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Iqbal Z, Ahmed S, Tabassum N, Bhattacharya R, Bose D. Role of probiotics in prevention and treatment of enteric infections: a comprehensive review. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:242. [PMID: 33968585 PMCID: PMC8079594 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02796-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms that inhabits human digestive tract affect global health and enteric disorders. Previous studies have documented the effectiveness and mode of action of probiotics and classified as human-friendly biota and a competitor to enteric pathogens. Statistical studies reported more than 1.5 billion cases of gastrointestinal infections caused by enteric pathogens and their long-term exposure can lead to mental retardation, temporary or permanent physical weakness, and leaving the patient susceptible for opportunistic pathogens, which can cause fatality. We reviewed previous literature providing evidence about therapeutic approaches regarding probiotics to cure enteric infections efficiently by producing inhibitory substances, immune system modulation, improved barrier function. The therapeutic effects of probiotics have shown success against many foodborne pathogens and their therapeutic effectiveness has been exponentially increased using genetically engineered probiotics. The bioengineered probiotic strains are expected to provide a better and alternative approach than traditional antibiotic therapy against enteric pathogens, but the novelty of these strains also raise doubts about the possible untapped side effects, for which there is a need for further studies to eliminate the concerns relating to the use and safety of probiotics. Many such developments and optimization of the classical techniques will revolutionize the treatments for enteric infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zunaira Iqbal
- Department of Microbiology, University of Central Punjab, Johar Town, 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Shahzaib Ahmed
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Johar Town, 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Natasha Tabassum
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Central Punjab, Johar Town, 1-Khayaban-e-Jinnah Road, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Riya Bhattacharya
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
| | - Debajyoti Bose
- Faculty of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, School of Biotechnology, Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management Sciences, Solan, Himachal Pradesh India
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Yang ZD, Guo YS, Huang JS, Gao YF, Peng F, Xu RY, Su HH, Zhang PJ. Isomaltulose Exhibits Prebiotic Activity, and Modulates Gut Microbiota, the Production of Short Chain Fatty Acids, and Secondary Bile Acids in Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26092464. [PMID: 33922589 PMCID: PMC8122910 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26092464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro experiments have indicated prebiotic activity of isomaltulose, which stimulates the growth of probiotics and the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). However, the absence of in vivo trials undermines these results. This study aims to investigate the effect of isomaltulose on composition and functionality of gut microbiota in rats. Twelve Sprague–Dawley rats were divided into two groups: the IsoMTL group was given free access to water containing 10% isomaltulose (w/w), and the control group was treated with normal water for five weeks. Moreover, 16S rRNA sequencing showed that ingestion of isomaltulose increased the abundances of beneficial microbiota, such as Faecalibacterium and Phascolarctobacterium, and decreased levels of pathogens, including Shuttleworthia. Bacterial functional prediction showed that isomaltulose affected gut microbial functionalities, including secondary bile acid biosynthesis. Targeted metabolomics demonstrated that isomaltulose supplementation enhanced cholic acid concentration, and reduced levels of lithocholic acid, deoxycholic acid, dehydrocholic acid, and hyodeoxycholic acid. Moreover, the concentrations of propionate and butyrate were elevated in the rats administered with isomaltulose. This work suggests that isomaltulose modulates gut microbiota and the production of SCFAs and secondary bile acids in rats, which provides a scientific basis on the use of isomaltulose as a prebiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhan-Dong Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China;
| | - Yi-Shan Guo
- Guangdong Engineering Lab of High Value Utilization of Biomass, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China; (Y.-S.G.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-F.G.); (R.-Y.X.)
| | - Jun-Sheng Huang
- Guangdong Engineering Lab of High Value Utilization of Biomass, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China; (Y.-S.G.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-F.G.); (R.-Y.X.)
| | - Ya-Fei Gao
- Guangdong Engineering Lab of High Value Utilization of Biomass, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China; (Y.-S.G.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-F.G.); (R.-Y.X.)
| | - Fei Peng
- School of Food Science and Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330000, China;
| | - Ri-Yi Xu
- Guangdong Engineering Lab of High Value Utilization of Biomass, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China; (Y.-S.G.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-F.G.); (R.-Y.X.)
| | - Hui-Hui Su
- Guangdong Engineering Lab of High Value Utilization of Biomass, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China; (Y.-S.G.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-F.G.); (R.-Y.X.)
- Correspondence: (H.-H.S.); (P.-J.Z.); Tel.: +86-020-8416-8316 (H.-H.S.)
| | - Ping-Jun Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering Lab of High Value Utilization of Biomass, Institute of Bioengineering, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510316, China; (Y.-S.G.); (J.-S.H.); (Y.-F.G.); (R.-Y.X.)
- Correspondence: (H.-H.S.); (P.-J.Z.); Tel.: +86-020-8416-8316 (H.-H.S.)
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53
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Sanaei M, Mahdavi M, Setayesh N, Shahverdi AR, Sepehrizadeh Z, Yazdi MH. Comparison of Cytokine Expression in Human PBMCs Stimulated with Normal and Heat-Shocked Lactobacillus plantarum Cell Lysate. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:1539-1545. [PMID: 33843030 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09785-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of immune responses is among the beneficial effects of probiotic bacteria on human health. In this study, we aim to investigate the effect of normal and heat-shocked Lactobacillus plantarum PTCC 1058 cell lysate on cytokine expression by human PBMCs. The mid-exponential phase L. plantarum (108 CFU/mL) were used to prepare cell lysate. Isolated PBMCs were stimulated with 100 µg/mL of each normal and heat-shocked L. plantarum cell lysate for 72 h. Non-stimulated PBMCs were also evaluated as negative control. The mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-10, IFN-ɣ, TNF-α, and TGF-β genes was determined by quantitative RT-PCR amplification of total RNA extracted from PBMCs. Both types of cell lysate were able to increase pro-inflammatory cytokines and decrease anti-inflammatory cytokines. However, this effect was significantly stronger in heat-shocked cell lysate-treated PBMCs. Moreover, comparison of IFN-ɣ/IL-10, IFN-ɣ/TGF-β, IL-6/IL-10, IL-6/TGF-β, and TNF-α/IL-10 ratios in both conditions demonstrated that in the heat-shocked group, all of the above ratios were significantly higher than normal lysate treatment (p˂0.001), suggesting that heat-shocked probiotics are a potent inducer of the immune system in comparison to intact probiotics. Regarding these results, it may be possible to develop a new postbiotic product for the stimulation of immune responses of cancer patients or individuals who suffer from an immune defect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Sanaei
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Mahdavi
- Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Setayesh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Reza Shahverdi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zargham Sepehrizadeh
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Faculty of Pharmacy & Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Yazdi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, 1417614411, Tehran, Iran. .,Recombinant Vaccine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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54
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Leblhuber F, Steiner K, Geisler S, Fuchs D, Gostner JM. On the Possible Relevance of Bottom-up Pathways in the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1415-1421. [PMID: 32407280 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200514090359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dementia is an increasing health problem in older aged populations worldwide. Age-related changes in the brain can be observed decades before the first symptoms of cognitive decline appear. Cognitive impairment has chronic inflammatory components, which can be enhanced by systemic immune activation. There exist mutual interferences between inflammation and cognitive deficits. Signs of an activated immune system i.e. increases in the serum concentrations of soluble biomarkers such as neopterin or accelerated tryptophan breakdown along the kynurenine axis develop in a significant proportion of patients with dementia and correlate with the course of the disease, and they also have a predictive value. Changes in biomarker concentrations are reported to be associated with systemic infections by pathogens such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and bacterial content in saliva. More recently, the possible influence of microbiome composition on Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis has been observed. These observations suggest that brain pathology is not the sole factor determining the pathogenesis of AD. Interestingly, patients with AD display drastic changes in markers of immune activation in the circulation and in the cerebrospinal fluid. Other data have suggested the involvement of factors extrinsic to the brain in the pathogenesis of AD. However, currently, neither the roles of these factors nor their importance has been clearly defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Leblhuber
- Department of Gerontology, Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | - Kostja Steiner
- Department of Gerontology, Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | - Simon Geisler
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna M Gostner
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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55
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ACE2 as therapeutic agent. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 134:2581-2595. [PMID: 33063820 DOI: 10.1042/cs20200570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) has emerged as a critical regulator of the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), which plays important roles in cardiovascular homeostasis by regulating vascular tone, fluid and electrolyte balance. ACE2 functions as a carboxymonopeptidase hydrolyzing the cleavage of a single C-terminal residue from Angiotensin-II (Ang-II), the key peptide hormone of RAS, to form Angiotensin-(1-7) (Ang-(1-7)), which binds to the G-protein-coupled Mas receptor and activates signaling pathways that counteract the pathways activated by Ang-II. ACE2 is expressed in a variety of tissues and overwhelming evidence substantiates the beneficial effects of enhancing ACE2/Ang-(1-7)/Mas axis under many pathological conditions in these tissues in experimental models. This review will provide a succinct overview on current strategies to enhance ACE2 as therapeutic agent, and discuss limitations and future challenges. ACE2 also has other functions, such as acting as a co-factor for amino acid transport and being exploited by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses (SARS-CoVs) as cellular entry receptor, the implications of these functions in development of ACE2-based therapeutics will also be discussed.
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Abstract
The human mouth harbors a complex microbiota, the composition of which is potentially influenced by a wide range of factors, including the intake of food and drink, the availability of endogenous nutrients, the host immune system, drug treatments, and systemic diseases. Despite these possible influences, the oral microbiota is remarkably resilient, particularly in comparison with the microbiota of the large intestine. Diet, with the exception of excessive and/or frequent consumption of fermentable carbohydrate or supplementation with nitrate, has minimal impact on the composition of the oral bacterial community. The common oral diseases dental caries and the periodontal diseases is associated with modification of the oral microbiota primarily as a result of the ecological changes induced by excessive acid production and inflammation, respectively. Systemically-administered antimicrobials have only a small effect on the composition of the oral bacterial community, and while locally delivered antimicrobials can have some clinical benefits, the biofilm lifestyle of oral bacteria lends them substantial resistance to the agents used. Saliva plays an important role in oral microbial ecology, by supplying nutrients and providing protection against colonization by nonoral organisms. Dry mouth is one condition that has a major effect on the microbiota, resulting in increased colonization by opportunistic pathogens. Some systemic diseases do affect the oral microbiome, notably diabetes, in which raised levels of glucose in saliva and tissue impact on bacterial nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- William G Wade
- Centre for Host-Microbiome Interactions, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral & Craniofacial Sciences, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Microbiology, Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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Kumar G, Tewari S, Tagg J, Chikindas ML, Popov IV, Tiwari SK. Can Probiotics Emerge as Effective Therapeutic Agents in Apical Periodontitis? A Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 13:299-314. [PMID: 33580864 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-021-09750-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Apical periodontitis (AP) is a biofilm-associated disease initiated by the invasion of dental pulp by microorganisms from the oral cavity. Eradication of intracanal microbial infection is an important goal of endodontic treatment, and this is typically accomplished by mechanical instrumentation and application of sodium hypochlorite and chlorhexidine. However, these agents are tissue-irritating at higher concentrations and cytotoxic. Certain probiotics have been found effective in controlling marginal periodontitis, as evidenced by reduction of pathogenic bacterial loads, gains in clinical attachment levels, and reduced bleeding on probing. In vitro studies have shown inhibitory activity of some probiotics against endodontic pathogens. Similarly, in vivo studies in rats have demonstrated a positive immuno-modulatory role of probiotics in AP, as manifested by decreased levels of proinflammatory markers and increased levels of anti-inflammatory markers. A role for probiotics in effecting a reduction of bone resorption has also been reported. This review provides an outline of current research into the probiotic management of AP, with a focus on understanding the mechanisms of their direct antagonistic activity against target pathogens and of their beneficial modulation of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | - Sanjay Tewari
- Department of Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics, Post Graduate Institute of Dental Sciences, Rohtak, India
| | - John Tagg
- BLIS Technologies Ltd, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Leonidas Chikindas
- Health Promoting Naturals Laboratory, School of Environmental and Biological Sciences, Rutgers State University, 65 Dudley Road, New Brunswick, NJ, 08901, USA.,Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russia.,I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Bol'shaya Pirogovskaya Str., 19c1, Moscow, 119146, Russia
| | - Igor V Popov
- Center for Agrobiotechnology, Don State Technical University, Gagarin Square 1, Rostov-on-Don, 344002, Russia
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58
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Lordan R, Rando HM, Greene CS. Dietary Supplements and Nutraceuticals Under Investigation for COVID-19 Prevention and Treatment. ARXIV 2021:arXiv:2102.02250v1. [PMID: 33564696 PMCID: PMC7872359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused global disruption and a significant loss of life. Existing treatments that can be repurposed as prophylactic and therapeutic agents could reduce the pandemic's devastation. Emerging evidence of potential applications in other therapeutic contexts has led to the investigation of dietary supplements and nutraceuticals for COVID-19. Such products include vitamin C, vitamin D, omega 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, probiotics, and zinc, all of which are currently under clinical investigation. In this review, we critically appraise the evidence surrounding dietary supplements and nutraceuticals for the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19. Overall, further study is required before evidence-based recommendations can be formulated, but nutritional status plays a significant role in patient outcomes, and these products could help alleviate deficiencies. For example, evidence indicates that vitamin D deficiency may be associated with greater incidence of infection and severity of COVID-19, suggesting that vitamin D supplementation may hold prophylactic or therapeutic value. A growing number of scientific organizations are now considering recommending vitamin D supplementation to those at high risk of COVID-19. Because research in vitamin D and other nutraceuticals and supplements is preliminary, here we evaluate the extent to which these nutraceutical and dietary supplements hold potential in the COVID-19 crisis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronan Lordan
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-5158, USA
| | - Halie M Rando
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Casey S Greene
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Childhood Cancer Data Lab, Alex's Lemonade Stand Foundation, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America; Center for Health AI, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
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Coutinho-Wolino KS, de F Cardozo LFM, de Oliveira Leal V, Mafra D, Stockler-Pinto MB. Can diet modulate trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) production? What do we know so far? Eur J Nutr 2021; 60:3567-3584. [PMID: 33533968 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-021-02491-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) is a metabolite that has attracted attention due to its positive association with several chronic non-communicable diseases such as insulin resistance, atherosclerotic plaque formation, diabetes, cancer, heart failure, hypertension, chronic kidney disease, liver steatosis, cardiac fibrosis, endothelial injury, neural degeneration and Alzheimer's disease. TMAO production results from the fermentation by the gut microbiota of dietary nutrients such as choline and carnitine, which are transformed to trimethylamine (TMA) and converted into TMAO in the liver by flavin-containing monooxygenase 1 and 3 (FMO1 and FMO3). Considering that TMAO is involved in the development of many chronic diseases, strategies have been found to enhance a healthy gut microbiota. In this context, some studies have shown that nutrients and bioactive compounds from food can modulate the gut microbiota and possibly reduce TMAO production. OBJECTIVE This review has as main objective to discuss the studies that demonstrated the effects of food on the reduction of this harmful metabolite. METHODS All relevant articles until November 2020 were included. The articles were searched in Medline through PubMed. RESULTS Both the food is eaten acutely and chronically, by altering the nature of the gut microbiota, influencing colonic TMA production. Furthermore, hepatic production of TMAO by the flavin monooxygenases in the liver may also be influenced by phenolic compounds present in foods. CONCLUSION The evidence presented in this review shows that TMAO levels can be reduced by some bioactive compounds. However, it is crucial to notice that there is significant variation among the studies. Further clinical studies should be conducted to evaluate these dietary components' effectiveness, dose, and intervention time on TMAO levels and its precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ludmila F M de F Cardozo
- Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Viviane de Oliveira Leal
- Division of Nutrition, Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, State University of Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Denise Mafra
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Milena Barcza Stockler-Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Nutrition Sciences, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Niterói, RJ, Brazil.,Postgraduate Program in Cardiovascular Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, Brazil
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60
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Primec M, Škorjanc D, Langerholc T, Mičetić-Turk D, Gorenjak M. Specific Lactobacillus probiotic strains decrease transepithelial glucose transport through GLUT2 downregulation in intestinal epithelial cell models. Nutr Res 2021; 86:10-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2020.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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61
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Calabrese CM, Valentini A, Calabrese G. Gut Microbiota and Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: The Effect of Mediterranean Diet. Front Nutr 2021; 7:612773. [PMID: 33521039 PMCID: PMC7838384 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.612773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune disease resulting from a complex interplay between genetic susceptibility and environmental factors. Regarding the latter, gut microbiota has a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of T1DM, by affecting intestinal permeability, molecular mimicry, and modulating innate and adaptive immune system, as described in several previous studies. The composition of the gut microbiota is largely influenced by diet. Some observational studies have shown that a low fiber intake is associated with the development of many inflammatory and immune-mediated diseases. In this context, the Mediterranean diet (MD), which is based on high consumption of cereals (preferably as whole grains), legumes, nuts, vegetables, fruits, olive oil, and fish, could play a protective role. Many of the characteristic components of MD have functional characteristics with positive effects on health and well-being. Eating habits are the main significant determinants of the microbial multiplicity of the intestine and the food components influence both microbial populations and their metabolic activities from the early stages of life. Moreover, food metabolites influence the immune response. The intestine is considered the primary site where food metabolites mediate their effects, through epithelial integrity or mucosal immunity. The compromised epithelial integrity allows the translocation of bacteria and/or the diffusion of their products, such as food antigens and lipopolysaccharides, from the intestinal lumen to the tissues, which could enhance the stimulation of immune cells, contributing to the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases, such as T1DM. The intake of a high amount of fiber and therefore of prebiotics with MD allows the microbiota to have a good microbial balance. Moreover, as more dietary fibers are ingested, a higher amount of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) is produced by anaerobic gut microbiota, promoting gut homeostasis, to which also contribute tryptophan metabolites and omega-3-fatty acids. Furthermore, the higher intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and omega-3-fatty-acids contribute to a better metabolic control. In this review we report the relationship between gut microbiota and T1DM and we explore the effects of Mediterranean diet on microbiota as a potential therapeutic strategy, aimed at preventing or delaying progression of T1DM and its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessia Valentini
- Dipartimento di Medicina Interna, Ospedale Madre Giuseppina Vannini, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgio Calabrese
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Alessandria, Italy
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62
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Verma A, Zhu P, Xu K, Du T, Liao S, Liang Z, Raizada MK, Li Q. Angiotensin-(1-7) Expressed From Lactobacillus Bacteria Protect Diabetic Retina in Mice. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2020; 9:20. [PMID: 33344064 PMCID: PMC7735952 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.9.13.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose A multitude of animal studies substantiates the beneficial effects of Ang-(1–7), a peptide hormone in the protective axis of the renin angiotensin system, in diabetes and its associated complications including diabetic retinopathy (DR). However, the clinical application of Ang-(1–7) is limited due to unfavorable pharmacological properties. As emerging evidence implicates gut dysbiosis in pathogenesis of diabetes and supports beneficial effects of probiotics, we sought to develop probiotics-based expression and delivery system to enhance Ang-(1–7) and evaluate the efficacy of engineered probiotics expressing Ang-(1–7) in attenuation of DR in animal models. Methods Ang-(1–7) was expressed in the Lactobacillus species as a secreted fusion protein with a trans-epithelial carrier to allow uptake into circulation. To evaluate the effects of Ang-(1–7) expressed from Lactobacillus paracasei (LP), adult diabetic eNOS−/− and Akita mice were orally gavaged with either 1 × 109 CFU of LP secreting Ang-(1–7) (LP-A), LP alone or vehicle, 3 times/week, for 8 and 12 weeks, respectively. Results Ang-(1–7) is efficiently expressed from different Lactobacillus species and secreted into circulation in mice fed with LP-A. Oral administration of LP-A significantly reduced diabetes-induced loss of retinal vascular capillaries. LP-A treatment also prevented loss of retinal ganglion cells, and significantly decreased retinal inflammatory cytokine expression in both diabetic eNOS−/− and Akita mice. Conclusions These results provide proof-of-concept for feasibility and efficacy of using engineered probiotic species as live vector for delivery of Ang-(1–7) with enhanced bioavailability. Translational Relevance Probiotics-based delivery of Ang-(1–7) may hold important therapeutic potential for the treatment of DR and other diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrisha Verma
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Ping Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kang Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Tao Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Shengquan Liao
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Zhibing Liang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Mohan K Raizada
- Physiology & Functional Genomics, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Qiuhong Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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63
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Intestinal anti-inflammatory effects of probiotics in DNBS-colitis via modulation of gut microbiota and microRNAs. Eur J Nutr 2020; 60:2537-2551. [PMID: 33216193 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-020-02441-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Probiotics have been shown to exert beneficial effects in IBD although their exact mechanisms are not completely understood. The aim of the present study was to assess the intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of different probiotics (Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716, Lactobacillus salivarius CECT5713, Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, Saccharomyces boulardii CNCMI-745 in the dinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (DNBS) model of mouse colitis and correlate it with the modifications of the gut microbiota and the immune response, focusing on miRNA expression. METHODS The probiotics were daily administered orally for 25 days. On day 19 colitis was induced by rectal installation of DNBS. At the end of the treatment, mice were sacrificed and the colonic damage was assessed biochemically by analysing the expression of different markers involved in the immune response, including miRNAs; and the colonic microbiota by pyrosequencing. Probiotics properties were also evaluated in vitro in different immune cell types (CMT-93 intestinal epithelial cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages), where the expression of different mRNAs and miRNAs was examined. RESULTS All the probiotics displayed intestinal anti-inflammatory effects but slightly different, especially regarding miRNAs expression. Likewise, the probiotics ameliorated the colitis-associated dysbiosis, although showing differences in the main bacterial groups affected. CONCLUSION Among the probiotics assayed, Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 appear to present the best intestinal anti-inflammatory effects, being the latter one of the few probiotics with reputed efficacy in human IBD. Therefore, Lactobacillus fermentum CECT5716 could be considered as a complementary nutritional strategy for IBD treatment.
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Myneni SR, Brocavich K, Wang H. Biological strategies for the prevention of periodontal disease: Probiotics and vaccines. Periodontol 2000 2020; 84:161-175. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Rao Myneni
- Department of Periodontology Stony Brook School of Dental Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - Kristen Brocavich
- Department of Periodontology Stony Brook School of Dental Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
| | - Howard Wang
- Department of Periodontology Stony Brook School of Dental Medicine Stony Brook University Stony Brook NY USA
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Alzheimer's disease; a review of the pathophysiological basis and therapeutic interventions. Life Sci 2020; 256:117996. [PMID: 32585249 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder and is identified as the most common cause for dementia. Despite huge global economic burden and the impact on the close family of the patients, there is no definitive cure and thus, improved treatment methods are of need. While memory and cognition are severely affected in AD, exact etiology is yet unknown. The β-Amyloid plaque formation and aggregation hypothesis is among the well-known hypotheses used to explain disease pathogenesis. Currently there are five Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved drugs as treatment options. All these drugs are used for symptomatic treatment of AD. Thus, disease modifying therapies which can directly address the pathological changes in AD, are needed. Such therapies could be designed based on inhibiting key steps of pathogenesis. Currently there are novel AD drug candidates with various therapeutic mechanisms, undergoing different stages of drug development. Extensive research is being done globally to broaden understanding of the exact mechanisms involved in AD and to develop therapeutic agents that can successfully hinder the occurrence and progression of the disease. In this review, a comprehensive approach to understanding AD and suggestions to be considered in the development of therapeutics for it are presented.
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Sun Y, Baptista LC, Roberts LM, Jumbo-Lucioni P, McMahon LL, Buford TW, Carter CS. The Gut Microbiome as a Therapeutic Target for Cognitive Impairment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2020; 75:1242-1250. [PMID: 31811292 PMCID: PMC7302188 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glz281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Declining cognitive functions in older individuals have enormous emotional, clinical, and public health consequences. Thus, therapeutics for preserving function and keeping older adults living independently are imperative. Aging is associated dysbiosis, defined as a loss of number and diversity in gut microbiota, which has been linked with various aspects of cognitive functions. Therefore, the gut microbiome has the potential to be an important therapeutic target for symptoms of cognitive impairment. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding the potential for gut-targeted therapeutic strategies for prevention/treatment of the symptoms of cognitive impairment. Specifically, we discuss four primary therapeutic strategies: wild-type and genetically modified probiotics, fecal microbiota transplantation, physical exercise, and high-fiber diets and specifically link these therapies to reducing inflammation. These strategies may hold promise as treatment paradigm symptoms related to cognitive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Sun
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, School of Medicine.,Integrative Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Liliana C Baptista
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, School of Medicine.,Integrative Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Lisa M Roberts
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, School of Medicine.,Integrative Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Patricia Jumbo-Lucioni
- Department of Pharmaceutical, Social and Administrative Sciences, McWhorter School of Pharmacy, Samford University, Homewood, Alabama
| | - Lori L McMahon
- Integrative Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama.,Department of Cell, Developmental, and Integrative Biology, School of Medicine.,Comprehensive Neuroscience Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Thomas W Buford
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, School of Medicine.,Integrative Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Christy S Carter
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gerontology, Geriatrics and Palliative Care, School of Medicine.,Integrative Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama
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De Gregorio PR, Parolin C, Abruzzo A, Luppi B, Protti M, Mercolini L, Silva JA, Giordani B, Marangoni A, Nader-Macías MEF, Vitali B. Biosurfactant from vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus BC1 as a promising agent to interfere with Candida adhesion. Microb Cell Fact 2020; 19:133. [PMID: 32552788 PMCID: PMC7302142 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-020-01390-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lactobacillus spp. dominating the vaginal microbiota of healthy women contribute to the prevention of urogenital and sexually transmitted infections. Their protective role in the vagina can be mediated by Lactobacillus cells themselves, metabolites or bacterial components, able to interfere with pathogen adhesion and infectivity. Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is a common genital infection, caused by the overgrowth of opportunistic Candida spp. including C. albicans, C. glabrata, C. krusei and C. tropicalis. Azole antifungal drugs are not always efficient in resolving VVC and preventing recurrent infections, thus alternative anti-Candida agents based on vaginal probiotics have gained more importance. The present work aims to chemically characterize the biosurfactant (BS) isolated from a vaginal Lactobacillus crispatus strain, L. crispatus BC1, and to investigate its safety and antiadhesive/antimicrobial activity against Candida spp., employing in vitro and in vivo assays. RESULTS BS isolated from vaginal L. crispatus BC1 was characterised as non-homogeneous lipopeptide molecules with a critical micellar concentration value of 2 mg/mL, and good emulsification and mucoadhesive properties. At 1.25 mg/mL, the BS was not cytotoxic and reduced Candida strains' ability to adhere to human cervical epithelial cells, mainly by exclusion mechanism. Moreover, intravaginal (i.va.) inoculation of BS in a murine experimental model was safe and did not perturb vaginal cytology, histology and cultivable vaginal microbiota. In the case of i.va. challenge of mice with C. albicans, BS was able to reduce leukocyte influx. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that BS from vaginal L. crispatus BC1 is able to interfere with Candida adhesion in vitro and in vivo, and suggest its potential as a preventive agent to reduce mucosal damage occasioned by Candida during VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Romina De Gregorio
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco, 145, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina.
| | - Carola Parolin
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Angela Abruzzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Barbara Luppi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Michele Protti
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Mercolini
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via Belmeloro 6, 40126, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jessica Alejandra Silva
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco, 145, 4000, San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Barbara Giordani
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Marangoni
- Microbiology, DIMES, University of Bologna, Via Massarenti 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Beatrice Vitali
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnologies, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127, Bologna, Italy
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Gerbino E, Ghibaudo F, Tymczyszyn EE, Gomez-Zavaglia A, Hugo AA. Probiotics, Galacto-oligosaccharides, and zinc antagonize biological effects of enterohaemorrhagic Escherichia coli on cultured cells and brine shrimp model. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2020.109435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Rolim FR, Freitas Neto OC, Oliveira MEG, Oliveira CJ, Queiroga RC. Cheeses as food matrixes for probiotics: In vitro and in vivo tests. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Vaghef-Mehrabany E, Maleki V, Behrooz M, Ranjbar F, Ebrahimi-Mameghani M. Can psychobiotics “mood” ify gut? An update systematic review of randomized controlled trials in healthy and clinical subjects, on anti-depressant effects of probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Clin Nutr 2020; 39:1395-1410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Beyond Heat Stress: Intestinal Integrity Disruption and Mechanism-Based Intervention Strategies. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12030734. [PMID: 32168808 PMCID: PMC7146479 DOI: 10.3390/nu12030734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current climate changes have increased the prevalence and intensity of heat stress (HS) conditions. One of the initial consequences of HS is the impairment of the intestinal epithelial barrier integrity due to hyperthermia and hypoxia following blood repartition, which often results in a leaky gut followed by penetration and transfer of luminal antigens, endotoxins, and pathogenic bacteria. Under extreme conditions, HS may culminate in the onset of “heat stroke”, a potential lethal condition if remaining untreated. HS-induced alterations of the gastrointestinal epithelium, which is associated with a leaky gut, are due to cellular oxidative stress, disruption of intestinal integrity, and increased production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This review summarizes the possible resilience mechanisms based on in vitro and in vivo data and the potential interventions with a group of nutritional supplements, which may increase the resilience to HS-induced intestinal integrity disruption and maintain intestinal homeostasis.
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Abruzzo A, Vitali B, Lombardi F, Guerrini L, Cinque B, Parolin C, Bigucci F, Cerchiara T, Arbizzani C, Gallucci MC, Luppi B. Mucoadhesive Buccal Films for Local Delivery of Lactobacillus brevis. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:E241. [PMID: 32182651 PMCID: PMC7150759 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12030241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this work was to prepare mucoadhesive buccal films for local release of Lactobacillus brevis CD2, which shows interesting anti-inflammatory properties due to its high levels of arginine deiminase. Hydroxypropylmethylcellulose-based films were prepared by means of a modified casting method, which allowed L. brevis CD2 loading on one side of the film, before its complete drying. Three batches of films were prepared, stored at +2-8 °C and +23-25 °C for 48 weeks and characterized in terms of physico-chemical and functional properties. For each batch, the L. brevis viable count and arginine deiminase activity were evaluated at different time points in order to assess functional property maintenance over time. Moreover, the mucoadhesive properties and ability of the films to release L. brevis CD2 were evaluated. A good survival of L. brevis CD2 was observed, particularly at the storage temperature of +2-8 °C, while the activity of arginine deiminase was maintained at both temperature values. Films showed good mucoadhesive properties and guaranteed a prolonged release of viable lactobacilli, which can be directed towards the whole buccal cavity or specific mucosa lesions. In conclusion, the proposed preparative method can be successfully employed for the production of buccal films able to release viable L. brevis CD2 cells that maintain the anti-inflammatory enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Abruzzo
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy (B.V.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Beatrice Vitali
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy (B.V.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Francesca Lombardi
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Pompeo Spennati, Building Rita Levi Montalcini, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (L.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Luca Guerrini
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Pompeo Spennati, Building Rita Levi Montalcini, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (L.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Benedetta Cinque
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L’Aquila, Via Pompeo Spennati, Building Rita Levi Montalcini, Coppito, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy; (F.L.); (L.G.); (B.C.)
| | - Carola Parolin
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy (B.V.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Federica Bigucci
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy (B.V.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Teresa Cerchiara
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy (B.V.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (T.C.)
| | - Catia Arbizzani
- Department of Chemistry “Ciamician”, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Maria Caterina Gallucci
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Calabria University, Arcavacata di Rende, Via P. Bucci, Cubo 15D, 87036 Cosenza, Italy;
| | - Barbara Luppi
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, Via San Donato 19/2, 40127 Bologna, Italy (B.V.); (C.P.); (F.B.); (T.C.)
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Jiménez-Avalos JA, Arrevillaga-Boni G, González-López L, García-Carvajal ZY, González-Avila M. Classical methods and perspectives for manipulating the human gut microbial ecosystem. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2020; 61:234-258. [PMID: 32114770 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2020.1724075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A healthy Human Gut Microbial Ecosystem (HGME) is a necessary condition for maintaining the orderly function of the whole body. Major alterations in the normal gut microbial composition, activity and functionality (dysbiosis) by an environmental or host-related disruptive event, can compromise metabolic, inflammatory, and neurological processes, causing disorders such as obesity, inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and depressive episodes. The restore or the maintaining of the homeostatic balance of Gut Microbiota (GM) populations (eubiosis) is possible through diet, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, antibiotics, and even Fecal Microbiota Transplantation (FMT). Although these "classic methods" represent an effective and accepted way to modulate GM, the complexity of HGME requires new approaches to control it in a more appropriate way. Among the most promising emergent strategies for modulating GM are the use of engineered nanomaterials (metallic nanoparticles (NP), polymeric-NP, quantum dots, micelles, dendrimers, and liposomes); phagotherapy (i.e., phages linked with the CRISPR/Cas9 system), and the use of antimicrobial peptides, non-antibiotic drugs, vaccines, and immunoglobulins. Here we review the current state of development, implications, advantages, disadvantages, and perspectives of the different approaches for manipulating HGME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Armando Jiménez-Avalos
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Arrevillaga-Boni
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | | | - Zaira Yunuen García-Carvajal
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Marisela González-Avila
- Medical and Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Department, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco (CIATEJ), Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
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Seesaha PK, Chen X, Wu X, Xu H, Li C, Jheengut Y, Zhao F, Liu L, Zhang D. The interplay between dietary factors, gut microbiome and colorectal cancer: a new era of colorectal cancer prevention. Future Oncol 2020; 16:293-306. [PMID: 32067473 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world and its incidence is on the rise. Dietary intervention has emerged as an attractive strategy to curtail its occurrence and progression. Diet is known to influence the gut microbiome, as dietary factors and gut bacteria can act in concert to cause or protect from colorectal cancer. Several studies have presented evidence for such interactions and have pointed out the different ways by which the diet and gut microbiome can be altered to produce beneficial effects. This review article aims to summarize the interrelationship between diet, gut flora and colorectal cancer so that a better preventive approach can be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poshita Kumari Seesaha
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Third Military Medical University Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Chongqing 400042, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Changxian Li
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yogesh Jheengut
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fengjiao Zhao
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Diancai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
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Abstract
Foods containing edible probiotic bacteria, most commonly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, form a multi-billion-dollar industry worldwide. Currently marketed foods containing probiotics are mostly dairy based with yoghurts and fermented milks dominating the industry. Alternative foods as carriers of probiotics are being examined to reduce or eliminate lactose intolerance issues. Food categories including fruit juices, cheese, chocolate and even beer have been shown to be suitable for probiotic delivery. In addition, technologies such as encapsulation in food-grade alginate gels have allowed for improved probiotic survival in certain foodstuffs. We have explored the use of ready-to-eat vegetables such as baby spinach as carriers for commercial probiotics and found that high dose (>8 log CFU/g) can be achieved without having negative effects on appearance, taste or aroma. Leafy greens as well as other foods and beverages may be suitable probiotic containing new food products in the future.
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A comparative clinical, microbiological and glycemic analysis of photodynamic therapy and Lactobacillus reuteri in the treatment of chronic periodontitis in type-2 diabetes mellitus patients. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2019; 29:101629. [PMID: 31870899 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2019.101629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence indicates that patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) exhibit impaired wound healing and are at higher risk for periodontal disease. In DM patients, adjunctive periodontal treatment provides small but statistically significant benefits in terms of reductions in clinical periodontal parameters. This study incorporates antimicrobial and immune modulatory treatment approach specifically targeted at these patients. PURPOSE To evaluate and compare the clinical periodontal, microbiological and HbA1c levels with the use of photodynamic therapy (PDT) and probiotic therapy (PT) as adjunct to root surface debridement (RSD) in the treatment of periodontitis in DM. MATERIALS AND METHODS Demographic data was collected using a questionnaire. Treatment-wise, chronic periodontitis with 2DM patients were subdivided into: (i) Group-A: Patients that underwent RSD with adjunct PDT; (ii) Group-B: Patients that underwent RSD with adjunct PT and; (iii) Group-C: RSD alone. In all groups, probing depth (PD), plaque scores (PS), bleeding on probing (BOP) and clinical attachment level (CAL) gain were measured at baseline and 3 months. Microbiological data consisted the assessment of detection percentage of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola. RESULTS A total of 58 patients completed the trial. All clinical and microbiological parameters showed statistically significant reduction from baseline to 3 months in all groups (p < 0.05). On inter-group comparison, the proportion of PD with ≥4 mm and ≥5 mm showed statistically significant reduction for Group-A compared to Group-B and Group-C (p < 0.01). Only Group-A showed statistically significant reduction in percentage of HbA1c levels from baseline to 3 months (p < 0.05). Groups A and B showed significantly higher reductions for all the three bacteria compared to Group-C (p < 0.05). However, this reduction was comparable between Groups-A and B, respectively (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION PDT showed additional benefit in deep periodontal pockets and slightly modest reduction in HbA1c levels in DM patients. Further clinical trials are required with large sample size and longer follow up duration to ascertain the findings of the present clinical study.
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Jäger R, Mohr AE, Carpenter KC, Kerksick CM, Purpura M, Moussa A, Townsend JR, Lamprecht M, West NP, Black K, Gleeson M, Pyne DB, Wells SD, Arent SM, Smith-Ryan AE, Kreider RB, Campbell BI, Bannock L, Scheiman J, Wissent CJ, Pane M, Kalman DS, Pugh JN, ter Haar JA, Antonio J. International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: Probiotics. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2019; 16:62. [PMID: 31864419 PMCID: PMC6925426 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-019-0329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Position statement: The International Society of Sports Nutrition (ISSN) provides an objective and critical review of the mechanisms and use of probiotic supplementation to optimize the health, performance, and recovery of athletes. Based on the current available literature, the conclusions of the ISSN are as follows: 1)Probiotics are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host (FAO/WHO).2)Probiotic administration has been linked to a multitude of health benefits, with gut and immune health being the most researched applications.3)Despite the existence of shared, core mechanisms for probiotic function, health benefits of probiotics are strain- and dose-dependent.4)Athletes have varying gut microbiota compositions that appear to reflect the activity level of the host in comparison to sedentary people, with the differences linked primarily to the volume of exercise and amount of protein consumption. Whether differences in gut microbiota composition affect probiotic efficacy is unknown.5)The main function of the gut is to digest food and absorb nutrients. In athletic populations, certain probiotics strains can increase absorption of key nutrients such as amino acids from protein, and affect the pharmacology and physiological properties of multiple food components.6)Immune depression in athletes worsens with excessive training load, psychological stress, disturbed sleep, and environmental extremes, all of which can contribute to an increased risk of respiratory tract infections. In certain situations, including exposure to crowds, foreign travel and poor hygiene at home, and training or competition venues, athletes' exposure to pathogens may be elevated leading to increased rates of infections. Approximately 70% of the immune system is located in the gut and probiotic supplementation has been shown to promote a healthy immune response. In an athletic population, specific probiotic strains can reduce the number of episodes, severity and duration of upper respiratory tract infections.7)Intense, prolonged exercise, especially in the heat, has been shown to increase gut permeability which potentially can result in systemic toxemia. Specific probiotic strains can improve the integrity of the gut-barrier function in athletes.8)Administration of selected anti-inflammatory probiotic strains have been linked to improved recovery from muscle-damaging exercise.9)The minimal effective dose and method of administration (potency per serving, single vs. split dose, delivery form) of a specific probiotic strain depends on validation studies for this particular strain. Products that contain probiotics must include the genus, species, and strain of each live microorganism on its label as well as the total estimated quantity of each probiotic strain at the end of the product's shelf life, as measured by colony forming units (CFU) or live cells.10)Preclinical and early human research has shown potential probiotic benefits relevant to an athletic population that include improved body composition and lean body mass, normalizing age-related declines in testosterone levels, reductions in cortisol levels indicating improved responses to a physical or mental stressor, reduction of exercise-induced lactate, and increased neurotransmitter synthesis, cognition and mood. However, these potential benefits require validation in more rigorous human studies and in an athletic population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex E. Mohr
- College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ USA
| | | | - Chad M. Kerksick
- Exercise and Performance Nutrition Laboratory, School of Health Sciences, Lindenwood University, St. Charles, MO USA
| | | | - Adel Moussa
- University of Münster, Department of Physics Education, Münster, Germany
| | - Jeremy R. Townsend
- Exercise and Nutrition Science Graduate Program, Lipscomb University, Nashville, TN USA
| | - Manfred Lamprecht
- Otto Loewi Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Nicholas P. West
- School of Medical Science and Menzies Health Institute of QLD, Griffith Health, Griffith University, Southport, Australia
| | - Katherine Black
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Michael Gleeson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - David B. Pyne
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise, University of Canberra, Canberra, ACT 2617 Australia
| | | | - Shawn M. Arent
- UofSC Sport Science Lab, Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Abbie E. Smith-Ryan
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC USA
| | - Richard B. Kreider
- Exercise & Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Department of Health & Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX USA
| | - Bill I. Campbell
- Performance & Physique Enhancement Laboratory, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Douglas S. Kalman
- Scientific Affairs. Nutrasource Diagnostics, Inc. Guelph, Guelph, Ontario Canada
| | - Jamie N. Pugh
- Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Tom Reilly Building, Byrom St Campus, Liverpool, UK
| | | | - Jose Antonio
- Exercise and Sport Science, Nova Southeastern University, Davie, FL USA
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78
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Yadav M, Mandeep, Shukla P. Probiotics of Diverse Origin and Their Therapeutic Applications: A Review. J Am Coll Nutr 2019; 39:469-479. [PMID: 31765283 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2019.1691957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The increased awareness about the harmful effects of excessive use of antibiotics has created an interest in probiotics due to its beneficial effects on gut microbiota. These advantages of probiotics have attracted researchers to find out effects on human metabolism and their role in the treatment of diverse types of diseases or disorders. Additionally, they are clinically used as biocontrol agents in the treatment of mental disorders, anticancer agents and in decreasing the threat of necrotizing enterocolitis in premature infants. In this review, we have focused on various kinds of probiotics and various nondairy substrates for their production. We have also included the importance of probiotics in the treatment of metabolic disorders, type II diabetes and infectious diseases. Furthermore, this review emphasizes applications of probiotics originated from different organisms. Their future health perspectives are discussed to gain insight into their applications.KEY TEACHING POINTSThe global market of probiotics is enormously rising day by day due to its highly beneficial effect on human microbiota.Additionally, these are used as biocontrol agents; mental disorders prevent cancer and decrease the threat of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in premature infants.This review focuses on various kinds of sources of probiotics and various non-dairy substrates for the production of probiotics.The importance of probiotics in the treatment of metabolic disorders, type II diabetes control, cancer and treatment of infectious diseases are also described.It emphasizes diversified probiotics and their applications in various human health aspects and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Yadav
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Mandeep
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana, India
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79
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Magrone T, Russo MA, Jirillo E. Dietary Approaches to Attain Fish Health with Special Reference to their Immune System. Curr Pharm Des 2019; 24:4921-4931. [PMID: 30608037 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190104121544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 12/25/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Fish despite their low collocation in the vertebrate phylum possess a complete immune system. In teleost fish both innate and adaptive immune responses have been described with melanomacrophage centers (MMCs) equivalent to mammalian germinal centers. Primary lymphoid organs are represented by the thymus and kidney, while spleen and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues act as secondary lymphoid organs. Functions of either innate immune cells (e.g., macrophages and dendritic cells) or adaptive immune cells (T and B lymphocytes) will be described in detail, even including their products, such as cytokines and antibodies. In spite of a robust immune arsenal, fish are very much exposed to infectious agents (marine bacteria, parasites, fungi, and viruses) and, consequentially, mortality is very much enhanced especially in farmed fish. In fact, in aquaculture stressful events (overcrowding), microbial infections very frequently lead to a high rate of mortality. With the aim to reduce mortality of farmed fish through the reinforcement of their immune status the current trend is to administer natural products together with the conventional feed. Then, in the second part of the present review emphasis will be placed on a series of products, such as prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, β-glucans, vitamins, fatty acids and polyphenols all used to feed farmed fish. With special reference to polyphenols, results of our group using red grape extracts to feed farmed European sea bass will be illustrated. In particular, determination of cytokine production at intestinal and splenic levels, areas of MMCs and development of hepatopancreas will represent the main biomarkers considered. All together, our own data and those of current literature suggests that natural product administration to farmed fish for their beneficial effects may, in part, solve the problem of fish mortality in aquaculture, enhancing their immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thea Magrone
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo A Russo
- MEBIC Consortium, San Raffaele Open University of Rome and IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilio Jirillo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience and Sensory Organs, University of Bari, School of Medicine, Bari, Italy
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80
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Leblhuber F, Steiner K, Schuetz B, Fuchs D, Gostner JM. Probiotic Supplementation in Patients with Alzheimer's Dementia - An Explorative Intervention Study. Curr Alzheimer Res 2019; 15:1106-1113. [PMID: 30101706 PMCID: PMC6340155 DOI: 10.2174/1389200219666180813144834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Dysbiosis of intestinal microbiota in the elderly can cause a leaky gut, which may result in silent systemic inflammation and promote neuroinflammation - a relevant pathomechanism in the early course of Alzheimer’s disease. Objective: The rebalancing of the microbiome could benefically impact on gut inflammation and immune activation. Methods: In this study, routine laboratory tests in twenty outpatients (9 females, 11 males, aged 76.7 ± 9.6 years) with Alzheimer’s disease were investigated. The mean Mini Mental State Examination score was 18.5 ± 7.7. Biomarkers of immune activation – serum neopterin and tryptophan breakdown - as well as gut inflammation markers and microbiota composition in fecal specimens were analyzed in 18 patients be-fore and after probiotic supplementation for 4 weeks. Results: After treatment a decline of fecal zonulin concentrations and an increase in Faecalibacterium prausnitzii compared to baseline were observed. At the same time, serum kynurenine concentrations in-creased (p <0.05). Delta values (before - after) of neopterin and the kynurenine to tryptophan ratios (Kyn/Trp) correlated significantly (p <0.05). Conclusion: Results show that the supplementation of Alzheimer’s disease patients with a multispecies probiotic influences gut bacteria composition as well as tryptophan metabolism in serum. The correlation between Kyn/Trp and neopterin concentrations points to the activation of macrophages and/or dendritic cells. Further studies are warranted to dissect the potential consequences of Probiotic supplementation in the course of Alzheimer’s disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friedrich Leblhuber
- Department of Gerontology, Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | - Kostja Steiner
- Department of Gerontology, Neuromed Campus, Kepler University Clinic, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Dietmar Fuchs
- Division of Biological Chemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Johanna M Gostner
- Division of Medical Biochemistry, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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81
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James A, Wang Y. Characterization, health benefits and applications of fruits and vegetable probiotics. CYTA - JOURNAL OF FOOD 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/19476337.2019.1652693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Armachius James
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yousheng Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Centre for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Beijing Technology and Business University (BTBU), Beijing, P.R. China
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82
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De Gregorio PR, Silva JA, Marchesi A, Nader-Macías MEF. Anti-Candida activity of beneficial vaginal lactobacilli in in vitro assays and in a murine experimental model. FEMS Yeast Res 2019; 19:5300136. [PMID: 30689833 DOI: 10.1093/femsyr/foz008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is one of the most frequent infections affecting women worldwide. Healthy vaginal microbiota is dominated by lactobacilli, which form a strong defense line against pathogens. In this work, in vitro antimicrobial properties of thirty vaginal Lactobacillus strains were evaluated against eleven Candida vaginal clinical isolates, employing three different methods. Also, the effect of intravaginal (i.va.) administrations (preventive, therapeutic and preventive-therapeutic) of L. reuteri CRL1324 or L. rhamnosus CRL1332 strains against the i.va. challenge with Candida albicans C2 (C.a.) was evaluated in a murine experimental model. From the results of agar overlay and liquid medium assays the selected lactobacilli strains have shown to inhibit the growth of at least one Candida strain. The inhibition was mainly due to the effect of organic acids. Anti-Candida activity was not evidenced in the agar plate diffusion method. In the experimental murine model, only preventive-therapeutic administration of both lactobacilli was able to significantly reduce viable C.a. numbers recovered in vaginal washes and the leukocyte influx induced by the fungi. In conclusion, lactobacilli exhibited in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial effects on Candida, suggesting that they could be promising candidates for protection against VVC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla Romina De Gregorio
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000. San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Jessica Alejandra Silva
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000. San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Antonella Marchesi
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos (CERELA)-CONICET, Chacabuco 145, 4000. San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán, Argentina
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83
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Pedersen AML, Bukkehave KH, Bennett EP, Twetman S. Effect of Lozenges Containing Lactobacillus reuteri on the Severity of Recurrent Aphthous Ulcers: a Pilot Study. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2019; 12:819-823. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09586-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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84
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Collado MC, Vinderola G, Salminen S. Postbiotics: facts and open questions. A position paper on the need for a consensus definition. Benef Microbes 2019; 10:711-719. [PMID: 31965850 DOI: 10.3920/bm2019.0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The past definitions of probiotics and prebiotics have been reviewed and updated recently. According to these concepts, probiotics comprise live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host when administered in adequate amounts, whereas a prebiotic is a substrate that is selectively utilised by host microorganisms, conferring a health benefit. The words probiotics and prebiotics can be found on labels of many foods and supplements. Consumers have a growing awareness of these terms' meanings, and many countries are increasingly using them for regulation purposes. At the same time, there is increasing evidence on the health effects of non-viable microorganisms and the metabolites that they can produce by fermentation or by their action on food components. Different terms have been used in the literature to refer to these bioactive compounds, which do not fall under the known categories of probiotics, prebiotics or synbiotics. The tentative term postbiotics has been the most used one so far. However, no definition of the term has gained international consensus to date. This work aims to provide information on the facts and the open questions about the so-called postbiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Collado
- Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology-National Research Council (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustin Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain.,Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, Turku 20014, Finland
| | - G Vinderola
- Instituto de Lactología Industrial (INLAIN, UNL-CONICET), Facultad de Ingeniería Química, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Santiago del Estero 2829, Santa Fe 3000, Argentina
| | - S Salminen
- Functional Foods Forum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, Turun Yliopisto, Turku 20014, Finland
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85
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Maleki-Kakelar H, Dehghani J, Barzegari A, Barar J, Shirmohamadi M, Sadeghi J, Omidi Y. Lactobacillus plantarum induces apoptosis in gastric cancer cells via modulation of signaling pathways in Helicobacter pylori. BIOIMPACTS : BI 2019; 10:65-72. [PMID: 32363150 PMCID: PMC7186545 DOI: 10.34172/bi.2020.09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 05/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Gastric cancer is considered the second prevalent cause of death around the world. This type of cancer is generally induced by Helicobacter pylori which could colonize within the gastric mucosa of the infected cases. To date, triple antibiotic therapy has routinely been utilized for controlling the H. pylori- induced infection. However, this strategy has been unsuccessful, in large part because of issues such as occurring point mutations in the H. pylori genome that can induce resistance to the antibiotics administered. Recently, it has been shown that different probiotics may have strong anti-cancer effects, in which they are capable of inhibiting H. pylori by both immunological and non-immunological mechanisms. Here, we aimed at finding possible anti-cancer impacts of the probiotic bacterium Lactobacillus plantarum on gastric cancer, AGS cells. Methods: The anti-cancer effects of the conditioned media of the locally isolated L. plantarum on the AGS cells were evaluated by different analyses such as flow cytometry, DNA ladder assay, DAPI staining, and RT-PCR. Results: Our findings showed that the conditioned media of L. plantarum can inhibit both H. pylori and AGS cells through up-/down-regulation of PTEN, Bax, TLR4, and AKT genes. The exudates of the probiotic L. plantarum bacteria can increase the expression of PTEN, Bax, and TLR4, and also decrease the expression of AKT gene. Conclusion: In agreement with different reports, our results proved the anti-cancer effects of the locally isolated L. plantarum through some immunological cell signaling pathways. Accordingly, it seems the probiotics could be considered as at least a complementary treatment for different types of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadi Maleki-Kakelar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaber Dehghani
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Barzegari
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Jaleh Barar
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masoud Shirmohamadi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javid Sadeghi
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Yadollah Omidi
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Biomedicine Institute, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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86
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Xavier-Santos D, Bedani R, Perego P, Converti A, Saad S. L. acidophilus La-5, fructo-oligosaccharides and inulin may improve sensory acceptance and texture profile of a synbiotic diet mousse. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2019.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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87
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Khangwal I, Shukla P. Prospecting prebiotics, innovative evaluation methods, and their health applications: a review. 3 Biotech 2019; 9:187. [PMID: 31065487 PMCID: PMC6485268 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-019-1716-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Prebiotics are necessary natural and synthetic food ingredients that help in the growth and development of gut microflora. There is a complex relationship between gut dysbiosis and microbes, so alteration in both probiotics and prebiotics can reduce illness of gut, which further plays a decisive role in human health. The prebiotic efficiency can be validated using various in vitro and in vivo experiments, and this gives an important insight to this field. This review focuses on these aspects including the standardized assessment of prebiotics and its metabolic products for customary applications. This review has also summarized the mechanism of their beneficial actions such as immunomodulation, nutrient absorption, pathogen inhibition, etc., and its significance in human nutrition. In addition to this, some fascinating applications of prebiotics in health-related disorders have also discussed, with current challenges in this facet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishu Khangwal
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
| | - Pratyoosh Shukla
- Enzyme Technology and Protein Bioinformatics Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak, Haryana 124001 India
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88
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Zaura E, Twetman S. Critical Appraisal of Oral Pre- and Probiotics for Caries Prevention and Care. Caries Res 2019; 53:514-526. [PMID: 30947169 DOI: 10.1159/000499037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the concept of preventing caries-related microbial dysbiosis by enhancing the growth and survival of health-associated oral microbiota has emerged. In this article, the current evidence for the role of oral pre- and probiotics in caries prevention and caries management is discussed. Prebiotics are defined as "substrates that are selectively utilized by host microorganisms conferring a health benefit." With regard to caries, this would include alkali-generating substances such as urea and arginine, which are metabolized by some oral bacteria, resulting in ammonia production and increase in pH. While there is no evidence that urea added to chewing gums or mouth rinses significantly contributes to caries inhibition, multiple studies have shown that arginine in consumer products can exert an inhibitory effect on the caries process. Probiotics are "live microorganisms which when administrated in adequate amounts confer a health benefit on the host." Clinical trials have suggested that school-based programs with milk supplemented with probiotics and probiotic lozenges can reduce caries development in preschool children and in schoolchildren with high caries risk. Due to issues with research ethics (prebiotics) and risk of bias (prebiotics, probiotics), the confidence in the effect estimate is however limited. Further long-term clinical studies are needed with orally derived probiotic candidates, including the health-economic perspectives. In particular, the development and evaluation of oral synbiotic products, containing both prebiotics and a probiotic, would be of interest in the future management of dental caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egija Zaura
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam, University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Svante Twetman
- Department of Odontology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark,
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89
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Roshan H, Ghaedi E, Rahmani J, Barati M, Najafi M, Karimzedeh M, Nikpayam O. Effects of probiotics and synbiotic supplementation on antioxidant status: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2019; 30:81-88. [PMID: 30904233 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2019.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Oxidative stress implicated in the pathogenesis of several diseases. Anti-oxidative characteristics of probiotics reported previously. Thus, we aimed to critically investigate the effectiveness of probiotics and synbiotics supplementation on antioxidant biomarkers. METHODS A comprehensive search of Scopus and Medline was performed up to November 2017. All randomized controlled trials (RCT) which evaluate the effect of probiotics or synbiotics on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and glutathione (GSH) levels were included. Weighted mean difference (WMD) were pooled using random effect model. RESULTS Sixteen eligible RCTs with 915 participants were included in present study. Findings showed that probiotics could significantly increase GSH level compared to the control groups ((WMD): 132.36, 95% CI: 27.76, 236.95, P = 0.01). Because of considerable heterogeneity among included the studies, subgroup analyses were conducted. Subgroup analysis revealed that GSH level significantly increased in non-diabetic individuals; the effect size was not significant in diabetic patients. Furthermore, probiotics and synbiotics showed no significant effect on TAC level (WMD: 0.04, 95% CI: -0.07, 0.15, P: 0.50) and SOD activity (WMD: 0.04, 95% CI: -0.06, 0.13, P = 0.43). CONCLUSION Probiotics and synbiotics supplementation improve GSH as a biomarkers of antioxidant status in the body. However, additional studies needed for concluding about TAC and SOD activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Roshan
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ghaedi
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Jamal Rahmani
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Meisam Barati
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marziyeh Najafi
- Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics Department, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehraneh Karimzedeh
- Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Omid Nikpayam
- Department of Biochemistry and Diet Therapy, Nutrition Research Center, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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90
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Senkarcinova B, Graça Dias IA, Nespor J, Branyik T. Probiotic alcohol-free beer made with Saccharomyces cerevisiae var. boulardii. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.10.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Chan JL, Wu S, Geis AL, Chan GV, Gomes TAM, Beck SE, Wu X, Fan H, Tam AJ, Chung L, Ding H, Wang H, Pardoll DM, Housseau F, Sears CL. Non-toxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (NTBF) administration reduces bacteria-driven chronic colitis and tumor development independent of polysaccharide A. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:164-177. [PMID: 30279518 PMCID: PMC6510666 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Polysaccharide A (PSA), an immunogenic capsular component of non-toxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (NTBF) strain NCTC 9343, is reported to promote mucosal immune development and suppress colitis. Contrastingly, enterotoxigenic Bacteroides fragilis (ETBF) is highly associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC), rapidly inducing IL-17-dependent murine colitis and tumorigenesis. In specific-pathogen-free (SPF) C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) and multiple intestinal neoplasia (MinApc716+/-) mice, we show that sequential treatment of the NTBF strain, 9343, followed by the ETBF strain, 86-5443-2-2 (86), diminished colitis and tumorigenesis. Mice treated simultaneously with 9343 and 86 exhibited both severe colitis and tumorigenesis. Abrogated disease severity in sequentially treated mice was attributed to 9343 strain dominance and decreased IL-17A, but 86 colonization prior to or simultaneous with 9343 mitigated the anti-inflammatory effect of 9343. Remarkably, 9343-mediated protection was independent of PSA, as sequentially treated mice receiving ΔPSA 9343 exhibited similar protection. Further, SPF WT and Min mice colonized with PSA-competent or PSA-deficient 9343 exhibited similar IL-10, IL-17, and IFN-γ responses. Treatment of 86-colonized mice with 9343 failed to disrupt 86 pathogenesis. Our findings demonstrate that 9343 colonization, independent of PSA, offers prophylaxis against colitis-inducing 86 but may not be a valid therapy once colitis is established.
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Affiliation(s)
- June L Chan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Shaoguang Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Abby L Geis
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Arkansas College of Osteopathic Medicine, Fort Smith, Arkansas, USA
| | - Gabrielle V Chan
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Talles A M Gomes
- Medical School, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Sarah E Beck
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Xinqun Wu
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hongni Fan
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ada J Tam
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Liam Chung
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Translational Tissue Engineering Center, Wilmer Eye Institute and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hua Ding
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Drew M Pardoll
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Franck Housseau
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cynthia L Sears
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Bloomberg-Kimmel Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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92
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Bell V, Ferrão J, Pimentel L, Pintado M, Fernandes T. One Health, Fermented Foods, and Gut Microbiota. Foods 2018; 7:foods7120195. [PMID: 30513869 PMCID: PMC6306734 DOI: 10.3390/foods7120195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in present-day society such as diets with more sugar, salt, and saturated fat, bad habits and unhealthy lifestyles contribute to the likelihood of the involvement of the microbiota in inflammatory diseases, which contribute to global epidemics of obesity, depression, and mental health concerns. The microbiota is presently one of the hottest areas of scientific and medical research, and exerts a marked influence on the host during homeostasis and disease. Fermented foods and beverages are generally defined as products made by microbial organisms and enzymatic conversions of major and minor food components. Further to the commonly-recognized effects of nutrition on the digestive health (e.g., dysbiosis) and well-being, there is now strong evidence for the impact of fermented foods and beverages (e.g., yoghurt, pickles, bread, kefir, beers, wines, mead), produced or preserved by the action of microorganisms, on general health, namely their significance on the gut microbiota balance and brain functionality. Fermented products require microorganisms, i.e., Saccharomyces yeasts and lactic acid bacteria, yielding alcohol and lactic acid. Ingestion of vibrant probiotics, especially those contained in fermented foods, is found to cause significant positive improvements in balancing intestinal permeability and barrier function. Our guts control and deal with every aspect of our health. How we digest our food and even the food sensitivities we have is linked with our mood, behavior, energy, weight, food cravings, hormone balance, immunity, and overall wellness. We highlight some impacts in this domain and debate calls for the convergence of interdisciplinary research fields from the United Nations’ initiative. Worldwide human and animal medicine are practiced separately; veterinary science and animal health are generally neither considered nor inserted within national or international Health discussions. The absence of a clear definition and subsequent vision for the future of One Health may act as a barrier to transdisciplinary collaboration. The point of this mini review is to highlight the role of fermented foods and beverages on gut microbiota and debate if the need for confluence of transdisciplinary fields of One Health is feasible and achievable, since they are managed by separate sectors with limited communication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Bell
- Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Coimbra, Azinhaga de Santa Comba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Jorge Ferrão
- Universidade Pedagógica, Rua João Carlos Raposo Beirão 135, Maputo 1000-001, Mozambique.
| | - Lígia Pimentel
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Manuela Pintado
- CBQF-Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Arquiteto Lobão Vital, Apartado 2511, 4202-401 Porto, Portugal.
| | - Tito Fernandes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal.
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Schnadower D, Tarr PI, Casper TC, Gorelick MH, Dean JM, O'Connell KJ, Mahajan P, Levine AC, Bhatt SR, Roskind CG, Powell EC, Rogers AJ, Vance C, Sapien RE, Olsen CS, Metheney M, Dickey VP, Hall-Moore C, Freedman SB. Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG versus Placebo for Acute Gastroenteritis in Children. N Engl J Med 2018; 379:2002-2014. [PMID: 30462938 PMCID: PMC6358014 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa1802598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute gastroenteritis develops in millions of children in the United States every year, and treatment with probiotics is common. However, data to support the use of probiotics in this population are limited. METHODS We conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind trial involving children 3 months to 4 years of age with acute gastroenteritis who presented to one of 10 U.S. pediatric emergency departments. Participants received a 5-day course of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG at a dose of 1×1010 colony-forming units twice daily or matching placebo. Follow-up surveys were conducted daily for 5 days and again 14 days after enrollment and 1 month after enrollment. The primary outcome was moderate-to-severe gastroenteritis, which was defined as an illness episode with a total score on the modified Vesikari scale of 9 or higher (scores range from 0 to 20, with higher scores indicating more severe disease), within 14 days after enrollment. Secondary outcomes included the duration and frequency of diarrhea and vomiting, the duration of day-care absenteeism, and the rate of household transmission (defined as the development of symptoms of gastroenteritis in previously asymptomatic household contacts). RESULTS Among the 971 participants, 943 (97.1%) completed the trial. The median age was 1.4 years (interquartile range, 0.9 to 2.3), and 513 participants (52.9%) were male. The modified Vesikari scale score for the 14-day period after enrollment was 9 or higher in 55 of 468 participants (11.8%) in the L. rhamnosus GG group and in 60 of 475 participants (12.6%) in the placebo group (relative risk, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.68 to 1.35; P=0.83). There were no significant differences between the L. rhamnosus GG group and the placebo group in the duration of diarrhea (median, 49.7 hours in the L. rhamnosus GG group and 50.9 hours in the placebo group; P=0.26), duration of vomiting (median, 0 hours in both groups; P=0.17), or day-care absenteeism (median, 2 days in both groups; P=0.67) or in the rate of household transmission (10.6% and 14.1% in the two groups, respectively; P=0.16). CONCLUSIONS Among preschool children with acute gastroenteritis, those who received a 5-day course of L. rhamnosus GG did not have better outcomes than those who received placebo. (Funded by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01773967 .).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schnadower
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Phillip I Tarr
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - T Charles Casper
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Marc H Gorelick
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - J Michael Dean
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Karen J O'Connell
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Prashant Mahajan
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Adam C Levine
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Seema R Bhatt
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Cindy G Roskind
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Elizabeth C Powell
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Alexander J Rogers
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Cheryl Vance
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Robert E Sapien
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Cody S Olsen
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Melissa Metheney
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Viani P Dickey
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Carla Hall-Moore
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
| | - Stephen B Freedman
- From the Divisions of Pediatric Emergency Medicine (D.S., V.P.D.) and Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (P.I.T., C.H.-M.), Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis; the Department of Pediatrics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City (T.C.C., J.M.D., C.S.O., M.M.); Central Administration, Department of Pediatrics, University of Minnesota School of Medicine, Minneapolis (M.H.G.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Children's National Health System, Department of Pediatrics, George Washington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC (K.J.O.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Michigan, Wayne State University, Detroit (P.M.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (P.M., A.J.R.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital/Hasbro Children's Hospital and Brown University, Providence (A.C.L.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati (D.S., S.R.B.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York (C.G.R.); the Division of Emergency Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Ann and Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago (E.C.P.); the Departments of Emergency Medicine and Pediatrics, University of California Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento (C.V.); the Department of Emergency Medicine, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque (R.E.S.); and the Sections of Pediatric Emergency Medicine and Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada (S.B.F.)
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94
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Celiberto LS, Pinto RA, Rossi EA, Vallance BA, Cavallini DCU. Isolation and Characterization of Potentially Probiotic Bacterial Strains from Mice: Proof of Concept for Personalized Probiotics. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111684. [PMID: 30400640 PMCID: PMC6266017 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Modulation of the gut microbiota through the use of probiotics has been widely used to treat or prevent several intestinal diseases. However, inconsistent results have compromised the efficacy of this approach, especially in severe conditions such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The purpose of our study was to develop a personalized probiotic strategy and assess its efficacy in a murine model of intestinal inflammation. Commensal bacterial strains were isolated from the feces of healthy mice and then administered back to the host as a personalized treatment in dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitis. Colonic tissues were collected for histological analysis and to investigate inflammatory markers such as Il-1β, Il-6, TGF-β, and Il-10, and the enzyme myeloperoxidase as a neutrophil marker. The group that received the personalized probiotic showed reduced susceptibility to DSS-colitis as compared to a commercial probiotic. This protection was characterized by a lower disease activity index and reduced histopathological damage in the colon. Moreover, the personalized probiotic was more effective in modulating the host immune response, leading to decreased Il-1β and Il-6 and increased TGF-β and Il-10 expression. In conclusion, our study suggests that personalized probiotics may possess an advantage over commercial probiotics in treating dysbiotic-related conditions, possibly because they are derived directly from the host's own microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa S Celiberto
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Roseli Aparecida Pinto
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Elizeu Antonio Rossi
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
| | - Bruce A Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children's Hospital and the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada.
| | - Daniela C U Cavallini
- Department of Food and Nutrition, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14800-903, SP, Brazil.
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95
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Karunaratne AM. A multifaceted approach to harness probiotics as antagonists on plant based foods, for enhanced benefits to be reaped at a global level. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2018; 98:5189-5196. [PMID: 29931687 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Investigations into probiotics have focused on their health benefits thus far, with some of the findings finally reaching the food and pharmaceutical industries, which have used them for commercial purposes. In biocontrol research some microbes, mainly isolated from plants, have shown antagonism towards both enteric and plant pathogens, and some of them represent probiotic species. Fresh fruits and vegetables are regarded as health-promoting dietary constituents, and if probiotics could be used to control the pathogens on them then they could turn out to be even healthier. The fresh produce industry still depends on agrochemicals and the increase in the demand for high-priced organically grown produce indicates consumer concerns regarding the use of agrochemicals. If the potential of probiotic organisms to serve as biocontrol agents for fresh produce is exploited, all fresh produce can be made as safe as organically grown produce, and much more wholesome. This review appraises the feasibility of such a move by evaluating how research has progressed in both disciplines (probiotic and biocontrol) and suggests sharing results from research via information technology, efficient collaboration, and the use of novel molecular biological tools to achieve the objective of probiotic antagonists. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjani M Karunaratne
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
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96
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Nowak A, Paliwoda A, Błasiak J. Anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-oxidative activity of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains: A review of mechanisms and therapeutic perspectives. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018; 59:3456-3467. [PMID: 30010390 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1494539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains, their isolated constituents and substances that they secrete exert various anti-cancer actions, resulting from their anti-proliferative, pro-apoptotic and anti-oxidant properties. They can express and secrete anti-oxidant enzymes, bind reactive oxygen species, release small molecular weight anti-oxidants and chelate transition metals, preventing detrimental actions of many carcinogens. Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium can interact with proteins regulating the cell cycle inhibiting proliferation of cancer cells, which often are intrinsically resistant to apoptosis. Lactobacilli and bifidobacteria can break this resistance through activation of pro-caspases and downregulation of the anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and upregulation of pro-apoptotic Bax proteins. Anti-cancer effects of these bacteria can be also associated with their multi-pathways action in the microbiota. However, exact mechanism of their anti-cancer action is poorly known and needs further studies, which are justified by the important role of these bacteria in cancer biology as well as their potential preventive and therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Nowak
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Paliwoda
- Institute of Fermentation Technology and Microbiology, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Janusz Błasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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97
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Zielińska D, Kolożyn-Krajewska D. Food-Origin Lactic Acid Bacteria May Exhibit Probiotic Properties: Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5063185. [PMID: 30402482 PMCID: PMC6191956 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5063185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
One of the most promising areas of development in the human nutritional field over the last two decades has been the use of probiotics and recognition of their role in human health and disease. Lactic acid-producing bacteria are the most commonly used probiotics in foods. It is well known that probiotics have a number of beneficial health effects in humans and animals. They play an important role in the protection of the host against harmful microorganisms and also strengthen the immune system. Some probiotics have also been found to improve feed digestibility and reduce metabolic disorders. They must be safe, acid and bile tolerant, and able to adhere and colonize the intestinal tract. The means by which probiotic bacteria elicit their health effects are not understood fully, but may include competitive exclusion of enteric pathogens, neutralization of dietary carcinogens, production of antimicrobial metabolites, and modulation of mucosal and systemic immune function. So far, lactic acid bacteria isolated only from the human gastrointestinal tract are recommended by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and World Health Organization (WHO) for use as probiotics by humans. However, more and more studies suggest that strains considered to be probiotics could be isolated from fermented products of animal origin, as well as from non-dairy fermented products. Traditional fermented products are a rich source of microorganisms, some of which may exhibit probiotic properties. They conform to the FAO/WHO recommendation, with one exception; they have not been isolated from human gastrointestinal tract. In light of extensive new scientific evidence, should the possibility of changing the current FAO/WHO requirements for the definition of probiotic bacteria be considered?
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorota Zielińska
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Danuta Kolożyn-Krajewska
- Department of Food Gastronomy and Food Hygiene, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Nowoursynowska 159, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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98
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Liu Y, Tran DQ, Rhoads JM. Probiotics in Disease Prevention and Treatment. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58 Suppl 10:S164-S179. [PMID: 30248200 PMCID: PMC6656559 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Few treatments for human diseases have received as much investigation in the past 20 years as probiotics. In 2017, English-language meta-analyses totaling 52 studies determined the effect of probiotics on conditions ranging from necrotizing enterocolitis and colic in infants to constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, and hepatic encephalopathy in adults. The strongest evidence in favor of probiotics lies in the prevention or treatment of 5 disorders: necrotizing enterocolitis, acute infectious diarrhea, acute respiratory tract infections, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and infant colic. Probiotic mechanisms of action include the inhibition of bacterial adhesion; enhanced mucosal barrier function; modulation of the innate and adaptive immune systems (including induction of tolerogenic dendritic cells and regulatory T cells); secretion of bioactive metabolites; and regulation of the enteric and central nervous systems. Future research is needed to identify the optimal probiotic and dose for specific diseases, to address whether the addition of prebiotics (to form synbiotics) would enhance activity, and to determine if defined microbial communities would provide benefit exceeding that of single-species probiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Liu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Pediatric Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dat Q Tran
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Pediatric Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
| | - J Marc Rhoads
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Gastroenterology, and the Pediatric Research Center, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX, USA
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99
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Nazir Y, Hussain SA, Abdul Hamid A, Song Y. Probiotics and Their Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Role for Cancer, High Serum Cholesterol, and Allergic and HIV Diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3428437. [PMID: 30246019 PMCID: PMC6136537 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3428437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The potential health benefits of probiotics have long been elucidated since Metchnikoff and his coworkers postulated the association of probiotic consumption on human's health and longevity. Since then, many scientific findings and research have further established the correlation of probiotic and gut-associated diseases such as irritable bowel disease and chronic and antibiotic-associated diarrhea. However, the beneficial impact of probiotic is not limited to the gut-associated diseases alone, but also in different acute and chronic infectious diseases. This is due to the fact that probiotics are able to modify the intestinal microbial ecosystem, enhance the gut barrier function, provide competitive adherence to the mucosa and epithelium, produce antimicrobial substances, and modulate the immune activity by enhancing the innate and adaptive immune response. Nevertheless, the current literature with respect to the association of probiotic and cancer, high serum cholesterol, and allergic and HIV diseases are still scarce and controversial. Therefore, in the present work, we reviewed the potential preventive and therapeutic role of probiotics for cancer, high serum cholesterol, and allergic and HIV diseases as well as providing its possible mechanism of actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Nazir
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Syed Ammar Hussain
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
| | - Aidil Abdul Hamid
- School of Biosciences and Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
| | - Yuanda Song
- Colin Ratledge Center for Microbial Lipids, School of Agriculture Engineering and Food Science, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255049, China
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100
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Karuppannan AK, Opriessnig T. Lawsonia intracellularis: Revisiting the Disease Ecology and Control of This Fastidious Pathogen in Pigs. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:181. [PMID: 30140680 PMCID: PMC6095029 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Lawsonia intracellularis is an anaerobic obligate intracellular bacterium infecting the small intestine and infrequently also the large intestine of pigs and other animals including hamsters and horses. The infection is characterized by proliferation, hemorrhage, necrosis, or any combination commonly referred to as "ileitis," affecting the health and production efficacy of farmed pigs. Despite decades of research on this pathogen, the pathogenesis and virulence factors of this organism are not clearly known. In pigs, prophylaxis against L. intracellularis infection is achieved by either administration of subtherapeutic levels of in-feed antibiotic growth promoters or vaccination. While the former approach is considered to be effective in L. intracellularis control, potential regulations on subtherapeutic antibiotics in many countries in the near future may necessitate alternative approaches. The potential of manipulating the gut microbiome of pigs with feed ingredients or supplements to control L. intracellularis disease burden is promising based on the current understanding of the porcine gut microbiome in general, as well as preliminary insights into the disease ecology of L. intracellularis infection accrued over the last 30 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anbu K. Karuppannan
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
| | - Tanja Opriessnig
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, United States
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, United Kingdom
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