51
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The Golgi ribbon: mechanisms of maintenance and disassembly during the cell cycle. Biochem Soc Trans 2020; 48:245-256. [PMID: 32010930 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The Golgi complex (GC) has an essential role in the processing and sorting of proteins and lipids. The GC of mammalian cells is composed of stacks of cisternae connected by membranous tubules to create a continuous network, the Golgi ribbon, whose maintenance requires several core and accessory proteins. Despite this complex structural organization, the Golgi apparatus is highly dynamic, and this property becomes particularly evident during mitosis, when the ribbon undergoes a multistep disassembly process that allows its correct partitioning and inheritance by the daughter cells. Importantly, alterations of the Golgi structure are associated with a variety of physiological and pathological conditions. Here, we review the core mechanisms and signaling pathways involved in both the maintenance and disassembly of the Golgi ribbon, and we also report on the signaling pathways that connect the disassembly of the Golgi ribbon to mitotic entry and progression.
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52
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Kabrawala S, Zimmer MD, Campellone KG. WHIMP links the actin nucleation machinery to Src-family kinase signaling during protrusion and motility. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008694. [PMID: 32196488 PMCID: PMC7112243 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell motility is governed by cooperation between the Arp2/3 complex and nucleation-promoting factors from the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family, which together assemble actin filament networks to drive membrane protrusion. Here we identify WHIMP (WAVE Homology In Membrane Protrusions) as a new member of the WASP family. The Whimp gene is encoded on the X chromosome of a subset of mammals, including mice. Murine WHIMP promotes Arp2/3-dependent actin assembly, but is less potent than other nucleation factors. Nevertheless, WHIMP-mediated Arp2/3 activation enhances both plasma membrane ruffling and wound healing migration, whereas WHIMP depletion impairs protrusion and slows motility. WHIMP expression also increases Src-family kinase activity, and WHIMP-induced ruffles contain the additional nucleation-promoting factors WAVE1, WAVE2, and N-WASP, but not JMY or WASH. Perturbing the function of Src-family kinases, WAVE proteins, or Arp2/3 complex inhibits WHIMP-driven ruffling. These results suggest that WHIMP-associated actin assembly plays a direct role in membrane protrusion, but also results in feedback control of tyrosine kinase signaling to modulate the activation of multiple WASP-family members. The actin cytoskeleton is a collection of protein polymers that assemble and disassemble within cells at specific times and locations. Sophisticated cytoskeletal regulators called nucleation-promoting factors ensure that actin polymerizes when and where it is needed, and many of these factors are members of the Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Protein (WASP) family. Several of the 8 known WASP-family proteins function in cell motility, but how the different factors collaborate with one another is not well understood. In this study, we identified WHIMP, a new WASP-family member that is encoded on the X chromosome of a variety of mammals. In mouse cells, WHIMP enhances cell motility by assembling actin filaments that push the plasma membrane forward. Unexpectedly, WHIMP also activates tyrosine kinases, enzymes that stimulate multiple WASP-family members during motility. Our results open new avenues of research into how nucleation factors cooperate during movement and how the molecular activities that underlie motility differ in distinct cell types and organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shail Kabrawala
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Margaret D. Zimmer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
| | - Kenneth G. Campellone
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, Institute for Systems Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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53
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Zajac O, Leclere R, Nicolas A, Meseure D, Marchiò C, Vincent-Salomon A, Roman-Roman S, Schoumacher M, Dubois T. AXL Controls Directed Migration of Mesenchymal Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells. Cells 2020; 9:cells9010247. [PMID: 31963783 PMCID: PMC7016818 DOI: 10.3390/cells9010247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is an aggressive form of breast cancer with high risk of relapse and metastasis. TNBC is a heterogeneous disease comprising different molecular subtypes including those with mesenchymal features. The tyrosine kinase AXL is expressed in mesenchymal cells and plays a role in drug resistance, migration and metastasis. We confirm that AXL is more expressed in mesenchymal TNBC cells compared to luminal breast cancer cells, and that its invalidation impairs cell migration while having no or little effect on cell viability. Here, we found that AXL controls directed migration. We observed that AXL displays a polarized localization at the Golgi apparatus and the leading edge of migratory mesenchymal TNBC cells. AXL co-localizes with F-actin at the front of the cells. In migratory polarized cells, the specific AXL inhibitor R428 displaces AXL and F-actin from the leading edge to a lateral area localized between the front and the rear of the cells where both are enriched in protrusions. In addition, R428 treatment disrupts the polarized localization of the Golgi apparatus towards the leading edge in migratory cells. Immunohistochemical analysis of aggressive chemo-resistant TNBC samples obtained before treatment reveals inter- and intra-tumor heterogeneity of the percentage of AXL expressing tumor cells, and a preference of these cells to be in contact with the stroma. Taken together, our study demonstrates that AXL controls directed cell migration most likely by regulating cell polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Zajac
- Breast Cancer Biology Group, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Renaud Leclere
- Department of Pathology, Platform of Investigative Pathology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France; (R.L.); (A.N.); (D.M.)
| | - André Nicolas
- Department of Pathology, Platform of Investigative Pathology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France; (R.L.); (A.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Didier Meseure
- Department of Pathology, Platform of Investigative Pathology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France; (R.L.); (A.N.); (D.M.)
| | - Caterina Marchiò
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Verdi 8, 10124 Torino TO, Italy;
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Anne Vincent-Salomon
- Department of Pathology, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Sergio Roman-Roman
- Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
| | - Marie Schoumacher
- Center for Therapeutic Innovation Oncology, Institut de Recherches Internationales SERVIER, 92284 Suresnes, France;
| | - Thierry Dubois
- Breast Cancer Biology Group, Translational Research Department, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, 75005 Paris, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-156246250
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54
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Heck T, Vargas DA, Smeets B, Ramon H, Van Liedekerke P, Van Oosterwyck H. The role of actin protrusion dynamics in cell migration through a degradable viscoelastic extracellular matrix: Insights from a computational model. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1007250. [PMID: 31929522 PMCID: PMC6980736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Actin protrusion dynamics plays an important role in the regulation of three-dimensional (3D) cell migration. Cells form protrusions that adhere to the surrounding extracellular matrix (ECM), mechanically probe the ECM and contract in order to displace the cell body. This results in cell migration that can be directed by the mechanical anisotropy of the ECM. However, the subcellular processes that regulate protrusion dynamics in 3D cell migration are difficult to investigate experimentally and therefore not well understood. Here, we present a computational model of cell migration through a degradable viscoelastic ECM. This model is a 2D representation of 3D cell migration. The cell is modeled as an active deformable object that captures the viscoelastic behavior of the actin cortex and the subcellular processes underlying 3D cell migration. The ECM is regarded as a viscoelastic material, with or without anisotropy due to fibrillar strain stiffening, and modeled by means of the meshless Lagrangian smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) method. ECM degradation is captured by local fluidization of the material and permits cell migration through the ECM. We demonstrate that changes in ECM stiffness and cell strength affect cell migration and are accompanied by changes in number, lifetime and length of protrusions. Interestingly, directly changing the total protrusion number or the average lifetime or length of protrusions does not affect cell migration. A stochastic variability in protrusion lifetime proves to be enough to explain differences in cell migration velocity. Force-dependent adhesion disassembly does not result in faster migration, but can make migration more efficient. We also demonstrate that when a number of simultaneous protrusions is enforced, the optimal number of simultaneous protrusions is one or two, depending on ECM anisotropy. Together, the model provides non-trivial new insights in the role of protrusions in 3D cell migration and can be a valuable contribution to increase the understanding of 3D cell migration mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tommy Heck
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Paul Van Liedekerke
- INRIA de Paris and Sorbonne Universités UPMC Univ paris 6, LJLL Team Mamba, Paris, France.,IfADo - Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hans Van Oosterwyck
- Biomechanics Section, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Prometheus, Division of Skeletal Tissue Engineering, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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55
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Alanazi A, Munir H, Alassiri M, Ward LSC, McGettrick HM, Nash GB. Comparative adhesive and migratory properties of mesenchymal stem cells from different tissues. Biorheology 2019; 56:15-30. [PMID: 30714948 DOI: 10.3233/bir-180185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are used in therapy, often by injection into the blood. OBJECTIVE We aimed to compare the adhesive and migratory properties of MSC from umbilical cords (UCMSC), bone marrow (BMMSC) or trabecular bone (TBMSC), which might influence delivery to injured tissue. METHODS MSC were perfused through glass capillaries coated with matrix proteins, collagen or fibronectin, or albumin. Adherent cells were counted microscopically and their spreading analysed over time. MSC migration through 8 μm pore filters coated with the same proteins was analysed. RESULTS The number of MSC adhering to collagen was greater than fibronectin, decreased as wall shear rate increased from 17 to 70 s-1, and was in the order UCMSC>BMMSC>TBMSC. Conversely, spreading was more effective on fibronectin and was in the order BMMSC>TBMSC≥UCMSC. Migration was promoted by coating the lower surface of filters with either matrix protein, with UCMSC migrating more efficiently than BMMSC. CONCLUSIONS MSC show origin-dependent variations in their efficiency of capture from flow and subsequent spreading or ability to migrate on matrix proteins. UCMSC showed most efficient capture from flow, which was followed by less spreading, but more rapid migration. These responses might be associated with more effective delivery from the circulation into damaged tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Alanazi
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafsa Munir
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Mohammed Alassiri
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lewis S C Ward
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Helen M McGettrick
- Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Gerard B Nash
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
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56
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Morrow CM, Mukherjee A, Traore MA, Leaman EJ, Kim A, Smith EM, Nain AS, Behkam B. Integrating nanofibers with biochemical gradients to investigate physiologically-relevant fibroblast chemotaxis. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:3641-3651. [PMID: 31560021 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00602h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Persistent cell migration can occur due to anisotropy in the extracellular matrix (ECM), the gradient of a chemo-effector, or a combination of both. Through a variety of in vitro platforms, the contributions of either stimulus have been extensively studied, while the combined effect of both cues remains poorly described. Here, we report an integrative microfluidic chemotaxis assay device that enables the study of single cell chemotaxis on ECM-mimicking, aligned, and suspended nanofibers. Using this assay, we evaluated the effect of fiber spacing on the morphology and chemotaxis response of embryonic murine NIH/3T3 fibroblasts in the presence of temporally invariant, linear gradients of platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB). We found that the strength of PDGF-mediated chemotaxis response depends on not only the gradient slope but also the cell morphology. Low aspect ratio (3.4 ± 0.2) cells on flat substrata exhibited a chemotaxis response only at a PDGF-BB gradient of 0-10 ng mL-1. However, high aspect ratio (19.1 ± 0.7) spindle-shaped cells attached to individual fibers exhibited maximal chemotaxis response at a ten-fold shallower gradient of 0-1 ng mL-1, which was robustly maintained up to 0-10 ng mL-1. Quadrilateral-shaped cells of intermediate aspect ratio (13.6 ± 0.8) attached to two fibers exhibited a weaker response compared to the spindle-shaped cells, but still stronger compared to cells attached to 2D featureless substrata. Through pharmacological inhibition, we show that the mesenchymal chemotaxis pathway is conserved in cells on fibers. Altogether, our findings show that chemotaxis on ECM-mimicking fibers is modulated by fiber spacing-driven cell shape and can be significantly different from the behavior observed on flat 2D substrata. We envisage that this microfluidic platform will have wide applicability in understanding the combined role of ECM architecture and chemotaxis in physiological and pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M Morrow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Apratim Mukherjee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Mahama A Traore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. and School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Eric J Leaman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - AhRam Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Evan M Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
| | - Amrinder S Nain
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. and School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Bahareh Behkam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA. and School of Biomedical Engineering & Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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57
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Dorland YL, Cornelissen AS, Kuijk C, Tol S, Hoogenboezem M, van Buul JD, Nolte MA, Voermans C, Huveneers S. Nuclear shape, protrusive behaviour and in vivo retention of human bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells is controlled by Lamin-A/C expression. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14401. [PMID: 31591420 PMCID: PMC6779744 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50955-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture expanded mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are being extensively studied for therapeutic applications, including treatment of graft-versus-host disease, osteogenesis imperfecta and for enhancing engraftment of hematopoietic stem cells after transplantation. Thus far, clinical trials have shown that the therapeutic efficiency of MSCs is variable, which may in part be due to inefficient cell migration. Here we demonstrate that human MSCs display remarkable low migratory behaviour compared to other mesodermal-derived primary human cell types. We reveal that specifically in MSCs the nucleus is irregularly shaped and nuclear lamina are prone to wrinkling. In addition, we show that expression of Lamin A/C is relatively high in MSCs. We further demonstrate that in vitro MSC migration through confined pores is limited by their nuclei, a property that might correlate to the therapeutic inefficiency of administered MSC in vivo. Silencing expression of Lamin A/C in MSCs improves nuclear envelope morphology, promotes the protrusive activity of MSCs through confined pores and enhances their retention in the lung after intravenous administration in vivo. Our findings suggest that the intrinsic nuclear lamina properties of MSCs underlie their limited capacity to migrate, and that strategies that target the nuclear lamina might alter MSC-based cellular therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne L Dorland
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Anne S Cornelissen
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Kuijk
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Tol
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mark Hoogenboezem
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jaap D van Buul
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Molecular and Cellular Hemostasis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martijn A Nolte
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlijn Voermans
- Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Department of Hematopoiesis, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stephan Huveneers
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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58
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Udartseva OO, Zhidkova OV, Ezdakova MI, Ogneva IV, Andreeva ER, Buravkova LB, Gollnick SO. Low-dose photodynamic therapy promotes angiogenic potential and increases immunogenicity of human mesenchymal stromal cells. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY B-BIOLOGY 2019; 199:111596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2019.111596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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59
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Pi WS, Cao ZY, Liu JM, Peng AF, Chen WZ, Chen JW, Huang SH, Liu ZL. Potential Molecular Mechanisms of AURKB in the Oncogenesis and Progression of Osteosarcoma Cells: A Label-Free Quantitative Proteomics Analysis. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2019; 18:1533033819853262. [PMID: 31122179 PMCID: PMC6535743 DOI: 10.1177/1533033819853262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous study indicated that knockdown of Aurora-B inhibit the proliferation of osteosarcoma cells. But the function and molecular mechanisms of Aurora-B in osteosarcoma cells growth and metastasis remains unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular mechanisms of Aurora-B in the progression of osteosarcoma. Osteosarcoma cells (U2-OS and 143B) were treated with specific Lentivirus-Vectors (up or downregulation Aurora-B). The ability of cells proliferation, migration, and invasion was measured using Cell-Counting Kit-8, wound healing and transwell invasion assays. Furthermore, based on label-free quantitative proteomic analysis of potential molecular mechanisms of Aurora-B in human 143B cells. A total of 25 downregulated and 76 upregulated differentially expressed proteins were screened in terms of the change in their expression abundance. We performed functional annotation and functional enrichment analyses. Gene ontology enrichment, KEGG analysis, and protein-protein interaction networks were constructed and analyzed. We found that the PTK2 may play an important role in the progression of osteosarcoma cells. Finally, Western blot revealed that expression of PTK2, AKT, PI3K, and nuclear factor-kappaB increased after over expression of Aurora-B. Overall, these data highlight that Aurora-B may promote the malignant phenotype of osteosarcoma cells by activating the PTK2/PI3K/AKt/nuclear factor-KappaB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Sen Pi
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Yuan Cao
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Ming Liu
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Ai-Fen Peng
- 2 School of Humanities, Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Zhao Chen
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiang-Wei Chen
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan-Hu Huang
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Li Liu
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, People's Republic of China
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60
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Abstract
As the leading cause of death in cancer, there is an urgent need to develop treatments to target the dissemination of primary tumor cells to secondary organs, known as metastasis. Bioelectric signaling has emerged in the last century as an important controller of cell growth, and with the development of current molecular tools we are now beginning to identify its role in driving cell migration and metastasis in a variety of cancer types. This review summarizes the currently available research for bioelectric signaling in solid tumor metastasis. We review the steps of metastasis and discuss how these can be controlled by bioelectric cues at the level of a cell, a population of cells, and the tissue. The role of ion channel, pump, and exchanger activity and ion flux is discussed, along with the importance of the membrane potential and the relationship between ion flux and membrane potential. We also provide an overview of the evidence for control of metastasis by external electric fields (EFs) and draw from examples in embryogenesis and regeneration to discuss the implications for endogenous EFs. By increasing our understanding of the dynamic properties of bioelectric signaling, we can develop new strategies that target metastasis to be translated into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha L. Payne
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Michael Levin
- Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
| | - Madeleine J. Oudin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tufts University, Medford, Massachusetts
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61
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Daviran M, Schultz KM. Characterizing the dynamic rheology in the pericellular region by human mesenchymal stem cell re-engineering in PEG-peptide hydrogel scaffolds. RHEOLOGICA ACTA 2019; 58:421-437. [PMID: 32773889 PMCID: PMC7413226 DOI: 10.1007/s00397-019-01142-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
During wound healing, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) migrate to injuries to regulate inflammation and coordinate tissue regeneration. To enable migration, hMSCs re-engineer the extracellular matrix rheology. Our work determines the correlation between cell engineered rheology and motility. We encapsulate hMSCs in a cell-degradable peptide-polymeric hydrogel and characterize the change in rheological properties in the pericellular region using multiple particle tracking microrheology. Previous studies determined that pericellular rheology is correlated with motility. Additionally, hMSCs re-engineer their microenvironment by regulating cell-secreted enzyme, matrix metallopro-teinases (MMPs), activity by also secreting their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs). We independently inhibit TIMPs and measure two different degradation profiles, reaction-diffusion and reverse reaction-diffusion. These profiles are correlated with cell spreading, speed and motility type. We model scaffold degradation using Michaelis-Menten kinetics, finding a decrease in kinetics between joint and independent TIMP inhibition. hMSCs ability to regulate microenvironmental remodeling and motility could be exploited in design of new materials that deliver hMSCs to wounds to enhance healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Daviran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Dr., Iacocca Hall, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
| | - Kelly M Schultz
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Dr., Iacocca Hall, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA
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62
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Fu X, Liu G, Halim A, Ju Y, Luo Q, Song AG. Mesenchymal Stem Cell Migration and Tissue Repair. Cells 2019; 8:E784. [PMID: 31357692 PMCID: PMC6721499 DOI: 10.3390/cells8080784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 520] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multilineage cells with the ability to self-renew and differentiate into a variety of cell types, which play key roles in tissue healing and regenerative medicine. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) are the most frequently used stem cells in cell therapy and tissue engineering. However, it is prerequisite for BMSCs to mobilize from bone marrow and migrate into injured tissues during the healing process, through peripheral circulation. The migration of BMSCs is regulated by mechanical and chemical factors in this trafficking process. In this paper, we review the effects of several main regulatory factors on BMSC migration and its underlying mechanism; discuss two critical roles of BMSCs-namely, directed differentiation and the paracrine function-in tissue repair; and provide insight into the relationship between BMSC migration and tissue repair, which may provide a better guide for clinical applications in tissue repair through the efficient regulation of BMSC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Fu
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Ge Liu
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Alexander Halim
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Yang Ju
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan
| | - Qing Luo
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - And Guanbin Song
- College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, Chongqing 400030, China.
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63
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Advanced 2D/3D cell migration assay for faster evaluation of chemotaxis of slow-moving cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219708. [PMID: 31314801 PMCID: PMC6636736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the essential role of chemotaxis of adherent, slow-moving cells in processes such as tumor metastasis or wound healing, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms and cues that direct migration of cells through tissues is highly desirable. The state-of-the-art chemotaxis instruments (e.g. microfluidic-based devices, bridge assays) can generate well-defined, long-term stable chemical gradients, crucial for quantitative investigation of chemotaxis in slow-moving cells. However, the majority of chemotaxis tools are designed for the purpose of an in-depth, but labor-intensive analysis of migratory behavior of single cells. This is rather inefficient for applications requiring higher experimental throughput, as it is the case of e.g. clinical examinations, chemoattractant screening or studies of the chemotaxis-related signaling pathways based on subcellular perturbations. Here, we present an advanced migration assay for accelerated and facilitated evaluation of the chemotactic response of slow-moving cells. The revised chemotaxis chamber contains a hydrogel microstructure–the migration arena, designed to enable identification of chemotactic behavior of a cell population in respect to the end-point of the experiment. At the same time, the assay in form of a microscopy slide enables direct visualization of the cells in either 2D or 3D environment, and provides a stable and linear gradient of chemoattractant. We demonstrate the correctness of the assay on the model study of HT-1080 chemotaxis in 3D and on 2D surface. Finally, we apply the migration arena chemotaxis assay to screen for a chemoattractant of primary keratinocytes, cells that play a major role in wound healing, being responsible for skin re-epithelialization and a successful wound closure. In direction of new therapeutic strategies to promote wound repair, we identified the chemotactic activity of the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands EGF and TGFα (transforming growth factor α).
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Campo M, Schnyder SK, Molina JJ, Speck T, Yamamoto R. Spontaneous spatiotemporal ordering of shape oscillations enhances cell migration. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:4939-4946. [PMID: 31169857 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00526a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The migration of cells is relevant for processes such as morphogenesis, wound healing, and invasion of cancer cells. In order to move, single cells deform cyclically. However, it is not understood how these shape oscillations influence collective properties. Here we demonstrate, using numerical simulations, that the interplay of directed motion, shape oscillations, and excluded volume enables cells to locally "synchronize" their motion and thus enhance collective migration. Our model captures elongation and contraction of crawling ameboid cells controlled by an internal clock with a fixed period, mimicking the internal cycle of biological cells. We show that shape oscillations are crucial for local rearrangements that induce ordering of neighboring cells according to their internal clocks even in the absence of signaling and regularization. Our findings reveal a novel, purely physical mechanism through which the internal dynamics of cells influences their collective behavior, which is distinct from well known mechanisms like chemotaxis, cell division, and cell-cell adhesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Campo
- Institut für Physik, Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Staudingerweg 7-9, 55128 Mainz, Germany.
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65
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Abbadi D, Laroumanie F, Bizou M, Pozzo J, Daviaud D, Delage C, Calise D, Gaits-Iacovoni F, Dutaur M, Tortosa F, Renaud-Gabardos E, Douin-Echinard V, Prats AC, Roncalli J, Parini A, Pizzinat N. Local production of tenascin-C acts as a trigger for monocyte/macrophage recruitment that provokes cardiac dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:123-137. [PMID: 29136112 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Tenascin-C (TNC) is an endogenous danger signal molecule strongly associated with inflammatory diseases and with poor outcome in patients with cardiomyopathies. Its function within pathological cardiac tissue during pressure overload remains poorly understood. Methods and results We showed that TNC accumulates after 1 week of transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in the heart of 12-week-old male mice. By cross bone marrow transplantation experiments, we determined that TNC deposition relied on cardiac cells and not on haematopoietic cells. The expression of TNC induced by TAC, or by administration of a recombinant lentivector coding for TNC, triggered a pro-inflammatory cardiac microenvironment, monocyte/macrophage (MO/MΦ) accumulation, and systolic dysfunction. TNC modified macrophage polarization towards the pro-inflammatory phenotype and stimulated RhoA/Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) pathways to promote mesenchymal to amoeboid transition that enhanced macrophage migration into fibrillar collagen matrices. The amplification of inflammation and MO/MΦ recruitment by TNC was abrogated by genetic invalidation of TNC in knockout mice. These mice showed less ventricular remodelling and an improved cardiac function after TAC as compared with wild-type mice. Conclusions By promoting a pro-inflammatory microenvironment and macrophage migration, TNC appears to be a key factor to enable the MO/MΦ accumulation within fibrotic hearts leading to cardiac dysfunction. As TNC is highly expressed during inflammation and sparsely during the steady state, its inhibition could be a promising therapeutic strategy to control inflammation and immune cell infiltration in heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dounia Abbadi
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Mathilde Bizou
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Joffrey Pozzo
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | | | - Christine Delage
- UMS006-Microsurgery Facility, 1, avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhés, Toulouse, France
| | - Denis Calise
- UMS006-Microsurgery Facility, 1, avenue du Professeur Jean Poulhés, Toulouse, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jerome Roncalli
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital of Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Angelo Parini
- I2MC, Toulouse University, Inserm, UPS, Toulouse, France
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66
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Isolation, Characterization, and Agent-Based Modeling of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in a Bio-construct for Myocardial Regeneration Scaffold Design. DATA 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/data4020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Regenerative medicine involves methods to control and modify normal tissue repair processes. Polymer and cell constructs are under research to create tissue that replaces the affected area in cardiac tissue after myocardial infarction (MI). The aim of the present study is to evaluate the behavior of differentiated and undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro and in silico and to compare the results that both offer when it comes to the design process of biodevices for the treatment of infarcted myocardium in biomodels. To assess in vitro behavior, MSCs are isolated from rat bone marrow and seeded undifferentiated and differentiated in multiple scaffolds of a gelled biomaterial. Subsequently, cell behavior is evaluated by trypan blue and fluorescence microscopy, which showed that the cells presented high viability and low cell migration in the biomaterial. An agent-based model intended to reproduce as closely as possible the behavior of individual MSCs by simulating cellular-level processes was developed, where the in vitro results are used to identify parameters in the agent-based model that is developed, and which simulates cellular-level processes: Apoptosis, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. Thanks to the results obtained, suggestions for good results in the design and fabrication of the proposed scaffolds and how an agent-based model can be helpful for testing hypothesis are presented in the discussion. It is concluded that assessment of cell behavior through the observation of viability, proliferation, migration, inflammation reduction, and spatial composition in vitro and in silico, represents an appropriate strategy for scaffold engineering.
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67
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Patel JS, Callahan BM, Chobrutskiy BI, Blanck G. Matrix-Metalloprotease Resistant Mucin-16 (MUC16) Peptide Mutants Represent a Worse Lung Adenocarcinoma Outcome. Proteomics Clin Appl 2019; 13:e1800155. [PMID: 30790454 DOI: 10.1002/prca.201800155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship of lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD)-specific proteases and the mutant profile of cytoskeletal and extracellular matrix proteins (CECMPs) are examined. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Mutant CECMPs are assessed with an automated application of a protease binding, amino acid-based, scoring database. RESULTS MUC16 (Human Genome Organization symbol for mucin-16 gene) mutants in particular are, more often than not, resistant to matrix-metalloproteases (MMPs) commonly secreted by LUAD cells, and LUAD cases representing the MUC16, MMP resistant mutants have a worse outcome. Similar results are obtained for MUC16 mutants resistant to cathepsins, also commonly secreted by LUAD cells. Analyses also show that MUC16, MMP resistant peptide mutants have greater binding affinities to HLA-A and HLA-B when compared to MUC16, MMP nonresistant peptide mutants. CONCLUSION These results provide a potential, novel biomarker for lung cancer progression, in particular, protease resistant MUC16 peptides; and suggest a possible mechanism of immune escape entailing the reduction of mutant peptides available for HLA class I binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay S Patel
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA
| | - Blake M Callahan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA
| | - Boris I Chobrutskiy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA.,Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, 33612, FL, USA
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68
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Kryczka J, Papiewska-Pajak I, Kowalska MA, Boncela J. Cathepsin B Is Upregulated and Mediates ECM Degradation in Colon Adenocarcinoma HT29 Cells Overexpressing Snail. Cells 2019; 8:cells8030203. [PMID: 30818851 PMCID: PMC6468499 DOI: 10.3390/cells8030203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor development and ongoing metastasis the acquisition of mesenchymal cell traits by epithelial carcinoma cells is achieved through a programmed phenotypic shift called the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, EMT. EMT contributes to increased cancer cell motility and invasiveness mainly through invadosomes, the adhesion structures that accompany the mesenchymal migration. The invadosomes and their associated proteases restrict protease activity to areas of the cell in direct contact with the ECM, thus precisely controlling cell invasion. Our data prove that Snail-overexpressing HT-29 cells that imitate the phenotype of colon cancer cells in the early stage of the EMT showed an increase in the expression and pericellular activity of cathepsin B. It appears that the pericellular localization of cathepsin B, also observed in colon and rectum adenocarcinoma tissue samples, plays a key role in its function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Kryczka
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | | | - M Anna Kowalska
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Joanna Boncela
- Institute of Medical Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 93-232 Lodz, Poland.
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69
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Chen S, Hourwitz MJ, Campanello L, Fourkas JT, Losert W, Parent CA. Actin Cytoskeleton and Focal Adhesions Regulate the Biased Migration of Breast Cancer Cells on Nanoscale Asymmetric Sawteeth. ACS NANO 2019; 13:1454-1468. [PMID: 30707556 PMCID: PMC7159974 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Physical guidance from the underlying matrix is a key regulator of cancer invasion and metastasis. We explore the effects of surface topography on the migration phenotype of multiple breast cancer cell lines using aligned nanoscale ridges and asymmetric sawtooth structures. Both benign and metastatic breast cancer cells preferentially move parallel to nanoridges, with enhanced speeds compared to flat surfaces. In contrast, asymmetric sawtooth structures unidirectionally bias the movement of breast cancer cells in a cell-type-dependent manner. Quantitative analysis shows that the level of bias in cell migration increases when cells move with higher speeds or with higher directional persistence. Live-cell imaging studies further reveal that actin polymerization waves are unidirectionally guided by the sawteeth in the same direction as the cell motion. High-resolution fluorescence imaging and scanning electron microscopy studies reveal that two breast cancer cell lines with opposite migrational profiles exhibit profoundly different cell cortical plasticity and focal adhesion patterns. These results suggest that the overall migration response of cancer cells to surface topography is directly related to the underlying cytoskeletal architectures and dynamics, which are regulated by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Chen
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Matt J. Hourwitz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Leonard Campanello
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - John T. Fourkas
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Wolfgang Losert
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Carole A. Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
- Institute for Physical Science and Technology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Department of Pharmacology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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The knocking down of the oncoprotein Golgi phosphoprotein 3 in T98G cells of glioblastoma multiforme disrupts cell migration by affecting focal adhesion dynamics in a focal adhesion kinase-dependent manner. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0212321. [PMID: 30779783 PMCID: PMC6380552 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0212321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) is a conserved protein of the Golgi apparatus that in humans has been implicated in tumorigenesis. However, the precise function of GOLPH3 in malignant transformation is still unknown. Nevertheless, clinicopathological data shows that in more than a dozen kinds of cancer, including gliomas, GOLPH3 could be found overexpressed, which correlates with poor prognosis. Experimental data shows that overexpression of GOLPH3 leads to transformation of primary cells and to tumor growth enhancement. Conversely, the knocking down of GOLPH3 in GOLPH3-overexpressing tumor cells reduces tumorigenic features, such as cell proliferation and cell migration and invasion. The cumulative evidence indicate that GOLPH3 is an oncoprotein that promotes tumorigenicity by a mechanism that impact at different levels in different types of cells, including the sorting of Golgi glycosyltransferases, signaling pathways, and the actin cytoskeleton. How GOLPH3 connects mechanistically these processes has not been determined yet. Further studies are important to have a more complete understanding of the role of GOLPH3 as oncoprotein. Given the genetic diversity in cancer, a still outstanding aspect is how in this inherent heterogeneity GOLPH3 could possibly exert its oncogenic function. We have aimed to evaluate the contribution of GOLPH3 overexpression in the malignant phenotype of different types of tumor cells. Here, we analyzed the effect on cell migration that resulted from stable, RNAi-mediated knocking down of GOLPH3 in T98G cells of glioblastoma multiforme, a human glioma cell line with unique features. We found that the reduction of GOLPH3 levels produced dramatic changes in cell morphology, involving rearrangements of the actin cytoskeleton and reduction in the number and dynamics of focal adhesions. These effects correlated with decreased cell migration and invasion due to affected persistence and directionality of cell motility. Moreover, the knocking down of GOLPH3 also caused a reduction in autoactivation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a cytoplasmic tyrosine kinase that regulates focal adhesions. Our data support a model in which GOLPH3 in T98G cells promotes cell migration by stimulating the activity of FAK.
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Functional integrity of the contractile actin cortex is safeguarded by multiple Diaphanous-related formins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:3594-3603. [PMID: 30808751 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1821638116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The contractile actin cortex is a thin layer of filamentous actin, myosin motors, and regulatory proteins beneath the plasma membrane crucial to cytokinesis, morphogenesis, and cell migration. However, the factors regulating actin assembly in this compartment are not well understood. Using the Dictyostelium model system, we show that the three Diaphanous-related formins (DRFs) ForA, ForE, and ForH are regulated by the RhoA-like GTPase RacE and synergize in the assembly of filaments in the actin cortex. Single or double formin-null mutants displayed only moderate defects in cortex function whereas the concurrent elimination of all three formins or of RacE caused massive defects in cortical rigidity and architecture as assessed by aspiration assays and electron microscopy. Consistently, the triple formin and RacE mutants encompassed large peripheral patches devoid of cortical F-actin and exhibited severe defects in cytokinesis and multicellular development. Unexpectedly, many forA - /E -/H - and racE - mutants protruded efficiently, formed multiple exaggerated fronts, and migrated with morphologies reminiscent of rapidly moving fish keratocytes. In 2D-confinement, however, these mutants failed to properly polarize and recruit myosin II to the cell rear essential for migration. Cells arrested in these conditions displayed dramatically amplified flow of cortical actin filaments, as revealed by total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) imaging and iterative particle image velocimetry (PIV). Consistently, individual and combined, CRISPR/Cas9-mediated disruption of genes encoding mDia1 and -3 formins in B16-F1 mouse melanoma cells revealed enhanced frequency of cells displaying multiple fronts, again accompanied by defects in cell polarization and migration. These results suggest evolutionarily conserved functions for formin-mediated actin assembly in actin cortex mechanics.
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72
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Warner H, Wilson BJ, Caswell PT. Control of adhesion and protrusion in cell migration by Rho GTPases. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2018; 56:64-70. [PMID: 30292078 PMCID: PMC6368645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cell migration is a critical process that underpins a number of physiological and pathological contexts such as the correct functioning of the immune system and the spread of metastatic cancer cells. Central to this process are the Rho family of GTPases, which act as core regulators of cell migration. Rho GTPases are molecular switches that associate with lipid membranes and act to choreograph molecular events that underpin cell migration. Specifically, these GTPases play critical roles in coordinating force generation through driving the formation of cellular protrusions as well as cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions. Here we provide an update on the many roles of Rho-family GTPases in coordinating protrusion and adhesion formation in the context of cell migration, as well as describing how their activity is controlled to by a variety of complex signalling networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry Warner
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Beverley J Wilson
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Patrick T Caswell
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK.
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73
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Merino-Casallo F, Gomez-Benito MJ, Juste-Lanas Y, Martinez-Cantin R, Garcia-Aznar JM. Integration of in vitro and in silico Models Using Bayesian Optimization With an Application to Stochastic Modeling of Mesenchymal 3D Cell Migration. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1246. [PMID: 30271351 PMCID: PMC6142046 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellular migration plays a crucial role in many aspects of life and development. In this paper, we propose a computational model of 3D migration that is solved by means of the tau-leaping algorithm and whose parameters have been calibrated using Bayesian optimization. Our main focus is two-fold: to optimize the numerical performance of the mechano-chemical model as well as to automate the calibration process of in silico models using Bayesian optimization. The presented mechano-chemical model allows us to simulate the stochastic behavior of our chemically reacting system in combination with mechanical constraints due to the surrounding collagen-based matrix. This numerical model has been used to simulate fibroblast migration. Moreover, we have performed in vitro analysis of migrating fibroblasts embedded in 3D collagen-based fibrous matrices (2 mg/ml). These in vitro experiments have been performed with the main objective of calibrating our model. Nine model parameters have been calibrated testing 300 different parametrizations using a completely automatic approach. Two competing evaluation metrics based on the Bhattacharyya coefficient have been defined in order to fit the model parameters. These metrics evaluate how accurately the in silico model is replicating in vitro measurements regarding the two main variables quantified in the experimental data (number of protrusions and the length of the longest protrusion). The selection of an optimal parametrization is based on the balance between the defined evaluation metrics. Results show how the calibrated model is able to predict the main features observed in the in vitro experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Merino-Casallo
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Maria J Gomez-Benito
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Yago Juste-Lanas
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Ruben Martinez-Cantin
- Centro Universitario de la Defensa, Zaragoza, Spain.,SigOpt, Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jose M Garcia-Aznar
- Multiscale in Mechanical and Biological Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Aragón Institute of Engineering Research, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
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74
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Rühle A, Huber PE, Saffrich R, Lopez Perez R, Nicolay NH. The current understanding of mesenchymal stem cells as potential attenuators of chemotherapy-induced toxicity. Int J Cancer 2018; 143:2628-2639. [PMID: 29931767 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapeutic agents are part of the standard treatment algorithms for many malignancies; however, their application and dosage are limited by their toxic effects to normal tissues. Chemotherapy-induced toxicities can be long-lasting and may be incompletely reversible; therefore, causative therapies for chemotherapy-dependent side effects are needed, especially considering the increasing survival rates of treated cancer patients. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been shown to exhibit regenerative abilities for various forms of tissue damage. Preclinical data suggest that MSCs may also help to alleviate tissue lesions caused by chemotherapeutic agents, mainly by establishing a protective microenvironment for functional cells. Due to the systemic administration of most anticancer agents, the effects of these drugs on the MSCs themselves are of crucial importance to use stem cell-based approaches for the treatment of chemotherapy-induced tissue toxicities. Here, we present a concise review of the published data regarding the influence of various classes of chemotherapeutic agents on the survival, stem cell characteristics and physiological functions of MSCs. Molecular mechanisms underlying the effects are outlined, and resulting challenges of MSC-based treatments for chemotherapy-induced tissue injuries are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Rühle
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter E Huber
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Saffrich
- Medical Faculty Mannheim, Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, German Red Cross Blood Service Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Ramon Lopez Perez
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nils H Nicolay
- Department of Molecular and Radiation Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (dkfz), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Medical Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK) Partner Site Freiburg, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
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75
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Hoyle NP, Seinkmane E, Putker M, Feeney KA, Krogager TP, Chesham JE, Bray LK, Thomas JM, Dunn K, Blaikley J, O'Neill JS. Circadian actin dynamics drive rhythmic fibroblast mobilization during wound healing. Sci Transl Med 2018; 9:9/415/eaal2774. [PMID: 29118260 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Fibroblasts are primary cellular protagonists of wound healing. They also exhibit circadian timekeeping, which imparts an approximately 24-hour rhythm to their biological function. We interrogated the functional consequences of the cell-autonomous clockwork in fibroblasts using a proteome-wide screen for rhythmically expressed proteins. We observed temporal coordination of actin regulators that drives cell-intrinsic rhythms in actin dynamics. In consequence, the cellular clock modulates the efficiency of actin-dependent processes such as cell migration and adhesion, which ultimately affect the efficacy of wound healing. Accordingly, skin wounds incurred during a mouse's active phase exhibited increased fibroblast invasion in vivo and ex vivo, as well as in cultured fibroblasts and keratinocytes. Our experimental results correlate with the observation that the time of injury significantly affects healing after burns in humans, with daytime wounds healing ~60% faster than nighttime wounds. We suggest that circadian regulation of the cytoskeleton influences wound-healing efficacy from the cellular to the organismal scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel P Hoyle
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
| | - Estere Seinkmane
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Marrit Putker
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Kevin A Feeney
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Toke P Krogager
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Johanna E Chesham
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Liam K Bray
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Justyn M Thomas
- Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK
| | - Ken Dunn
- University Hospital South Manchester and Honorary, Centre for Health Informatics, Institute of Population Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - John Blaikley
- Centre for Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, University of Manchester and University Hospital of South Manchester NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester M23 9LT, UK
| | - John S O'Neill
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge CB2 0QH, UK.
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Silibinin-induced autophagy mediated by PPARα-sirt1-AMPK pathway participated in the regulation of type I collagen-enhanced migration in murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Mol Cell Biochem 2018; 450:1-23. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-018-3368-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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77
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Nano-scale microfluidics to study 3D chemotaxis at the single cell level. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198330. [PMID: 29879160 PMCID: PMC5991685 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Directed migration of cells relies on their ability to sense directional guidance cues and to interact with pericellular structures in order to transduce contractile cytoskeletal- into mechanical forces. These biomechanical processes depend highly on microenvironmental factors such as exposure to 2D surfaces or 3D matrices. In vivo, the majority of cells are exposed to 3D environments. Data on 3D cell migration are mostly derived from intravital microscopy or collagen-based in vitro assays. Both approaches offer only limited controllability of experimental conditions. Here, we developed an automated microfluidic system that allows positioning of cells in 3D microenvironments containing highly controlled diffusion-based chemokine gradients. Tracking migration in such gradients was feasible in real time at the single cell level. Moreover, the setup allowed on-chip immunocytochemistry and thus linking of functional with phenotypical properties in individual cells. Spatially defined retrieval of cells from the device allows down-stream off-chip analysis. Using dendritic cells as a model, our setup specifically allowed us for the first time to quantitate key migration characteristics of cells exposed to identical gradients of the chemokine CCL19 yet placed on 2D vs in 3D environments. Migration properties between 2D and 3D migration were distinct. Morphological features of cells migrating in an in vitro 3D environment were similar to those of cells migrating in animal tissues, but different from cells migrating on a surface. Our system thus offers a highly controllable in vitro-mimic of a 3D environment that cells traffic in vivo.
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78
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Gioia M, Michaletti A, Scimeca M, Marini M, Tarantino U, Zolla L, Coletta M. Simulated microgravity induces a cellular regression of the mature phenotype in human primary osteoblasts. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:59. [PMID: 29760957 PMCID: PMC5945613 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0055-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased mechanical loading on bones, such as prolonged bed rest and microgravity during space flights, leads to the development of an osteoporotic-like phenotype. Although osteoblast hypo-functionality is reported to be involved in the progression of bone pathological conditions, the cellular mechanisms of this process remain largely unknown. The combined application of mass spectrometry "-omics" and histochemical and ultrastructural approaches have been employed to investigate the effects of the gravitational unloading on human bone-cell biology. Here we show, ex vivo, that simulated microgravity (Sμg) on human primary osteoblasts (hpOB) induces an alteration of pro-osteogenic determinants (i.e., cell morphology and deposit of hydroxyapatite crystals), accompanied by a downregulation of adhesive proteins and bone differentiation markers (e.g., integrin beta-1, protein folding Crystallin Alpha B (CRYα-B), runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX-2), bone morphogenic protein-2 (BMP-2), and receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-B ligand (RANK-L)), indicating an impairment of osteogenesis. Further, we observed for the first time that Sμg can trigger a transition toward a mesenchymal-like phenotype, in which a mature osteoblast displays an hampered vitamin A metabolism, loses adhesive molecules, gains mesenchymal components (e.g., pre-osteoblast state marker CD44), morphological protrusions (filopodium-like), enhances GTPase activities, which in turn allows it to acquire migrating properties. Although this phenotypic conversion is not complete and can be reversible, Sμg environment proves a plasticity potential hidden on Earth. Overall, our results suggest that Sμg can be a powerful physical cue for triggering ex vivo a dedifferentiation impulse on hpOBs, opening a new scenario of possible innovative therapeutical biomechanical strategies for the treatment of osteo-degenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Gioia
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Michaletti
- 2Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Manuel Scimeca
- 3Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Marini
- 4Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Umberto Tarantino
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Lello Zolla
- 2Department of Ecological and Biological Sciences, University of Tuscia, Viterbo, Italy
| | - Massimo Coletta
- 1Department of Clinical Sciences and Translational Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
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79
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Stuelten CH, Parent CA, Montell DJ. Cell motility in cancer invasion and metastasis: insights from simple model organisms. Nat Rev Cancer 2018; 18:296-312. [PMID: 29546880 PMCID: PMC6790333 DOI: 10.1038/nrc.2018.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis remains the greatest challenge in the clinical management of cancer. Cell motility is a fundamental and ancient cellular behaviour that contributes to metastasis and is conserved in simple organisms. In this Review, we evaluate insights relevant to human cancer that are derived from the study of cell motility in non-mammalian model organisms. Dictyostelium discoideum, Caenorhabditis elegans, Drosophila melanogaster and Danio rerio permit direct observation of cells moving in complex native environments and lend themselves to large-scale genetic and pharmacological screening. We highlight insights derived from each of these organisms, including the detailed signalling network that governs chemotaxis towards chemokines; a novel mechanism of basement membrane invasion; the positive role of E-cadherin in collective direction-sensing; the identification and optimization of kinase inhibitors for metastatic thyroid cancer on the basis of work in flies; and the value of zebrafish for live imaging, especially of vascular remodelling and interactions between tumour cells and host tissues. While the motility of tumour cells and certain host cells promotes metastatic spread, the motility of tumour-reactive T cells likely increases their antitumour effects. Therefore, it is important to elucidate the mechanisms underlying all types of cell motility, with the ultimate goal of identifying combination therapies that will increase the motility of beneficial cells and block the spread of harmful cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina H. Stuelten
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carole A. Parent
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, NCI, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Michigan Medicine, Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- ;
| | - Denise J. Montell
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA, USA
- ;
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80
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A PKC-MARCKS-PI3K regulatory module links Ca2+ and PIP3 signals at the leading edge of polarized macrophages. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196678. [PMID: 29715315 PMCID: PMC5929533 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The leukocyte chemosensory pathway detects attractant gradients and directs cell migration to sites of inflammation, infection, tissue damage, and carcinogenesis. Previous studies have revealed that local Ca2+ and PIP3 signals at the leading edge of polarized leukocytes play central roles in positive feedback loop essential to cell polarization and chemotaxis. These prior studies showed that stimulation of the leading edge Ca2+ signal can strongly activate PI3K, thereby triggering a larger PIP3 signal, but did not elucidate the mechanistic link between Ca2+ and PIP3 signaling. A hypothesis explaining this link emerged, postulating that Ca2+-activated PKC displaces the MARCKS protein from plasma membrane PIP2, thereby releasing sequestered PIP2 to serve as the target and substrate lipid of PI3K in PIP3 production. In vitro single molecule studies of the reconstituted pathway on lipid bilayers demonstrated the feasibility of this PKC-MARCKS-PI3K regulatory module linking Ca2+ and PIP3 signals in the reconstituted system. The present study tests the model predictions in live macrophages by quantifying the effects of: (a) two pathway activators—PDGF and ATP that stimulate chemoreceptors and Ca2+ influx, respectively; and (b) three pathway inhibitors—wortmannin, EGTA, and Go6976 that inhibit PI3K, Ca2+ influx, and PKC, respectively; on (c) four leading edge activity sensors—AKT-PH-mRFP, CKAR, MARCKSp-mRFP, and leading edge area that report on PIP3 density, PKC activity, MARCKS membrane binding, and leading edge expansion/contraction, respectively. The results provide additional evidence that PKC and PI3K are both essential elements of the leading edge positive feedback loop, and strongly support the existence of a PKC-MARCKS-PI3K regulatory module linking the leading edge Ca2+ and PIP3 signals. As predicted, activators stimulate leading edge PKC activity, displacement of MARCKS from the leading edge membrane and increased leading edge PIP3 levels, while inhibitors trigger the opposite effects. Comparison of the findings for the ameboid chemotaxis of leukocytes with recently published findings for the mesenchymal chemotaxis of fibroblasts suggests that some features of the emerging leukocyte leading edge core pathway (PLC-DAG-Ca2+-PKC-MARCKS-PIP2-PI3K-PIP3) may well be shared by all chemotaxing eukaryotic cells, while other elements of the leukocyte pathway may be specialized features of these highly optimized, professional gradient-seeking cells. More broadly, the findings suggest a molecular mechanism for the strong links between phospho-MARCKS and many human cancers.
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81
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Daviran M, Longwill SM, Casella JF, Schultz KM. Rheological characterization of dynamic remodeling of the pericellular region by human mesenchymal stem cell-secreted enzymes in well-defined synthetic hydrogel scaffolds. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:3078-3089. [PMID: 29667686 PMCID: PMC5928794 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm00408k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) dynamically remodel their microenvironment during basic processes, such as migration and differentiation. Migration requires extracellular matrix invasion, necessitating dynamic cell-material interactions. Understanding these interactions is critical to advancing materials designs that harness and manipulate these processes for applications including wound healing and tissue regeneration. In this work, we encapsulate hMSCs in a cell-degradable poly(ethylene glycol)-peptide hydrogel to determine how cell-secreted enzymes, specifically matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), create unique pericellular microenvironments. Using multiple particle tracking microrheology (MPT), we characterize spatio-temporal rheological properties in the pericellular region during cell-mediated remodeling. In MPT, the thermal motion of probes embedded in the network is measured. A newly designed sample chamber that limits probe drift during degradation and minimizes high value antibody volumes required for cell treatments enables MPT characterization. Previous MPT measurements around hMSCs show that directly around the cell the scaffold remains intact with the cross-link density decreasing as distance from the cell increases. This degradation profile suggests that hMSCs are simultaneously secreting TIMPs, which are inactivating MMPs through MMP-TIMP complexes. By neutralizing TIMPs using antibodies, we characterize the changes in matrix degradation. TIMP inhibited hMSCs create a reaction-diffusion type degradation profile where MMPs are actively degrading the matrix immediately after secretion. In this profile, the cross-link density increases with increasing distance from the cell. This change in material properties also increases the speed of migration. This simple treatment could increase delivery of hMSCs to injuries to aid wound healing and tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Daviran
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Lehigh University, 111 Research Dr., Iacocca Hall, Bethlehem, PA 18015, USA.
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82
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Insight from the maximal activation of the signal transduction excitable network in Dictyostelium discoideum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E3722-E3730. [PMID: 29602807 PMCID: PMC5910810 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1710480115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration requires the coordination of an excitable signal transduction network involving Ras and PI3K pathways with cytoskeletal activity. We show that expressing activated Ras GTPase-family proteins in cells lacking PTEN or other mutations which increase cellular protrusiveness transforms cells into a persistently activated state. Leading- and trailing-edge markers were found exclusively at the cell perimeter and the cytosol, respectively, of the dramatically flattened cells. In addition, the lifetimes of dynamic actin puncta were increased where they overlapped with actin waves, suggesting a mechanism for the coupling between these two networks. All of these phenotypes could be reversed by inhibiting signal transduction. Strikingly, maintaining cells in this state of constant activation led to a form of cell death by catastrophic fragmentation. These findings provide insight into the feedback loops that control excitability of the signal transduction network, which drives migration.
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83
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Cramer LP, Kay RR, Zatulovskiy E. Repellent and Attractant Guidance Cues Initiate Cell Migration by Distinct Rear-Driven and Front-Driven Cytoskeletal Mechanisms. Curr Biol 2018. [PMID: 29526589 PMCID: PMC5863766 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2018.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Attractive and repulsive cell guidance is essential for animal life and important in disease. Cell migration toward attractants dominates studies [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8], but migration away from repellents is important in biology yet relatively little studied [5, 9, 10]. It is widely held that cells initiate migration by protrusion of their front [11, 12, 13, 14, 15], yet this has not been explicitly tested for cell guidance because cell margin displacement at opposite ends of the cell has not been distinguished for any cue. We argue that protrusion of the front, retraction of the rear, or both together could in principle break cell symmetry and start migration in response to guidance cues [16]. Here, we find in the Dictyostelium model [6] that an attractant—cAMP—breaks symmetry by causing protrusion of the front of the cell, whereas its repellent analog—8CPT—breaks symmetry by causing retraction of the rear. Protrusion of the front of these cells in response to cAMP starts with local actin filament assembly, while the delayed retraction of the rear is independent of both myosin II polarization and of motor-based contractility. On the contrary, myosin II accumulates locally in the rear of the cell in response to 8CPT, anticipating retraction and required for it, while local actin assembly is delayed and couples to delayed protrusion at the front. These data reveal an important new concept in the understanding of cell guidance. In attractant, cell front protrusion breaks cell symmetry and starts migration In repellent, cell rear retraction breaks cell symmetry and starts migration Myosin II motor is not required for front-driven migration toward attractant Biased myosin II motor contractility drives rear-driven migration away from repellent
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise P Cramer
- Laboratory of Molecular Cell Biology and Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Faculty Life Science, UCL, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, England, UK.
| | - Robert R Kay
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK
| | - Evgeny Zatulovskiy
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Francis Crick Avenue, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge CB2 0QH, England, UK
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84
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Xu Y, Ikeda S, Sumida K, Yamamoto R, Tanaka H, Minato N. Sipa1 deficiency unleashes a host-immune mechanism eradicating chronic myelogenous leukemia-initiating cells. Nat Commun 2018; 9:914. [PMID: 29500416 PMCID: PMC5834470 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03307-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML) caused by hematopoietic stem cells expressing the Bcr-Abl fusion gene may be controlled by Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs). However, CML-initiating cells are resistant to TKIs and may persist as minimal residual disease. We demonstrate that mice deficient in Sipa1, which encodes Rap1 GTPase-activating protein, rarely develop CML upon transfer of primary hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) expressing Bcr-Abl, which cause lethal CML disease in wild-type mice. Resistance requires both T cells and nonhematopoietic cells. Sipa1−/− mesenchymal stroma cells (MSCs) show enhanced activation and directed migration to Bcr-Abl+ cells in tumor tissue and preferentially produce Cxcl9, which in turn recruits Sipa1−/− memory T cells that have markedly augmented chemotactic activity. Thus, Sipa1 deficiency uncovers a host immune mechanism potentially capable of eradicating Bcr-Abl+ HPCs via coordinated interplay between MSCs and immune T cells, which may provide a clue for radical control of human CML. Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)-initiating cells are resistant to kinase inhibitors. Here the authors show that deficiency of the Rap1 GTPase-activating protein Sipa1 in the tumor microenvironment releases an immune response that eradicates CML-initiating cells via interplay between stromal and T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Xu
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ikeda
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Kentaro Sumida
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Yamamoto
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.,DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroki Tanaka
- DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan
| | - Nagahiro Minato
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan. .,DSK Project, Medical Innovation Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, 606-8501, Japan.
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85
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Yoshida T, Tsujioka M, Honda S, Tanaka M, Shimizu S. Autophagy suppresses cell migration by degrading GEF-H1, a RhoA GEF. Oncotarget 2018; 7:34420-9. [PMID: 27120804 PMCID: PMC5085165 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a process crucial for a variety of biological events, such as morphogenesis and wound healing. Several reports have described the possible regulation of cell migration by autophagy; however, this remains controversial. We here demonstrate that mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) lacking autophagy protein 5 (Atg5), an essential molecule of autophagy, moved faster than wild-type (WT) MEFs. Similar results were obtained for MEFs lacking Atg7 and unc-51-like kinase 1 (Ulk1), which are molecules required for autophagy. This phenotype was also observed in Atg7-deficient macrophages. WT MEFs moved by mesenchymal-type migration, whereas Atg5 knockout (KO) MEFs moved by amoeba-like migration. This difference was thought to be mediated by the level of RhoA activity, because Atg5 KO MEFs had higher RhoA activity, and treatment with a RhoA inhibitor altered Atg5 KO MEF migration from the amoeba type to the mesenchymal type. Autophagic regulation of RhoA activity was dependent on GEF-H1, a member of the RhoA family of guanine nucleotide exchange factors. In WT MEFs, GEF-H1 directly bound to p62 and was degraded by autophagy, resulting in low RhoA activity. In contrast, the loss of autophagy increased GEF-H1 levels and thereby activated RhoA, which caused cells to move by amoeba-like migration. This amoeba-like migration was cancelled by the silencing of GEF-H1. These results indicate that autophagy plays a role in the regulation of migration by degrading GEF-H1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsushi Yoshida
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan.,Present address: Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Masatsune Tsujioka
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shinya Honda
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
| | - Masato Tanaka
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan
| | - Shigeomi Shimizu
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8510, Japan
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86
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Sroka J, Zimolag E, Lasota S, Korohoda W, Madeja Z. Electrotaxis: Cell Directional Movement in Electric Fields. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1749:325-340. [PMID: 29526007 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7701-7_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Electrotaxis plays an important role during embryogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and tumour metastasis. However, the mechanisms at play during electrotaxis are still poorly understood. Therefore intensive studies on signaling pathways involved in this phenomenon should be carried out. In this chapter, we described an experimental system for studying electrotaxis of Amoeba proteus, mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEF), Walker carcinosarcoma cells WC256, and bone marrow adherent cells (BMAC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanta Sroka
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Eliza Zimolag
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Slawomir Lasota
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wlodzimierz Korohoda
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Madeja
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Department of Cell Biology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
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87
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Yavorski JM, Blanck G. Smoking correlates with increased cytoskeletal protein-related coding region mutations in the lung and head and neck datasets of the cancer genome atlas. Physiol Rep 2017; 4:4/24/e13045. [PMID: 28039401 PMCID: PMC5210378 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer from smoking tobacco is considered dependent on mutagens, but significant molecular aspects of smoking‐specific, cancer development remain unknown. We defined sets of coding regions for oncoproteins, tumor suppressor proteins, and cytoskeletal‐related proteins that were compared between nonsmokers and smokers, for mutation occurrences, in the lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSC), bladder carcinoma (BLCA), and pancreatic adenocarcinoma ( PAAD) datasets from the cancer genome atlas (TCGA). We uncovered significant differences in overall mutation rates, and in mutation rates in cytoskeletal protein‐related coding regions (CPCRs, including extracellular matrix protein coding regions), between nonsmokers and smokers in LUAD and HNSC (P < 0.001), raising the question of whether the CPCR mutation differences lead to different clinical courses for nonsmoker and smoker cancers. Another important question inspired by these results is, whether high smoker cancer mutation rates would facilitate genotoxicity or neoantigen‐based therapies. No significant, mutation‐based differences were found in the BLCA or PAAD datasets, between nonsmokers and smokers. However, a significant difference was uncovered for the average number of overall cancer mutations, in LUAD, for persons who stopped smoking more than 15 years ago, compared with more recent smokers (P < 0.032).
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Yavorski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine University of South Florida, Tampa, Florida .,Immunology Program, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
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88
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Aizel K, Clark AG, Simon A, Geraldo S, Funfak A, Vargas P, Bibette J, Vignjevic DM, Bremond N. A tuneable microfluidic system for long duration chemotaxis experiments in a 3D collagen matrix. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3851-3861. [PMID: 29022983 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00649g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In many cell types, migration can be oriented towards a chemical stimulus. In mammals, for example, embryonic cells migrate to follow developmental cues, immune cells migrate toward sites of inflammation, and cancer cells migrate away from the primary tumour and toward blood vessels during metastasis. Understanding how cells migrate in 3D environments in response to chemical cues is thus crucial to understanding directed migration in normal and disease states. To date, chemotaxis in mammalian cells has been primarily studied using 2D migration models. However, it is becoming increasingly clear that the mechanisms by which cells migrate in 2D and 3D environments dramatically differ, and cells in their native environments are confronted with a complex chemical milieu. To address these issues, we developed a microfluidic device to monitor the behaviour of cells embedded in a 3D collagen matrix in the presence of complex concentration fields of chemoattractants. This tuneable microsystem enables the generation of (1) homogeneous, stationary gradients set by a purely diffusive mechanism, or (2) spatially evolving, stationary gradients, set by a convection-diffusion mechanism. The device allows for stable gradients over several days and is large enough to study the behaviour of large cell aggregates. We observe that primary mature dendritic cells respond uniformly to homogeneous diffusion gradients, while cell behaviour is highly position-dependent in spatially variable convection-diffusion gradients. In addition, we demonstrate a directed response of cancer cells migrating away from tumour-like aggregates in the presence of soluble chemokine gradients. Together, this microfluidic device is a powerful system to observe the response of different cells and aggregates to tuneable chemical gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koceila Aizel
- Laboratoire Colloïdes et Matériaux Divisés, CNRS UMR 8231, Chemistry Biology & Innovation, ESPCI Paris, PSL Research University, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France.
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89
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Goichberg P. Current Understanding of the Pathways Involved in Adult Stem and Progenitor Cell Migration for Tissue Homeostasis and Repair. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2017; 12:421-37. [PMID: 27209167 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-016-9663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
With the advancements in the field of adult stem and progenitor cells grows the recognition that the motility of primitive cells is a pivotal aspect of their functionality. There is accumulating evidence that the recruitment of tissue-resident and circulating cells is critical for organ homeostasis and effective injury responses, whereas the pathobiology of degenerative diseases, neoplasm and aging, might be rooted in the altered ability of immature cells to migrate. Furthermore, understanding the biological machinery determining the translocation patterns of tissue progenitors is of great relevance for the emerging methodologies for cell-based therapies and regenerative medicine. The present article provides an overview of studies addressing the physiological significance and diverse modes of stem and progenitor cell trafficking in adult mammalian organs, discusses the major microenvironmental cues regulating cell migration, and describes the implementation of live imaging approaches for the exploration of stem cell movement in tissues and the factors dictating the motility of endogenous and transplanted cells with regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polina Goichberg
- Department Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 75 Francis Street, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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90
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Chen CN, Chen YT, Yang TL. The data of establishing a three-dimensional culture system for in vitro recapitulation and mechanism exploration of tumor satellite formation during cancer cell transition. Data Brief 2017; 15:545-561. [PMID: 29071292 PMCID: PMC5651497 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2017.09.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor satellite formation is an indicator of cancer invasiveness and correlates with recurrence, metastasis, and poorer prognosis. By analyzing pathological specimens, tumor satellites formed at the tumor-host interface reflect the phenomena of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. It is impossible to reveal the dynamic processes and the decisive factors of tumor satellite formation using clinicopathological approaches alone. Therefore, establishment of an in vitro system to monitor the phenomena is important to explicitly elucidate underlying mechanisms. In this study, we explored the feasibility of creating an in vitro three-dimensional collagen culture system to recapitulate the process of tumor satellite formation. This data presented here are referred to the research article (Chen et al., 2017) [1]. Using this model, the dynamic process of tumor satellite formation could be recapitulated in different types of human cancer cells. Induced by calcium deprivation, the treated cells increased the incidence and migratory distance of tumor satellites. E-cadherin internalization and invadopodia formation were enhanced by calcium deprivation and were associated with cellular dynamic change during tumor satellite formation. The data confirmed the utility of this culture system to recapitulate dynamic cellular alteration and to explore the potential mechanisms of tumor satellite formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Nan Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - You-Tzung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Lin Yang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Otolaryngology, National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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91
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Yuan X, Wang X, Gu B, Ma Y, Liu Y, Sun M, Kong J, Sun W, Wang H, Zhou F, Gao S. Directional Migration in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC) is Epigenetically Regulated by SET Nuclear Oncogene, a Member of the Inhibitor of Histone Acetyltransferase Complex. Neoplasia 2017; 19:868-884. [PMID: 28938158 PMCID: PMC5608591 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2017.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional cell migration is of fundamental importance to a variety of biological events, including metastasis of malignant cells. Herein, we specifically investigated SET oncoprotein, a subunit of the recently identified inhibitor of acetyltransferases (INHAT) complex and identified its role in the establishment of front-rear cell polarity and directional migration in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC). We further define the molecular circuits that govern these processes by showing that SET modulated DOCK7/RAC1 and cofilin signaling events. Moreover, a detailed analysis of the spatial distribution of RAC1 and cofilin allowed us to decipher the synergistical contributions of the two in coordinating the advancing dynamics by measuring architectures, polarities, and cytoskeletal organizations of the lamellipodia leading edges. In further investigations in vivo, we identified their unique role at multiple levels of the invasive cascade for SET cell and indicate the necessity for their functional balance to enable efficient invasion as well. Additionally, SET epigenetically repressed miR-30c expression by deacetylating histones H2B and H4 on its promoter, which was functionally important for the biological effects of SET in our cell-context. Finally, we corroborated our findings in vivo by evaluating the clinical relevance of SET signaling in the metastatic burden in mice and a large series of patients with ESCC at diagnosis, observing it's significance in predicting metastasis formation. Our findings uncovered a novel signaling network initiated by SET that epigenetically modulated ESCC properties and suggest that targeting the regulatory axis might be a promising strategy to inhibit migration and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yuan
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Xinshuai Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Bianli Gu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Yingjian Ma
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Yiwen Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Man Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Jinyu Kong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Wei Sun
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003
| | - Huizhi Wang
- Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Room 263D, 501 South Preston Street, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Fuyou Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Anyang Tumor Hospital, Anyang, China, 455000
| | - Shegan Gao
- Henan Key Laboratory of Cancer Epigenetics; Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003; Department of Medical Oncology, Cancer Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Clinical Medicine, Medical College of Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang, China, 471003.
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92
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Banisch TU, Maimon I, Dadosh T, Gilboa L. Escort cells generate a dynamic compartment for germline stem cell differentiation via combined Stat and Erk signalling. Development 2017; 144:1937-1947. [PMID: 28559239 DOI: 10.1242/dev.143727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Two different compartments support germline stem cell (GSC) self-renewal and their timely differentiation: the classical niche provides maintenance cues, while a differentiation compartment, formed by somatic escort cells (ECs), is required for proper GSC differentiation. ECs extend long protrusions that invade between tightly packed germ cells, and alternate between encapsulating and releasing them. How ECs achieve this dynamic balance has not been resolved. By combining live imaging and genetic analyses in Drosophila, we have characterised EC shapes and their dynamic changes. We show that germ cell encapsulation by ECs is a communal phenomenon, whereby EC-EC contacts stabilise an extensive meshwork of protrusions. We further show that Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (Stat) and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (Egfr) signalling sustain EC protrusiveness and flexibility by combinatorially affecting the activity of different RhoGTPases. Our results reveal how a complex signalling network can determine the shape of a cell and its dynamic behaviour. It also explains how the differentiation compartment can establish extensive contacts with germ cells, while allowing a continual posterior movement of differentiating GSC daughters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten U Banisch
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Iris Maimon
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Tali Dadosh
- Electron Microscopy Unit, Department of Chemical Research Support, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Lilach Gilboa
- Department of Biological Regulation, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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93
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Exploring the Role of RGD-Recognizing Integrins in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9090116. [PMID: 28869579 PMCID: PMC5615331 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9090116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 288] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrins are key regulators of communication between cells and with their microenvironment. Eight members of the integrin superfamily recognize the tripeptide motif Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) within extracelluar matrix (ECM) proteins. These integrins constitute an important subfamily and play a major role in cancer progression and metastasis via their tumor biological functions. Such transmembrane adhesion and signaling receptors are thus recognized as promising and well accessible targets for novel diagnostic and therapeutic applications for directly attacking cancer cells and their fatal microenvironment. Recently, specific small peptidic and peptidomimetic ligands as well as antibodies binding to distinct integrin subtypes have been developed and synthesized as new drug candidates for cancer treatment. Understanding the distinct functions and interplay of integrin subtypes is a prerequisite for selective intervention in integrin-mediated diseases. Integrin subtype-specific ligands labelled with radioisotopes or fluorescent molecules allows the characterization of the integrin patterns in vivo and later the medical intervention via subtype specific drugs. The coating of nanoparticles, larger proteins, or encapsulating agents by integrin ligands are being explored to guide cytotoxic reagents directly to the cancer cell surface. These ligands are currently under investigation in clinical studies for their efficacy in interference with tumor cell adhesion, migration/invasion, proliferation, signaling, and survival, opening new treatment approaches in personalized medicine.
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94
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Mohan K, Nosbisch JL, Elston TC, Bear JE, Haugh JM. A Reaction-Diffusion Model Explains Amplification of the PLC/PKC Pathway in Fibroblast Chemotaxis. Biophys J 2017; 113:185-194. [PMID: 28700916 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During the proliferative phase of cutaneous wound healing, dermal fibroblasts are recruited into the clotted wound by a concentration gradient of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), together with other spatial cues. Despite the importance of this chemotactic process, the mechanisms controlling the directed migration of slow-moving mesenchymal cells such as fibroblasts are not well understood. Here, we develop and analyze a reaction-diffusion model of phospholipase C/protein kinase C (PKC) signaling, which was recently identified as a requisite PDGF-gradient-sensing pathway, with the goal of identifying mechanisms that can amplify its sensitivity in the shallow external gradients typical of chemotaxis experiments. We show that phosphorylation of myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate by membrane-localized PKC constitutes a positive feedback that is sufficient for local pathway amplification. The release of phosphorylated myristoylated alanine-rich C kinase substrate and its subsequent diffusion and dephosphorylation in the cytosol also serves to suppress the pathway in down-gradient regions of the cell. By itself, this mechanism only weakly amplifies signaling in a shallow PDGF gradient, but it synergizes with other feedback mechanisms to enhance amplification. This model offers a framework for a mechanistic understanding of phospholipase C/PKC signaling in chemotactic gradient sensing and can guide the design of experiments to assess the roles of putative feedback loops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krithika Mohan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Jamie L Nosbisch
- Biomathematics Graduate Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - Timothy C Elston
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - James E Bear
- Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jason M Haugh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina.
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95
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Segarra DT, Yavorski JM, Blanck G. Protected cytoskeletal-related proteins: Towards a resolution of contradictions regarding the role of the cytoskeleton in cancer. Biomed Rep 2017; 7:163-168. [PMID: 28804630 DOI: 10.3892/br.2017.940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Initial reports of the role of the cytoskeleton in cancer indicated that tumor cells with a more disorganized cytoskeleton were more tumorigenic. These reports were based on stains for the F-actin cytoskeleton, for example, using phalloidin or anti-F-actin antibody reagents, and gave a basic impression of F-actin-based cytoskeletal integrity. Later developments emphasized the significance of the cytoskeletal elements in cell migration, presumably associated with either basement membrane invasion or metastasis, or both, with several specific proteins implicated in the formation of cell invadopodia. With the advent of genomics approaches, it has become clear that cytoskeletal related proteins are indeed common targets of mutagenesis in cancer and commonly rank among the most mutated proteins in cancers, presumably due to large coding region sizes and the significant stochastic component to human mutagenesis. This cytoskeletal genomics result is consistent with the loss of cytoskeleton integrity as a hallmark of tumor development, but raises the question of whether such mutational sensitivity relates to the migration and invadopodia aspects of tumor progression. In the present study, the authors report that it is possible to identify a set of cytoskeletal related proteins protected from mutation, in comparison to the commonly mutated cytoskeleton related proteins in certain, but not all cancer, datasets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Segarra
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - John M Yavorski
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - George Blanck
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA.,H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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96
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Abstract
The endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT) is a fundamental cellular mechanism that occurs under both physiological and pathological conditions and includes the fibrotic stages of numerous organs, namely, the skin, kidneys, heart, lungs and liver. Endothelial cells that undergo EndMT are one of the main source of (myo)fibroblasts in fibrotic tissues. A critical step in cellular transdifferentiation is morphological change, which is engineered by the reorganization of cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules. These dynamic structures consist of αβ-tubulin heterodimers that are also involved in cellular movement and intracellular trafficking, processes modulated during EndMT. One fundamental mechanism that underlies microtubule stabilization is the regulation of the levels of α and β-tubulin. However, little is known about the roles of specific tubulin isotypes in the development of EndMT-based diseases. This study provides the first evidence that the upregulation of TUBB3 and TUBB4 is coupled with increased cell migration in EndMT-induced HMEC-1 cells. Immunochemical analysis reveals that these tubulins are upregulated in the early stages of EndMT, and siRNA analysis indicates that they are engaged in the generation of mesenchymal behavior via the enhancement of cell migration. This modulation seems to be especially important in wound healing. Finally, cell surface analysis reveals that TUBB3 and TUBB4 are necessary for the transport and proper localization of N-cadherin within the plasma membrane. We believe that our results will be valuable for the development of effective new anti-fibrotic therapies.
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97
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Yuan Q, Ren C, Xu W, Petri B, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Kubes P, Wu D, Tang W. PKN1 Directs Polarized RAB21 Vesicle Trafficking via RPH3A and Is Important for Neutrophil Adhesion and Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Cell Rep 2017; 19:2586-2597. [PMID: 28636945 PMCID: PMC5548392 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Polarized vesicle transport plays an important role in cell polarization, but the mechanisms underlying this process and its role in innate immune responses are not well understood. Here, we describe a phosphorylation-regulated polarization mechanism that is important for neutrophil adhesion to endothelial cells during inflammatory responses. We show that the protein kinase PKN1 phosphorylates RPH3A, which enhances binding of RPH3A to guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-bound RAB21. These interactions are important for polarized localization of RAB21 and RPH3A in neutrophils, which leads to PIP5K1C90 polarization. Consistent with the roles of PIP5K1C90 polarization, the lack of PKN1 or RPH3A impairs neutrophil integrin activation, adhesion to endothelial cells, and infiltration in inflammatory models. Furthermore, myeloid-specific loss of PKN1 decreases tissue injury in a renal ischemia-reperfusion model. Thus, this study characterizes a mechanism for protein polarization in neutrophils and identifies a potential protein kinase target for therapeutic intervention in reperfusion-related tissue injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianying Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Chunguang Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Wenwen Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Björn Petri
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Paul Kubes
- Snyder Institute for Chronic Diseases Mouse Phenomics Resource Laboratory, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Dianqing Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Wenwen Tang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vascular Biology and Therapeutic Program, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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98
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Fibronectin promotes directional persistence in fibroblast migration through interactions with both its cell-binding and heparin-binding domains. Sci Rep 2017. [PMID: 28623309 PMCID: PMC5473823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03701-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The precise mechanisms through which insoluble, cell-adhesive ligands induce and regulate directional cell migration remain obscure. We recently demonstrated that elevated surface density of physically adsorbed plasma fibronectin (FN) promotes high directional persistence in fibroblast migration. While cell-FN association through integrins α5β1 and αvβ3 was necessary, substrates that selectively engaged these integrins did not support the phenotype. We here show that high directional persistence necessitates a combination of the cell-binding and C-terminal heparin-binding domains of FN, but does not require the engagement of syndecan-4 or integrin α4β1. FN treatment with various fixation agents indicated that associated changes in fibroblast motility were due to biochemical changes, rather than alterations in its physical state. The nature of the coating determined the ability of fibroblasts to assemble endogenous or exogenous FN, while FN fibrillogenesis played a minor, but significant, role in regulating directionality. Interestingly, knockdown of cellular FN abolished cell motility altogether, demonstrating a requirement for intracellular processes in enabling fibroblast migration on FN. Lastly, kinase inhibition experiments revealed that regulation of cell speed and directional persistence are decoupled. Hence, we have identified factors that render full-length FN a promoter of directional migration and discuss the possible, relevant mechanisms.
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99
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Jiang LH, Mousawi F, Yang X, Roger S. ATP-induced Ca 2+-signalling mechanisms in the regulation of mesenchymal stem cell migration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3697-3710. [PMID: 28534085 PMCID: PMC5597679 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2545-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The ability of cells to migrate to the destined tissues or lesions is crucial for physiological processes from tissue morphogenesis, homeostasis and immune responses, and also for stem cell-based regenerative medicines. Cytosolic Ca2+ is a primary second messenger in the control and regulation of a wide range of cell functions including cell migration. Extracellular ATP, together with the cognate receptors on the cell surface, ligand-gated ion channel P2X receptors and a subset of G-protein-coupled P2Y receptors, represents common autocrine and/or paracrine Ca2+ signalling mechanisms. The P2X receptor ion channels mediate extracellular Ca2+ influx, whereas stimulation of the P2Y receptors triggers intracellular Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and activation of both type of receptors thus can elevate the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]c), albeit with different kinetics and capacity. Reduction in the ER Ca2+ level following the P2Y receptor activation can further induce store-operated Ca2+ entry as a distinct Ca2+ influx pathway that contributes in ATP-induced increase in the [Ca2+]c. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are a group of multipotent stem cells that grow from adult tissues and hold promising applications in tissue engineering and cell-based therapies treating a great and diverse number of diseases. There is increasing evidence to show constitutive or evoked ATP release from stem cells themselves or mature cells in the close vicinity. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms for ATP release and clearance, the receptors and ion channels participating in ATP-induced Ca2+ signalling and the roles of such signalling mechanisms in mediating ATP-induced regulation of MSC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Hua Jiang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK. .,Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury, Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan, People's Republic of China. .,Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37032, Tours, France.
| | - Fatema Mousawi
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Xuebin Yang
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Leeds, WTBB, St James University Hospital, Leeds, LS97TF, UK
| | - Sėbastien Roger
- Inserm UMR1069, Nutrition, Croissance et Cancer, Université François-Rabelais de Tours, 37032, Tours, France
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100
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Liu L, Luo Q, Sun J, Wang A, Shi Y, Ju Y, Morita Y, Song G. Decreased nuclear stiffness via FAK-ERK1/2 signaling is necessary for osteopontin-promoted migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2017; 355:172-181. [PMID: 28392353 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 04/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Migration of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) plays an important role in many physiological and pathological settings, including wound healing. During the migration of BMSCs through interstitial tissues, the movement of the nucleus must be coordinated with the cytoskeletal dynamics, which in turn affects the cell migration efficiency. Our previous study indicated that osteopontin (OPN) significantly promotes the migration of rat BMSCs. However, the nuclear behaviors and involved molecular mechanisms in OPN-mediated BMSC migration are largely unclear. In the present study, using an atomic force microscope (AFM), we found that OPN could decrease the nuclear stiffness of BMSCs and reduce the expression of lamin A/C, which is the main determinant of nuclear stiffness. Increased lamin A/C expression attenuates BMSC migration by increasing nuclear stiffness. Decreased lamin A/C expression promotes BMSC migration by decreasing nuclear stiffness. Furthermore, OPN promotes BMSC migration by diminishing lamin A/C expression and decreasing nuclear stiffness via the FAK-ERK1/2 signaling pathway. This study provides strong evidence for the role of nuclear mechanics in BMSC migration as well as new insight into the molecular mechanisms of OPN-promoted BMSC migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jinghui Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Aoli Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yisong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yang Ju
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Yasuyuki Morita
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan.
| | - Guanbin Song
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Bioengineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, People's Republic of China.
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