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Jiang Y, Liu G, Zhang L, Cheng S, Luo C, Liao Y, Guo S. Therapeutic efficacy of hydrogen‑rich saline alone and in combination with PI3K inhibitor in non‑small cell lung cancer. Mol Med Rep 2018; 18:2182-2190. [PMID: 29901139 PMCID: PMC6072234 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.9168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of combination therapy of LY294002, a specific inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), with hydrogen-rich saline on the proliferation and apoptosis of the non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) A549 cell line and the mechanisms underpinning this. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) may induce DNA mutations, DNA damage, genomic instability and cell proliferation, and ROS are involved in several types of cancer, particularly lung cancer. In a previous study, hydrogen was recognized as an antioxidant in preventive and therapeutic applications. The PI3K/protein kinase B (Akt) pathway is an important signaling pathway that may activate downstream of a series of extracellular signals and impact on cellular processes including cell proliferation, apoptosis and survival. To date, the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway has been indicated as a feasible target for novel antineoplastic drugs. Different strategies combining the two treatment modalities have been used in cancer therapy in order to achieve an improved therapeutic response and longer control of tumor modalities control. The present study investigated the effect of hydrogen-rich saline alone and in combination with the PI3K inhibitor, LY294002, on the proliferation, oxidative stress and apoptosis of NSCLC A549 cells. This combination therapy may be more effective than separate drug treatment; it decreased the malondialdehyde level and increased the superoxide dismutase activity. The combination therapy also enhanced the efficacy of anti-proliferation and apoptosis. Similarly, the results of the present study demonstrated that administration of the two agents in combination may inhibit phospho-Akt activity, and reduce expression of heme oxygenase-1 and nuclear factor-κB p65. The results further suggested that the combination therapy may reduce cell proliferation and promote cell apoptosis by downregulating Akt phosphorylation and inhibiting the PI3K pathway in NSCLC cell lines. Therefore, the present study provided evidence that combined therapy may be a novel therapeutic option for patients with NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Jiang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University‑Town Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University‑Town Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Cheng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University‑Town Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Chun Luo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University‑Town Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Yang Liao
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The University‑Town Hospital Affiliated to Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 401331, P.R. China
| | - Shuliang Guo
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, P.R. China
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Peixoto MS, de Oliveira Galvão MF, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Cell death pathways of particulate matter toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 188:32-48. [PMID: 28865791 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to various complex mixtures of particulate matter (PM) from different sources. Long-term exposure to high levels of these particulates has been linked to a diverse range of respiratory and cardiovascular diseases that have resulted in hospital admission. The evaluation of the effects of PM exposure on the mechanisms related to cell death has been a challenge for many researchers. Therefore, in this review, we have discussed the effects of airborne PM exposure on mechanisms related to cell death. For this purpose, we have compiled literature data on PM sources, the effects of exposure, and the assays and models used for evaluation, in order to establish comparisons between various studies. The analysis of this collected data suggested divergent responses to PM exposure that resulted in different cell death types (apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis). In addition, PM induced oxidative stress within cells, which appeared to be an important factor in the determination of cell fate. When the levels of reactive oxygen species were overpowering, the cellular fate was directed toward cell death. This may be the underlying mechanism of the development or exacerbation of respiratory diseases, such as emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases. In addition, PM was shown to cause DNA damage and the resulting mutations increased the risk of cancer. Furthermore, several conditions should be considered in the assessment of cell death in PM-exposed models, including the cell culture line, PM composition, and the interaction of the different cells types in in vivo models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Simões Peixoto
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Felipe de Oliveira Galvão
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil; Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Biosciences Center, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
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Elmes M, Gasparon M. Sampling and single particle analysis for the chemical characterisation of fine atmospheric particulates: A review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 202:137-150. [PMID: 28732276 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the potential environmental and human health impacts of fine airborne particulate matter (APM), detailed physical and chemical characterisation is required. The only means to accurately distinguish between the multiple compositions in APM is by single particle analysis. A variety of methods and instruments are available, which range from filter-based sample collection for off-line laboratory analysis to on-line instruments that detect the airborne particles and generate size distribution and chemical data in real time. There are many reasons for sampling particulates in the ambient atmosphere and as a consequence, different measurement strategies and sampling devices are used depending on the scientific objectives and subsequent analytical techniques. This review is designed as a guide to some of the techniques available for the sampling and subsequent chemical analysis of individual inorganic particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Elmes
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Massimo Gasparon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Queensland, Australia; National Institute of Science and Technology on Mineral Resources, Water and Biodiversity (INCT-Acqua), Brazil.
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Zerbi G, Barbon A, Bengalli R, Lucotti A, Catelani T, Tampieri F, Gualtieri M, D'Arienzo M, Morazzoni F, Camatini M. Graphite particles induce ROS formation in cell free systems and human cells. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:13640-13650. [PMID: 28876004 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02540h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that the toxicity of carbonaceous particulate matter (PM) is due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) which induce biological damage in the exposed cells. It is also known that PM produced during the combustion processes consists of a carbonaceous core "dressed" with other organic and/or inorganic materials. In spite of this knowledge, the role of these materials in the production of ROS has not yet been clear. This work aims at understanding whether "naked" carbonaceous particles are capable of forming ROS either in cell-free or in-cell systems. The problem has been treated based on the data collected from pure graphite samples of different sizes obtained by ball-milling pure graphite for various lengths of time. The experimental approach considered Raman, ESR (spin trapping), cell viability and fluorescence spectroscopy measurements. These techniques allowed us to carry out measurements both in cell and cell-free systems and the results consistently indicate that also pure naked carbonaceous particles can catalyze the electron transfer that produces superoxide ions. The process depends on the particle size and enlightens the role of the edges of the graphitic platelets. Evidence has been collected that even "naked" graphitic nanoparticles are capable of producing ROS and decreasing the cell viability thus representing a potential danger to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Zerbi
- Department of Chemistry, Materials, Chemical Engineering "G. Natta", Politecnico di Milano, Italy.
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de Oliveira Alves N, Vessoni AT, Quinet A, Fortunato RS, Kajitani GS, Peixoto MS, Hacon SDS, Artaxo P, Saldiva P, Menck CFM, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Biomass burning in the Amazon region causes DNA damage and cell death in human lung cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10937. [PMID: 28883446 PMCID: PMC5589902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11024-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Most of the studies on air pollution focus on emissions from fossil fuel burning in urban centers. However, approximately half of the world's population is exposed to air pollution caused by biomass burning emissions. In the Brazilian Amazon population, over 10 million people are directly exposed to high levels of pollutants resulting from deforestation and agricultural fires. This work is the first study to present an integrated view of the effects of inhalable particles present in emissions of biomass burning. Exposing human lung cells to particulate matter smaller than 10 µm (PM10), significantly increased the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammatory cytokines, autophagy, and DNA damage. Continued PM10 exposure activated apoptosis and necrosis. Interestingly, retene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon present in PM10, is a potential compound for the effects of PM10, causing DNA damage and cell death. The PM10 concentrations observed during Amazon biomass burning were sufficient to induce severe adverse effects in human lung cells. Our study provides new data that will help elucidate the mechanism of PM10-mediated lung cancer development. In addition, the results of this study support the establishment of new guidelines for human health protection in regions strongly impacted by biomass burning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandre Teixeira Vessoni
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Annabel Quinet
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, USA
| | - Rodrigo Soares Fortunato
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Satoru Kajitani
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Paulo Artaxo
- Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Paulo Saldiva
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Magnusson P, Oczkowski M, Øvrevik J, Gajewska M, Wilczak J, Biedrzycki J, Dziendzikowska K, Kamola D, Królikowski T, Kruszewski M, Lankoff A, Mruk R, Brunborg G, Instanes C, Gromadzka-Ostrowska J, Myhre O. No adverse lung effects of 7- and 28-day inhalation exposure of rats to emissions from petrodiesel fuel containing 20% rapeseed methyl esters (B20) with and without particulate filter – the FuelHealth project. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:206-218. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1339149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pål Magnusson
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michał Oczkowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Johan Øvrevik
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Malgorzata Gajewska
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jacek Wilczak
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Katarzyna Dziendzikowska
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Kamola
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Królikowski
- Faculty of Human Nutrition and Consumer Science, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kruszewski
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Molecular Biology and Translational Research, Institute of Rural Health, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Lankoff
- Institute of Nuclear Chemistry and Technology, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Radiobiology and Immunology, Jan Kochanowski University, Kielce, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Remigiusz Mruk
- Faculty of Production Engineering, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Gunnar Brunborg
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christine Instanes
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Oddvar Myhre
- Division for Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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57
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Oxidant and anti-oxidant status in common brain tumors: Correlation to TP53 and human biliverdin reductase. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2017; 158:72-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2017.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Pandeh M, Fathi S, Zare Sakhvidi MJ, Zavar Reza J, Sedghian L. Oxidative stress and early DNA damage in workers exposed to iron-rich metal fumes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:9645-9650. [PMID: 28251527 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8657-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Occupational exposure to metal fumes occurs routinely in many occupational settings. The inflammatory response to fumes and metals after exposure could lead to an increase in reactive oxygen species and level of DNA damage. In this study, the level of early DNA damage and oxidative stress was evaluated in a group of steel company (n = 30) and compared to the non-exposed (n = 28) subjects. All DNA damage markers in workers were significantly higher in exposed group in comparison with controls (p < 0.001). Stratified analysis based on smoking showed no significant differences between smoking and comet assay parameters. There was no significant difference between workers and controls in terms of HCT, TIBC, iron, and ferreting. However, HB in controls was significantly lower than exposed group (p < 0.001). A significant increase in catalase activity and MDA serum levels were observed in workers in comparison with controls. These findings suggest for the potential genotoxic effect of iron reach dust. Due to recent findings on the predictive potential of comet assay for cancer development, further, researches should be conducted to investigate the possible biochemical mechanism of such finding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Pandeh
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Alem Square, Shohadaye Gomnam Bulverde, Yazd, Iran
| | - Saedeh Fathi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Alem Square, Shohadaye Gomnam Bulverde, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javad Zare Sakhvidi
- Department of Occupational Health, Faculty of Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Alem Square, Shohadaye Gomnam Bulverde, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Javad Zavar Reza
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Alem Square, Shohadaye Gomnam Bulverde, Yazd, Iran.
| | - Lyla Sedghian
- School of Medicine, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
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59
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Liu C, Zhang C, Mu Y, Liu J, Zhang Y. Emission of volatile organic compounds from domestic coal stove with the actual alternation of flaming and smoldering combustion processes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 221:385-391. [PMID: 27986295 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions from the chimney of a prevailing domestic stove fuelled with raw bituminous coal were measured under flaming and smoldering combustion processes in a farmer's house. The results indicated that the concentrations of VOCs quickly increased after the coal loading and achieved their peak values in a few minutes. The peak concentrations of the VOCs under the smoldering combustion process were significantly higher than those under the flaming combustion process. Alkanes accounted for the largest proportion (43.05%) under the smoldering combustion, followed by aromatics (28.86%), alkenes (21.91%), carbonyls (5.81%) and acetylene (0.37%). The emission factors of the total VOCs under the smoldering combustion processes (5402.9 ± 2031.8 mg kg-1) were nearly one order of magnitude greater than those under the flaming combustion processes (559.2 ± 385.9 mg kg-1). Based on the VOCs emission factors obtained in this study and the regional domestic coal consumption, the total VOCs emissions from domestic coal stoves was roughly estimated to be 1.25 × 108 kg a-1 in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengtang Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Chenglong Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yujing Mu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Junfeng Liu
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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60
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Li Q, Tang M, Zhou A. In vitro detection of diesel exhaust particles induced human lung carcinoma epithelial cells damage and the effect of resveratrol. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:747-757. [PMID: 27933654 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
People are taking up antioxidants in their daily diet and being exposed to a potential diesel exhaust particles (DEP)-containing environment. Thus it is important to study in vitro cellular responses when cells are exposed to DEP with or without antioxidant treatment. The investigation of DEP and resveratrol (RES) on cellular biophysical and biochemical changes is needed to better understand the mechanisms of DEP and RES in mammalian cells. A combination of two non-invasive techniques (atomic force microscopy, AFM, and Raman spectroscopy, RM) and multimodal tools were applied to evaluate the biophysical, biochemical alterations and cytokine, membrane potential and cell cycle of cells with or without RES pretreatment to different times of DEP exposure. AFM results indicated that RES protected cells from DEP-induced damage to cytoskeleton and cell architectures, and noted that RES treatments also attenuated DEP-induced alterations in cell elasticity and surface adhesion force over DEP incubation time. RM monitored the changes in characteristic Raman peak intensities of DNA and protein over the DEP exposure time for both RES and non-RES treated groups. The cytokine and chemokine changes quantified by Multiplex ELISA revealed that the inflammatory responses were enhanced with the increase in DEP exposure time and that RES enhanced the expression levels of cytokine and chemokine. This work demonstrated that significant biophysical and biochemical changes in cells might be relevant to early pathological changes induced by DEP damage. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifei Li
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Mingjie Tang
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
| | - Anhong Zhou
- Department of Biological Engineering, Utah State University, Logan, UT, 84322, USA
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61
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Yang L, Liu G, Lin Z, Wang Y, He H, Liu T, Kamp DW. Pro-inflammatory response and oxidative stress induced by specific components in ambient particulate matter in human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2016; 31:923-936. [PMID: 25533354 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that biological effect of particulate matter (PM2.5) is involved in including chemical composition and mass concentration, but the precise components and biological action on human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B) are still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro toxicity of PM2.5 collected at six urban sites in China, and to investigate how particle composition affects cytotoxicity. We used human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cell lines as model in vitro to expose to PM2.5 from different source, and then reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase activity and total antioxidant capacity were analyzed. Furthermore, we estimated the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and transition metal and the endotoxin contents. The mRNA expression of IL-1β and IL-10 following exposure to PM2.5 was measured by QRT-PCR. We also observed the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) using JC-1 staining, and apoptosis of BEAS-2B using flow cytometry. In addition, double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) were assessed using γ-H2AX immunofluorescence. Our results show that high concentrations of PAHs and elemental Ni were strongly associated with high apoptosis rates and high expression of IL-1β, in addition, Fe element was associated with the ROS level, furthermore, Fe and Cr element were associated with DNA damage in BEAS-2B cells. The cytotoxic effects of urban PM2.5 derived from six different cities in China appear dependent on the specific components in each. Our results indicate that air quality standards based on PM2.5 components may be more relevant than concentration-response functions (CRF). © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 31: 923-936, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawei Yang
- Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Ziying Lin
- Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Yahong Wang
- Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Huijuan He
- Clinical Research Center, Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, 524001, China
| | - Tie Liu
- Department of Hematology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Medical School of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, Shanxi, China
| | - David W Kamp
- Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine and Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, 240 E. Huron, McGaw M-330, Chicago, Illinois, 60611
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Van Den Heuvel R, Den Hond E, Govarts E, Colles A, Koppen G, Staelens J, Mampaey M, Janssen N, Schoeters G. Identification of PM10 characteristics involved in cellular responses in human bronchial epithelial cells (Beas-2B). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2016; 149:48-56. [PMID: 27177354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2015] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Notwithstanding evidence is present that physicochemical characteristics of ambient particles attribute to adverse health effects, there is still some lack of understanding in this complex relationship. At this moment it is not clear which properties (such as particle size, chemical composition) or sources of the particles are most relevant for health effects. This study investigates the in vitro toxicity of PM10 in relation to PM chemical composition, black carbon (BC), endotoxin content and oxidative potential (OP). In 2013-2014 PM10 was sampled (24h sampling, 108 sampling days) in ambient air at three sites in Flanders (Belgium) with different pollution characteristics: an urban traffic site (Borgerhout), an industrial area (Zelzate) and a rural background location (Houtem). To characterize the toxic potential of PM10, airway epithelial cells (Beas-2B cells) have been exposed to particles in vitro. Different endpoints were studied including cell damage and death (cell viability) using the Neutral red Uptake assay, the production of pro-inflammatory molecules by interleukin 8 (IL-8) induction and DNA-damaging activity using the FPG-modified Comet assay. The endotoxin levels in the collected samples were analysed and the capacity of PM10 particles to produce reactive oxygen species (OP) was evaluated by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Chemical characteristics of PM10 (BC, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and meteorological conditions were recorded on the sampling days. PM10 particles exhibited dose-dependent cytotoxicity in Beas-2B cells and were found to significantly induce the release of IL-8 in samples from the three locations. Oxidatively damaged DNA was observed in exposed Beas-2B cells. Endotoxin levels above the detection limit were detected in half of the samples. OP was measurable in all samples. Associations between PM10 characteristics and biological effects of PM10 were assessed by single and multiple regression analyses. The reduction in cell viability was significantly correlated with BC, Cd and Pb. The induction of IL-8 in Beas-2B cells was significantly associated with Cu, Ni and Zn and endotoxin. Endotoxin levels explained 33% of the variance in IL-8 induction. A significant interaction between ambient temperature and endotoxin on the pro-inflammatory activity was seen. No association was found between OP and the cellular responses. This study supports the hypothesis that, on an equal mass basis, PM10 induced biological effects differ due to differences in PM10 characteristics. Metals (Cd, Cu, Ni and Zn), BC, and endotoxin were among the main determinants for the observed biological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosette Van Den Heuvel
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Elly Den Hond
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Eva Govarts
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Ann Colles
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Gudrun Koppen
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium.
| | - Jeroen Staelens
- Flanders Environment Agency (VMM), Unit Air, Kronenburgstraat 45, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Maja Mampaey
- LNE (Environment, Nature and Energy Department), Flemish Government, Koning Albert II-laan 20, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Nicole Janssen
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box, 2720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Greet Schoeters
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Environmental Risk and Health Unit, Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, 2000 Antwerp, Belgium.
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Grešner P, Świercz R, Król MB, Twardowska E, Gromadzińska J, Wąsowicz W. Does the Low-level occupational exposure to volatile organic compounds alter the seasonal variation of selected markers of oxidative stress? A case-control study in nail technicians. J Occup Med Toxicol 2016; 11:36. [PMID: 27453719 PMCID: PMC4957283 DOI: 10.1186/s12995-016-0125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In this study we tested whether the seasonal variations in levels of selected biomarkers of oxidative stress in female nail technicians occupationally exposed to low levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) differ significantly from those observed among healthy unexposed controls. Airborne levels of selected VOCs in nail salons were also analyzed and tested for associations with seasonal variations of the levels of biomarkers among nail technicians. Methods The study enrolled 145 female nail technicians and 145 healthy unexposed female controls. The airborne VOCs and levels of biomarkers were assessed by GC-MS chromatography and absorption/fluorescence spectrophotometry, respectively. Results Plasma levels of thiobarbituric acid reactive species, ceruloplasmin, the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GPx1) and the SOD1/GPx1 activity ratio presented significant differences between the so-called “hot” and “cold” seasons in the case of nail technicians as well as in unexposed controls (p < <0.0001 for all four biomarkers). The pattern of these variations among nail technicians was found to be significantly different compared to that of the control subjects (p < <0.0001). Although such differences might intuitively be attributed to occupational exposure of nail technicians to VOCs, which was found to be higher during the “cold” season compared to the “hot” one, our study provided only limited evidence in favor of the hypothesis, that the different pattern of seasonal variations of biomarkers among nail technicians might have resulted from seasonal fluctuations in their occupational exposure to VOCs. Conclusion Further investigation is thus needed in order to elucidate the effect of low-level occupational exposure to VOCs on seasonal variations of biomarkers of oxidative stress. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12995-016-0125-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Grešner
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Radosław Świercz
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Magdalena Beata Król
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Twardowska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jolanta Gromadzińska
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
| | - Wojciech Wąsowicz
- Department of Toxicology and Carcinogenesis, Nofer Institute of Occupational Medicine, 8, Sw. Teresy str., 91-348 Lodz, Poland
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Webb E, Hays J, Dyrszka L, Rodriguez B, Cox C, Huffling K, Bushkin-Bedient S. Potential hazards of air pollutant emissions from unconventional oil and natural gas operations on the respiratory health of children and infants. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2016; 31:225-243. [PMID: 27171386 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2014-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Research on air pollutant emissions associated with unconventional oil and gas (UOG) development has grown significantly in recent years. Empirical investigations have focused on the identification and measurement of oil and gas air pollutants [e.g. volatile organic compounds (VOCs), particulate matter (PM), methane] and the influence of UOG on local and regional ambient air quality (e.g. tropospheric ozone). While more studies to better characterize spatial and temporal trends in exposure among children and newborns near UOG sites are needed, existing research suggests that exposure to air pollutants emitted during lifecycle operations can potentially lead to adverse respiratory outcomes in this population. Children are known to be at a greater risk from exposure to air pollutants, which can impair lung function and neurodevelopment, or exacerbate existing conditions, such as asthma, because the respiratory system is particularly vulnerable during development in-utero, the postnatal period, and early childhood. In this article, we review the literature relevant to respiratory risks of UOG on infants and children. Existing epidemiology studies document the impact of air pollutant exposure on children in other contexts and suggest impacts near UOG. Research is sparse on long-term health risks associated with frequent acute exposures - especially in children - hence our interpretation of these findings may be conservative. Many data gaps remain, but existing data support precautionary measures to protect the health of infants and children.
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Li W, Tse LA, Au JSK, Wang F, Qiu H, Yu ITS. Secondhand Smoke Enhances Lung Cancer Risk in Male Smokers: An Interaction. Nicotine Tob Res 2016; 18:2057-2064. [PMID: 27107433 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntw115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies revealed that some indoor air pollutants and fine particle matter can interact with active smoking, enhancing lung cancer risk in smokers. Secondhand smoke (SHS), with remarkable differences from active smoking, contributes significantly to indoor air pollution and generates a considerable amount of fine particle matter, may cause a similar interaction with active smoking. METHODS Information on lifetime SHS along with active smoking and other confirmed or suspected risk factors for lung cancer was collected in this case-referent study. Odds ratios and the 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of smoking status in different levels of SHS were evaluated. Potential multiplicative and additive interactions were explored. RESULTS Compared with never-smokers without SHS, current smokers who were exposed to a high level of SHS demonstrated the highest odds ratio (15.13, 95% CI: 8.60, 26.65), almost doubles the effect in the current smokers without SHS. Significant additive interactions between current smoking and high level of SHS were observed for all lung cancers (synergy index = 1.80, 95% CI: 1.02, 3.24) and the squamous carcinoma subgroup. CONCLUSIONS High level of SHS exposure greatly enhanced lung cancer risk among current smokers, consistent with an additive interaction; while this interaction was predominant for the squamous carcinoma. The results provide new evidence to the rationale of promoting global smoking cessation. IMPLICATIONS Some indoor air pollutants can interact with active smoking, yielding a synergistic effect on inducing lung cancer. SHS, with noticeable differences from active smoking, is a major source of indoor air pollution. However, little has been known about the effect of SHS in smokers and whether there is a similar interaction between SHS and active smoking. In this study, we evaluated their separate and joint effects and indeed found a more than additive interaction between them. This finding suggests a potential problem of gathering smoking aggravating by venue restriction policies and re-advocates policy efforts on smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wentao Li
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Lap Ah Tse
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Joseph S K Au
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Queen Elizabeth Hospital , Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Feng Wang
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Hong Qiu
- School of Public Health, University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR , China
| | - Ignatius Tak-Sun Yu
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.,Hong Kong Occupational and Environmental Health Academy, Hong Kong SAR, China
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Meredith NA, Quinn C, Cate DM, Reilly TH, Volckens J, Henry CS. Paper-based analytical devices for environmental analysis. Analyst 2016; 141:1874-87. [PMID: 26901771 PMCID: PMC9423764 DOI: 10.1039/c5an02572a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The field of paper-based microfluidics has experienced rapid growth over the past decade. Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs), originally developed for point-of-care medical diagnostics in resource-limited settings, are now being applied in new areas, such as environmental analyses. Low-cost paper sensors show great promise for on-site environmental analysis; the theme of ongoing research complements existing instrumental techniques by providing high spatial and temporal resolution for environmental monitoring. This review highlights recent applications of μPADs for environmental analysis along with technical advances that may enable μPADs to be more widely implemented in field testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan A Meredith
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - Casey Quinn
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA.
| | - David M Cate
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA and Intellectual Ventures, Bellevue, Washington 98007, USA
| | - Thomas H Reilly
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. and Access Sensor Technologies, LLC, Fort Collins, Colorado 80524, USA
| | - John Volckens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. and Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Charles S Henry
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
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Bai Y, Feng W, Wang S, Zhang X, Zhang W, He M, Zhang X, Wu T, Guo H. Essential Metals Zinc, Selenium, and Strontium Protect against Chromosome Damage Caused by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:951-960. [PMID: 26699282 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b03945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Essential metals play important roles in maintaining cellular homeostasis, but the effects of their interaction with the environmental pollutants are still not very well-known in human subjects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the roles of essential metals and their interactions with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) on chromosome damage, an early carcinogenic event. A total of 1245 male workers were included in this study and the levels of 11 urinary essential metals, 12 urinary PAH metabolites, plasma concentrations of benzo[a]pyrene-r-7,t-8,t-9,c-10-tetrahydotetrol-albumin (BPDE-Alb) adducts, and lymphocyte micronucleus (MN) frequencies were monitored. We found that zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and strontium (Sr) have significant inverse dose-response relationships with MN frequencies (all P < 0.05). Furthermore, the protective roles of Zn, Se, and Sr were mainly shown among subjects with high levels of BPDE-Alb adducts. Significant effect modification of BPDE-Alb adducts on the associations of Zn, Se, and Sr with MN frequencies was observed (all Pinteraction < 0.05). Our study showed evidence that Zn, Se, and Sr play protective roles in reducing chromosome damage, and these effects can be modified by PAH exposure levels. These findings add potential evidence for the preventive effects of Zn, Se, and Sr against carcinogenesis in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yansen Bai
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wei Feng
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Suhan Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Wangzhen Zhang
- Institute of Industrial Health, Wuhan Iron & Steel (Group) Corporation , Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meian He
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tangchun Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Huan Guo
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan 430074, China
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Huang S, Zhang X, Tafu M, Toshima T, Jo Y. Study on subway particle capture by ferromagnetic mesh filter in nonuniform magnetic field. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Huang J, Lim MY, Zhao B, Shao L, Lao L. PM2.5 and ash residue from combustion of moxa floss. Acupunct Med 2015; 34:101-6. [PMID: 26516134 DOI: 10.1136/acupmed-2015-010914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moxibustion, a Traditional Chinese Medicine technique, involves burning moxa floss to apply heat to certain points or areas of the body surface to treat disease. Moxibustion releases a considerable amount of smoke into the environment. There remains controversy over the safety of moxa smoke and its potential effects on human health. METHODS We measured the PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) mass concentration in moxa smoke and the oxidative capacity of PM2.5 and moxa ash (using a plasmid scission assay in whole and water-soluble fractions) in the by-products of moxibustion produced from burning moxa floss of different ratios (3:1 or 15:1) and duration of storage (3 or 10 years) in three simulated moxibustion clinics. RESULTS PM2.5 mass concentration was 224.28, 226.39 and 210.56 μg/m(3) for samples A (3 years and 3:1 ratio), B (3 years and 15:1 ratio), and C (10 years and 3:1 ratio), respectively. Average D500 oxidative damage of PM2.5 was 29.42%, 29.16% and 27.01% and that of moxa ash was 22.78%, 20.60% and 21.42% for samples A, B and C, respectively. PM2.5 demonstrated a significantly greater oxidative capacity than moxa ash (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS The oxidative DNA damage induced by individual PM2.5 following moxibustion was lower than that reported in other environments. However, PM2.5 mass concentration after moxibustion is still relatively high. We would recommend ensuring adequate ventilation during moxibustion to reduce any possible risks. Further studies are needed to better define the potential impact of particles in moxibustion by-products on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Huang
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yee Lim
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Baixiao Zhao
- School of Acupuncture-Moxibustion and Tuina, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Longyi Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining, College of Geoscience and Surveying Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing, China
| | - Lixing Lao
- School of Chinese Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Fox JR, Cox DP, Drury BE, Gould TR, Kavanagh TJ, Paulsen MH, Sheppard L, Simpson CD, Stewart JA, Larson TV, Kaufman JD. Chemical characterization and in vitro toxicity of diesel exhaust particulate matter generated under varying conditions. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2015; 8:507-519. [PMID: 26539254 PMCID: PMC4628827 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-014-0301-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Epidemiologic studies have linked diesel exhaust (DE) to cardiovascular and respiratory morbidity and mortality, as well as lung cancer. DE composition is known to vary with many factors, although it is unclear how this influences toxicity. We generated eight DE atmospheres by applying a 2×2×2 factorial design and altering three parameters in a controlled exposure facility: (1) engine load (27 vs 82 %), (2) particle aging (residence time ~5 s vs ~5 min prior to particle collection), and (3) oxidation (with or without ozonation during dilution). Selected exposure concentrations of both diesel exhaust particles (DEPs) and DE gases, DEP oxidative reactivity via DTT activity, and in vitro DEP toxicity in murine endothelial cells were measured for each DE atmosphere. Cell toxicity was assessed via measurement of cell proliferation (colony formation assay), cell viability (MTT assay), and wound healing (scratch assay). Differences in DE composition were observed as a function of engine load. The mean 1-nitropyrene concentration was 15 times higher and oxidative reactivity was two times higher for low engine load versus high load. There were no substantial differences in measured toxicity among the three DE exposure parameters. These results indicate that alteration of applied engine load shifts the composition and can modify the biological reactivity of DE. While engine conditions did not affect the selected in vitro toxicity measures, the change in oxidative reactivity suggests that toxicological studies with DE need to take into account engine conditions in characterizing biological effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Richman Fox
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David P. Cox
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Timothy R. Gould
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Terrance J. Kavanagh
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Michael H. Paulsen
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lianne Sheppard
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Christopher D. Simpson
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James A. Stewart
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Timothy V. Larson
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA. Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Joel D. Kaufman
- Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Fecchio RS, Gomes MDS, Xavier JG, Kunze PE, Gioso MA. Maxillary Calcifying Epithelial Odontogenic Tumor in a Siberian Tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). J Vet Dent 2015; 32:120-1. [PMID: 26415389 DOI: 10.1177/089875641503200206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Møller P, Hemmingsen JG, Jensen DM, Danielsen PH, Karottki DG, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Cao Y, Kermanizadeh A, Klingberg H, Christophersen DV, Hersoug LG, Loft S. Applications of the comet assay in particle toxicology: air pollution and engineered nanomaterials exposure. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:67-83. [PMID: 25527730 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/geu035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ambient air particles is associated with elevated levels of DNA strand breaks (SBs) and endonuclease III, formamidopyrimidine DNA glycosylase (FPG) and oxoguanine DNA glycosylase-sensitive sites in cell cultures, animals and humans. In both animals and cell cultures, increases in SB and in oxidatively damaged DNA are seen after exposure to a range of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs), including carbon black, carbon nanotubes, fullerene C60, ZnO, silver and gold. Exposure to TiO2 has generated mixed data with regard to SB and oxidatively damaged DNA in cell cultures. Nanosilica does not seem to be associated with generation of FPG-sensitive sites in cell cultures, while large differences in SB generation between studies have been noted. Single-dose airway exposure to nanosized carbon black and multi-walled carbon nanotubes in animal models seems to be associated with elevated DNA damage levels in lung tissue in comparison to similar exposure to TiO2 and fullerene C60. Oral exposure has been associated with augmented DNA damage levels in cells of internal organs, although the doses have been typically very high. Intraveneous and intraperitoneal injection of ENMs have shown contradictory results dependent on the type of ENM and dose in each set of experiments. In conclusion, the exposure to both combustion-derived particles and ENMs is associated with increased levels of DNA damage in the comet assay. Particle size, composition and crystal structure of ENM are considered important determinants of toxicity, whereas their combined contributions to genotoxicity in the comet assay are yet to be thoroughly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Jette Gjerke Hemmingsen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ditte Marie Jensen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Pernille Høgh Danielsen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Dorina Gabriela Karottki
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Kim Jantzen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Yi Cao
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Ali Kermanizadeh
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Henrik Klingberg
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Daniel Vest Christophersen
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Lars-Georg Hersoug
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environmental Health, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Kim KN, Lee H, Kim JH, Jung K, Lim YH, Hong YC. Physical Activity- and Alcohol-dependent Association Between Air Pollution Exposure and Elevated Liver Enzyme Levels: An Elderly Panel Study. J Prev Med Public Health 2015; 48:151-69. [PMID: 26081652 PMCID: PMC4484281 DOI: 10.3961/jpmph.15.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The deleterious effects of air pollution on various health outcomes have been demonstrated. However, few studies have examined the effects of air pollution on liver enzyme levels. METHODS Blood samples were drawn up to three times between 2008 and 2010 from 545 elderly individuals who regularly visited a community welfare center in Seoul, Korea. Data regarding ambient air pollutants (particulate matter ≤2.5 μm [PM2.5], nitrogen dioxide [NO2], ozone [O3], carbon monoxide, and sulfur dioxide) from monitoring stations were used to estimate air pollution exposure. The effects of the air pollutants on the concentrations of three liver enzymes (aspartate aminotransferase [AST], alanine aminotransferase [ALT], and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase [γ-GTP)]) were evaluated using generalized additive and linear mixed models. RESULTS Interquartile range increases in the concentrations of the pollutants showed significant associations of PM2.5 with AST (3.0% increase, p=0.0052), ALT (3.2% increase, p=0.0313), and γ-GTP (5.0% increase, p=0.0051) levels; NO2 with AST (3.5% increase, p=0.0060) and ALT (3.8% increase, p=0.0179) levels; and O3 with γ-GTP (5.3% increase, p=0.0324) levels. Significant modification of these effects by exercise and alcohol consumption was found (p for interaction <0.05). The effects of air pollutants were greater in non-exercisers and heavy drinkers. CONCLUSIONS Short-term exposure to air pollutants such as PM2.5, NO2, and O3 is associated with increased liver enzyme levels in the elderly. These adverse effects can be reduced by exercising regularly and abstinence from alcohol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Nam Kim
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyemi Lee
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Hee Kim
- Department of Environmental Health, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kweon Jung
- Seoul Metropolitan Institute of Public Health and Environment, Seoul, Korea
| | - Youn-Hee Lim
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea ; Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yun-Chul Hong
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea ; Institute of Environmental Medicine, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea ; Environmental Health Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Zhang Y, Song M, Rui X, Pu S, Li Y, Li C. Supplemental dietary phytosterin protects against 4-nitrophenol-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat testes. Toxicol Rep 2015; 2:664-676. [PMID: 28962402 PMCID: PMC5598167 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2015.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Nitrophenol (PNP), is generally regarded as an environmental endocrine disruptor (EED). Phytosterin (PS), a new feed additive, possesses highly efficient antioxidant activities. The transcription factor, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), is an important regulator of cellular oxidative stress. Using rats, this study examined PNP-induced testicular oxidative damage and PS-mediated protection against that damage. The generation of MDA and H2O2 upon PNP and PS treatment was milder than that upon treatment with PNP alone. This mitigation was accompanied by partially reversed changes in SOD, CAT, GSH and GSH-Px. Moreover, PNP significantly reduced the caudal epididymal sperm counts and serum testosterone levels. Typical morphological changes were also observed in the testes of PNP-treated animals. PNP reduced the transcriptional level of Nrf2, as evaluated by RT-PCR, but it promoted the dissociation from the Nrf2 complex, stabilization and translocation into the nucleus, as evaluated by immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. In addition, PNP enhanced the Nrf2-dependent gene expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and glutamate–cysteine ligase catalytic subunit (GCLC). These results suggest that the Nrf2 pathway plays an important role in PNP-induced oxidative damage and that PS possesses modulatory effects on PNP-induced oxidative damage in rat testes.
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Key Words
- 4-Nitrophenol
- 4-Nitrophenol (PubChem CID: 980)
- ARE, antioxidant response element
- Antioxidant gene
- Apoptosis
- CAT, catalase
- Campesterol (PubChem CID: 457801)
- DEP, diesel exhaust particles
- EED, environmental endocrine disruptor
- GCLC, γ-glutamylcysteine synthetase
- GSH, glutathione
- GSH-Px, glutathione peroxidase
- HO-1, heme oxygenase 1
- Keap1, kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- NQO1, NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1
- Nrf2
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2
- PNP, 4-nitrophenol
- PS, phytosterins
- Phytosterin
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- SOD, superoxide dismutase
- Stigmasterol (PubChem CID: 5280794)
- Testis
- β-Sitosterol (PubChem CID: 222284)
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonghui Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China.,Laboratory of Nuclear Receptors & Cancer Research, Basic Medical Research Center, Nantong University School of Medicine, Nanjing 226001, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Meiyan Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Rui
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Shaoxia Pu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - Yansen Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
| | - ChunMei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, PR China
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Hemmingsen JG, Møller P, Jantzen K, Jönsson BAG, Albin M, Wierzbicka A, Gudmundsson A, Loft S, Rissler J. Controlled exposure to diesel exhaust and traffic noise--Effects on oxidative stress and activation in mononuclear blood cells. Mutat Res 2015; 775:66-71. [PMID: 25898780 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/22/2015] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Particulate air pollution increases risk of cancer and cardiopulmonary disease, partly through oxidative stress. Traffic-related noise increases risk of cardiovascular disease and may cause oxidative stress. In this controlled random sequence study, 18 healthy subjects were exposed for 3h to diesel exhaust (DE) at 276 μg/m(3) from a passenger car or filtered air, with co-exposure to traffic noise at 48 or 75 dB(A). Gene expression markers of inflammation, (interleukin-8 and tumor necrosis factor), oxidative stress (heme oxygenase (decycling-1)) and DNA repair (8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1)) were unaltered in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). No significant differences in DNA damage levels, measured by the comet assay, were observed after DE exposure, whereas exposure to high noise levels was associated with significantly increased levels of hOGG1-sensitive sites in PBMCs. Urinary levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine were unaltered. In auxiliary ex vivo experiments whole blood was incubated with particles from the exposure chamber for 3h without effects on DNA damage in PBMCs or intracellular reactive oxygen species production and expression of CD11b and CD62L adhesion molecules in leukocyte subtypes. CONCLUSION 3-h exposure to DE caused no genotoxicity, oxidative stress or inflammation in PBMCs, whereas exposure to noise might cause oxidatively damaged DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Gjerke Hemmingsen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Jantzen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo A G Jönsson
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Maria Albin
- Division of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University, SE-22185 Lund, Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden
| | - Steffen Loft
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jenny Rissler
- Department of Design Sciences, Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, P.O. Box 118, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden.
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76
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Hemmingsen JG, Jantzen K, Møller P, Loft S. No oxidative stress or DNA damage in peripheral blood mononuclear cells after exposure to particles from urban street air in overweight elderly. Mutagenesis 2015; 30:635-42. [PMID: 25904586 PMCID: PMC4540789 DOI: 10.1093/mutage/gev027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to traffic-related particulate matter (PM) has been associated with increased risk of lung disease, cancer and cardiovascular disease especially in elderly and overweight subjects. The proposed mechanisms involve intracellular production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), inflammation and oxidation-induced DNA damage studied mainly in young normal-weight subjects. We performed a controlled cross-over, randomised, single-blinded, repeated-measure study where 60 healthy subjects (25 males and 35 females) with age 55–83 years and body mass index above 25kg/m2 were exposed for 5h to either particle-filtered or sham-filtered air from a busy street with number of concentrations and PM2.5 levels of 1800/cm3 versus 23 000/cm3 and 3 µg/m3 versus 24 µg/m3, respectively. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were collected and assayed for production of ROS with and without ex vivo exposure to nanosized carbon black as well as expression of genes related to inflammation (chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2, interleukin-8 and tumour necrosis factor), oxidative stress response (heme oxygenase (decycling)-1) and DNA repair (oxoguanine DNA glycosylase). DNA strand breaks and oxidised purines were assayed by the alkaline comet assay. No statistically significant differences were found for any biomarker immediately after exposure to PM from urban street air although strand breaks and oxidised purines combined were significantly associated with the particle number concentration during exposure. In conclusion, 5h of controlled exposure to PM from urban traffic did not change the gene expression related to inflammation, oxidative stress or DNA repair, ROS production or oxidatively damaged DNA in PBMCs from elderly overweight human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jette Gjerke Hemmingsen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Jantzen
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5A, DK-1014 Copenhagen, Denmark
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77
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The aryl hydrocarbon receptor-mediated and genotoxic effects of fractionated extract of standard reference diesel exhaust particle material in pulmonary, liver and prostate cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 29:438-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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78
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Scungio M, Buonanno G, Arpino F, Ficco G. Influential parameters on ultrafine particle concentration downwind at waste-to-energy plants. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2015; 38:157-163. [PMID: 25670165 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2015.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Revised: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A numerical investigation on the parameters influencing the ultrafine particle concentrations downwind an incinerator plant has been carried out on a three-dimensional full scale model. The simulation was based on a modified version of the k-ε turbulence model in order to take into account the thermal buoyancy effect of the plume, and reproducing a stable and neutral atmospheric boundary layer by setting appropriate values of velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and turbulent dissipation rate. The ability of the model to reproduce and maintain a stable atmospheric boundary layer was evaluated by analyzing the turbulent characteristics of the flow along the domain. A parametric analysis made on the basis of different plant operational, environmental, and flue gas treatment parameters was carried out in order to evaluate the impact of incinerator plants on the background concentration of ultrafine particles. The evaluation was made at 5 km downwind the chimney in a breathable area, showing that the most significant impact is due to the flue gas treatment section, with a variation on the background concentration up to 370% for a plant hypothetically working without controls on ultrafine particles emission. Operational and environmental parameters determine variations of the concentrations ranging from 1.62% to 4.48% for the lowest and highest chimney, from 1.41% to 4.52% for the lowest and highest wind speed and from 2.48% to 4.5% for the lowest and highest flue gas velocity, respectively. In addition, plume rise evaluation was carried out as a function of wind speed and flue gas velocity from the chimney.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Scungio
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via G. di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via G. di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy; Queensland University of Technology, 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia.
| | - Fausto Arpino
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via G. di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy
| | - Giorgio Ficco
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via G. di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino (FR), Italy
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79
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Wei J, Li F, Yang J, Liu X, Cho WC. MicroRNAs as regulators of airborne pollution-induced lung inflammation and carcinogenesis. Arch Toxicol 2015; 89:677-85. [PMID: 25667014 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-015-1462-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increasing incidence of pulmonary inflammation and lung cancer, as well as exacerbation of pre-existing chronic lung diseases by exposure to airborne pollutants, e.g., particulate matter and cigarette smoke, is becoming a major public health concern in the world. However, the exact mechanisms of pulmonary injury from exposure to these airborne insults have not been fully elucidated. Nevertheless, accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRNAs) may play a unique role in the regulation of airborne agent-induced lung inflammation and carcinogenesis. Since epigenetic modifications are heritable and reversible, this may provide a new insight into the relationship of miRNAs and environmental pollution-related lung disorders. The aim of this review was to update our existing knowledge regarding the mechanisms by which airborne pollutants altering miRNA profiles in the lung, specifically for cigarette smoke and airborne particulate matter, and the potential biological roles of miRNAs in the initiation of pulmonary inflammation and lung cancer, as well as the regulation of underlying genetic susceptibility to these environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wei
- Center of Medical Research, General Hospital, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, Ningxia, 750004, People's Republic of China
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80
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Borgie M, Ledoux F, Verdin A, Cazier F, Greige H, Shirali P, Courcot D, Dagher Z. Genotoxic and epigenotoxic effects of fine particulate matter from rural and urban sites in Lebanon on human bronchial epithelial cells. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 136:352-362. [PMID: 25460656 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2014.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of air pollution by particulate matter (PM) is strongly required in Lebanon in the absence of an air quality law including updated air quality standards. Using two different PM2.5-0.3 samples collected at an urban and a rural site, we examined genotoxic/epigenotoxic effects of PM exposure within a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). Inorganic and organic contents evidence the major contribution of traffic and generating sets in the PM2.5-0.3 composition. Urban PM2.5-0.3 sample increased the phosphorylation of H2AX, the telomerase activity and the miR-21 up-regulation in BEAS-2B cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, urban PM2.5-0.3 induced a significant increase in CYP1A1, CYP1B1 and AhRR genes expression. The variable concentrations of transition metals and organic compounds detected in the collected PM2.5-0.3 samples might be the active agents leading to a cumulative DNA damage, critical for carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Borgie
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Groupe de Recherche Molécules Bioactives, Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologies, Université Libanaise, Liban; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Anthony Verdin
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Fabrice Cazier
- Centre Commun de Mesures, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel 1, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Hélène Greige
- Groupe de Recherche Molécules Bioactives, Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologies, Université Libanaise, Liban; Département de Chimie et de Biochimie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libanaise, Liban
| | - Pirouz Shirali
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France
| | - Dominique Courcot
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant (UCEIV), EA 4492, Maison de la Recherche en Environnement Industriel, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, 145 Avenue Maurice Schumann, 59140 Dunkerque, France; Université Lille Nord de France, Lille, France.
| | - Zeina Dagher
- Groupe de Recherche Molécules Bioactives, Ecole Doctorale des Sciences et Technologies, Université Libanaise, Liban; Département de Biologie, Faculté des Sciences, Université Libanaise, Liban
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81
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Kim KH, Kabir E, Kabir S. A review on the human health impact of airborne particulate matter. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2015; 74:136-43. [PMID: 25454230 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1141] [Impact Index Per Article: 126.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a key indicator of air pollution brought into the air by a variety of natural and human activities. As it can be suspended over long time and travel over long distances in the atmosphere, it can cause a wide range of diseases that lead to a significant reduction of human life. The size of particles has been directly linked to their potential for causing health problems. Small particles of concern include "inhalable coarse particles" with a diameter of 2.5 to 10μm and "fine particles" smaller than 2.5μm in diameter. As the source-effect relationship of PM remains unclear, it is not easy to define such effects from individual sources such as long-range transport of pollution. Because of the potent role of PM and its associated pollutants, detailed knowledge of their human health impacts is of primary importance. This paper summarizes the basic evidence on the health effects of particulate matter. An in-depth analysis is provided to address the implications for policy-makers so that more stringent strategies can be implemented to reduce air pollution and its health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ehsanul Kabir
- Department of Farm, Power & Machinery, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
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82
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Traversi D, Cervella P, Gilli G. Evaluating the genotoxicity of urban PM2.5 using PCR-based methods in human lung cells and the Salmonella TA98 reverse test. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1279-1289. [PMID: 25138555 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3435-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of compounds found in particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter <2.5 (PM2.5) can interact with DNA either directly or after enzymatic transformation to induce DNA modifications. These particulate matter (PM)-induced alterations in DNA may be associated with increased frequencies of pollution-associated diseases, such as lung cancer. In the present study, we applied different methods to assess the mutagenicity and genotoxicity of monthly PM2.5 organic extracts collected over a full year. We used the Salmonella assay, exposed cultured human embryonic lung fibroblasts and applied extracellular lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and 2,3-bis[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxyanilide inner salt (XTT) assays to assess the cytotoxicity of PM2.5 on the cells. We assessed both the expression levels of a number of DNA repair genes (using qRT-qPCR) and the genetic profile of the treated cells compared to the control. The expression levels of XRCC1 and APE1, which are involved in the first steps of base excision repair, as well as ERCC1, XPA and XPF, which encode nucleotide excision repair subunits, were analysed. The monthly mean of the PM2.5 collected was 35.16 ± 22.06 μg/m(3). The mutagenicity of PM2.5 to TA98 was 46 ± 50 net revertants/m(3), while the mutagenicity to TA98 + S9 was 17 ± 19 net revertants/m(3). The mean IC50 values were 2.741 ± 1.414 and 3.219 ± 2.764 m(3) of equivalent air in the XTT and LDH assays, respectively. A marked and significant increase in APE1 expression levels was observed in the exposed cells. This effect was also significantly correlated with mutagenicity (p < 0.01). No induced AFLP fragment profile alterations were detected. The proposed approach seems to be useful for integrated evaluation and for highlighting the mechanisms inducing DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Traversi
- Department of Public Health and Paediatrics, University of Torino, piazza Polonia 94, 10126, Torino, Italy,
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83
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Ito K, Mercado N. STOP accelerating lung aging for the treatment of COPD. Exp Gerontol 2014; 59:21-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2014.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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84
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Zhao Y, Kato S, Zhao J. Numerical Analysis of Particle Dispersion Characteristics at the Near Region of Vehicles in a Residential Underground Parking Lot. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2014.963200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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85
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Møller P, Danielsen PH, Karottki DG, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Klingberg H, Jensen DM, Christophersen DV, Hemmingsen JG, Cao Y, Loft S. Oxidative stress and inflammation generated DNA damage by exposure to air pollution particles. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 762:133-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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86
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Feretti D, Ceretti E, De Donno A, Moretti M, Carducci A, Bonetta S, Marrese MR, Bonetti A, Covolo L, Bagordo F, Villarini M, Verani M, Schilirò T, Limina RM, Grassi T, Monarca S, Casini B, Carraro E, Zani C, Mazzoleni G, Levaggi R, Gelatti U. Monitoring air pollution effects on children for supporting public health policy: the protocol of the prospective cohort MAPEC study. BMJ Open 2014; 4:e006096. [PMID: 25227631 PMCID: PMC4166251 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Genotoxic biomarkers have been studied largely in adult population, but few studies so far have investigated them in children exposed to air pollution. Children are a high-risk group as regards the health effects of air pollution and some studies suggest that early exposure during childhood can play an important role in the development of chronic diseases in adulthood. The objective of the project is to evaluate the associations between the concentration of urban air pollutants and biomarkers of early biological effect in children, and to propose a model for estimating the global risk of early biological effects due to air pollutants and other factors in children. METHODS AND ANALYSIS Two biomarkers of early biological effects, DNA damage by the comet assay and the micronuclei (MN) test, will be investigated in oral mucosa cells of 6-8-year-old children. Concurrently, some toxic airborne pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and nitro-PAH) and in vitro air mutagenicity and toxicity in ultra-fine air particulates (PM0.5) will be evaluated. Furthermore, demographic and socioeconomic variables, other sources of exposures to air pollutants and lifestyle variables will be assessed by a structured questionnaire. The associations between sociodemographic, environmental and other exposure variables and biomarkers of early biological effect using univariate and multivariate models will be analysed. A tentative model for calculating the global absolute risk of having early biological effects caused by air pollution and other variables will be proposed. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The project has been approved by the Ethics Committees of the local Health Authorities. The results will be communicated to local Public Health Agencies, for supporting educational programmes and health policy strategies. LIFE+2012 Environment Policy and Governance. LIFE12 ENV/IT/000614.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Feretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - E Ceretti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - A De Donno
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Moretti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - A Carducci
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - S Bonetta
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - A Bonetti
- Centro Servizi Multisettoriale e Tecnologico—CSMT Gestione S.c.a.r.l., Brescia, Italy
| | - L Covolo
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - F Bagordo
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - M Villarini
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - M Verani
- Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - T Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - R M Limina
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - T Grassi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science and Technology, University of Salento, Lecce, Italy
| | - S Monarca
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - B Casini
- Department of Translational Research, N.T.M.S., University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - E Carraro
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - C Zani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - G Mazzoleni
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - R Levaggi
- Department of Economics, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - U Gelatti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Specialties, Radiological Science and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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87
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Rahul J, Jain MK. An Investigation in to the Impact of Particulate Matter on Vegetation along the National Highway: A Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.3923/rjes.2014.356.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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88
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Rajendran P, Nandakumar N, Rengarajan T, Palaniswami R, Gnanadhas EN, Lakshminarasaiah U, Gopas J, Nishigaki I. Antioxidants and human diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2014; 436:332-47. [PMID: 24933428 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2014.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the development of human diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) that includes hydrogen peroxide, hyphochlorus acid, superoxide anion, singlet oxygen, lipid peroxides, hypochlorite and hydroxyl radical are involved in growth, differentiation, progression and death of the cell. They can react with membrane lipids, nucleic acids, proteins, enzymes and other small molecules. Low concentrations of ROS has an indispensable role in intracellular signalling and defence against pathogens, while, higher amounts of ROS play a role in number of human diseases, including arthritis, cancer, diabetes, atherosclerosis, ischemia, failures in immunity and endocrine functions. Antioxidants presumably act as safeguard against the accumulation of ROS and their elimination from the system. The aim of this review is to highlight advances in understanding of the ROS and also to summarize the detailed impact and involvement of antioxidants in selected human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peramaiyan Rajendran
- NPO-International Laboratory of Biochemistry, 1-166, Uchide, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454-0926, Japan
| | - Natarajan Nandakumar
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel
| | | | - Rajendran Palaniswami
- Department of Applied Zoology and Biotechnology, Vivekananda College (A Gurukula Institute of Life Training), Affiliated to Madurai Kamaraj University, Thiruvedakam West, Madurai 625234, India
| | - Edwinoliver Nesamony Gnanadhas
- Avram and Stella Goldstein-Goren Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Uppalapati Lakshminarasaiah
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry and Pharmacology, Soroka University Medical Center, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Jacob Gopas
- Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Israel; Oncology Department Soroka University Medical Center, Be'er-Sheva 84105, Israel
| | - Ikuo Nishigaki
- NPO-International Laboratory of Biochemistry, 1-166, Uchide, Nakagawa-ku, Nagoya 454-0926, Japan.
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Quercetin Attenuates Oxidative Damage Induced by Treatment of Embryonic Chicken Spermatogonial Cells with 4-Nitro-3-phenylphenol in Diesel Exhaust Particles. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2014; 74:934-8. [DOI: 10.1271/bbb.90740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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90
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Matsunaga T, Morikawa Y, Haga M, Endo S, Soda M, Yamamura K, El-Kabbani O, Tajima K, Ikari A, Hara A. Exposure to 9,10-phenanthrenequinone accelerates malignant progression of lung cancer cells through up-regulation of aldo-keto reductase 1B10. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 278:180-9. [PMID: 24813866 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inhalation of 9,10-phenanthrenequinone (9,10-PQ), a major quinone in diesel exhaust, exerts fatal damage against a variety of cells involved in respiratory function. Here, we show that treatment with high concentrations of 9,10-PQ evokes apoptosis of lung cancer A549 cells through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In contrast, 9,10-PQ at its concentrations of 2 and 5 μM elevated the potentials for proliferation, invasion, metastasis and tumorigenesis, all of which were almost completely inhibited by addition of an antioxidant N-acetyl-l-cysteine, inferring a crucial role of ROS in the overgrowth and malignant progression of lung cancer cells. Comparison of mRNA expression levels of six aldo-keto reductases (AKRs) in the 9,10-PQ-treated cells advocated up-regulation of AKR1B10 as a major cause contributing to the lung cancer malignancy. In support of this, the elevation of invasive, metastatic and tumorigenic activities in the 9,10-PQ-treated cells was significantly abolished by the addition of a selective AKR1B10 inhibitor oleanolic acid. Intriguingly, zymographic and real-time PCR analyses revealed remarkable increases in secretion and expression, respectively, of matrix metalloproteinase 2 during the 9,10-PQ treatment, and suggested that the AKR1B10 up-regulation and resultant activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade are predominant mechanisms underlying the metalloproteinase induction. In addition, HPLC analysis and cytochrome c reduction assay in in vitro 9,10-PQ reduction by AKR1B10 demonstrated that the enzyme catalyzes redox-cycling of this quinone, by which ROS are produced. Collectively, these results suggest that AKR1B10 is a key regulator involved in overgrowth and malignant progression of the lung cancer cells through ROS production due to 9,10-PQ redox-cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Matsunaga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan.
| | - Yoshifumi Morikawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Mariko Haga
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Satoshi Endo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Midori Soda
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Keiko Yamamura
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya 464-8650, Japan
| | - Ossama El-Kabbani
- Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kazuo Tajima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
| | - Akira Ikari
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu 501-1196, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Faculty of Engineering, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
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91
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Ceretti E, Feretti D, Viola GCV, Zerbini I, Limina RM, Zani C, Capelli M, Lamera R, Donato F, Gelatti U. DNA damage in buccal mucosa cells of pre-school children exposed to high levels of urban air pollutants. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96524. [PMID: 24789200 PMCID: PMC4008603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution has been recognized as a human carcinogen. Children living in urban areas are a high-risk group, because genetic damage occurring early in life is considered able to increase the risk of carcinogenesis in adulthood. This study aimed to investigate micronuclei (MN) frequency, as a biomarker of DNA damage, in exfoliated buccal cells of pre-school children living in a town with high levels of air pollution. A sample of healthy 3-6-year-old children living in Brescia, Northern Italy, was investigated. A sample of the children's buccal mucosa cells was collected during the winter months in 2012 and 2013. DNA damage was investigated using the MN test. Children's exposure to urban air pollution was evaluated by means of a questionnaire filled in by their parents that included items on various possible sources of indoor and outdoor pollution, and the concentration of fine particulate matter (PM10, PM2.5) and NO2 in the 1-3 weeks preceding biological sample collection. 181 children (mean age ± SD: 4.3 ± 0.9 years) were investigated. The mean ± SD MN frequency was 0.29 ± 0.13%. A weak, though statistically significant, association of MN with concentration of air pollutants (PM10, PM2.5 and NO2) was found, whereas no association was apparent between MN frequency and the indoor and outdoor exposure variables investigated via the questionnaire. This study showed a high MN frequency in children living in a town with heavy air pollution in winter, higher than usually found among children living in areas with low or medium-high levels of air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Ceretti
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Donatella Feretti
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gaia C V. Viola
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Ilaria Zerbini
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rosa M. Limina
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Claudia Zani
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Michela Capelli
- Post-Graduate School of Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Rossella Lamera
- Post-Graduate School of Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Francesco Donato
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Umberto Gelatti
- Unit of Hygiene, Epidemiology and Public Health, Department of Medical and Surgical Specialities, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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92
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Abstract
Evolution has favored the utilization of dioxygen (O2) in the development of complex multicellular organisms. O2 is actually a toxic mutagenic gas that is highly oxidizing and combustible. It is thought that plants are largely to blame for polluting the earth's atmosphere with O2 owing to the development of photosynthesis by blue-green algae over 2 billion years ago. The rise of the plants and atmospheric O2 levels placed evolutionary stress on organisms to adapt or become extinct. This implies that all the surviving creatures on our planet are mutants that have adapted to the "abnormal biology" of O2. Much of the adaptation to the presence of O2 in biological systems comes from well-coordinated antioxidant and repair systems that focus on converting O2 to its most reduced form, water (H2O), and the repair and replacement of damaged cellular macromolecules. Biological systems have also harnessed O2's reactive properties for energy production, xenobiotic metabolism, and host defense and as a signaling messenger and redox modulator of a number of cell signaling pathways. Many of these systems involve electron transport systems and offer many different mechanisms by which antioxidant therapeutics can alternatively produce an antioxidant effect without directly scavenging oxygen-derived reactive species. It is likely that each agent will have a different set of mechanisms that may change depending on the model of oxidative stress, organ system, or disease state. An important point is that all biological processes of aerobes have coevolved with O2 and this creates a Pandora's box for trying to understand the mechanism(s) of action of antioxidants being developed as therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Day
- Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, Denver, CO 80206, USA.
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93
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Vlachogianni T, Fiotakis K, Loridas S, Perdicaris S, Valavanidis A. Potential toxicity and safety evaluation of nanomaterials for the respiratory system and lung cancer. LUNG CANCER-TARGETS AND THERAPY 2013; 4:71-82. [PMID: 28210136 PMCID: PMC5217444 DOI: 10.2147/lctt.s23216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are a diverse group of materials finding increasing use in manufacturing, computing, food, pharmaceuticals, and biomedicine due to their very small size and exceptional properties. Health and safety concerns for ENMs have forced regulatory agencies to consider preventive measures and regulations for workers’ health and safety protection. Respiratory system toxicity from inhalable ENMs is the most important concern to health specialists. In this review, we focus on similarities and differences between conventional microparticles (diameters in mm and μm), which have been previously studied, and nanoparticles (sizes between 1 and 100 nm) in terms of size, composition, and mechanisms of action in biological systems. In past decades, respirable particulate matter (PM), asbestos fibers, crystalline silicate, and various amorphous dusts have been studied, and epidemiological evidence has shown how dangerous they are to human health, especially from exposure in working environments. Scientific evidence has shown that there is a close connection between respirable PM and pulmonary oxidative stress through the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS). There is a close connection between oxidative stress in the cell and the elicitation of an inflammatory response via pro-inflammatory gene transcription. Inflammatory processes increase the risk for lung cancer. Studies in vitro and in vivo in the last decade have shown that engineered nanoparticles (ENPs) at various doses can cause ROS generation, oxidative stress, and pro-inflammatory gene expression in the cell. It is assumed that ENPs have the potential to cause acute respiratory diseases and probably lung cancer in humans. The situation regarding chronic exposure at low doses is more complicated. The long-term accumulation of ENPs in the respiratory system cannot be excluded. However, at present, exposure data for the general public regarding ENPs are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stamatis Perdicaris
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Product Chemistry, University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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94
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Valavanidis A, Vlachogianni T, Fiotakis K, Loridas S. Pulmonary oxidative stress, inflammation and cancer: respirable particulate matter, fibrous dusts and ozone as major causes of lung carcinogenesis through reactive oxygen species mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:3886-907. [PMID: 23985773 PMCID: PMC3799517 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10093886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 471] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2013] [Revised: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen or nitrogen species (ROS, RNS) and oxidative stress in the respiratory system increase the production of mediators of pulmonary inflammation and initiate or promote mechanisms of carcinogenesis. The lungs are exposed daily to oxidants generated either endogenously or exogenously (air pollutants, cigarette smoke, etc.). Cells in aerobic organisms are protected against oxidative damage by enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems. Recent epidemiologic investigations have shown associations between increased incidence of respiratory diseases and lung cancer from exposure to low levels of various forms of respirable fibers and particulate matter (PM), at occupational or urban air polluting environments. Lung cancer increases substantially for tobacco smokers due to the synergistic effects in the generation of ROS, leading to oxidative stress and inflammation with high DNA damage potential. Physical and chemical characteristics of particles (size, transition metal content, speciation, stable free radicals, etc.) play an important role in oxidative stress. In turn, oxidative stress initiates the synthesis of mediators of pulmonary inflammation in lung epithelial cells and initiation of carcinogenic mechanisms. Inhalable quartz, metal powders, mineral asbestos fibers, ozone, soot from gasoline and diesel engines, tobacco smoke and PM from ambient air pollution (PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅) are involved in various oxidative stress mechanisms. Pulmonary cancer initiation and promotion has been linked to a series of biochemical pathways of oxidative stress, DNA oxidative damage, macrophage stimulation, telomere shortening, modulation of gene expression and activation of transcription factors with important role in carcinogenesis. In this review we are presenting the role of ROS and oxidative stress in the production of mediators of pulmonary inflammation and mechanisms of carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasios Valavanidis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Athens, University Campus Zografou, Athens 15784, Greece.
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95
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Møller P, Danielsen PH, Jantzen K, Roursgaard M, Loft S. Oxidatively damaged DNA in animals exposed to particles. Crit Rev Toxicol 2013; 43:96-118. [PMID: 23346980 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2012.756456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to combustion-derived particles, quartz and asbestos is associated with increased levels of oxidized and mutagenic DNA lesions. The aim of this survey was to critically assess the measurements of oxidatively damaged DNA as marker of particle-induced genotoxicity in animal tissues. Publications based on non-optimal assays of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine by antibodies and/or unrealistically high levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (suggesting experimental problems due to spurious oxidation of DNA) reported more induction of DNA damage after exposure to particles than did the publications based on optimal methods. The majority of studies have used single intracavitary administration or inhalation with dose rates exceeding the pulmonary overload threshold, resulting in cytotoxicity and inflammation. It is unclear whether this is relevant for the much lower human exposure levels. Still, there was linear dose-response relationship for 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in lung tissue without obvious signs of a threshold. The dose-response function was also dependent on chemical composition and other characteristics of the administered particles, whereas dependence on species and strain could not be equivocally determined. Roles of cytotoxicity or inflammation for oxidatively induced DNA damage could not be documented or refuted. Studies on exposure to particles in the gastrointestinal tract showed consistently increased levels of 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine in the liver. Collectively, there is evidence from animal experimental models that both pulmonary and gastrointestinal tract exposure to particles are associated with elevated levels of oxidatively damaged DNA in the lung and internal organs. However, there is a paucity of studies on pulmonary exposure to low doses of particles that are relevant for hazard/risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Møller
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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96
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Recent advances in particulate matter and nanoparticle toxicology: a review of the in vivo and in vitro studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:279371. [PMID: 23865044 PMCID: PMC3705851 DOI: 10.1155/2013/279371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epidemiological and clinical studies have linked exposure to particulate matter (PM) to adverse health effects, which may be registered as increased mortality and morbidity from various cardiopulmonary diseases. Despite the evidence relating PM to health effects, the physiological, cellular, and molecular mechanisms causing such effects are still not fully characterized. Two main approaches are used to elucidate the mechanisms of toxicity. One is the use of in vivo experimental models, where various effects of PM on respiratory, cardiovascular, and nervous systems can be evaluated. To more closely examine the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind the different physiological effects, the use of various in vitro models has proven to be valuable. In the present review, we discuss the current advances on the toxicology of particulate matter and nanoparticles based on these techniques.
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97
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Wolna AH, Fleming AM, An N, He L, White HS, Burrows CJ. Electrical Current Signatures of DNA Base Modifications in Single Molecules Immobilized in the α-Hemolysin Ion Channel. Isr J Chem 2013; 53:417-430. [PMID: 24052667 PMCID: PMC3773884 DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201300022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Nanopore technology holds high potential for next-generation DNA sequencing. This method operates by drawing an individual single-stranded DNA molecule through a nanoscale pore while monitoring the current deflections that occur as the DNA passes through. Individual current levels for the four DNA nucleotides have been established by immobilization of an end biotinylated strand in the pore in which the nucleotide of interest is suspended at the most sensitive region of the ion channel. Due to the inherent reactivity of the DNA bases, many modified nucleotides in the genome exist resulting from oxidative and UV insults, among others. Herein, the current levels for the common DNA damages 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG), spiroiminodihydantoin (Sp), guanidinohydantoin (Gh), uridine (U), abasic sites (AP), thymine dimers (T=T), thymine glycol (Tg) and 5-iodocytosine (5-I-C) were assessed via immobilization experiments. In some cases, the current difference between the damaged and canonical nucleotides was not well resolved; therefore, we took advantage of the chemical reactivity of the new functional groups present to make amine adducts that shifted the current levels outside the range of the native nucleotides. Among adducts studied, only the 2-aminomethyl-18-crown-6 adduct was able to give a large current shift in the immobilization experiment, as well as to be observed in a translocation experiment. The results show potential in providing current level modulators for identification of some types of DNA damage. In principle, any DNA base modification that can be converted chemically or enzymatically to an abasic site could be identified in this way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna H. Wolna
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 East Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850
| | - Aaron M. Fleming
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 East Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850
| | - Na An
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 East Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850
| | - Lidong He
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 East Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850
| | - Henry S. White
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 East Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850
| | - Cynthia J. Burrows
- Department of Chemistry University of Utah 315 S 1400 East Salt Lake City, UT 84112-0850
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98
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Olvera HA, Lopez M, Guerrero V, Garcia H, Li WW. Ultrafine particle levels at an international port of entry between the US and Mexico: exposure implications for users, workers, and neighbors. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2013; 23:289-98. [PMID: 23321858 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2012.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to diesel-emitted particles has been linked to increased cancer risk and cardiopulmonary diseases. Because of their size (<100 nm), exposure to ultrafine particles (UFPs) emitted from heavy-duty diesel vehicles (HDDV) might result in greater health risks than those associated with larger particles. Seasonal UFP levels at the International Bridge of the Americas, which connects the US and Mexico and has high HDDV traffic demands, were characterized. Hourly average UFP concentrations ranged between 1.7 × 10(3)/cc and 2.9 × 10(5)/cc with a mean of 3.5 × 10(4)/cc. Wind speeds <2 m s(-1) and temperatures <15 °C were associated with particle number concentrations above normal conditions. The presence of HDDV had the strongest impact on local UFP levels. Varying particle size distributions were associated with south- and northbound HDDV traffic. Peak exposure occurred on weekday afternoons. Although in winter, high exposure episodes were also observed in the morning. Particle number concentrations were estimated to reach background levels at 400 m away from traffic. The populations exposed to UFP above background levels include law enforcement officers, street vendors, private commuters, and commercial vehicle drivers as well as neighbors on both sides of the border, including a church and several schools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector A Olvera
- Hispanic Health Disparities Research Center, Center for Environmental Resource Management, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA.
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99
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Lai CH, Chuang KY, Chang JW. Characteristics of nano-/ultrafine particle-bound PAHs in ambient air at an international airport. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:1772-80. [PMID: 22821344 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1083-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of 22 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were estimated for individual particle-size distributions at the airport apron of the Taipei International Airport, Taiwan, on 48 days in July, September, October, and December of 2011. In total, 672 integrated air samples were collected using a micro-orifice uniform deposition impactor (MOUDI) and a nano-MOUDI. Particle-bound PAHs (P-PAHs) were analyzed by gas chromatography with mass selective detector (GC/MSD). The five most abundant species of P-PAHs on all sampling days were naphthalene (NaP), phenanthrene (PA), fluoranthene (FL), acenaphthene (AcP), and pyrene (Pyr). Total P-PAHs concentrations were 152.21, 184.83, and 188.94 ng/m(3) in summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. On average, the most abundant fractions of benzo[a]pyrene equivalent concentration (BaPeq) in different molecular weights were high-weight PAHs (79.29 %), followed by medium-weight PAHs (11.57 %) and low-weight PAHs (9.14 %). The mean BaPeq concentrations were 1.25 and 0.94 (ng/m(3)) in ultrafine particles (<0.1 μm) and nano-particles (<0.032 μm), respectively. The percentages of total BaPeq in nano- and ultrafine particulate size ranges were 52.4 % and 70.15 %, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Hsiang Lai
- Department of Safety Health and Environmental Engineering, Central Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taichung, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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100
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Indoor air pollution and risk of lung cancer among Chinese female non-smokers. Cancer Causes Control 2013; 24:439-50. [PMID: 23314675 DOI: 10.1007/s10552-012-0130-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate indoor particulate matter (PM) level and various indoor air pollution exposure, and to examine their relationships with risk of lung cancer in an urban Chinese population, with a focus on non-smoking women. METHODS We conducted a case-control study in Taiyuan, China, consisting of 399 lung cancer cases and 466 controls, of which 164 cases and 218 controls were female non-smokers. Indoor PM concentrations, including PM(1), PM(2.5), PM(7), PM(10), and TSP, were measured using a particle mass monitor. Unconditional logistic regression models were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95 % confidence intervals after adjusting for age, education, annual income, and smoking. RESULTS Among non-smoking women, lung cancer was strongly associated with multiple sources of indoor air pollution 10 years ago, including heavy exposure to environmental tobacco smoke at work (aOR = 3.65), high frequency of cooking (aOR = 3.30), and solid fuel usage for cooking (aOR = 4.08) and heating (aOR(coal stove) = 2.00). Housing characteristics related to poor ventilation, including single-story, less window area, no separate kitchen, no ventilator, and rarely having windows open, are associated with lung cancer. Indoor medium PM(2.5) concentration was 68 μg/m(3), and PM(10) was 230 μg/m(3). PM levels in winter are strongly correlated with solid fuel usage for cooking, heating, and ventilators. PM(1) levels in cases are more than 3 times higher than that in controls. Every 10 μg/m(3) increase in PM(1) is associated with 45 % increased risk of lung cancer. CONCLUSIONS Indoor air pollution plays an important role in the development of lung cancer among non-smoking Chinese women.
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