51
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Nishiyama A, Shimizu T, Sherafat A, Richardson WD. Life-long oligodendrocyte development and plasticity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2021; 116:25-37. [PMID: 33741250 PMCID: PMC8292179 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) originate in localized germinal zones in the embryonic neural tube, then migrate and proliferate to populate the entire central nervous system, both white and gray matter. They divide and generate myelinating oligodendrocytes (OLs) throughout postnatal and adult life. OPCs express NG2 and platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha subunit (PDGFRα), two functionally important cell surface proteins, which are also widely used as markers for OPCs. The proliferation of OPCs, their terminal differentiation into OLs, survival of new OLs, and myelin synthesis are orchestrated by signals in the local microenvironment. We discuss advances in our mechanistic understanding of paracrine effects, including those mediated through PDGFRα and neuronal activity-dependent signals such as those mediated through AMPA receptors in OL survival and myelination. Finally, we review recent studies supporting the role of new OL production and “adaptive myelination” in specific behaviours and cognitive processes contributing to learning and long-term memory formation. Our article is not intended to be comprehensive but reflects the authors’ past and present interests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Nishiyama
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3156, USA.
| | - Takahiro Shimizu
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Amin Sherafat
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269-3156, USA
| | - William D Richardson
- Wolfson Institute for Biomedical Research, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
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52
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Chaudhary P, Marracci GH, Calkins E, Pocius E, Bensen AL, Scanlan TS, Emery B, Bourdette DN. Thyroid hormone and thyromimetics inhibit myelin and axonal degeneration and oligodendrocyte loss in EAE. J Neuroimmunol 2021; 352:577468. [PMID: 33422763 PMCID: PMC8748188 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2020.577468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that thyromimetics stimulate oligodendrocyte precursor cell differentiation and promote remyelination in murine demyelination models. We investigated whether a thyroid receptor-beta selective thyromimetic, sobetirome (Sob), and its CNS-targeted prodrug, Sob-AM2, could prevent myelin and axonal degeneration in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Compared to controls, EAE mice receiving triiodothyronine (T3, 0.4 mg/kg), Sob (5 mg/kg) or Sob-AM2 (5 mg/kg) had reduced clinical disease and, within the spinal cord, less tissue damage, more normally myelinated axons, fewer degenerating axons and more oligodendrocytes. T3 and Sob also protected cultured oligodendrocytes against cell death. Thyromimetics thus might protect against oligodendrocyte death, demyelination and axonal degeneration as well as stimulate remyelination in multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chaudhary
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America.
| | - G H Marracci
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - E Calkins
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - E Pocius
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - A L Bensen
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - T S Scanlan
- Department of Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry and Program in Chemical Biology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - B Emery
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - D N Bourdette
- Department of Neurology, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; VA Portland Health Care System, 3710 SW US Veterans Hospital Rd, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
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53
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Hetz C. Adapting the proteostasis capacity to sustain brain healthspan. Cell 2021; 184:1545-1560. [PMID: 33691137 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2021.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sustaining neuronal proteostasis during the course of our life is a central aspect required for brain function. The dynamic nature of synaptic composition and abundance is a requisite to drive cognitive and motor processes involving a tight control of many aspects of protein biosynthesis and degradation. Through the concerted action of specialized stress sensors, the proteostasis network monitors and limits the accumulation of damaged, misfolded, or aggregated proteins. These stress pathways signal to the cytosol and nucleus to reprogram gene expression, enabling adaptive programs to recover cell function. During aging, the activity of the proteostasis network declines, which may increase the risk of accumulating abnormal protein aggregates, a hallmark of most neurodegenerative diseases. Here, I discuss emerging concepts illustrating the functional significance of adaptive signaling pathways to normal brain physiology and their contribution to age-related disorders. Pharmacological and gene therapy strategies to intervene and boost proteostasis are expected to extend brain healthspan and ameliorate disease states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudio Hetz
- Biomedical Neuroscience Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Center for Geroscience, Brain Health and Metabolism, Santiago, Chile; Program of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile; Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, USA.
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54
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Yun S, Vincelette ND, Yu X, Watson GW, Fernandez MR, Yang C, Hitosugi T, Cheng CH, Freischel AR, Zhang L, Li W, Hou H, Schaub FX, Vedder AR, Cen L, McGraw KL, Moon J, Murphy DJ, Ballabio A, Kaufmann SH, Berglund AE, Cleveland JL. TFEB links MYC signaling to epigenetic control of myeloid differentiation and acute myeloid leukemia. Blood Cancer Discov 2021; 2:162-185. [PMID: 33860275 PMCID: PMC8043621 DOI: 10.1158/2643-3230.bcd-20-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC oncoproteins regulate transcription of genes directing cell proliferation, metabolism and tumorigenesis. A variety of alterations drive MYC expression in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and enforced MYC expression in hematopoietic progenitors is sufficient to induce AML. Here we report that AML and myeloid progenitor cell growth and survival rely on MYC-directed suppression of Transcription Factor EB (TFEB), a master regulator of the autophagy-lysosome pathway. Notably, although originally identified as an oncogene, TFEB functions as a tumor suppressor in AML, where it provokes AML cell differentiation and death. These responses reflect TFEB control of myeloid epigenetic programs, by inducing expression of isocitrate dehydrogenase-1 (IDH1) and IDH2, resulting in global hydroxylation of 5-methycytosine. Finally, activating the TFEB-IDH1/IDH2-TET2 axis is revealed as a targetable vulnerability in AML. Thus, epigenetic control by a MYC-TFEB circuit dictates myeloid cell fate and is essential for maintenance of AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongseok Yun
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Nicole D Vincelette
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Xiaoqing Yu
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Gregory W Watson
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Mario R Fernandez
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Chunying Yang
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Taro Hitosugi
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Chia-Ho Cheng
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Audrey R Freischel
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Tampa, Florida
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Hsinan Hou
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Franz X Schaub
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Alexis R Vedder
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Ling Cen
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kathy L McGraw
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jungwon Moon
- Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Daniel J Murphy
- University of Glasgow, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Andrea Ballabio
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine (TIGEM), Naples, Italy
- Medical Genetics Unit, Department of Medical and Translational Science, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, Texas
- SSM School for Advanced Studies, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Scott H Kaufmann
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, and Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Anders E Berglund
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - John L Cleveland
- Department of Tumor Biology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida.
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55
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Pease-Raissi SE, Chan JR. Building a (w)rapport between neurons and oligodendroglia: Reciprocal interactions underlying adaptive myelination. Neuron 2021; 109:1258-1273. [PMID: 33621477 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myelin, multilayered lipid-rich membrane extensions formed by oligodendrocytes around neuronal axons, is essential for fast and efficient action potential propagation in the central nervous system. Initially thought to be a static and immutable process, myelination is now appreciated to be a dynamic process capable of responding to and modulating neuronal function throughout life. While the importance of this type of plasticity, called adaptive myelination, is now well accepted, we are only beginning to understand the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms by which neurons communicate experience-driven circuit activation to oligodendroglia and precisely how changes in oligodendrocytes and their myelin refine neuronal function. Here, we review recent findings addressing this reciprocal relationship in which neurons alter oligodendroglial form and oligodendrocytes conversely modulate neuronal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Pease-Raissi
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
| | - Jonah R Chan
- Weill Institute for Neuroscience, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
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56
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Zhang Y, Cai Y, Wang Y, Deng X, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Xie Y. Survival control of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells requires the transcription factor 4 during olfactory bulb development. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:91. [PMID: 33462220 PMCID: PMC7813844 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-020-03371-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 12/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
A proper number of oligodendrocytes in the nerve system is essential for neuronal functions. In the olfactory bulb (OB), enriched oligodendrocytes are crucial for olfactory information processing. However, how the precise number of oligodendrocytes in the OB is regulated remains elusive. Here we identified that the transcription factor 4 (Tcf4)-mediated cell death is essential for generating an appropriate number of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) and thereby oligodendrocytes in the OB. We showed that Nkx2.1-positive progenitors in the medial ganglionic eminence (MGE) and anterior entopeduncular area (AEP) provide the first source of OPCs in the OB. Conditional depletion of Tcf4 leads to an increase of OPCs in the OB, which is mediated by the suppression of programmed cell death. Furthermore, we showed that Tcf4 mediated OPC survival is cell-autonomous by transplantation assay. Mechanistically, we identified Bax/Bak as a potential key pathway to promote OPC elimination during OB development. Depletion of Bax/Bak in Nkx2.1 lineage results in an increase of OPCs in the OB. Mutations in TCF4 causes Pitt-Hopkins syndrome, a severe neurodevelopmental disorder. Thus, our findings reveal an important intrinsic mechanism underlying the survival control of OPCs in the OB and provide new insights into the pathogenesis of Pitt-Hopkins syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yuqun Cai
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yafei Wang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Xin Deng
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory for Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yubin Zhang
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443School of Public Health/MOE Key Laboratory for Public Health Safety, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
| | - Yunli Xie
- grid.8547.e0000 0001 0125 2443Department of Anesthesia, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Institutes of Brain Science, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032 China
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57
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da Costa A, Metais T, Mouthon F, Kerkovich D, Charvériat M. Evaluating and modulating TFEB in the control of autophagy: toward new treatments in CNS disorders. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2020; 35:539-551. [PMID: 33259088 DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
TFEB is a mammalian transcription factor that binds directly to the CLEAR consensus sequence (5'-GTCACGTGAC-3') present in the regulatory regions of genes inducing autophagosome formation, autophagosome-lysosome fusion, hydrolase enzyme expression, and lysosomal exocytosis. By modulating these activities, TFEB coordinates on-demand control over each cell's degradation pathway. Thus, a nuclear signaling pathway regulates cellular energy metabolism through TFEB. Our growing understanding of the role of TFEB and CLEAR in the promotion of healthy clearance together with in vitro and in vivo preclinical findings in various animal models of disease supports the conclusion that the pharmacological activation of TFEB could clear toxic proteins to treat both rare and common forms of neurodegenerative disease.
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58
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Environmental and Nutritional "Stressors" and Oligodendrocyte Dysfunction: Role of Mitochondrial and Endoplasmatic Reticulum Impairment. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8120553. [PMID: 33265917 PMCID: PMC7760976 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8120553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are myelinating cells of the central nervous system which are generated by progenitor oligodendrocytes as a result of maturation processes. The main function of mature oligodendrocytes is to produce myelin, a lipid-rich multi-lamellar membrane that wraps tightly around neuronal axons, insulating them and facilitating nerve conduction through saltatory propagation. The myelination process requires the consumption a large amount of energy and a high metabolic turnover. Mitochondria are essential organelles which regulate many cellular functions, including energy production through oxidative phosphorylation. Any mitochondrial dysfunction impacts cellular metabolism and negatively affects the health of the organism. If the functioning of the mitochondria is unbalanced, the myelination process is impaired. When myelination has finished, oligodendrocyte will have synthesized about 40% of the total lipids present in the brain. Since lipid synthesis occurs in the cellular endoplasmic reticulum, the dysfunction of this organelle can lead to partial or deficient myelination, triggering numerous neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, the induced malfunction of oligodendrocytes by harmful exogenous stimuli has been outlined. In particular, the effects of alcohol consumption and heavy metal intake are discussed. Furthermore, the response of the oligodendrocyte to excessive mitochondrial oxidative stress and to the altered regulation of the functioning of the endoplasmic reticulum will be explored.
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59
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Distinct oligodendrocyte populations have spatial preference and different responses to spinal cord injury. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5860. [PMID: 33203872 PMCID: PMC7673029 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19453-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mature oligodendrocytes (MOLs) show transcriptional heterogeneity, the functional consequences of which are unclear. MOL heterogeneity might correlate with the local environment or their interactions with different neuron types. Here, we show that distinct MOL populations have spatial preference in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS). We found that MOL type 2 (MOL2) is enriched in the spinal cord when compared to the brain, while MOL types 5 and 6 (MOL5/6) increase their contribution to the OL lineage with age in all analyzed regions. MOL2 and MOL5/6 also have distinct spatial preference in the spinal cord regions where motor and sensory tracts run. OL progenitor cells (OPCs) are not specified into distinct MOL populations during development, excluding a major contribution of OPC intrinsic mechanisms determining MOL heterogeneity. In disease, MOL2 and MOL5/6 present different susceptibility during the chronic phase following traumatic spinal cord injury. Our results demonstrate that the distinct MOL populations have different spatial preference and different responses to disease. The oligodendrocyte lineage is known for its transcriptional heterogeneity, but the functional consequences of this are unclear. Here, the authors show that distinct populations of mature oligodendrocytes have spatial preferences in the brain and spinal cord and show different responses to spinal cord injury.
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60
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Zia S, Rawji KS, Michaels NJ, Burr M, Kerr BJ, Healy LM, Plemel JR. Microglia Diversity in Health and Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2020; 11:588021. [PMID: 33240276 PMCID: PMC7677361 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.588021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by multiple focal lesions, ongoing demyelination and, for most people, a lack of remyelination. MS lesions are enriched with monocyte-derived macrophages and brain-resident microglia that, together, are likely responsible for much of the immune-mediated neurotoxicity. However, microglia and macrophage also have documented neuroprotective and regenerative roles, suggesting a potential diversity in their functions. Linked with microglial functional diversity, they take on diverse phenotypes developmentally, regionally and across disease conditions. Advances in technologies such as single-cell RNA sequencing and mass cytometry of immune cells has led to dramatic developments in understanding the phenotypic changes of microglia and macrophages. This review highlights the origins of microglia, their heterogeneity throughout normal ageing and their contribution to pathology and repair, with a specific focus on autoimmunity and MS. As phenotype dictates function, the emerging heterogeneity of microglia and macrophage populations in MS offers new insights into the potential immune mechanisms that result in inflammation and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Zia
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Khalil S Rawji
- Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Campus, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nathan J Michaels
- Ministry of Health, British Columbia Government, Victoria, BC, Canada
| | - Mena Burr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Bradley J Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anesthesiology & Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Luke M Healy
- Neuroimmunology Unit, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jason R Plemel
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Division of Neurology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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61
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Nowosad A, Jeannot P, Callot C, Creff J, Perchey RT, Joffre C, Codogno P, Manenti S, Besson A. p27 controls Ragulator and mTOR activity in amino acid-deprived cells to regulate the autophagy-lysosomal pathway and coordinate cell cycle and cell growth. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:1076-1090. [PMID: 32807902 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0554-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process whereby cytoplasmic components are degraded within lysosomes, allowing cells to maintain energy homeostasis during nutrient depletion. Several studies reported that the CDK inhibitor p27Kip1 promotes starvation-induced autophagy by an unknown mechanism. Here we find that p27 controls autophagy via an mTORC1-dependent mechanism in amino acid-deprived cells. During prolonged starvation, a fraction of p27 is recruited to lysosomes, where it interacts with LAMTOR1, a component of the Ragulator complex required for mTORC1 activation. Binding of p27 to LAMTOR1 prevents Ragulator assembly and mTORC1 activation, promoting autophagy. Conversely, p27-/- cells exhibit elevated mTORC1 signalling as well as impaired lysosomal activity and autophagy. This is associated with cytoplasmic sequestration of TFEB, preventing induction of the lysosomal genes required for lysosome function. LAMTOR1 silencing or mTOR inhibition restores autophagy and induces apoptosis in p27-/- cells. Together, these results reveal a direct coordinated regulation between the cell cycle and cell growth machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ada Nowosad
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.,UCL Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Pauline Jeannot
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Callot
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Justine Creff
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Renaud Thierry Perchey
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Carine Joffre
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL5294, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Patrice Codogno
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151, CNRS UMR 8253, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Manenti
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM U1037, CNRS ERL5294, University of Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Arnaud Besson
- LBCMCP, Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France.
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62
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Carlström KE, Zhu K, Ewing E, Krabbendam IE, Harris RA, Falcão AM, Jagodic M, Castelo-Branco G, Piehl F. Gsta4 controls apoptosis of differentiating adult oligodendrocytes during homeostasis and remyelination via the mitochondria-associated Fas-Casp8-Bid-axis. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4071. [PMID: 32792491 PMCID: PMC7426940 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17871-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Arrest of oligodendrocyte (OL) differentiation and remyelination following myelin damage in multiple sclerosis (MS) is associated with neurodegeneration and clinical worsening. We show that Glutathione S-transferase 4α (Gsta4) is highly expressed during adult OL differentiation and that Gsta4 loss impairs differentiation into myelinating OLs in vitro. In addition, we identify Gsta4 as a target of both dimethyl fumarate, an existing MS therapy, and clemastine fumarate, a candidate remyelinating agent in MS. Overexpression of Gsta4 reduces expression of Fas and activity of the mitochondria-associated Casp8-Bid-axis in adult oligodendrocyte precursor cells, leading to improved OL survival during differentiation. The Gsta4 effect on apoptosis during adult OL differentiation was corroborated in vivo in both lysolecithin-induced demyelination and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis models, where Casp8 activity was reduced in Gsta4-overexpressing OLs. Our results identify Gsta4 as an intrinsic regulator of OL differentiation, survival and remyelination, as well as a potential target for future reparative MS therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl E Carlström
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital at Solna, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Keying Zhu
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital at Solna, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ewoud Ewing
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital at Solna, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inge E Krabbendam
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital at Solna, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Robert A Harris
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital at Solna, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ana Mendanha Falcão
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Minho, Portugal
| | - Maja Jagodic
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital at Solna, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gonçalo Castelo-Branco
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm node, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Piehl
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Karolinska Institutet, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Hospital at Solna, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
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Yazdankhah M, Shang P, Ghosh S, Hose S, Liu H, Weiss J, Fitting CS, Bhutto IA, Zigler JS, Qian J, Sahel JA, Sinha D, Stepicheva NA. Role of glia in optic nerve. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 81:100886. [PMID: 32771538 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glial cells are critically important for maintenance of neuronal activity in the central nervous system (CNS), including the optic nerve (ON). However, the ON has several unique characteristics, such as an extremely high myelination level of retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axons throughout the length of the nerve (with virtually all fibers myelinated by 7 months of age in humans), lack of synapses and very narrow geometry. Moreover, the optic nerve head (ONH) - a region where the RGC axons exit the eye - represents an interesting area that is morphologically distinct in different species. In many cases of multiple sclerosis (demyelinating disease of the CNS) vision problems are the first manifestation of the disease, suggesting that RGCs and/or glia in the ON are more sensitive to pathological conditions than cells in other parts of the CNS. Here, we summarize current knowledge on glial organization and function in the ON, focusing on glial support of RGCs. We cover both well-established concepts on the important role of glial cells in ON health and new findings, including novel insights into mechanisms of remyelination, microglia/NG2 cell-cell interaction, astrocyte reactivity and the regulation of reactive astrogliosis by mitochondrial fragmentation in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meysam Yazdankhah
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Peng Shang
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sayan Ghosh
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Stacey Hose
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Haitao Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Weiss
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Christopher S Fitting
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Imran A Bhutto
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J Samuel Zigler
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jiang Qian
- Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - José-Alain Sahel
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Nadezda A Stepicheva
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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64
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Craig GA, Yoo S, Du TY, Xiao J. Plasticity in oligodendrocyte lineage progression: An OPC puzzle on our nerves. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 54:5747-5761. [PMID: 32478920 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Myelin deposition in the central nervous system has been shown to be responsive to experience, with sensory enrichment increasing myelination and sensory or social deprivation decreasing myelination. This process is referred to as "adaptive myelination" or "myelin plasticity" and signifies an essential component of new learning. However, whether these experience-driven adaptations are driven by (a) underlying changes in the generation of myelinating cells, (b) altered interactions between myelin sheath and axon, or (c) a combination of the above remains unclear. It has been suggested that myelination largely follows an "innate" and automatic programme, allowing for a predictable pattern of central nervous system myelin deposition over time. Adaptive myelination is thought to account for more nuanced alterations that do not dramatically shift this pattern, but ultimately drive functional responses. This makes the study of myelin plasticity particularly difficult, as it necessitates being able to clearly and specifically draw boundaries between the innate and adaptive programme. Thus, the field requires a holistic understanding of the remit of innate myelin development, prior to investigation of adaptive myelination. This review will collate literature regarding different aspects of oligodendrocyte and myelin development (namely, oligodendrocyte proliferation, differentiation, death and myelin sheath formation) in an innate context, before discussing how these parameters are proposed to change under adaptive conditions. It is the hope that this review will highlight the need for a comprehensive and integrated approach towards studying both innate and adaptive forms of myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina A Craig
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - SangWon Yoo
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Tian Y Du
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
| | - Junhua Xiao
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry and Health Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Vic., Australia
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65
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Kershner JR. Dyslexia as an adaptation to cortico-limbic stress system reactivity. Neurobiol Stress 2020; 12:100223. [PMID: 32435671 PMCID: PMC7231974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2020.100223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A new school of thought in evolutionary developmental biology, combined with research in the neurobiology of stress, suggest that early exposure to stressful circumstances may be a cause of dyslexia. A balance between epigenetic, stress-induced and cognitive-growth genetic programs modulates the brain's cellular, regional, and network homeostasis. This balance is essential for adaptability to the normative range of everyday stress. However, even mild chronic stress exposition may overactivate the hypothalmic-pituitary-adrenal stress axis, upsetting the homeostatic balance between these programs, and exposing the brain to harmful levels of stress hormones. A protective strategy to sustained disequilibrium precociously advances maturation at the cost of neuroplasticity, which blunts stress axis reactivity but also compromises learning potential in the prefrontal cortex and networks associated with dyslexia. Stress exceeding an individual's range of resilience: (1) reduces levels of TFEB and BDNF, gene regulatory factors prolonging maturation and neuroplasticity; (2) interferes with the insular cortex, amygdala and hippocampus in coordinating afferent visceral signals with cognitive performance; (3) over-recruits the brain's Default Mode network; and (4) amplifies release from the Locus coeruleus/norepinephrine system which impairs the entrainment of oscillations in the lower phonological frequencies of speech. Evidence supporting a stress-growth imbalance is preliminary, but holds promise for reconceptualizing the neurobiology of dyslexia and reducing its prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- John R. Kershner
- University of Toronto, Dept of Applied Psychology University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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66
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Kim H, Xu R, Padmashri R, Dunaevsky A, Liu Y, Dreyfus CF, Jiang P. Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cerebral Organoids Reveal Human Oligodendrogenesis with Dorsal and Ventral Origins. Stem Cell Reports 2020; 12:890-905. [PMID: 31091434 PMCID: PMC6524754 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The process of oligodendrogenesis has been relatively well delineated in the rodent brain. However, it remains unknown whether analogous developmental processes are manifested in the human brain. Here we report oligodendrogenesis in forebrain organoids, generated by using OLIG2-GFP knockin human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) reporter lines. OLIG2/GFP exhibits distinct temporal expression patterns in ventral forebrain organoids (VFOs) versus dorsal forebrain organoids (DFOs). Interestingly, oligodendrogenesis can be induced in both VFOs and DFOs after neuronal maturation. Assembling VFOs and DFOs to generate fused forebrain organoids (FFOs) promotes oligodendroglia maturation. Furthermore, dorsally derived oligodendroglial cells outcompete ventrally derived oligodendroglia and become dominant in FFOs after long-term culture. Thus, our organoid models reveal human oligodendrogenesis with ventral and dorsal origins. These models will serve to study the phenotypic and functional differences between human ventrally and dorsally derived oligodendroglia and to reveal mechanisms of diseases associated with cortical myelin defects. OLIG2 expression exhibits distinct temporal patterns in hPSC-derived VFOs versus DFOs Human PSC-derived DFOs recapitulate oligodendrogenesis with a dorsal origin Assembling VFOs and DFOs to generate FFOs promotes oligodendroglial maturation Dorsally derived oligodendroglia outcompete ventrally derived ones in FFOs
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosung Kim
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ranjie Xu
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Ragunathan Padmashri
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Anna Dunaevsky
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery and Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, the Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine for the Prevention of Human Diseases, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Cheryl F Dreyfus
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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67
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Oligodendrogenesis and Myelin Formation in the Forebrain Require Platelet-derived Growth Factor Receptor-alpha. Neuroscience 2020; 436:11-26. [PMID: 32278722 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor receptor-α (PDGFRα) principally mediates growth factor signals in oligodendroglial progenitors and is involved in oligodendrogenesis and myelinogenesis in the developing spinal cord. However, the role of PDGFRα in the developing forebrain remains relatively unknown. We established a conditional knockout mouse for the Pdgfra gene (N-PRα-KO) using a Nestin promoter/enhancer-driven Cre recombinase and examined forebrain development. The expression of PDGFRα was efficiently suppressed in the Olig2+ cells in N-PRα-KO mice. In these mice, Olig2+ cells were slightly decreased during embryonic periods. The decrease was particularly striking during the postnatal period. The commitment of Pdgfra-inactivated Olig2+ cells to Sox10+ oligodendroglial-lineage was largely suppressed. Surviving Olig2+ cells and Sox10+ cells were distributed widely in the N-PRα-KO mouse brain, similarly to those in control mice until the early neonatal period. After that, these cells were drastically depleted in the forebrain during the second postnatal week. The brains of N-PRα-KO mice were severely hypomyelinated, and these mice died on approximately P17 with motor disturbances. Disturbed axonal fibers and extensively aberrant vascular formations appeared in the postnatal N-PRα-KO mouse brains. After the defective PDGFRα signal in the forebrain, these phenotypes were clearly different from those in the spinal cord that showed defective populations expansion and migration of oligodendroglial lineage and premature myelination, as previously described. In contrast, areas of severe hypomyelination were common to both anatomical sites. PDGFRα was critically involved in the myelination of the forebrain and may differently regulate oligodendroglial lineage between the forebrain and spinal cord.
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68
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Neuron-oligodendroglia interactions: Activity-dependent regulation of cellular signaling. Neurosci Lett 2020; 727:134916. [PMID: 32194135 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Oligodendrocyte lineage cells (oligodendroglia) and neurons engage in bidirectional communication throughout life to support healthy brain function. Recent work shows that changes in neuronal activity can modulate proliferation, differentiation, and myelination to support the formation and function of neural circuits. While oligodendroglia express a diverse collection of receptors for growth factors, signaling molecules, neurotransmitters and neuromodulators, our knowledge of the intracellular signaling pathways that are regulated by neuronal activity remains largely incomplete. Many of the pathways that modulate oligodendroglia behavior are driven by changes in intracellular calcium signaling, which may differentially affect cytoskeletal dynamics, gene expression, maturation, integration, and axonal support. Additionally, activity-dependent neuron-oligodendroglia communication plays an integral role in the recovery from demyelinating injuries. In this review, we summarize the modalities of communication between neurons and oligodendroglia and explore possible roles of activity-dependent calcium signaling in mediating cellular behavior and myelination.
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69
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Refae S, Gal J, Brest P, Giacchero D, Borchiellini D, Ebran N, Peyrade F, Guigay J, Milano G, Saada-Bouzid E. Hyperprogression under Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor: a potential role for germinal immunogenetics. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3565. [PMID: 32107407 PMCID: PMC7046673 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60437-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperprogressive disease (HPD), an unexpected acceleration of tumor growth kinetics, is described in cancer patients treated with anti-PD-1/anti-PD-L1 agents. Here, our aim was to take into consideration the host and explore whether single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in key genes involved in immune response might predispose to HPD. DNA was extracted from blood-samples from 98 patients treated under CPI monotherapy. Four candidate genes (PD-1, PD-L1, IDO1 and VEGFR2) and 15 potential SNPs were selected. The TGKR (ratio of the slope of tumor growth before treatment and the slope of tumor growth on treatment) was calculated. Hyperprogression was defined as a TGKR≥2. TGKR calculation was feasible for 80 patients (82%). HPD was observed for 11 patients (14%) and was associated with shorter overall survival (P = 0.003). In univariate analysis, HPD was significantly associated with age ≥70 y (P = 0.025), immune-related toxicity (P = 0.016), VEGFR2 rs1870377 A/T or A/A (P = 0.005), PD-L1 rs2282055 G/T or G/G (P = 0.024) and PD-L1 rs2227981 G/A or A/A (P = 0.024). Multivariate analysis confirmed the correlation between HPD and age ≥70 y (P = 0.006), VEGFR2 rs1870377 A/T or A/A (P = 0.007) and PD-L1 rs2282055 G/T or G/G (P = 0.018). Immunogenetics could become integral predictive factors for CPI-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadal Refae
- University Côte d'Azur, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Oncopharmacology Unit, Nice, France
| | - Jocelyn Gal
- University Côte d'Azur, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Epidemiology and Biostatistics Department, Nice, France
| | - Patrick Brest
- University Côte d'Azur, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, CNRS, Inserm, Ircan, FHU-Oncoage, Nice, F-06189, France
| | - Damien Giacchero
- University Côte d'Azur, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Medical Oncology Department, Nice, France
| | - Delphine Borchiellini
- University Côte d'Azur, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Medical Oncology Department, Nice, France
| | - Nathalie Ebran
- University Côte d'Azur, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Oncopharmacology Unit, Nice, France
| | - Frederic Peyrade
- University Côte d'Azur, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Medical Oncology Department, Nice, France
| | - Joël Guigay
- University Côte d'Azur, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Medical Oncology Department, Nice, France
| | - Gérard Milano
- University Côte d'Azur, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Oncopharmacology Unit, Nice, France.
| | - Esma Saada-Bouzid
- University Côte d'Azur, Centre Antoine Lacassagne, Medical Oncology Department, Nice, France
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70
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Abstract
Cells of the oligodendrocyte lineage express a wide range of Ca2+ channels and receptors that regulate oligodendrocyte progenitor cell (OPC) and oligodendrocyte formation and function. Here we define those key channels and receptors that regulate Ca2+ signaling and OPC development and myelination. We then discuss how the regulation of intracellular Ca2+ in turn affects OPC and oligodendrocyte biology in the healthy nervous system and under pathological conditions. Activation of Ca2+ channels and receptors in OPCs and oligodendrocytes by neurotransmitters converges on regulating intracellular Ca2+, making Ca2+ signaling a central candidate mediator of activity-driven myelination. Indeed, recent evidence indicates that localized changes in Ca2+ in oligodendrocytes can regulate the formation and remodeling of myelin sheaths and perhaps additional functions of oligodendrocytes and OPCs. Thus, decoding how OPCs and myelinating oligodendrocytes integrate and process Ca2+ signals will be important to fully understand central nervous system formation, health, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo M Paez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Hunter James Kelly Research Institute, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, The State University of New York, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York 14203, USA;
| | - David A Lyons
- Centre for Discovery Brain Sciences, Centre for Multiple Sclerosis Research, and Euan MacDonald Centre for Motor Neurone Disease Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, United Kingdom;
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71
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Berry K, Wang J, Lu QR. Epigenetic regulation of oligodendrocyte myelination in developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases. F1000Res 2020; 9:F1000 Faculty Rev-105. [PMID: 32089836 PMCID: PMC7014579 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.20904.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligodendrocytes are the critical cell types giving rise to the myelin nerve sheath enabling efficient nerve transmission in the central nervous system (CNS). Oligodendrocyte precursor cells differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes and are maintained throughout life. Deficits in the generation, proliferation, or differentiation of these cells or their maintenance have been linked to neurological disorders ranging from developmental disorders to neurodegenerative diseases and limit repair after CNS injury. Understanding the regulation of these processes is critical for achieving proper myelination during development, preventing disease, or recovering from injury. Many of the key factors underlying these processes are epigenetic regulators that enable the fine tuning or reprogramming of gene expression during development and regeneration in response to changes in the local microenvironment. These include chromatin remodelers, histone-modifying enzymes, covalent modifiers of DNA methylation, and RNA modification-mediated mechanisms. In this review, we will discuss the key components in each of these classes which are responsible for generating and maintaining oligodendrocyte myelination as well as potential targeted approaches to stimulate the regenerative program in developmental disorders and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalen Berry
- Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Jiajia Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Q. Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Brain Tumor Center, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
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72
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Immune cell regulation of glia during CNS injury and disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 2020; 21:139-152. [DOI: 10.1038/s41583-020-0263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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73
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Ohtomo R, Arai K. Recent updates on mechanisms of cell-cell interaction in oligodendrocyte regeneration after white matter injury. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134650. [PMID: 31770564 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 11/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In most cases, neurological disorders that involve injuries of the cerebral white matter are accompanied by demyelination and oligodendrocyte damage. Promotion of remyelination process through the maturation of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) is therefore proposed to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic approaches that could protect and restore the white matter from central nervous system diseases. However, efficient remyelination in the white matter could not be accomplished if various neighboring cell types are not involved to react with oligodendrocyte lineage cells in this process. Hence, profound understanding of cell-cell interaction between oligodendrocyte lineage cells and other cellular components is an essential step to achieve a breakthrough for the cure of white matter injury. In this mini-review, we provide recent updates on non-cell autonomous mechanisms of oligodendrocyte regeneration by introducing recent studies (e.g. published either in 2018 or 2019) that focus on crosstalk between oligodendrocyte lineage cells and the other constituents of the white matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ohtomo
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA; Department of Neurology, The University of Tokyo Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Ken Arai
- Neuroprotection Research Laboratory, Departments of Radiology and Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, 02129, USA.
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74
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Benamer N, Vidal M, Angulo MC. The cerebral cortex is a substrate of multiple interactions between GABAergic interneurons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells. Neurosci Lett 2019; 715:134615. [PMID: 31711979 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2019.134615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
In the cerebral cortex, GABAergic interneurons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells share different characteristics and interact despite being neurons and glial cells, respectively. These two distinct cell types share common embryonic origins and are born from precursors expressing similar transcription factors. Moreover, they highly interact with each other through different communication mechanisms during development. Notably, cortical oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) receive a major and transient GABAergic synaptic input, preferentially from parvalbumin-expressing interneurons, a specific interneuron subtype recently recognized as highly myelinated. In this review, we highlight the similarities and interactions between GABAergic interneurons and oligodendrocyte lineage cells in the cerebral cortex and suggest potential roles of this intimate interneuron-oligodendroglia relationship in cortical construction. We also propose new lines of research to understand the role of the close link between interneurons and oligodendroglia during cortical development and in pathological conditions such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Najate Benamer
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marie Vidal
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Maria Cecilia Angulo
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France; Université de Paris, Paris, France.
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75
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Puñal VM, Paisley CE, Brecha FS, Lee MA, Perelli RM, Wang J, O’Koren EG, Ackley CR, Saban DR, Reese BE, Kay JN. Large-scale death of retinal astrocytes during normal development is non-apoptotic and implemented by microglia. PLoS Biol 2019; 17:e3000492. [PMID: 31626642 PMCID: PMC6821132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3000492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Naturally occurring cell death is a fundamental developmental mechanism for regulating cell numbers and sculpting developing organs. This is particularly true in the nervous system, where large numbers of neurons and oligodendrocytes are eliminated via apoptosis during normal development. Given the profound impact of death upon these two major cell populations, it is surprising that developmental death of another major cell type—the astrocyte—has rarely been studied. It is presently unclear whether astrocytes are subject to significant developmental death, and if so, how it occurs. Here, we address these questions using mouse retinal astrocytes as our model system. We show that the total number of retinal astrocytes declines by over 3-fold during a death period spanning postnatal days 5–14. Surprisingly, these astrocytes do not die by apoptosis, the canonical mechanism underlying the vast majority of developmental cell death. Instead, we find that microglia engulf astrocytes during the death period to promote their developmental removal. Genetic ablation of microglia inhibits astrocyte death, leading to a larger astrocyte population size at the end of the death period. However, astrocyte death is not completely blocked in the absence of microglia, apparently due to the ability of astrocytes to engulf each other. Nevertheless, mice lacking microglia showed significant anatomical changes to the retinal astrocyte network, with functional consequences for the astrocyte-associated vasculature leading to retinal hemorrhage. These results establish a novel modality for naturally occurring cell death and demonstrate its importance for the formation and integrity of the retinal gliovascular network. A study of the neonatal mouse retina shows that developmental cell death of retinal astrocytes does not occur by apoptosis but is instead mediated by microglia, which kill and engulf astrocytes to effect their developmental removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Puñal
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caitlin E. Paisley
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Federica S. Brecha
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Monica A. Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Robin M. Perelli
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Emily G. O’Koren
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Caroline R. Ackley
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular, Molecular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel R. Saban
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Immunology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Benjamin E. Reese
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California, United States of America
| | - Jeremy N. Kay
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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76
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Developmental cell death regulates lineage-related interneuron-oligodendroglia functional clusters and oligodendrocyte homeostasis. Nat Commun 2019; 10:4249. [PMID: 31534164 PMCID: PMC6751198 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11904-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The first wave of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (firstOPCs) and most GABAergic interneurons share common embryonic origins. Cortical firstOPCs are thought to be replaced by other OPC populations shortly after birth, maintaining a consistent OPC density and making postnatal interactions between firstOPCs and ontogenetically-related interneurons unlikely. Challenging these ideas, we show that a cortical firstOPC subpopulation survives and forms functional cell clusters with lineage-related interneurons. Favored by a common embryonic origin, these clusters display unexpected preferential synaptic connectivity and are anatomically maintained after firstOPCs differentiate into myelinating oligodendrocytes. While the concomitant rescue of interneurons and firstOPCs committed to die causes an exacerbated neuronal inhibition, it abolishes interneuron-firstOPC high synaptic connectivity. Further, the number of other oligodendroglia populations increases through a non-cell-autonomous mechanism, impacting myelination. These findings demonstrate unprecedented roles of interneuron and firstOPC apoptosis in regulating lineage-related cell interactions and the homeostatic oligodendroglia density. During cortical development the first wave of oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) completely disappear by programmed cell death, so that it is presumed that this OPC population does not play a role at postnatal stages. In this study, authors use lineage tracing in different transgenic mice to show that a subpopulation of OPCs from the first wave survives at postnatal stages and display a preferential synaptic connectivity with their ontogenetically-related interneurons compared to other OPCs or interneurons
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77
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Berry KP, Lu QR. Chromatin modification and epigenetic control in functional nerve regeneration. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 97:74-83. [PMID: 31301357 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The repair and functional recovery of the nervous system is a highly regulated process that requires the coordination of many different components including the proper myelination of regenerated axons. Dysmyelination and remyelination failures after injury result in defective nerve conduction, impairing normal nervous system functions. There are many convergent regulatory networks and signaling mechanisms between development and regeneration. For instance, the regulatory mechanisms required for oligodendrocyte lineage progression could potentially play fundamental roles in myelin repair. In recent years, epigenetic chromatin modifications have been implicated in CNS myelination and functional nerve restoration. The pro-regenerative transcriptional program is likely silenced or repressed in adult neural cells including neurons and myelinating cells in the central and peripheral nervous systems limiting the capacity for repair after injury. In this review, we will discuss the roles of epigenetic mechanisms, including histone modifications, chromatin remodeling, and DNA methylation, in the maintenance and establishment of the myelination program during normal oligodendrocyte development and regeneration. We also discuss how these epigenetic processes impact myelination and axonal regeneration, and facilitate the improvement of current preclinical therapeutics for functional nerve regeneration in neurodegenerative disorders or after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalen P Berry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Q Richard Lu
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Experimental Hematology and Cancer Biology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA.
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78
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Galloway DA, Gowing E, Setayeshgar S, Kothary R. Inhibitory milieu at the multiple sclerosis lesion site and the challenges for remyelination. Glia 2019; 68:859-877. [PMID: 31441132 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Regeneration of myelin, following injury, can occur within the central nervous system to reinstate proper axonal conductance and provide trophic support. Failure to do so renders the axons vulnerable, leading to eventual degeneration, and neuronal loss. Thus, it is essential to understand the mechanisms by which remyelination or failure to remyelinate occur, particularly in the context of demyelinating and neurodegenerative disorders. In multiple sclerosis, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) migrate to lesion sites to repair myelin. However, during disease progression, the ability of OPCs to participate in remyelination diminishes coincident with worsening of the symptoms. Remyelination is affected by a broad range of cues from intrinsic programming of OPCs and extrinsic local factors to the immune system and other systemic elements including diet and exercise. Here we review the literature on these diverse inhibitory factors and the challenges they pose to remyelination. Results spanning several disciplines from fundamental preclinical studies to knowledge gained in the clinic will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan A Galloway
- Division of BioMedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada
| | - Elizabeth Gowing
- Neurosciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Centre de recherche du CHUM, Université de Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Solmaz Setayeshgar
- Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Rashmi Kothary
- Regenerative Medicine Program, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, and Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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79
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Kang M, Yao Y. Oligodendrocytes in intracerebral hemorrhage. CNS Neurosci Ther 2019; 25:1075-1084. [PMID: 31410988 PMCID: PMC6776757 DOI: 10.1111/cns.13193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a cerebrovascular disorder with high mortality and disability rates. Although a lot of effort has been put in ICH, there is still no effective treatment for this devastating disease. Recent studies suggest that oligodendrocytes play an important role in brain repair after ICH and thus may be targeted for the therapies of ICH. Here in this review, we first introduce the origin, migration, proliferation, differentiation, and myelination of oligodendrocytes under physiological condition. Second, recent findings on how ICH affects oligodendrocyte biology and function are reviewed. Third, potential crosstalk between oligodendrocytes and other cells in the brain is also summarized. Last, we discuss the therapeutic potential of oligodendrocyte‐based treatments in ICH. Our goal is to provide a comprehensive review on the biology and function of oligodendrocytes under both physiological and ICH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kang
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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80
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Annunziata I, van de Vlekkert D, Wolf E, Finkelstein D, Neale G, Machado E, Mosca R, Campos Y, Tillman H, Roussel MF, Andrew Weesner J, Ellen Fremuth L, Qiu X, Han MJ, Grosveld GC, d'Azzo A. MYC competes with MiT/TFE in regulating lysosomal biogenesis and autophagy through an epigenetic rheostat. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3623. [PMID: 31399583 PMCID: PMC6689058 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11568-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated regulation of the lysosomal and autophagic systems ensures basal catabolism and normal cell physiology, and failure of either system causes disease. Here we describe an epigenetic rheostat orchestrated by c-MYC and histone deacetylases that inhibits lysosomal and autophagic biogenesis by concomitantly repressing the expression of the transcription factors MiT/TFE and FOXH1, and that of lysosomal and autophagy genes. Inhibition of histone deacetylases abates c-MYC binding to the promoters of lysosomal and autophagy genes, granting promoter occupancy to the MiT/TFE members, TFEB and TFE3, and/or the autophagy regulator FOXH1. In pluripotent stem cells and cancer, suppression of lysosomal and autophagic function is directly downstream of c-MYC overexpression and may represent a hallmark of malignant transformation. We propose that, by determining the fate of these catabolic systems, this hierarchical switch regulates the adaptive response of cells to pathological and physiological cues that could be exploited therapeutically. Genes related to lysosomal and autophagic systems are transcriptionally regulated by the Mit/TFE family of transcription factors. Here the authors show that MYC, in association with HDACs, suppresses the expression of lysosomal and autophagy genes by competing with the Mit/TFE transcription factors for occupancy of their target gene promoters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Annunziata
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | | | - Elmar Wolf
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, 97074, Germany
| | - David Finkelstein
- Department of Computational Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Geoffrey Neale
- Hartwell Center, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Eda Machado
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Rosario Mosca
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Yvan Campos
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Heather Tillman
- Department of Pathology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Martine F Roussel
- Department of Tumor Cell Biology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Jason Andrew Weesner
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Leigh Ellen Fremuth
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.,Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, College of Graduate Health Sciences, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Xiaohui Qiu
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Min-Joon Han
- Department of Hematology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Gerard C Grosveld
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA
| | - Alessandra d'Azzo
- Department of Genetics, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, 38105, USA.
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81
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Foster AY, Bujalka H, Emery B. Axoglial interactions in myelin plasticity: Evaluating the relationship between neuronal activity and oligodendrocyte dynamics. Glia 2019; 67:2038-2049. [PMID: 31038804 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a critical component of the vertebrate nervous system, both increasing the conduction velocity of myelinated axons and allowing for metabolic coupling between the myelinating cells and axons. An increasing number of studies demonstrate that myelination is not simply a developmentally hardwired program, but rather that new myelinating oligodendrocytes can be generated throughout life. The generation of these oligodendrocytes and the formation of myelin are influenced both during development and adulthood by experience and levels of neuronal activity. This led to the concept of adaptive myelination, where ongoing activity-dependent changes to myelin represent a form of neural plasticity, refining neuronal functioning, and circuitry. Although human neuroimaging experiments support the concept of dynamic changes within specific white matter tracts relevant to individual tasks, animal studies have only just begun to probe the extent to which neuronal activity may alter myelination at the level of individual circuits and axons. Uncovering the role of adaptive myelination requires a detailed understanding of the localized interactions that occur between active axons and myelinating cells. In this review, we focus on recent animal studies that have begun to investigate the interactions between active axons and myelinating cells and review the evidence for-and against-the ability of neuronal activity to alter myelination at an axon-specific level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette Y Foster
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Helena Bujalka
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Ben Emery
- Jungers Center for Neurosciences Research, Department of Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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82
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Cullen CL, Senesi M, Tang AD, Clutterbuck MT, Auderset L, O'Rourke ME, Rodger J, Young KM. Low-intensity transcranial magnetic stimulation promotes the survival and maturation of newborn oligodendrocytes in the adult mouse brain. Glia 2019; 67:1462-1477. [PMID: 30989733 PMCID: PMC6790715 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal activity is a potent extrinsic regulator of oligodendrocyte generation and central nervous system myelination. Clinically, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is delivered to noninvasively modulate neuronal activity; however, the ability of rTMS to facilitate adaptive myelination has not been explored. By performing cre‐lox lineage tracing, to follow the fate of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells in the adult mouse brain, we determined that low intensity rTMS (LI‐rTMS), administered as an intermittent theta burst stimulation, but not as a continuous theta burst or 10 Hz stimulation, increased the number of newborn oligodendrocytes in the adult mouse cortex. LI‐rTMS did not alter oligodendrogenesis per se, but instead increased cell survival and enhanced myelination. These data suggest that LI‐rTMS can be used to noninvasively promote myelin addition to the brain, which has potential implications for the treatment of demyelinating diseases such as multiple sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlie L Cullen
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Matteo Senesi
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Alexander D Tang
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Loic Auderset
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Megan E O'Rourke
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Jennifer Rodger
- Experimental and Regenerative Neurosciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.,Brain Plasticity Lab, Perron Institute for Neurological and Translational Science, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Kaylene M Young
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
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83
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Habermacher C, Angulo MC, Benamer N. Glutamate versus GABA in neuron-oligodendroglia communication. Glia 2019; 67:2092-2106. [PMID: 30957306 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the central nervous system (CNS), myelin sheaths around axons are formed by glial cells named oligodendrocytes (OLs). In turn, OLs are generated by oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) during postnatal development and in adults, according to a process that depends on the proliferation and differentiation of these progenitors. The maturation of OL lineage cells as well as myelination by OLs are complex and highly regulated processes in the CNS. OPCs and OLs express an array of receptors for neurotransmitters, in particular for the two main CNS neurotransmitters glutamate and GABA, and are therefore endowed with the capacity to respond to neuronal activity. Initial studies in cell cultures demonstrated that both glutamate and GABA signaling mechanisms play important roles in OL lineage cell development and function. However, much remains to be learned about the communication of glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons with oligodendroglia in vivo. This review focuses on recent major advances in our understanding of the neuron-oligodendroglia communication mediated by glutamate and GABA in the CNS, and highlights the present controversies in the field. We discuss the expression, activation modes and potential roles of synaptic and extrasynaptic receptors along OL lineage progression. We review the properties of OPC synaptic connectivity with presynaptic glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons in the brain and consider the implication of glutamate and GABA signaling in activity-driven adaptive myelination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Habermacher
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - María C Angulo
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Najate Benamer
- Institute of Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Paris (IPNP), INSERM U1266, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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84
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Timmler S, Simons M. Grey matter myelination. Glia 2019; 67:2063-2070. [PMID: 30860619 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
There is now increasing evidence that myelin is not only generated early in development, but also during adulthood possibly contributing to lifelong plasticity of the brain. In particular, human cortical areas responsible for the highest cognitive functions seem to require decades until they have reached their maximal amount of myelination. Currently, we know very little about the mechanisms and the functions of grey matter myelination. In this emerging field key questions await to be addressed: How long does myelination last in humans? How is grey matter myelination regulated? What is the function of myelin in the grey matter? Does grey matter myelination limit and/or promote neuronal plasticity? Finding answers to these questions will be important for our understanding of normal, but also abnormal cortex function in a number of neurological and psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Timmler
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Mikael Simons
- Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany.,Institute of Neuronal Cell Biology, German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany.,Munich Cluster of Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.,Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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85
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Elbaz B, Popko B. Molecular Control of Oligodendrocyte Development. Trends Neurosci 2019; 42:263-277. [PMID: 30770136 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a multilayer lipid membrane structure that wraps and insulates axons, allowing for the efficient propagation of action potentials. During developmental myelination of the central nervous system (CNS), oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) proliferate and migrate to their final destination, where they terminally differentiate into mature oligodendrocytes and myelinate axons. Lineage progression and terminal differentiation of oligodendrocyte lineage cells are under tight transcriptional and post-transcriptional control. The characterization of several recently identified regulatory factors that govern these processes, which are the focus of this review, has greatly increased our understanding of oligodendrocyte development and function. These insights are critical to facilitate efforts to enhance OPC differentiation in neurological disorders that disrupt CNS myelin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benayahu Elbaz
- The Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, The Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Brian Popko
- The Center for Peripheral Neuropathy, The Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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86
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Marques ARA, Saftig P. Lysosomal storage disorders - challenges, concepts and avenues for therapy: beyond rare diseases. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs221739. [PMID: 30651381 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.221739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The pivotal role of lysosomes in cellular processes is increasingly appreciated. An understanding of the balanced interplay between the activity of acidic hydrolases, lysosomal membrane proteins and cytosolic proteins is required. Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are characterized by disturbances in this network and by intralysosomal accumulation of substrates, often only in certain cell types. Even though our knowledge of these diseases has increased and therapies have been established, many aspects of the molecular pathology of LSDs remain obscure. This Review aims to discuss how lysosomal storage affects functions linked to lysosomes, such as membrane repair, autophagy, exocytosis, lipid homeostasis, signalling cascades and cell viability. Therapies must aim to correct lysosomal storage not only morphologically, but reverse its (patho)biochemical consequences. As different LSDs have different molecular causes, this requires custom tailoring of therapies. We will discuss the major advantages and drawbacks of current and possible future therapies for LSDs. Study of the pathological molecular mechanisms underlying these 'experiments of nature' often yields information that is relevant for other conditions found in the general population. Therefore, more common diseases may profit from a correction of impaired lysosomal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- André R A Marques
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Biochemisches Institut, Christian Albrechts-Universität Kiel, Olshausenstr. 40, D-24098 Kiel, Germany
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