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Galon J, Bruni D. Tumor Immunology and Tumor Evolution: Intertwined Histories. Immunity 2020; 52:55-81. [PMID: 31940273 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 325] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease whose outcome depends largely on the cross-talk between the tumor and its microenvironment. Here, we review the evolution of the field of tumor immunology and the advances, in lockstep, of our understanding of cancer as a disease. We discuss the involvement of different immune cells at distinct stages of tumor progression and how immune contexture determinants shaping tumor development are being exploited therapeutically. Current clinical stratification schemes focus on the tumor histopathology and the molecular characteristics of the tumor cell. We argue for the importance of revising these stratification systems to include immune parameters so as to address the immediate need for improved prognostic and/or predictive information to guide clinical decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Galon
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France.
| | - Daniela Bruni
- INSERM, Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Sorbonne Université, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Université Paris Descartes, Université Paris Diderot, Université de Paris; Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006 Paris, France
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52
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DNA Hypermethylation Downregulates Telomerase Reverse Transcriptase (TERT) during H. pylori-Induced Chronic Inflammation. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:5415761. [PMID: 32082377 PMCID: PMC7012206 DOI: 10.1155/2019/5415761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection causes chronic gastritis and is the major risk factor of gastric cancer. H. pylori induces a chronic inflammation-producing reactive oxygen species (ROS) which is a source of chromosome instabilities and contributes to the development of malignancy. H. pylori also promotes DNA hypermethylation, known to dysregulate essential genes that maintain genetic stability. The maintenance of telomere length by telomerase is essential for chromosome integrity. Telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) is the catalytic component of telomerase activity and an important target during host-pathogen interaction. We aimed to investigate the consequences of H. pylori on the regulation of TERT gene expression and telomerase activity. In vitro, hTERT mRNA levels and telomerase activity were analysed in H. pylori-infected human gastric epithelial cells. In addition, C57BL/6 and INS-GAS mice were used to investigate the influence of H. pylori-induced inflammation on TERT levels. Our data demonstrated that, in vitro, H. pylori inhibits TERT gene expression and decreases the telomerase activity. The exposure of cells to lycopene, an antioxidant compound, restores TERT levels in infected cells, indicating that ROS are implicated in this downregulation. In vivo, fewer TERT-positive cells are observed in gastric tissues of infected mice compared to uninfected, more predominantly in the vicinity of large aggregates of lymphocytes, suggesting an inflammation-mediated regulation. Furthermore, H. pylori appears to downregulate TERT gene expression through DNA hypermethylation as shown by the restoration of TERT transcript levels in cells treated with 5′-azacytidine, an inhibitor of DNA methylation. This was confirmed in infected mice, by PCR-methylation assay of the TERT gene promoter. Our data unraveled a novel way for H. pylori to promote genome instabilities through the inhibition of TERT levels and telomerase activity. This mechanism could play an important role in the early steps of gastric carcinogenesis.
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Bornschein J, Wernisch L, Secrier M, Miremadi A, Perner J, MacRae S, O'Donovan M, Newton R, Menon S, Bower L, Eldridge MD, Devonshire G, Cheah C, Turkington R, Hardwick RH, Selgrad M, Venerito M, Malfertheiner P, Fitzgerald RC. Transcriptomic profiling reveals three molecular phenotypes of adenocarcinoma at the gastroesophageal junction. Int J Cancer 2019; 145:3389-3401. [PMID: 31050820 PMCID: PMC6851674 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cancers occurring at the gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) are classified as predominantly esophageal or gastric, which is often difficult to decipher. We hypothesized that the transcriptomic profile might reveal molecular subgroups which could help to define the tumor origin and behavior beyond anatomical location. The gene expression profiles of 107 treatment-naïve, intestinal type, gastroesophageal adenocarcinomas were assessed by the Illumina-HTv4.0 beadchip. Differential gene expression (limma), unsupervised subgroup assignment (mclust) and pathway analysis (gage) were undertaken in R statistical computing and results were related to demographic and clinical parameters. Unsupervised assignment of the gene expression profiles revealed three distinct molecular subgroups, which were not associated with anatomical location, tumor stage or grade (p > 0.05). Group 1 was enriched for pathways involved in cell turnover, Group 2 was enriched for metabolic processes and Group 3 for immune-response pathways. Patients in group 1 showed the worst overall survival (p = 0.019). Key genes for the three subtypes were confirmed by immunohistochemistry. The newly defined intrinsic subtypes were analyzed in four independent datasets of gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas with transcriptomic data available (RNAseq data: OCCAMS cohort, n = 158; gene expression arrays: Belfast, n = 63; Singapore, n = 191; Asian Cancer Research Group, n = 300). The subgroups were represented in the independent cohorts and pooled analysis confirmed the prognostic effect of the new subtypes. In conclusion, adenocarcinomas at the GEJ comprise three distinct molecular phenotypes which do not reflect anatomical location but rather inform our understanding of the key pathways expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Bornschein
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious DiseasesOtto‐von‐Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
- Translational Gastroenterology UnitOxford University HospitalsOxfordUnited Kingdom
| | - Lorenz Wernisch
- MRC Biostatistics UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria Secrier
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ahmad Miremadi
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge University HospitalsCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Juliane Perner
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Shona MacRae
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Maria O'Donovan
- Department of Histopathology, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge University HospitalsCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Richard Newton
- MRC Biostatistics UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Suraj Menon
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Lawrence Bower
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew D. Eldridge
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Ginny Devonshire
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge InstituteUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Calvin Cheah
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Richard H. Hardwick
- Department of Surgery, Addenbrooke's HospitalCambridge University HospitalsCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | - Michael Selgrad
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious DiseasesOtto‐von‐Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
| | - Marino Venerito
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious DiseasesOtto‐von‐Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
| | - Peter Malfertheiner
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Infectious DiseasesOtto‐von‐Guericke UniversityMagdeburgGermany
| | - Rebecca C. Fitzgerald
- MRC Cancer Unit, Hutchison/MRC Research CentreUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
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54
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Fu L, Xie C. A lucid review of Helicobacter pylori-induced DNA damage in gastric cancer. Helicobacter 2019; 24:e12631. [PMID: 31295756 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) is the main risk factor for gastric cancer (GC). In recent years, many studies have addressed the effects of H pylori itself and of H pylori-induced chronic inflammation on DNA damage. Unrepaired or inappropriately repaired DNA damage is one possible carcinogenic mechanism. We may conclude that H pylori-induced DNA damage is one of the carcinogenic mechanisms of GC. In this review, we summarize the interactions between H pylori and DNA damage and the effects of H pylori-induced DNA damage on GC. Then, focusing on oxidative stress, we introduce the application of antioxidants in GC. At the end of this review, we discuss the outlook for further research on H pylori-induced DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Fu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, China
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Abstract
Aging is a natural process of organismal decay that underpins the development of myriad diseases and disorders. Extensive efforts have been made to understand the biology of aging and its regulation, but most studies focus solely on the host organism. Considering the pivotal role of the microbiota in host health and metabolism, we propose viewing the host and its microbiota as a single biological entity whose aging phenotype is influenced by the complex interplay between host and bacterial genetics. In this review we present how the microbiota changes as the host ages, but also how the intricate relationship between host and indigenous bacteria impacts organismal aging and life span. In addition, we highlight other microbiota-dependent mechanisms that potentially regulate aging, and present experimental animal models for addressing these questions. Importantly, we propose microbiome dysbiosis as an additional hallmark and biomarker of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Bana
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London and Birkbeck, University of London, London WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - Filipe Cabreiro
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom; .,Institute of Clinical Sciences, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is one of the most lethal diseases. In pancreatic cancer development and progression, genetic (gene mutations and activation of oncogenes) and environmental factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity) play an essential role. Recently, molecular studies revealed that dysbiosis of microbiota also has influence on cancer development. Research indicates that bacteria and viruses can lead to chronic inflammation, antiapoptotic changes, cell survival, and cell invasion. This review presents bacteria and viruses oncogenic for the pancreas. Possible mechanisms of carcinogenic action are also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz M Karpiński
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, Poznań 61-712, Poland.
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Sokolova O, Naumann M. Crosstalk Between DNA Damage and Inflammation in the Multiple Steps of Gastric Carcinogenesis. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:107-137. [PMID: 31123887 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the last years, intensive investigations in molecular biology and cell physiology extended tremendously the knowledge about the association of inflammation and cancer. In frame of this paradigm, the human pathogen Helicobacter pylori triggers gastritis and gastric ulcer disease, and contributes to the development of gastric cancer. Mechanisms, by which the bacteria-induced inflammation in gastric mucosa leads to intestinal metaplasia and carcinoma, are represented in this review. An altered cell-signaling response and increased production of free radicals by epithelial and immune cells account for the accumulation of DNA damage in gastric mucosa, if infection stays untreated. Host genetics and environmental factors, especially diet, can accelerate the process, which offers the opportunity of intervention based on a balanced nutrition. It is supposed that inflammation might influence stem- or progenitor cells in gastric tissue predisposing for metaplasia or tumor relapse. Herein, DNA is strongly mutated and labile, which restricts therapy options. Thus, the understanding of the mechanisms that underlie gastric carcinogenesis will be of preeminent importance for the development of strategies for screening and early detection. As most gastric cancer patients face late-stage disease with a poor overall survival, the development of multi-targeted therapeutic intervention strategies is a major challenge for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sokolova
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany.
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
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Mentis AFA, Boziki M, Grigoriadis N, Papavassiliou AG. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric cancer biology: tempering a double-edged sword. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:2477-2486. [PMID: 30783683 PMCID: PMC11105440 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03044-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection affects an estimated 4.4 billion people globally. Moreover, H. pylori presents the most significant risk factor for gastric cancer and low-grade mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, and it is the first example of bacterial infection linked to carcinogenesis. Here, we contend that H. pylori research, which focuses on a cancer-causing pathogen resident in a relatively accessible organ, the stomach, could constitute an exemplar for microbial-related carcinogenesis in less tractable organs, such as the pancreas and lung. In this context, molecular biological approaches that could reap rewards are reviewed, including: (1) gastric cancer dynamics, particularly the role of stem cells and the heterogeneity of neoplastic cells, which are currently being investigated at the single-cell sequencing level; (2) mechanobiology, and the role of three-dimensional organoids and matrix metalloproteases; and (3) the connection between H. pylori and host pathophysiology and the gut microbiome. In the context of H. pylori's contribution to gastric cancer, several important conundrums remain to be fully elucidated. From among them, this article discusses (1) why H. pylori infection, which causes both gastric and duodenal inflammation, is only linked to gastric cancer; (2) whether a "precision oncomicrobiology" approach could enable a fine-tuning of the expression of only cancer-implicated H. pylori genes while maintaining beneficial H. pylori-mediated factors in extra-gastric tissues; and (3) the feasibility of using antibiotics targeting the microbial DNA damage system, which shares commonalities with mechanisms for human cell replication, as chemopreventives. Additional therapeutic perspectives are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexios-Fotios A Mentis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Public Health Laboratories, Hellenic Pasteur Institute, Athens, Greece
- Department of Microbiology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Marina Boziki
- Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Grigoriadis
- Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, 75 Mikras Asias Street, 11527, Athens, Greece.
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Boccellato F, Woelffling S, Imai-Matsushima A, Sanchez G, Goosmann C, Schmid M, Berger H, Morey P, Denecke C, Ordemann J, Meyer TF. Polarised epithelial monolayers of the gastric mucosa reveal insights into mucosal homeostasis and defence against infection. Gut 2019; 68:400-413. [PMID: 29467166 PMCID: PMC6580761 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Helicobacter pylori causes life-long colonisation of the gastric mucosa, leading to chronic inflammation with increased risk of gastric cancer. Research on the pathogenesis of this infection would strongly benefit from an authentic human in vitro model. DESIGN Antrum-derived gastric glands from surgery specimens served to establish polarised epithelial monolayers via a transient air-liquid interface culture stage to study cross-talk with H. pylori and the adjacent stroma. RESULTS The resulting 'mucosoid cultures', so named because they recapitulate key characteristics of the gastric mucosa, represent normal stem cell-driven cultures that can be passaged for months. These highly polarised columnar epithelial layers encompass the various gastric antral cell types and secrete mucus at the apical surface. By default, they differentiate towards a foveolar, MUC5AC-producing phenotype, whereas Wnt signalling stimulates proliferation of MUC6-producing cells and preserves stemness-reminiscent of the gland base. Stromal cells from the lamina propria secrete Wnt inhibitors, antagonising stem-cell niche signalling and inducing differentiation. On infection with H. pylori, a strong inflammatory response is induced preferentially in the undifferentiated basal cell phenotype. Infection of cultures for several weeks produces foci of viable bacteria and a persistent inflammatory condition, while the secreted mucus establishes a barrier that only few bacteria manage to overcome. CONCLUSION Gastric mucosoid cultures faithfully reproduce the features of normal human gastric epithelium, enabling new approaches for investigating the interaction of H. pylori with the epithelial surface and the cross-talk with the basolateral stromal compartment. Our observations provide striking insights in the regulatory circuits of inflammation and defence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Boccellato
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sarah Woelffling
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Aki Imai-Matsushima
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Gabriela Sanchez
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Goosmann
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Monika Schmid
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hilmar Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Pau Morey
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Denecke
- Center for Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juergen Ordemann
- Department of Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery, Helios Clinics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
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Shi Y, Wang P, Guo Y, Liang X, Li Y, Ding S. Helicobacter pylori-Induced DNA Damage Is a Potential Driver for Human Gastric Cancer AGS Cells. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:272-280. [PMID: 30657337 PMCID: PMC6434597 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a major cause of gastric cancer. This study was aimed to explore the characteristic of DNA damage induced by H. pylori infection in gastric cancer AGS cells. After infection with H. pylori, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in AGS cells were significantly higher than those in the uninfected cells. Cells with longer comet tails were detected after infection with H. pylori. The number of apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1- and phosphorylated H2AX-positive cells was significantly increased compared with the number of negative control cells. The expression of pChk1 and pChk2 was significantly upregulated by H. pylori infection. Cell growth was inhibited after H. pylori infection. All these results were dose dependent. The cell alterations were more significant upon infection with H. pylori at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 100:1 than at an MOI of 50:1. H. pylori infection can induce DNA single-strand breaks, DNA double-strand breaks, and cell cycle checkpoint activation after ROS generation in the gastric cancer cell line AGS, which is a potential driver for gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Shi
- 1 Research Center of Clinical Epidemiology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Pan Wang
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yanlei Guo
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoling Liang
- 2 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Li
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shigang Ding
- 3 Department of Gastroenterology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, P.R. China
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Zamperone A, Cohen D, Stein M, Viard C, Müsch A. Inhibition of polarity-regulating kinase PAR1b contributes to Helicobacter pylori inflicted DNA Double Strand Breaks in gastric cells. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:299-311. [PMID: 30580666 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2018.1560121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The serine/threonine kinase Par1 is a core component of the machinery that sets up polarity in the embryo and regulates cell fate decisions but its role in the homeostasis of adult tissues is poorly understood. Inhibition of Par1 by the bacterium Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) represents the only established pathology that affects Par1 function in an adult epithelium. Thus, during chronic H. pylori infection of the gastric mucosa Par1 is one of the targets of the non-obligate H.pylori cytotoxic protein and oncogene CagA, which stimulates inflammation and triggers morphological changes, both believed to contribute to the gastric cancer risk imposed by H. pylori infection. Based on Par1's role in cell polarity, it has been speculated that Par1 inhibition affects epithelial polarity. Here we report the unexpected finding that CagA-mediated Par1-inhibition promotes the generation of DNA Double Strand Breaks in primary gastric epithelial cells, which likely contributes to the reported accumulation of mutations in chronically infected mucosal cells. Abbreviations: AGS: human gastric adenocarcinoma cell line; CM: CagA Multimerization (and Par1 binding) domain; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori; DSB: Double Strand Break; HGECs: human (primary) gastric epithelial cells; IB: immunoblot; IF: immunofluorescence; MOI: Multiplicity of Infection; ROS: reactive oxygen species; Par1: Partitioning Defective 1 kinase; WT: wild type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zamperone
- a Department of Developmental & Molecular Biology , Albert Einstein College Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - David Cohen
- a Department of Developmental & Molecular Biology , Albert Einstein College Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Markus Stein
- b Department of Health Sciences , Albany College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences , Albany , NY , USA
| | - Charlotte Viard
- a Department of Developmental & Molecular Biology , Albert Einstein College Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
| | - Anne Müsch
- a Department of Developmental & Molecular Biology , Albert Einstein College Medicine , Bronx , NY , USA
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Genetic Polymorphisms in Inflammatory and Other Regulators in Gastric Cancer: Risks and Clinical Consequences. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 2019; 421:53-76. [PMID: 31123885 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-15138-6_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is associated with the development of a chronic inflammatory response, which may induce peptic ulcers, gastric cancer (GC), and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma. Chronic H. pylori infection promotes the genetic instability of gastric epithelial cells and interferes with the DNA repair systems in host cells. Colonization of the stomach with H. pylori is an important cause of non-cardia GC and gastric MALT lymphoma. The reduction of GC development in patients who underwent anti-H. pylori eradication schemes has also been well described. Individual susceptibility to GC development depends on the host's genetic predisposition, H. pylori virulence factors, environmental conditions, and geographical determinants. Biological determinants are urgently sought to predict the clinical course of infection in individuals with confirmed H. pylori infection. Possible candidates for such biomarkers include genetic aberrations such as single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) found in various cytokines/growth factors (e.g., IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A/B, IFN-γ, TNF, TGF-β) and their receptors (IL-RN, TGFR), innate immunity receptors (TLR2, TLR4, CD14, NOD1, NOD2), enzymes involved in signal transduction cascades (PLCE1, PKLR, PRKAA1) as well as glycoproteins (MUC1, PSCA), and DNA repair enzymes (ERCC2, XRCC1, XRCC3). Bacterial determinants related to GC development include infection with CagA-positive (particularly with a high number of EPIYA-C phosphorylation motifs) and VacA-positive isolates (in particular s1/m1 allele strains). The combined genotyping of bacterial and host determinants suggests that the accumulation of polymorphisms favoring host and bacterial features increases the risk for precancerous and cancerous lesions in patients.
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63
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Sáenz JB, Vargas N, Mills JC. Tropism for Spasmolytic Polypeptide-Expressing Metaplasia Allows Helicobacter pylori to Expand Its Intragastric Niche. Gastroenterology 2019; 156:160-174.e7. [PMID: 30287170 PMCID: PMC6309511 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS In patients with chronic Helicobacter pylori (H pylori) infection, parietal and chief cell atrophy in the gastric corpus, a process known as spasmolytic polypeptide-expressing metaplasia (SPEM), increases the risk for progression to cancer. The relation between H pylori and these metaplastic changes is unclear. We investigated whether H pylori localizes to regions of SPEM. METHODS We developed an in situ adherence assay in which we incubated H pylori with free-floating tissue sections from the gastric corpora of mice; we assessed H pylori distribution along the gastric unit by immunofluorescence. We analyzed the interactions of H pylori with tissue collected from mice with acute SPEM, induced by high-dose tamoxifen. We also evaluated how adhesin-deficient H pylori strains, chemical competition assays, and epithelial glycosylation affected H pylori adhesion to SPEM glands. Mice colonized with the mouse-adapted PMSS1 strain were analyzed for H pylori colonization in vivo during tamoxifen-induced SPEM or after decrease of stomach acid with omeprazole. RESULTS Compared with uninjured glands, H pylori penetrated deep within SPEM glands, in situ, through interaction of its adhesin, SabA, with sialyl-Lewis X, which expanded in SPEM. H pylori markedly increased gastric corpus colonization when SPEM was induced, but this proximal spread reversed in mice allowed to recover from SPEM. Decreasing corpus acidity also promoted proximal spread. However, H pylori penetrated deep within corpus glands in vivo only when sialyl-Lewis X expanded during SPEM. CONCLUSIONS Helicobacter pylori differentially binds SPEM glands in situ and in mice, in large part by interacting with sialyl-Lewis X. Our findings indicate that H pylori expands its niche into the gastric corpus by promoting and exploiting epithelial metaplastic changes that can lead to tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- José B Sáenz
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Nancy Vargas
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Jason C Mills
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri.
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64
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Frisan T, Nagy N, Chioureas D, Terol M, Grasso F, Masucci MG. A bacterial genotoxin causes virus reactivation and genomic instability in Epstein-Barr virus infected epithelial cells pointing to a role of co-infection in viral oncogenesis. Int J Cancer 2018; 144:98-109. [PMID: 29978480 PMCID: PMC6587852 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.31652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We have addressed the role of bacterial co‐infection in viral oncogenesis using as model Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), a human herpesvirus that causes lymphoid malignancies and epithelial cancers. Infection of EBV carrying epithelial cells with the common oral pathogenic Gram‐negative bacterium Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (Aa) triggered reactivation of the productive virus cycle. Using isogenic Aa strains that differ in the production of the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) and purified catalytically active or inactive toxin, we found that the CDT acts via induction of DNA double strand breaks and activation of the Ataxia Telangectasia Mutated (ATM) kinase. Exposure of EBV‐negative epithelial cells to the virus in the presence of sub‐lethal doses of CDT was accompanied by the accumulation of latently infected cells exhibiting multiple signs of genomic instability. These findings illustrate a scenario where co‐infection with certain bacterial species may favor the establishment of a microenvironment conducive to the EBV‐induced malignant transformation of epithelial cells. What's new? Little is known about the influence of coinfections, especially of bacteria, on viral oncogenesis. Here, the authors examined the effect of the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, a common oral pathogen, on epithelial cells infected with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Exposure of EBV+ cells to CDT induced viral reactivation, while exposure of EBV‐ cells to low amounts of CDT led to the accumulation of latently infected cells upon infection, pointing to a multi‐layered role of bacterial co‐infection in viral oncogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Frisan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Molecular Biology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Noemi Nagy
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dimitrios Chioureas
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Terol
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Francesca Grasso
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria G Masucci
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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65
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Kidane D. Molecular Mechanisms of H. pylori-Induced DNA Double-Strand Breaks. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19102891. [PMID: 30249046 PMCID: PMC6213211 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19102891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections contribute to carcinogenesis through inflammation-related mechanisms. H. pylori infection is a significant risk factor for gastric carcinogenesis. However, the molecular mechanism by which H. pylori infection contributes to carcinogenesis has not been fully elucidated. H. pylori-associated chronic inflammation is linked to genomic instability via reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS). In this article, we summarize the current knowledge of H. pylori-induced double strand breaks (DSBs). Furthermore, we provide mechanistic insight into how processing of oxidative DNA damage via base excision repair (BER) leads to DSBs. We review recent studies on how H. pylori infection triggers NF-κB/inducible NO synthase (iNOS) versus NF-κB/nucleotide excision repair (NER) axis-mediated DSBs to drive genomic instability. This review discusses current research findings that are related to mechanisms of DSBs and repair during H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawit Kidane
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, The University of Texas at Austin, Dell Pediatric Research Institute, 1400 Barbara Jordan Blvd. R1800, Austin, TX 78723, USA.
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66
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Helicobacter pylori infection promotes Aquaporin 3 expression via the ROS–HIF-1α–AQP3–ROS loop in stomach mucosa: a potential novel mechanism for cancer pathogenesis. Oncogene 2018; 37:3549-3561. [DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0208-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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67
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Gaines S, Williamson AJ, Hyman N, Kandel J. How the microbiome is shaping our understanding of cancer biology and its treatment. SEMINARS IN COLON AND RECTAL SURGERY 2018. [DOI: 10.1053/j.scrs.2017.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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68
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Li N, Xie C, Lu NH. p53, a potential predictor of Helicobacter pylori infection-associated gastric carcinogenesis? Oncotarget 2018; 7:66276-66286. [PMID: 27556187 PMCID: PMC5323233 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is an ancient and persistent inhabitant of the human stomach that is closely linked to the development of gastric cancer (GC). . Emerging evidence suggests that H. pylori strain interactions with gastric epithelial cells subvert the best- characterized p53 tumour suppressor pathway. A high prevalence of p53 mutations is related to H. pylori infection. H. pylori also accelerates p53 protein degradation by disturbing the MDM2-P53 feedback loop. Additionally, H. pylori triggers the alteration of other p53 isoforms. Dysregulation of p53 by H. pylori infection contributes to gastric carcinogenesis by mediating cell proliferation and apoptosis. This review focuses on the regulation of p53 in H. pylori infection-associated GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nianshuang Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Chuan Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
| | - Nong-Hua Lu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China
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69
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Ammannagari N, Atasoy A. Current status of immunotherapy and immune biomarkers in gastro-esophageal cancers. J Gastrointest Oncol 2018; 9:196-207. [PMID: 29564185 DOI: 10.21037/jgo.2017.06.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastroesophageal (GE) cancers continue to be a significant cause of mortality globally. Despite therapeutic advances in oncology, the prognosis of advanced GE cancer remains exceedingly poor. Immunotherapy has caused a major paradigm shift in the field of oncology. Not all patients benefit from these agents and several studies are trying to identify predictive and prognostic biomarkers to better inform and guide treatment decisions. The potential role of immunotherapy in GE cancers is emerging. These cancer types are molecularly and immunologically heterogeneous, and this heterogeneity influences the tumor microenvironment posing a significant challenge to studying biomarkers of response to immunotherapy. Here in this article, we discuss the need for new therapeutic approaches in GE cancers, review the emerging data on the activity of checkpoint inhibitors and the role of biomarkers in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ajlan Atasoy
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY, USA
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70
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the most important cause of human gastric cancer worldwide. Gastric cancer develops over a long time after H. pylori infection via stepwise accumulation of genetic alterations and positive selection of cells with growth advantages. H. pylori itself and the resultant chronic inflammation lead to the emergence of genetic alterations in gastric epithelial cells via increased susceptibility of these cells to DNA damage. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in inflammatory and gastric epithelial cells, as well as the expression of cytidine deaminase in gastric epithelial cells, may link H. pylori-related inflammation and DNA damage. Recent comprehensive analyses of gastric cancer genomes provide clues for the possible molecular mechanisms of gastric carcinogenesis. In this chapter, we describe how genetic alterations emerge during gastric carcinogenesis related to H. pylori infection.
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71
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Spira A, Yurgelun MB, Alexandrov L, Rao A, Bejar R, Polyak K, Giannakis M, Shilatifard A, Finn OJ, Dhodapkar M, Kay NE, Braggio E, Vilar E, Mazzilli SA, Rebbeck TR, Garber JE, Velculescu VE, Disis ML, Wallace DC, Lippman SM. Precancer Atlas to Drive Precision Prevention Trials. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1510-1541. [PMID: 28373404 PMCID: PMC6681830 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-2346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancer development is a complex process driven by inherited and acquired molecular and cellular alterations. Prevention is the holy grail of cancer elimination, but making this a reality will take a fundamental rethinking and deep understanding of premalignant biology. In this Perspective, we propose a national concerted effort to create a Precancer Atlas (PCA), integrating multi-omics and immunity - basic tenets of the neoplastic process. The biology of neoplasia caused by germline mutations has led to paradigm-changing precision prevention efforts, including: tumor testing for mismatch repair (MMR) deficiency in Lynch syndrome establishing a new paradigm, combinatorial chemoprevention efficacy in familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP), signal of benefit from imaging-based early detection research in high-germline risk for pancreatic neoplasia, elucidating early ontogeny in BRCA1-mutation carriers leading to an international breast cancer prevention trial, and insights into the intricate germline-somatic-immunity interaction landscape. Emerging genetic and pharmacologic (metformin) disruption of mitochondrial (mt) respiration increased autophagy to prevent cancer in a Li-Fraumeni mouse model (biology reproduced in clinical pilot) and revealed profound influences of subtle changes in mt DNA background variation on obesity, aging, and cancer risk. The elaborate communication between the immune system and neoplasia includes an increasingly complex cellular microenvironment and dynamic interactions between host genetics, environmental factors, and microbes in shaping the immune response. Cancer vaccines are in early murine and clinical precancer studies, building on the recent successes of immunotherapy and HPV vaccine immune prevention. Molecular monitoring in Barrett's esophagus to avoid overdiagnosis/treatment highlights an important PCA theme. Next generation sequencing (NGS) discovered age-related clonal hematopoiesis of indeterminate potential (CHIP). Ultra-deep NGS reports over the past year have redefined the premalignant landscape remarkably identifying tiny clones in the blood of up to 95% of women in their 50s, suggesting that potentially premalignant clones are ubiquitous. Similar data from eyelid skin and peritoneal and uterine lavage fluid provide unprecedented opportunities to dissect the earliest phases of stem/progenitor clonal (and microenvironment) evolution/diversity with new single-cell and liquid biopsy technologies. Cancer mutational signatures reflect exogenous or endogenous processes imprinted over time in precursors. Accelerating the prevention of cancer will require a large-scale, longitudinal effort, leveraging diverse disciplines (from genetics, biochemistry, and immunology to mathematics, computational biology, and engineering), initiatives, technologies, and models in developing an integrated multi-omics and immunity PCA - an immense national resource to interrogate, target, and intercept events that drive oncogenesis. Cancer Res; 77(7); 1510-41. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avrum Spira
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Matthew B Yurgelun
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ludmil Alexandrov
- Theoretical Division, Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico
| | - Anjana Rao
- Division of Signaling and Gene Expression, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, La Jolla, California
| | - Rafael Bejar
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Marios Giannakis
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ali Shilatifard
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Olivera J Finn
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Madhav Dhodapkar
- Department of Hematology and Immunology, Yale Cancer Center, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Neil E Kay
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Esteban Braggio
- Department of Hematology, Mayo Clinic Hospital, Phoenix, Arizona
| | - Eduardo Vilar
- Department of Clinical Cancer Prevention, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Sarah A Mazzilli
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Pathology and Bioinformatics, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Timothy R Rebbeck
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Judy E Garber
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Victor E Velculescu
- Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
- Department of Pathology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center at Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mary L Disis
- Department of Medicine, Center for Translational Medicine in Women's Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Douglas C Wallace
- Center for Mitochondrial and Epigenomic Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Scott M Lippman
- Department of Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
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72
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Zhang C, Powell SE, Betel D, Shah MA. The Gastric Microbiome and Its Influence on Gastric Carcinogenesis: Current Knowledge and Ongoing Research. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2017; 31:389-408. [PMID: 28501083 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2017.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Gastric malignancies are a leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. At least 2 microbial species are currently linked to carcinogenesis and the development of cancer within the human stomach. These include the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and the Epstein-Barr virus. In recent years, there has been increasing evidence that within the human gastrointestinal tract it is not only pathogenic microbes that impact human health but also the corresponding autochthonous microbial communities. This article reviews the gastrointestinal microbiome as it relates primarily to mechanisms of disease and carcinogenesis within the upper gastrointestinal tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Sarah Ellen Powell
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Doron Betel
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA
| | - Manish A Shah
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA; Gastrointestinal Oncology Program, Center for Advanced Digestive Care, Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York-Presbyterian Hospital, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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73
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Kalisperati P, Spanou E, Pateras IS, Korkolopoulou P, Varvarigou A, Karavokyros I, Gorgoulis VG, Vlachoyiannopoulos PG, Sougioultzis S. Inflammation, DNA Damage, Helicobacter pylori and Gastric Tumorigenesis. Front Genet 2017; 8:20. [PMID: 28289428 PMCID: PMC5326759 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) is a Gram negative bacterium that colonizes the stomach of almost half human population. It has evolved to escape immune surveillance, establishes lifelong inflammation, predisposing to genomic instability and DNA damage, notably double strand breaks. The epithelial host cell responds by activation of DNA damage repair (DDR) machinery that seems to be compromised by the infection. It is therefore now accepted that genetic damage is a major mechanism operating in cases of H. pylori induced carcinogenesis. Here, we review the data on the molecular pathways involved in DNA damage and DDR activation during H. pylori infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Polyxeni Kalisperati
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelia Spanou
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis S Pateras
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Greece
| | - Penelope Korkolopoulou
- 1st Department of Pathology, Laiko Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens Athens, Greece
| | | | - Ioannis Karavokyros
- 1st Department of Surgery, Laiko Hospital, University of Athens, School of Medicine Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Gorgoulis
- Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian UniversityAthens, Greece; Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of AthensAthens, Greece; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Sciences Centre, The University of ManchesterManchester, UK
| | | | - Stavros Sougioultzis
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Pathophysiology, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University Athens, Greece
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74
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Tsilimigras MCB, Fodor A, Jobin C. Carcinogenesis and therapeutics: the microbiota perspective. Nat Microbiol 2017; 2:17008. [PMID: 28225000 PMCID: PMC6423540 DOI: 10.1038/nmicrobiol.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer arises from the acquisition of multiple genetic and epigenetic changes in host cells over the span of many years, promoting oncogenic traits and carcinogenesis. Most cancers develop following random somatic alterations of key oncogenic genes, which are favoured by a number of risk factors, including lifestyle, diet and inflammation. Importantly, the environment where tumours evolve provides a unique source of signalling cues that affects cancer cell growth, survival, movement and metastasis. Recently, there has been increased interest in how the microbiota, the collection of microorganisms inhabiting the host body surface and cavities, shapes a micro-environment for host cells that can either promote or prevent cancer formation. The microbiota, particularly the intestinal biota, plays a central role in host physiology, and the composition and activity of this consortium of microorganisms is directly influenced by known cancer risk factors such as lifestyle, diet and inflammation. In this REVIEW, we discuss the pro- and anticarcinogenic role of the microbiota, as well as highlighting the therapeutic potential of microorganisms in tumourigenesis. The broad impacts, and, at times, opposing roles of the microbiota in carcinogenesis serve to illustrate the complex and sometimes conflicted relationship between microorganisms and the host-a relationship that could potentially be harnessed for therapeutic benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. B. Tsilimigras
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
| | - Anthony Fodor
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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75
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Butcher LD, den Hartog G, Ernst PB, Crowe SE. Oxidative Stress Resulting From Helicobacter pylori Infection Contributes to Gastric Carcinogenesis. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017; 3:316-322. [PMID: 28462373 PMCID: PMC5404027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2017.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is a gram-negative, microaerophilic bacterium that infects the stomach and can lead to, among other disorders, the development of gastric cancer. The inability of the host to clear the infection results in a chronic inflammatory state with continued oxidative stress within the tissue. Reactive oxygen species and reactive nitrogen species produced by the immune and epithelial cells damage the host cells and can result in DNA damage. H pylori has evolved to evoke this damaging response while blunting the host's efforts to kill the bacteria. This long-lasting state with inflammation and oxidative stress can result in gastric carcinogenesis. Continued efforts to better understand the bacterium and the host response will serve to prevent or provide improved early diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer.
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Key Words
- AP Endonuclease
- APE1, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1
- BabA, blood group antigen binding adhesion
- CagA, cytotoxin-associated gene A
- DNA Damage
- Gastric Cancer
- H pylori
- IL, interleukin
- NADPH, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NapA, neutrophil activating factor A
- Nox, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase
- O2-, superoxide
- OH, hydroxyl radical
- Oxidative Stress
- RNS, reactive nitrogen species
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TGF-β, transforming growth factor β
- VacA, vacuolating cytotoxin A
- iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay D. Butcher
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Peter B. Ernst
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Sheila E. Crowe
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
- Correspondence Address correspondence to: Sheila E. Crowe, MD, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093-0063. fax: (858) 246-1788.Department of MedicineUniversity of CaliforniaSan Diego9500 Gilman DriveLa JollaCalifornia 92093-0063
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76
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Horvat A, Zaika AI. How does bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori control responses to cellular stress? Future Microbiol 2017; 12:105-108. [PMID: 28111969 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Andela Horvat
- Department of Surgery & Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center & Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Alexander I Zaika
- Department of Surgery & Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center & Vanderbilt-Ingram Cancer Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.,Department of Veterans Affairs, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN 37212, USA
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77
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Rajagopala SV, Vashee S, Oldfield LM, Suzuki Y, Venter JC, Telenti A, Nelson KE. The Human Microbiome and Cancer. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2017; 10:226-234. [PMID: 28096237 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-16-0249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Recent scientific advances have significantly contributed to our understanding of the complex connection between the microbiome and cancer. Our bodies are continuously exposed to microbial cells, both resident and transient, as well as their byproducts, including toxic metabolites. Circulation of toxic metabolites may contribute to cancer onset or progression at locations distant from where a particular microbe resides. Moreover, microbes may migrate to other locations in the human body and become associated with tumor development. Several case-control metagenomics studies suggest that dysbiosis in the commensal microbiota is also associated with inflammatory disorders and various cancer types throughout the body. Although the microbiome influences carcinogenesis through mechanisms independent of inflammation and immune system, the most recognizable link is between the microbiome and cancer via the immune system, as the resident microbiota plays an essential role in activating, training, and modulating the host immune response. Immunologic dysregulation is likely to provide mechanistic explanations as to how our microbiome influences cancer development and cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss recent developments in understanding the human gut microbiome's relationship with cancer and the feasibility of developing novel cancer diagnostics based on microbiome profiles. Cancer Prev Res; 10(4); 226-34. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sanjay Vashee
- J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, Maryland
| | | | - Yo Suzuki
- J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, Maryland
| | - J Craig Venter
- J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, Maryland.,Human Longevity, Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Amalio Telenti
- J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, Maryland.,Human Longevity, Inc., San Diego, California
| | - Karen E Nelson
- J. Craig Venter Institute (JCVI), Rockville, Maryland. .,Human Longevity, Inc., San Diego, California
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78
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Lewinska A, Wnuk M. Helicobacter pylori-induced premature senescence of extragastric cells may contribute to chronic skin diseases. Biogerontology 2017; 18:293-299. [PMID: 28074309 PMCID: PMC5350214 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-017-9676-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 01/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori, one of the most frequently observed bacterium in the human intestinal flora, has been widely studied since Marshall and Warren documented a link between the presence of H. pylori in the gastrointestinal tract and gastritis and gastric ulcers. Interestingly, H. pylori has also been found in several other epithelial tissues, including the eyes, ears, nose and skin that may have direct or indirect effects on host physiology and may contribute to extragastric diseases, e.g. chronic skin diseases. More recently, it has been shown that H. pylori cytotoxin CagA expression induces cellular senescence of human gastric nonpolarized epithelial cells that may lead to gastrointestinal disorders and systemic inflammation. Here, we hypothesize that also chronic skin diseases may be promoted by stress-induced premature senescence (SIPS) of skin cells, namely fibroblasts and keratinocytes, stimulated with H. pylori cytotoxins. Future studies involving cell culture models and clinical specimens are needed to verify the involvement of H. pylori in SIPS-based chronic skin diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lewinska
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland.
| | - Maciej Wnuk
- Department of Genetics, University of Rzeszow, Werynia 502, 36-100, Kolbuszowa, Poland.
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79
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Helicobacter pylori: A Paradigm Pathogen for Subverting Host Cell Signal Transmission. Trends Microbiol 2017; 25:316-328. [PMID: 28057411 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori colonizes the gastric mucosa in the human stomach and represents a major risk factor for peptic ulcer disease and gastric cancer. Here, we summarize our current knowledge of the complex impact of H. pylori on manipulating host signalling networks, that is, by the cag pathogenicity island (cagPAI)-encoded type IV secretion system (T4SS). We show that H. pylori infections reflect a paradigm for interspecies contact-dependent molecular communication, which includes the disruption of cell-cell junctions and cytoskeletal rearrangements, as well as proinflammatory, cell cycle-related, proliferative, antiapoptotic, and DNA damage responses. The contribution of these altered signalling cascades to disease outcome is discussed.
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80
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Santos JC, Brianti MT, Almeida VR, Ortega MM, Fischer W, Haas R, Matheu A, Ribeiro ML. Helicobacter pylori infection modulates the expression of miRNAs associated with DNA mismatch repair pathway. Mol Carcinog 2016; 56:1372-1379. [PMID: 27862371 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and epigenetic inactivation of DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes might lead to modifications in cancer-related gene expression and cancer development. Recently, it has been shown that the infection by Helicobacter pylori, the major causative agent of gastric cancer, induces DNA damage and inhibits MMR DNA repair. Also, it has been reported that microRNAs (miRs) have an important role in regulating genomic stability and MMR DNA repair. Thus, the aim of this study was to identify miRs regulating MMR pathway in H. pylori-associated gastric carcinogenesis. To address this question, a gastric epithelial cell line and AGS cancer gastric cells were infected with several H. pylori strains. MMR gene expression and miRs correlating with H. pylori strain infection were evaluated. The results showed that H. pylori infection significantly down-regulated the expression of all selected MMR genes. Also, H. pylori infection modulated the expression of several miRs (including miR-150-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-3163), after 4, 8, and 12 h of infection. Computational prediction of candidate miRs and their predicted MMR targeting sites were obtained from TargetScan, mirDB, and MetaCore. The generated data indicated that the selected miRs (miR-150-5p, miR-155-5p, and miR-3163) could possibly target and modulate MMR genes (POLD3, MSH2, and MSH3, respectively). The target validation was performed using mimics and luciferase gene reporter assays. Briefly, this study shows that H. pylori impairs MMR DNA repair pathway and identifies miRs that regulate MMR gene expression in gastric cancer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana C Santos
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, São Francisco University Medical School, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil.,Women's Integrated Healthcare Center (CAISM), State University of Campinas, (UNICAMP) Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mitsue T Brianti
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, São Francisco University Medical School, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Victor R Almeida
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, São Francisco University Medical School, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Manoela M Ortega
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, São Francisco University Medical School, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Wolfgang Fischer
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Rainer Haas
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institut, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, München, Germany
| | - Ander Matheu
- Cellular Oncology Group, Biodonostia Health Research Institute, San Sebastian, and IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marcelo L Ribeiro
- Clinical Pharmacology and Gastroenterology Unit, São Francisco University Medical School, São Francisco University, Bragança Paulista, São Paulo, Brazil
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81
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Coleman OI, Nunes T. Role of the Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer: Updates on Microbial Associations and Therapeutic Implications. Biores Open Access 2016; 5:279-288. [PMID: 27790385 PMCID: PMC5076480 DOI: 10.1089/biores.2016.0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic, environmental, and dietary factors have been found to influence the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). More recently, accumulating evidence associates the intestinal microbiota with the initiation and progression of this disease. While studies have shown that individuals with CRC display alterations in gut bacterial composition, it remains somewhat unclear whether such differences drive cancer development or whether they are a response to tumorigenesis. In this review, the authors assess new evidence linking the community structure or specific bacterial factors of the intestinal microbiota to CRC development and progression, with insights into therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia I Coleman
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technical University of Munich , Freising, Germany
| | - Tiago Nunes
- Chair of Nutrition and Immunology, ZIEL-Research Center for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Technical University of Munich , Freising, Germany
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82
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Berger H, Marques MS, Zietlow R, Meyer TF, Machado JC, Figueiredo C. Gastric cancer pathogenesis. Helicobacter 2016; 21 Suppl 1:34-8. [PMID: 27531537 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) results from a multistep process that is influenced by Helicobacter pylori infection, genetic susceptibility of the host, as well as of other environmental factors. GC results from the accumulation of numerous genetic and epigenetic alterations in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, leading to dysregulation of multiple signaling pathways, which disrupt the cell cycle and the balance between cell proliferation and cell death. For this special issue, we have selected to review last year's advances related to three main topics: the cell of origin that initiates malignant growth in GC, the mechanisms of direct genotoxicity induced by H. pylori infection, and the role of aberrantly expressed long noncoding RNAs in GC transformation. The understanding of the molecular basis of GC development is of utmost importance for the identification of novel targets for GC prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilmar Berger
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Miguel S Marques
- i3S - Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health/Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rike Zietlow
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas F Meyer
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jose C Machado
- i3S - Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health/Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ceu Figueiredo
- i3S - Institute of Investigation and Innovation in Health/Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (Ipatimup), Porto, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine of the University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
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Abstract
Helicobacter pylori is estimated to infect more than half of the worlds human population and represents a major risk factor for chronic gastritis, peptic ulcer disease, MALT lymphoma, and gastric adenocarcinoma. H. pylori infection and clinical consequences are controlled by highly complex interactions between the host, colonizing bacteria, and environmental parameters. Important bacterial determinants linked with gastric disease development include the cag pathogenicity island encoding a type IV secretion system (T4SS), the translocated effector protein CagA, vacuolating cytotoxin VacA, adhesin BabA, urease, serine protease HtrA, secreted outer membrane vesicles, and many others. The high quantity of these factors and allelic changes in the corresponding genes reveals a sophisticated picture and problems in evaluating the impact of each distinct component. Extensive work has been performed to pinpoint molecular processes related to H. pylori-triggered pathogenesis using Mongolian gerbils, mice, primary tissues, as well as novel in vitro model systems such as gastroids. The manipulation of host signaling cascades by the bacterium appears to be crucial for inducing pathogenic downstream activities and gastric disease progression. Here, we review the most recent advances in this important research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Backert
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Matthias Neddermann
- Division of Microbiology, Department of Biology, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gunter Maubach
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Michael Naumann
- Institute of Experimental Internal Medicine, Otto von Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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84
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85
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Helicobacter saguini, a Novel Helicobacter Isolated from Cotton-Top Tamarins with Ulcerative Colitis, Has Proinflammatory Properties and Induces Typhlocolitis and Dysplasia in Gnotobiotic IL-10-/- Mice. Infect Immun 2016; 84:2307-2316. [PMID: 27245408 PMCID: PMC4962630 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00235-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A urease-negative, fusiform, novel bacterium named Helicobacter saguini was isolated from the intestines and feces of cotton-top tamarins (CTTs) with chronic colitis. Helicobacter sp. was detected in 69% of feces or intestinal samples from 116 CTTs. The draft genome sequence, obtained by Illumina MiSeq sequencing, for H. saguini isolate MIT 97-6194-5, consisting of ∼2.9 Mb with a G+C content of 35% and 2,704 genes, was annotated using the NCBI Prokaryotic Genomes Automatic Annotation Pipeline. H. saguini contains homologous genes of known virulence factors found in other enterohepatic helicobacter species (EHS) and H. pylori These include flagellin, γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt), collagenase, the secreted serine protease htrA, and components of a type VI secretion system, but the genome does not harbor genes for cytolethal distending toxin (cdt). H. saguini MIT 97-6194-5 induced significant levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in HT-29 cell culture supernatants by 4 h, which increased through 24 h. mRNAs for the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), IL-10, and IL-6 and the chemokine CXCL1 were upregulated in cocultured HT-29 cells at 4 h compared to levels in control cells. At 3 months postinfection, all H. saguini-monoassociated gnotobiotic C57BL/129 IL-10(-/-) mice were colonized and had seroconverted to H. saguini antigen with a significant Th1-associated increase in IgG2c (P < 0.0001). H. saguini induced a significant typhlocolitis, associated epithelial defects, mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) hyperplasia, and dysplasia. Inflammatory cytokines IL-22, IL-17a, IL-1β, gamma interferon (IFN-γ), and TNF-α, as well as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were significantly upregulated in the cecal tissues of infected mice. The expression of the DNA damage response molecule γ-H2AX was significantly higher in the ceca of H. saguini-infected gnotobiotic mice than in the controls. This model using a nonhuman primate Helicobacter sp. can be used to study the pathogenic potential of EHS isolated from primates with naturally occurring inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colon cancer.
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86
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Servetas SL, Bridge DR, Merrell DS. Molecular mechanisms of gastric cancer initiation and progression by Helicobacter pylori. Curr Opin Infect Dis 2016; 29:304-10. [PMID: 26779778 PMCID: PMC5144489 DOI: 10.1097/qco.0000000000000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Infection with the Gram-negative, microaerophilic pathogen Helicobacter pylori results in gastric cancer in a subset of infected individuals. As such, H. pylori is the only WHO classified bacterial class I carcinogen. Numerous studies have identified mechanisms by which H. pylori alters host cell signaling pathways to cause disease. The purpose of this review is to highlight recent studies that explore mechanisms associated with induction of gastric cancer. RECENT FINDINGS Over the last year and a half, new mechanisms contributing to the etiology of H. pylori-associated gastric cancer development have been discovered. In addition to utilizing the oncogenic CagA toxin to alter host cell signaling pathways, H. pylori also induces host DNA damage and alters DNA methylation to perturb downstream signaling. Furthermore, H. pylori activates numerous host cell pathways and proteins that result in epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and induction of cell survival and proliferation. SUMMARY Mounting evidence suggests that H. pylori promotes gastric carcinogenesis using a multifactorial approach. Intriguingly, many of the targeted pathways and mechanisms show commonality with diverse forms of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - D. Scott Merrell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, F. Edward Hébert School of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, 4301 Jones Bridge Road, Bethesda, Maryland, 20814, United States of America
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87
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Esmail MY, Bacon R, Swennes AG, Feng Y, Shen Z, Garcia A, Sharma P, Cohen J, Fox JG. Helicobacter Species Identified in Captive Sooty Mangabeys (Cercocebus atys) with Metastatic Gastric Adenocarcinoma. Helicobacter 2016; 21:175-85. [PMID: 26477442 PMCID: PMC4837085 DOI: 10.1111/hel.12269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Of all human cancers, gastric carcinoma is the one of the leading causes of death. Helicobacter pylori is considered a major etiologic agent of this disease. Spontaneously occurring gastric carcinoma is a rare diagnosis in nonhuman primates. A 2011 case report documented a high incidence of gastric adenocarcinoma in a closed colony of captive sooty mangabeys (Cercebus atys). However, H. pylori infection was not detected in these animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, using archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded stomach sections of these animals alternative methodologies were used to identify H. pylori and other non-H. pylori Helicobacter species. In addition, two additional cases of sooty mangabeys with metastatic gastric carcinoma are characterized. RESULTS Using fluorescent in situ hybridization, we identified gastric H. suis in 75% of archived and new gastric carcinoma cases. In the two newly reported cases, H. suis and a novel Helicobacter species were detected via PCR and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene. H. pylori was not identified in any of the gastric carcinoma cases via FISH and/or PCR and sequence analysis of Helicobacter spp. in DNA from of available tissues. CONCLUSIONS This report is the first to characterize Helicobacter species infection in spontaneous gastric carcinoma with metastatic potential in nonhuman primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Y. Esmail
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Alton G. Swennes
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - AnaPatricia Garcia
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Prachi Sharma
- Division of Pathology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Joyce Cohen
- Division of Animal Resources, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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88
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Bockorny B, Pectasides E. The emerging role of immunotherapy in gastric and esophageal adenocarcinoma. Future Oncol 2016; 12:1833-46. [PMID: 27166503 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2016-0103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric and esophageal adenocarcinomas are aggressive malignancies. Systemic therapy for these tumors relies primarily on cytotoxic chemotherapy but outcomes remain poor. In recent years, immunotherapy has emerged as a new, promising therapeutic approach for a variety of solid tumors. Characterization of gastroesophageal cancers has revealed genomic and immune features of these tumors that may predict response to immunotherapy. Indeed, preliminary results from the initial trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors have been encouraging, with objective response rates of 20% in heavily pretreated patient populations. Based on these results, additional trials of single-agent checkpoint inhibitors as well as combinations with chemotherapy and targeted therapies are currently ongoing. Further work to identify predictive biomarkers will be crucial for the successful implementation of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Bockorny
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eirini Pectasides
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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89
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Miller CL, Muthupalani S, Shen Z, Drees F, Ge Z, Feng Y, Chen X, Gong G, Nagar KK, Wang TC, Gertler FB, Fox JG. Lamellipodin-Deficient Mice: A Model of Rectal Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152940. [PMID: 27045955 PMCID: PMC4821566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
During a survey of clinical rectal prolapse (RP) cases in the mouse population at MIT animal research facilities, a high incidence of RP in the lamellipodin knock-out strain, C57BL/6-Raph1tm1Fbg (Lpd-/-) was documented. Upon further investigation, the Lpd-/- colony was found to be infected with multiple endemic enterohepatic Helicobacter species (EHS). Lpd-/- mice, a transgenic mouse strain produced at MIT, have not previously shown a distinct immune phenotype and are not highly susceptible to other opportunistic infections. Predominantly male Lpd-/- mice with RP exhibited lesions consistent with invasive rectal carcinoma concomitant to clinically evident RP. Multiple inflammatory cytokines, CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC) populations, and epithelial cells positive for a DNA damage biomarker, H2AX, were elevated in affected tissue, supporting their role in the neoplastic process. An evaluation of Lpd-/- mice with RP compared to EHS-infected, but clinically normal (CN) Lpd-/- animals indicated that all of these mice exhibit some degree of lower bowel inflammation; however, mice with prolapses had significantly higher degree of focal lesions at the colo-rectal junction. When Helicobacter spp. infections were eliminated in Lpd-/- mice by embryo transfer rederivation, the disease phenotype was abrogated, implicating EHS as a contributing factor in the development of rectal carcinoma. Here we describe lesions in Lpd-/- male mice consistent with a focal inflammation-induced neoplastic transformation and propose this strain as a mouse model of rectal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Miller
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Sureshkumar Muthupalani
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Zeli Shen
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Frauke Drees
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Zhongming Ge
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Yan Feng
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Xiaowei Chen
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Guanyu Gong
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Karan K. Nagar
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Timothy C. Wang
- Division of Digestive and Liver Diseases, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Frank B. Gertler
- David H Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - James G. Fox
- Division of Comparative Medicine, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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90
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Giri BR, Roy B. Cysticercus fasciolaris infection induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in rat liver: a strategy for host-parasite cross talk. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2617-24. [PMID: 26987645 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5008-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic helminths have developed various strategies to induce or inhibit apoptosis in the cells of their host, thereby modulating the host's immune response and aiding dissemination to the host. Cysticercus fasciolaris, the larval form of Taenia taeniaeformis, parasitized different intermediate hosts like rats, rabbits, etc. and is cosmopolitan in distribution. In the present study, we have investigated host-parasite interactions and the resulting effect of C. fasciolaris in the liver of rat. Histology of the infected livers showed dilation and damages of hepatic cells near the parasite. Infected liver cells showed an increase in DNA fragmentation and chromatin condensation compared to the normal liver. Acridine orange and ethidium bromide dual staining revealed the presence of apoptotic cells in the infected liver. The decline in the mitochondrial membrane potential in the infected liver suggested that the observed apoptosis is mitochondria mediated. Occurrence of an elevated level of active executioner caspases 3/7 in the infected rat liver further confirms the occurrence of apoptosis. Different antioxidant enzymes were also evaluated and revealed a notable decline in the level of glutathione and glutathione-S-transferase activity leading to the augmented generation of reactive oxygen species. Results of the present study revealed that C. fasciolaris infection leads to apoptosis in the liver of rats which may be a surviving strategy for the parasitic larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Ranjan Giri
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India
| | - Bishnupada Roy
- Parasitology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, North-Eastern Hill University, Shillong, 793022, Meghalaya, India.
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91
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Okonechnikov K, Conesa A, García-Alcalde F. Qualimap 2: advanced multi-sample quality control for high-throughput sequencing data. Bioinformatics 2015; 32:292-4. [PMID: 26428292 PMCID: PMC4708105 DOI: 10.1093/bioinformatics/btv566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 894] [Impact Index Per Article: 99.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Detection of random errors and systematic biases is a crucial step of a robust pipeline for processing high-throughput sequencing (HTS) data. Bioinformatics software tools capable of performing this task are available, either for general analysis of HTS data or targeted to a specific sequencing technology. However, most of the existing QC instruments only allow processing of one sample at a time. RESULTS Qualimap 2 represents a next step in the QC analysis of HTS data. Along with comprehensive single-sample analysis of alignment data, it includes new modes that allow simultaneous processing and comparison of multiple samples. As with the first version, the new features are available via both graphical and command line interface. Additionally, it includes a large number of improvements proposed by the user community. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION The implementation of the software along with documentation is freely available at http://www.qualimap.org. CONTACT meyer@mpiib-berlin.mpg.de SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konstantin Okonechnikov
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ana Conesa
- Genomics of Gene Expression Lab, Centro de Investigación Príncipe Felipe, 46012, Valencia, Spain and Microbiology and Cell Science Department, Institute for Food and Agricultural Research, University of Florida at Gainesville, FL 32611-0700, USA
| | - Fernando García-Alcalde
- Department of Molecular Biology, Max Planck Institute for Infection Biology, D-10117, Berlin, Germany
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92
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Abstract
Investigations focused on the interplay between the human microbiome and cancer development, herein termed the 'oncobiome', have been growing at a rapid rate. However, these studies to date have primarily demonstrated associative relationships rather than causative ones. We pose the question of whether this emerging field of research is a 'mirage' without a clear picture, or truly represents a paradigm shift for cancer research. We propose the necessary steps needed to answer crucial questions and push the field forward to bring the mirage into a tangible reality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M Thomas
- Department of Surgery, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL 32608, USA ; Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Christian Jobin
- Department of Medicine and Department of Infectious Diseases and Pathology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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93
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Zlotorynski E. Damage by Helicobacter pylori. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1038/nrm4023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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