacivita E, Di Pilato P, Letizia Stama M, Colabufo NA, Berardi F, Perrone R, De Filippis B, Laviola G, Adriani W, Niso M, Leopoldo M. Novel highly potent serotonin 5-HT7 receptor ligands: Structural modifications to improve pharmacokinetic properties. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6083-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 09/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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94
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Witteveen JS, Middelman A, van Hulten JA, Martens GJM, Homberg JR, Kolk SM. Lack of serotonin reuptake during brain development alters rostral raphe-prefrontal network formation. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:143. [PMID: 24109430 PMCID: PMC3790074 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Besides its "classical" neurotransmitter function, serotonin (5-HT) has been found to also act as a neurodevelopmental signal. During development, the 5-HT projection system, besides an external placental source, represents one of the earliest neurotransmitter systems to innervate the brain. One of the targets of the 5-HT projection system, originating in the brainstem raphe nuclei, is the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), an area involved in higher cognitive functions and important in the etiology of many neurodevelopmental disorders. Little is known, however, about the exact role of 5-HT and its signaling molecules in the formation of the raphe-prefrontal network. Using explant essays, we here studied the role of the 5-HT transporter (5-HTT), an important modulator of the 5-HT signal, in rostral raphe-prefrontal network formation. We found that the chemotrophic nature of the interaction between the origin (rostral raphe cluster) and a target (mPFC) of the 5-HT projection system was affected in rats lacking the 5-HTT (5-HTT(-/-)). While 5-HTT deficiency did not affect the dorsal raphe 5-HT-positive outgrowing neurites, the median raphe 5-HT neurites switched from a strong repulsive to an attractive interaction when co-cultured with the mPFC. Furthermore, the fasciculation of the mPFC outgrowing neurites was dependent on the amount of 5-HTT. In the mPFC of 5-HTT(-/-) pups, we observed clear differences in 5-HT innervation and the identity of a class of projection neurons of the mPFC. In the absence of the 5-HTT, the 5-HT innervation in all subareas of the early postnatal mPFC increased dramatically and the number of Satb2-positive callosal projection neurons was decreased. Together, these results suggest a 5-HTT dependency during early development of these brain areas and in the formation of the raphe-prefrontal network. The tremendous complexity of the 5-HT projection system and its role in several neurodevelopmental disorders highlights the need for further research in this largely unexplored area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefine S Witteveen
- Department of Molecular Animal Physiology, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Nijmegen Nijmegen, Netherlands
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95
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Batsikadze G, Paulus W, Kuo MF, Nitsche MA. Effect of serotonin on paired associative stimulation-induced plasticity in the human motor cortex. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2260-7. [PMID: 23680943 PMCID: PMC3773677 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2013] [Revised: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin modulates diverse brain functions. Beyond its clinical antidepressant effects, it improves motor performance, learning and memory formation. These effects might at least be partially caused by the impact of serotonin on neuroplasticity, which is thought to be an important foundation of the respective functions. In principal accordance, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors enhance long-term potentiation-like plasticity induced by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in humans. As other neuromodulators have discernable effects on different kinds of plasticity in humans, here we were interested to explore the impact of serotonin on paired associative stimulation (PAS)-induced plasticity, which induces a more focal kind of plasticity, as compared with tDCS, shares some features with spike timing-dependent plasticity, and is thought to be relative closely related to learning processes. In this single-blinded, placebo-controlled, randomized crossover study, we administered a single dose of 20 mg citalopram or placebo medication and applied facilitatory- and excitability-diminishing PAS to the left motor cortex of 14 healthy subjects. Cortico-spinal excitability was explored via single-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation-elicited MEP amplitudes up to the next evening after plasticity induction. After citalopram administration, inhibitory PAS-induced after-effects were abolished and excitatory PAS-induced after-effects were enhanced trendwise, as compared with the respective placebo conditions. These results show that serotonin modulates PAS-induced neuroplasticity by shifting it into the direction of facilitation, which might help to explain mechanism of positive therapeutic effects of serotonin in learning and medical conditions characterized by enhanced inhibitory or reduced facilitatory plasticity, including depression and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgi Batsikadze
- Clinic of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- Clinic of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Min-Fang Kuo
- Clinic of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Clinic of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany,Clinic of Clinical Neurophysiology, Georg-August-University of Göttingen, Robert Koch Straße 40, 37075 Göttingen, Germany, Tel: +49 551 39 9571, Fax: +49 551 39 8126, E-mail:
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96
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5-HT1A-receptor agonist modified amygdala activity and amygdala-associated social behavior in a valproate-induced rat autism model. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2013; 16:2027-39. [PMID: 23823694 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145713000473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that dysfunction of the amygdala is related to abnormal fear processing, anxiety, and social behaviors noted in autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs). In addition, studies have shown that disrupted brain serotonin homeostasis is linked to ASD. With a valproate (VPA)-induced rat ASD model, we investigated the possible role of amygdala serotonin homeostasis in autistic phenotypes and further explored the underlying mechanism. We first discovered that the distribution of tryptophan hydroxylase immunoreactivity in the caudal raphe system was modulated on postnatal day (PD) 28 of the VPA-exposed offspring. Then, we found a significantly higher serotonin transporter availability in the amygdala of the VPA-exposed offspring on PD 56 by using single photon emission computed tomography and computed tomography co-registration following injection of (123)I-labeled 2-((2-(dimethylamino)methyl)phenyl)thio)-5-iodophenylamine((123)I[ADAM]). Furthermore, treatment with 8-hydroxy-2-(di-n-propylamino)tetralin (8-OH-DPAT), a 5-HT1A receptor agonist, increased social interaction and improved fear memory extinction in the VPA-exposed offspring. 8-OH-DPAT treatment also reversed the characteristics of miniature excitatory post-synaptic currents as well as paired pulse facilitation observed in lateral amygdala slices. These results provided further evidence to support the role of the amygdala in characteristic behavioral changes in the rat ASD model. The serotonergic projections that modulate the amygdala function might play a certain role in the development and treatment of behavioral symptoms exhibited in individuals with ASD.
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97
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High dose of 8-OH-DPAT decreases maximal dentate gyrus activation and facilitates granular cell plasticity in vivo. Exp Brain Res 2013; 230:441-51. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3594-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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98
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Towards metabolically stable 5-HT7 receptor ligands: a study on 1-arylpiperazine derivatives and related isosters. Exp Brain Res 2013; 230:569-82. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3498-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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99
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Chen J, Magnusson J, Karsenty G, Cummings KJ. Time- and age-dependent effects of serotonin on gasping and autoresuscitation in neonatal mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 114:1668-76. [PMID: 23558391 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00003.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The role of brain stem serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) in autoresuscitation in neonatal life is unclear. We hypothesized that a specific loss of 5-HT would compromise gasping and autoresuscitation mainly in the second postnatal week and that acute restoration of 5-HT would reverse the defects. We exposed postnatal day (P)4-5, P8-9, and P11-12 tryptophan-hydroxylase-2 knockout (TPH2(-/-)) and wild-type littermates (WT) to 10 episodes of anoxia (97% N2, 3% CO2), measuring survival, gasp latency, gasp frequency (fB), and the time required to restore eupnea and heart rate. We also tested P8-9 TPH2(-/-) mice after restoring 5-HT with a single injection of 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) 1-2 h before testing or with multiple injections beginning 24 h before testing. At P4-5 and P8-9, but not at P11-12, gasp latency and the recovery of eupnea were delayed ~2- to 3-fold in TPH2(-/-) pups compared with WT (P < 0.001). At all ages, TPH2(-/-) pups displayed reduced gasp fB (~20-30%; P < 0.001) and delayed heart rate recovery (~60%; P = 0.002) compared with WT littermates. TPH2(-/-) survival was reduced compared with WT (P < 0.001), especially at P8-9 and P11-12 (P = 0.004). Whereas 1-2 h of 5-HTP treatment improved the gasp latency and fB of P8-9 TPH2(-/-) pups, improved cardiorespiratory recovery and survival required 24 h of treatment. Our data suggest that 5-HT operates over a long time span (24 h) to improve survival during episodic severe hypoxia. Early in development (P4-9), 5-HT is critical for both respiratory and cardiovascular components of autoresuscitation; later (P11-12), it is critical mainly for cardiovascular components. Nevertheless, the effect of 5-HT deficiency on survival is most striking from P8 to P12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211, USA
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100
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Osterweil EK, Kind PC, Bear MF. Lifting the mood on treating fragile X. Biol Psychiatry 2012; 72:895-7. [PMID: 23121869 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily K Osterweil
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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