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Huang X, Liu L, Xu C, Peng X, Li D, Wang L, Du M. Tissue-resident CD8 + T memory cells with unique properties are present in human decidua during early pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 2020; 84:e13254. [PMID: 32329123 DOI: 10.1111/aji.13254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Resident memory T (TRM ) cells reside in the uterus during pregnancy may play an important role in balancing maternal-fetal tolerance with anti-infectious immunity. Although CD8+ TRM and decidual CD8+ T cells have been extensively characterized, the properties of decidual CD8+ TRM (dTRM ) cells remain poorly defined. METHOD OF STUDY We investigated the heterogeneity, phenotypes, and functions of dTRM cells, and compared the proportion of dTRM cells between normal pregnancy and recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA) using flow cytometry. Moreover, we cocultured peripheral CD8+ T (CD8+ pT) cells with trophoblast, or decidual stomal cells (DSCs) in the presence or absence of anti-TGF-β antibody or TGF-β type I receptor inhibitor to explore the effects of maternal-fetal environment on decidual CD8+ TRM cell formation. RESULTS We found that CD69+ CD103+ TRM cells were abundant in CD8+ dT cells but not in CD4+ dT cells with effector-memory (EM, CD45RA- CCR7- ) phenotypes. The percentage of dTRM cells from RSA patients was significantly higher than that from normal pregnancy. Furthermore, dTRM cells showed increased expressions of chemokine receptors, T-cell exhaustion-related molecules, and produced more anti-inflammatory cytokines and effector cytokines upon stimulation. Moreover, DSCs produced a considerable level of TGF-β and upregulated CD103 expression on CD69+ CD8+ pT cells, which can be significantly reversed by blocking TGF-β receptor. CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrate that TRM cells with unique properties are present in the decidua during human early pregnancy. They possess an enhanced capacity to produce effector cytokines and regulatory molecules, which might be important in the balance between maternal-fetal immune tolerance and the capacity to aggressively respond to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xixi Huang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Chunfang Xu
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiandong Peng
- Shanghai Jiai Genetics & IVF Institute, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Dajin Li
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Li Wang
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China
| | - Meirong Du
- Laboratory for Reproductive Immunology, NHC Key Lab of Reproduction Regulation (Shanghai Institute of Planned Parenthood Research), Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Hospital of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Fudan University Shanghai Medical College, Shanghai, China.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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T RM integrins CD103 and CD49a differentially support adherence and motility after resolution of influenza virus infection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12306-12314. [PMID: 32439709 PMCID: PMC7275699 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1915681117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Current influenza vaccination strategies require annual immunizations, with fairly low efficacy rates. One technique to improve protection against a greater breadth of influenza viruses is to elicit broadly cross-reactive cell-mediated immunity and generate a local population of cytotoxic T cells to respond to conserved regions of circulating viruses. However, this approach requires improved understanding of how these cells migrate within and attach to the tissue in order to persist and offer long-term immunity. This study investigates how receptors on the T cell surface impact the cell’s ability to interact with the tissue and provide evidence of which of these receptors are essential for protection. Furthermore, these studies reveal functional in vivo mechanisms of cellular markers used to characterize TRM. Tissue-resident memory CD8 T (TRM) cells are a unique immune memory subset that develops and remains in peripheral tissues at the site of infection, providing future host resistance upon reexposure to that pathogen. In the pulmonary system, TRM are identified through S1P antagonist CD69 and expression of integrins CD103/β7 and CD49a/CD29(β1). Contrary to the established role of CD69 on CD8 T cells, the functions of CD103 and CD49a on this population are not well defined. This study examines the expression patterns and functions of CD103 and CD49a with a specific focus on their impact on T cell motility during influenza virus infection. We show that the TRM cell surface phenotype develops by 2 wk postinfection, with the majority of the population expressing CD49a and a subset that is also positive for CD103. Despite a previously established role in retaining TRM in peripheral tissues, CD49a facilitates locomotion of virus-specific CD8 T cells, both in vitro and in vivo. These results demonstrate that CD49a may contribute to local surveillance mechanisms of the TRM population.
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Szabo PA, Miron M, Farber DL. Location, location, location: Tissue resident memory T cells in mice and humans. Sci Immunol 2020; 4:4/34/eaas9673. [PMID: 30952804 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.aas9673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The discovery of T cells resident in diverse tissues has altered our understanding of adaptive immunity to encompass site-specific responses mediated by tissue-adapted memory T cells throughout the body. Here, we discuss the key phenotypic, transcriptional, and functional features of these tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) as established in mouse models of infection and translated to humans by novel tissue sampling approaches. Integration of findings from mouse and human studies may hold the key to unlocking the potential of TRM for promoting tissue immunity and preventing infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A Szabo
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Miron
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donna L Farber
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Surgery, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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54
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Dangi A, Yu S, Lee FT, Burnette M, Wang JJ, Kanwar YS, Zhang ZJ, Abecassis M, Thorp EB, Luo X. Murine cytomegalovirus dissemination but not reactivation in donor-positive/recipient-negative allogeneic kidney transplantation can be effectively prevented by transplant immune tolerance. Kidney Int 2020; 98:147-158. [PMID: 32471635 PMCID: PMC7311252 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation from latently infected donor organs post-transplantation and its dissemination cause significant comorbidities in transplant recipients. Transplant-induced inflammation combined with chronic immunosuppression has been thought to provoke CMV reactivation and dissemination, although sequential events in this process have not been studied. Here, we investigated this process in a high-risk donor CMV-positive to recipient CMV-negative allogeneic murine kidney transplantation model. Recipients were either treated with indefinite immunosuppression or tolerized in a donor-specific manner. Untreated recipients served as controls. Kidney allografts from both immunosuppressed and tolerized recipients showed minimal alloimmunity-mediated graft inflammation and normal function for up to day 60 post-transplantation. However, despite the absence of such inflammation in the immunosuppressed and tolerized groups, CMV reactivation in the donor positive kidney allograft was readily observed. Interestingly, subsequent CMV replication and dissemination to distant organs only occurred in immunosuppressed recipients in which CMV-specific CD8 T cells were functionally impaired; whereas in tolerized recipients, host anti-viral immunity was well-preserved and CMV dissemination was effectively prevented. Thus, our studies uncoupled CMV reactivation from its dissemination, and underscore the potential role of robust transplantation tolerance in preventing CMV diseases following allogeneic kidney transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Dangi
- Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shuangjin Yu
- Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Division of Organ Transplantation, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Frances T Lee
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Melanie Burnette
- Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jiao-Jing Wang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yashpal S Kanwar
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA; Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Zheng J Zhang
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Michael Abecassis
- Comprehensive Transplant Center, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Edward B Thorp
- Department of Pathology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Xunrong Luo
- Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Duke Transplant Center, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA.
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Local heroes or villains: tissue-resident memory T cells in human health and disease. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:113-122. [PMID: 31969685 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-019-0359-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells are increasingly associated with the outcomes of health and disease. TRM cells can mediate local immune protection against infections and cancer, which has led to interest in TRM cells as targets for vaccination and immunotherapies. However, these cells have also been implicated in mediating detrimental pro-inflammatory responses in autoimmune skin diseases such as psoriasis, alopecia areata, and vitiligo. Here, we summarize the biology of TRM cells established in animal models and in translational human studies. We review the beneficial effects of TRM cells in mediating protective responses against infection and cancer and the adverse role of TRM cells in driving pathology in autoimmunity. A further understanding of the breadth and mechanisms of TRM cell activity is essential for the safe design of strategies that manipulate TRM cells, such that protective responses can be enhanced without unwanted tissue damage, and pathogenic TRM cells can be eliminated without losing local immunity.
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Mucosal CD8+ T cell responses induced by an MCMV based vaccine vector confer protection against influenza challenge. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1008036. [PMID: 31525249 PMCID: PMC6763260 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous β-herpesvirus that establishes life-long latent infection in a high percentage of the population worldwide. CMV induces the strongest and most durable CD8+ T cell response known in human clinical medicine. Due to its unique properties, the virus represents a promising candidate vaccine vector for the induction of persistent cellular immunity. To take advantage of this, we constructed a recombinant murine CMV (MCMV) expressing an MHC-I restricted epitope from influenza A virus (IAV) H1N1 within the immediate early 2 (ie2) gene. Only mice that were immunized intranasally (i.n.) were capable of controlling IAV infection, despite the greater potency of the intraperitoneally (i.p.) vaccination in inducing a systemic IAV-specific CD8+ T cell response. The protective capacity of the i.n. immunization was associated with its ability to induce IAV-specific tissue-resident memory CD8+ T (CD8TRM) cells in the lungs. Our data demonstrate that the protective effect exerted by the i.n. immunization was critically mediated by antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. CD8TRM cells promoted the induction of IFNγ and chemokines that facilitate the recruitment of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells to the lungs. Overall, our results showed that locally applied MCMV vectors could induce mucosal immunity at sites of entry, providing superior immune protection against respiratory infections. Vaccines against influenza typically induce immune responses based on antibodies, small molecules that recognize the virus particles outside of cells and neutralize them before they infect a cell. However, influenza rapidly evolves, escaping immune recognition, and the fastest evolution is seen in the part of the virus that is recognized by antibodies. Therefore, every year we are confronted with new flu strains that are not recognized by our antibodies against the strains from previous years. The other branch of the immune system is made of killer T cells, which recognize infected cells and target them for killing. Influenza does not rapidly evolve to escape T cell killing; thus, vaccines inducing T-cell responses to influenza might provide long-term protection. We introduced an antigen from influenza into the murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and used it as a vaccine vector inducing killer T-cell responses of unparalleled strength. Our vector controls influenza replication and provides relief to infected mice, but only if we administered it through the nose, to activate killer T cells that will persist in the lungs close to the airways. Therefore, our data show that the subset of lung-resident killer T cells is sufficient to protect against influenza.
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Jergović M, Contreras NA, Nikolich-Žugich J. Impact of CMV upon immune aging: facts and fiction. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:263-269. [PMID: 31004198 PMCID: PMC6635032 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00605-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aging is accompanied by significant defects in immunity and compromised responses to new, previously unencountered microbial pathogens. Most humans carry several persistent or latent viruses as they age, interacting with the host immune systems for years. In that context maybe the most studied persistent virus is Cytomegalovirus, infamous for its ability to recruit very large T cell responses which increase with age and to simultaneously evade elimination by the immune system. Here we will address how lifelong CMV infection and the immunological burden of its control might affect immune reactivity and health of the host over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mladen Jergović
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA
| | - Nico A Contreras
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA
| | - Janko Nikolich-Žugich
- Department of Immunobiology and the University of Arizona Center on Aging, University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, Tucson, AZ, 85718, USA.
- University of Arizona College of Medicine-Tucson, 1501 N Campbell Ave, P.O. Box 221245, Tucson, AZ, 85724, USA.
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Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells have emerged as a major component of T cell biology. Recent investigations have greatly advanced our understanding of TRMs. Common features have been discovered to distinguish memory T cells residing in various mucosal and non-mucosal tissues from their circulating counterparts. Given that most organs and tissues contain a unique microenvironment, local signal-induced tissue-specific features are tightly associated with the differentiation, homeostasis, and protective functions of TRMs. Here, we discuss recent advances in the TRM field with a special emphasis on the interaction between local signals and TRMs in the context of individual tissue environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Liu
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South Univeristy, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Chaoyu Ma
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Nu Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, School of Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229; The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, China
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Life-long control of cytomegalovirus (CMV) by T resident memory cells in the adipose tissue results in inflammation and hyperglycemia. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007890. [PMID: 31220189 PMCID: PMC6605679 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a ubiquitous herpesvirus infecting most of the world’s population. CMV has been rigorously investigated for its impact on lifelong immunity and potential complications arising from lifelong infection. A rigorous adaptive immune response mounts during progression of CMV infection from acute to latent states. CD8 T cells, in large part, drive this response and have very clearly been demonstrated to take up residence in the salivary gland and lungs of infected mice during latency. However, the role of tissue resident CD8 T cells as an ongoing defense mechanism against CMV has not been studied in other anatomical locations. Therefore, we sought to identify additional locations of anti-CMV T cell residency and the physiological consequences of such a response. Through RT-qPCR we found that mouse CMV (mCMV) infected the visceral adipose tissue and that this resulted in an expansion of leukocytes in situ. We further found, through flow cytometry, that adipose tissue became enriched in cytotoxic CD8 T cells that are specific for mCMV antigens from day 7 post infection through the lifespan of an infected animal (> 450 days post infection) and that carry markers of tissue residence. Furthermore, we found that inflammatory cytokines are elevated alongside the expansion of CD8 T cells. Finally, we show a correlation between the inflammatory state of adipose tissue in response to mCMV infection and the development of hyperglycemia in mice. Overall, this study identifies adipose tissue as a location of viral infection leading to a sustained and lifelong adaptive immune response mediated by CD8 T cells that correlates with hyperglycemia. These data potentially provide a mechanistic link between metabolic syndrome and chronic infection. Mouse cytomegalovirus (mCMV) infection results in initial systemic viremia that is thereafter controlled by the adaptive immune system. Control is mediated in part by T cells that render the virus undetectable systemically, and latent in specific organs, including the lungs and salivary glands. It remains unclear how latent virus is controlled across tissues given the large pool of systemic mCMV-specific T cells. We explored mCMV control in the adipose tissue, whose cellular constituents are potentially susceptible to infection. We found that mCMV infects the adipose tissue during the acute phase, causing local inflammation and a lifelong mCMV-specific CD8 T cell immune response. The response consisted largely from non-recirculating, tissue-resident T cells. The infected adipose tissue showed signs of metabolic changes, that may potentially predispose the infected host to metabolic dysregulation as evidenced by hyperglycemia. Accumulation and persistence of mCMV specific non-circulating resident CD8 T cells (Trm) in adipose tissue reveal a likely generalized mechanism of mCMV tissue reservoir control by Trm cells and identify the adipose tissue as a persistent mCMV reservoir, with potential implications for metabolic health.
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Gabel M, Baumann NS, Oxenius A, Graw F. Investigating the Dynamics of MCMV-Specific CD8 + T Cell Responses in Individual Hosts. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1358. [PMID: 31281313 PMCID: PMC6595046 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection by Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is characterized by the massive expansion and continued maintenance of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells for certain CMV-derived peptides. This phenomenon called “memory inflation" has made CMV a primary target for the generation of T cell based vaccine vectors against various diseases. However, many aspects concerning the generation and maintenance of the inflationary CD8+ T cell response still remain to be resolved. In this study, we combined experimental data and mathematical models to analyze the dynamics of circulatory inflationary CD8+ T cells within individual mice infected by MCMV. Obtaining frequent measurements on the number and frequency of CMV-specific CD8+ T cells up to 70 days post infection, we find that mathematical models assuming differing viral stimuli during acute infection and the inflationary phase provide a better description for the observed dynamics than models relying on similar viral stimuli during both phases. In addition, our analysis allowed a detailed quantification of the different phases of memory inflation within individual mice (1st-expansion - contraction - 2nd expansion/maintenance) indicating remarkable consistency of the timing of these phases across mice, but considerable variation in the size of the individual responses between mice. Our analysis provides a first step toward generating a mechanistic framework for analyzing the generation and maintenance of inflationary CD8+ T cells while accounting for individual heterogeneity. Extending these analyses by incorporating measurements from additional compartments and more prolonged sampling will help to obtain a systematic and quantitative understanding of the factors regulating the process of memory inflation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gabel
- Center for Modelling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Frederik Graw
- Center for Modelling and Simulation in the Biosciences, BioQuant-Center, Heidelberg University, Heidelberg, Germany
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Caspase-8-dependent control of NK- and T cell responses during cytomegalovirus infection. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:555-571. [PMID: 31098689 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00616-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Caspase-8 (CASP8) impacts antiviral immunity in expected as well as unexpected ways. Mice with combined deficiency in CASP8 and RIPK3 cannot support extrinsic apoptosis or RIPK3-dependent programmed necrosis, enabling studies of CASP8 function without complications of unleashed necroptosis. These extrinsic cell death pathways are naturally targeted by murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV)-encoded cell death suppressors, showing they are key to cell-autonomous host defense. Remarkably, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/-, Ripk1-/-Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- and Casp8-/-Ripk3K51A/K51A mice mount robust antiviral T cell responses to control MCMV infection. Studies in Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice show that CASP8 restrains expansion of MCMV-specific natural killer (NK) and CD8 T cells without compromising contraction or immune memory. Infected Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- or Casp8-/-Ripk3K51A/K51A mice have higher levels of virus-specific NK cells and CD8 T cells compared to matched RIPK3-deficient littermates or WT mice. CASP8, likely acting downstream of Fas death receptor, dampens proliferation of CD8 T cells during expansion. Importantly, contraction proceeds unimpaired in the absence of extrinsic death pathways owing to intact Bim-dependent (intrinsic) apoptosis. CD8 T cell memory develops in Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice, but memory inflation characteristic of MCMV infection is not sustained in the absence of CASP8 function. Despite this, Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice are immune to secondary challenge. Interferon (IFN)γ is recognized as a key cytokine for adaptive immune control of MCMV. Ifngr-/-Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice exhibit increased lifelong persistence in salivary glands as well as lungs compared to Ifngr-/- and Casp8-/-Ripk3-/- mice. Thus, mice deficient in CASP8 and RIPK3 are more dependent on IFNγ mechanisms for sustained T cell immune control of MCMV. Overall, appropriate NK- and T cell immunity to MCMV is dependent on host CASP8 function independent of RIPK3-regulated pathways.
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Baumann NS, Welten SPM, Torti N, Pallmer K, Borsa M, Barnstorf I, Oduro JD, Cicin-Sain L, Oxenius A. Early primed KLRG1- CMV-specific T cells determine the size of the inflationary T cell pool. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007785. [PMID: 31083700 PMCID: PMC6532941 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Memory T cell inflation is a process in which a subset of cytomegalovirus (CMV) specific CD8 T cells continuously expands mainly during latent infection and establishes a large and stable population of effector memory cells in peripheral tissues. Here we set out to identify in vivo parameters that promote and limit CD8 T cell inflation in the context of MCMV infection. We found that the inflationary T cell pool comprised mainly high avidity CD8 T cells, outcompeting lower avidity CD8 T cells. Furthermore, the size of the inflationary T cell pool was not restricted by the availability of specific tissue niches, but it was directly related to the number of virus-specific CD8 T cells that were activated during priming. In particular, the amount of early-primed KLRG1- cells and the number of inflationary cells with a central memory phenotype were a critical determinant for the overall magnitude of the inflationary T cell pool. Inflationary memory CD8 T cells provided protection from a Vaccinia virus challenge and this protection directly correlated with the size of the inflationary memory T cell pool in peripheral tissues. These results highlight the remarkable protective potential of inflationary CD8 T cells that can be harnessed for CMV-based T cell vaccine approaches. Cytomegalovirus induces a lifelong infection in the majority of the world's population, due to the ability of the virus to establish latency. Upon CMV infection, large numbers of effector memory T cells are induced in peripheral tissues, a process that is termed memory inflation. As inflationary T cells are highly functional, CMV-based vaccines have gained substantial interest for vaccination purposes. Here we examine factors that promote and limit memory T cell inflation. We found that there were no constraints on the availability of specific niches for inflationary T cells in tissues and that high avidity T cells predominately contribute to the inflationary T cell population in the beginning of infection. Moreover, the number of early primed KLRG1- CMV-specific T cells in the acute phase of infection set the limit for memory T cell inflation. Furthermore, we show that inflationary T cells provided protection from a pathogenic challenge in peripheral tissues such as the ovaries. Thus, inflationary T cells comprise a population of T cells that can protect peripheral tissues from pathogenic infections and their efficacy can be regulated by balancing the number of KLRG1- CMV-specific cells during priming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Torti
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer D Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and Applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, Zürich, Switzerland
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Highton AJ, Zinser ME, Lee LN, Hutchings CL, De Lara C, Phetsouphanh C, Willberg CB, Gordon CL, Klenerman P, Marchi E. Single-cell transcriptome analysis of CD8 + T-cell memory inflation. Wellcome Open Res 2019; 4:78. [PMID: 31448339 PMCID: PMC6688724 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15115.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Persistent viruses such as murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) and adenovirus-based vaccines induce strong, sustained CD8 + T-cell responses, described as memory "inflation". These retain functionality, home to peripheral organs and are associated with a distinct transcriptional program. Methods: To further define the nature of the transcriptional mechanisms underpinning memory inflation at different sites we used single-cell RNA sequencing of tetramer-sorted cells from MCMV-infected mice, analyzing transcriptional networks in virus-specific populations in the spleen and gut intra-epithelial lymphocytes (IEL). Results: We provide a transcriptional map of T-cell memory and define a module of gene expression, which distinguishes memory inflation in spleen from resident memory T-cells (T RM) in the gut. Conclusions: These data indicate that CD8 + T-cell memory in the gut epithelium induced by persistent viruses and vaccines has a distinct quality from both conventional memory and "inflationary" memory which may be relevant to protection against mucosal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Highton
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13SY, UK
| | - Madeleine E. Zinser
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13SY, UK
| | - Lian Ni Lee
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13SY, UK
| | - Claire L. Hutchings
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13SY, UK
| | - Catherine De Lara
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13SY, UK
| | - Chansavath Phetsouphanh
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13SY, UK
| | - Chris B. Willberg
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13SY, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX42PG, UK
| | - Claire L. Gordon
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13SY, UK
| | - Paul Klenerman
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13SY, UK
- National Institute for Health Research Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, OX42PG, UK
| | - Emanuele Marchi
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, Oxfordshire, OX13SY, UK
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64
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Welten SPM, Baumann NS, Oxenius A. Fuel and brake of memory T cell inflation. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:329-338. [PMID: 30852648 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00587-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Memory T cell inflation is a process in which a large number of effector memory T cells accumulates in peripheral tissues. This phenomenon is observed upon certain low level persistent virus infections, but it is most commonly described upon infection with the β-herpesvirus Cytomegalovirus. Due to the induction of this large pool of functional effector CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, the interest in using CMV-based vaccine vectors for vaccination purposes is rising. However, the exact mechanisms of memory T cell inflation are not yet fully understood. It is clear that repetitive exposure to antigen is a key determinant for memory inflation, and therefore the viral inoculum dose and the subsequent number of viral reactivation events strongly impact on the magnitude of the inflationary T cell pool. In addition, the number of CMV-specific CD8 T cells that is able to sense these reactivation events affects the size of the inflationary T cell pool. In the following, we will discuss factors that either promote or limit T cell inflation from both the virus and host perspective. These factors mostly operate by influencing the amount of available antigen or by affecting the T cell pool that is able to respond to the antigen. Furthermore, we will discuss the recent use of CMV-based vaccines in pre-clinical experimental settings, where these vectors have shown promising results by inducing prolonged effector memory T cell responses to foreign-introduced epitopes and thereby provided protection from subsequent virus or tumour challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 4, 8093, Zurich, Switzerland.
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65
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Zhang S, Caldeira-Dantas S, Smith CJ, Snyder CM. Persistent viral replication and the development of T-cell responses after intranasal infection by MCMV. Med Microbiol Immunol 2019; 208:457-468. [PMID: 30848361 DOI: 10.1007/s00430-019-00589-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Natural transmission of cytomegalovirus (CMV) has been difficult to observe. However, recent work using the mouse model of murine (M)CMV demonstrated that MCMV initially infects the nasal mucosa after transmission from mothers to pups. We found that intranasal (i.n.) inoculation of C57BL/6J mice resulted in reliable recovery of replicating virus from the nasal mucosa as assessed by plaque assay. After i.n. inoculation, CD8+ T-cell priming occurred in the mandibular, deep-cervical, and mediastinal lymph nodes within 3 days of infection. Although i.n. infection induced "memory inflation" of T cells specific for the M38316-323 epitope, there were no detectable CD8+ T-cell responses against the late-appearing IE3416-423 epitope, which contrasts with intraperitoneal (i.p.) infection. MCMV-specific T cells migrated into the nasal mucosa where they developed a tissue-resident memory (TRM) phenotype and this could occur independently of local virus infection or antigen. Strikingly however, virus replication was poorly controlled in the nasal mucosa and MCMV was detectable by plaque assay for at least 4 months after primary infection, making the nasal mucosa a second site for MCMV persistence. Unlike in the salivary glands, the persistence of MCMV in the nasal mucosa was not modulated by IL-10. Taken together, our data characterize the development of local and systemic T-cell responses after intranasal infection by MCMV and define the nasal mucosa, a natural site of viral entry, as a novel site of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunchuan Zhang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sofia Caldeira-Dantas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal.,PT Government Associate Laboratory, ICVS/3B's, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Corinne J Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, 19107, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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66
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Cross-Presentation of Skin-Targeted Recombinant Adeno-associated Virus 2/1 Transgene Induces Potent Resident Memory CD8 + T Cell Responses. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.01334-18. [PMID: 30541847 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01334-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A key aspect to consider for vaccinal protection is the induction of a local line of defense consisting of nonrecirculating tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM), in parallel to the generation of systemic memory CD8+ T cell responses. The potential to induce TRM has now been demonstrated for a number of pathogens and viral vectors. This potential, however, has never been tested for recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) vectors, which are weakly inflammatory and poor transducer of dendritic cells. Using a model rAAV2/1-based vaccine, we determined that a single intradermal immunization with rAAV2/1 vectors in mice induces fully functional TRM at the local site of immunization. The optimal differentiation of rAAV-induced transgene-specific skin TRM was dependent on local transgene expression and additional CD4+ T cell help. Transgene expression in dendritic cells, however, appeared to be dispensable for the priming of transgene-specific skin TRM, suggesting that this process solely depends on the cross-presentation of transgene products. Overall, this study provides needed information to properly assess rAAV vectors as T cell-inducing vaccine carriers.IMPORTANCE rAAVs display numerous characteristics that could make them extremely attractive as vaccine carriers, including an excellent safety profile in humans and great flexibility regarding serotypes and choice of target tissue. Studies addressing the ability of rAAV to induce protective T cell responses, however, are scarce. Notably, the potential to induce a tissue-resident memory T cell response has never been described for rAAV vectors, strongly limiting further interest for their use as vaccine carriers. Using a model rAAV2/1 vaccine delivered to the skin, our study demonstrated that rAAV vectors can induce bona fide skin resident TRM and provides additional clues regarding the cellular mechanisms underlying this process. These results will help widen the field of rAAV applications.
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67
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Welten SPM, Sandu I, Baumann NS, Oxenius A. Memory CD8 T cell inflation vs tissue-resident memory T cells: Same patrollers, same controllers? Immunol Rev 2019; 283:161-175. [PMID: 29664565 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The induction of long-lived populations of memory T cells residing in peripheral tissues is of considerable interest for T cell-based vaccines, as they can execute immediate effector functions and thus provide protection in case of pathogen encounter at mucosal and barrier sites. Cytomegalovirus (CMV)-based vaccines support the induction and accumulation of a large population of effector memory CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, in a process called memory inflation. Tissue-resident memory (TRM ) T cells, induced by various infections and vaccination regimens, constitute another subset of memory cells that take long-term residence in peripheral tissues. Both memory T cell subsets have evoked substantial interest in exploitation for vaccine purposes. However, a direct comparison between these two peripheral tissue-localizing memory T cell subsets with respect to their short- and long-term ability to provide protection against heterologous challenge is pending. Here, we discuss communalities and differences between TRM and inflationary CD8 T cells with respect to their development, maintenance, function, and protective capacity. In addition, we discuss differences and similarities between the transcriptional profiles of TRM and inflationary T cells, supporting the notion that they are distinct memory T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne P M Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ioana Sandu
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas S Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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68
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McLaren JE, Clement M, Marsden M, Miners KL, Llewellyn-Lacey S, Grant EJ, Rubina A, Gimeno Brias S, Gostick E, Stacey MA, Orr SJ, Stanton RJ, Ladell K, Price DA, Humphreys IR. IL-33 Augments Virus-Specific Memory T Cell Inflation and Potentiates the Efficacy of an Attenuated Cytomegalovirus-Based Vaccine. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 202:943-955. [PMID: 30635396 PMCID: PMC6341181 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Candidate vaccines designed to generate T cell-based immunity are typically vectored by nonpersistent viruses, which largely fail to elicit durable effector memory T cell responses. This limitation can be overcome using recombinant strains of CMV. Proof-of-principle studies have demonstrated the potential benefits of this approach, most notably in the SIV model, but safety concerns require the development of nonreplicating alternatives with comparable immunogenicity. In this study, we show that IL-33 promotes the accumulation and recall kinetics of circulating and tissue-resident memory T cells in mice infected with murine CMV. Using a replication-deficient murine CMV vector, we further show that exogenous IL-33 boosts vaccine-induced memory T cell responses, which protect against subsequent heterologous viral challenge. These data suggest that IL-33 could serve as a useful adjuvant to improve the efficacy of vaccines based on attenuated derivatives of CMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- James E McLaren
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
| | - Mathew Clement
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Morgan Marsden
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Sian Llewellyn-Lacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Emma J Grant
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Infection and Immunity Program, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia; and
| | - Anzelika Rubina
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Silvia Gimeno Brias
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Gostick
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Maria A Stacey
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Selinda J Orr
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Stanton
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge CB10 1SA, United Kingdom
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69
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Zundler S, Becker E, Spocinska M, Slawik M, Parga-Vidal L, Stark R, Wiendl M, Atreya R, Rath T, Leppkes M, Hildner K, López-Posadas R, Lukassen S, Ekici AB, Neufert C, Atreya I, van Gisbergen KPJM, Neurath MF. Hobit- and Blimp-1-driven CD4 + tissue-resident memory T cells control chronic intestinal inflammation. Nat Immunol 2019; 20:288-300. [PMID: 30692620 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-018-0298-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) have been shown to regulate host protection in infectious disorders, their function in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains to be investigated. Here we characterized TRM cells in human IBD and in experimental models of intestinal inflammation. Pro-inflammatory TRM cells accumulated in the mucosa of patients with IBD, and the presence of CD4+CD69+CD103+ TRM cells was predictive of the development of flares. In vivo, functional impairment of TRM cells in mice with double knockout of the TRM-cell-associated transcription factors Hobit and Blimp-1 attenuated disease in several models of colitis, due to impaired cross-talk between the adaptive and innate immune system. Finally, depletion of TRM cells led to a suppression of colitis activity. Together, our data demonstrate a central role for TRM cells in the pathogenesis of chronic intestinal inflammation and suggest that these cells could be targets for future therapeutic approaches in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Emily Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marta Spocinska
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monique Slawik
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Loreto Parga-Vidal
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Wiendl
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Timo Rath
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Moritz Leppkes
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kai Hildner
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rocío López-Posadas
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sören Lukassen
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Arif B Ekici
- Institute of Human Genetics, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Clemens Neufert
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, The University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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70
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Bull NC, Stylianou E, Kaveh DA, Pinpathomrat N, Pasricha J, Harrington-Kandt R, Garcia-Pelayo MC, Hogarth PJ, McShane H. Enhanced protection conferred by mucosal BCG vaccination associates with presence of antigen-specific lung tissue-resident PD-1 + KLRG1 - CD4 + T cells. Mucosal Immunol 2019; 12:555-564. [PMID: 30446726 PMCID: PMC7051908 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0109-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BCG, the only vaccine licensed against tuberculosis, demonstrates variable efficacy in humans. Recent preclinical studies highlight the potential for mucosal BCG vaccination to improve protection. Lung tissue-resident memory T cells reside within the parenchyma, potentially playing an important role in protective immunity to tuberculosis. We hypothesised that mucosal BCG vaccination may enhance generation of lung tissue-resident T cells, affording improved protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In a mouse model, mucosal intranasal (IN) BCG vaccination conferred superior protection in the lungs compared to the systemic intradermal (ID) route. Intravascular staining allowed discrimination of lung tissue-resident CD4+ T cells from those in the lung vasculature, revealing that mucosal vaccination resulted in an increased frequency of antigen-specific tissue-resident CD4+ T cells compared to systemic vaccination. Tissue-resident CD4+ T cells induced by mucosal BCG displayed enhanced proliferative capacity compared to lung vascular and splenic CD4+ T cells. Only mucosal BCG induced antigen-specific tissue-resident T cells expressing a PD-1+ KLRG1- cell-surface phenotype. These cells constitute a BCG-induced population which may be responsible for the enhanced protection observed with IN vaccination. We demonstrate that mucosal BCG vaccination significantly improves protection over systemic BCG and this correlates with a novel population of BCG-induced lung tissue-resident CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. C. Bull
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK ,0000 0004 1765 422Xgrid.422685.fVaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey UK
| | - E. Stylianou
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - D. A. Kaveh
- 0000 0004 1765 422Xgrid.422685.fVaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey UK
| | - N. Pinpathomrat
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - J. Pasricha
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - R. Harrington-Kandt
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - M. C. Garcia-Pelayo
- 0000 0004 1765 422Xgrid.422685.fVaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey UK
| | - P. J. Hogarth
- 0000 0004 1765 422Xgrid.422685.fVaccine Immunology Team, Department of Bacteriology, Animal & Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, Surrey UK
| | - H. McShane
- 0000 0004 1936 8948grid.4991.5The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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71
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Lauron EJ, Yang L, Harvey IB, Sojka DK, Williams GD, Paley MA, Bern MD, Park E, Victorino F, Boon ACM, Yokoyama WM. Viral MHCI inhibition evades tissue-resident memory T cell formation and responses. J Exp Med 2018; 216:117-132. [PMID: 30559127 PMCID: PMC6314518 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lauron et al. demonstrate that viral MHCI inhibition within infected cells reduces local antigen-driven generation of resident memory CD8+ T cells. Additionally, resident memory CD8+ T cells are insufficient in controlling peripheral infection in the context of viral MHCI evasion. Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells (TRMs) confer rapid protection and immunity against viral infections. Many viruses have evolved mechanisms to inhibit MHCI presentation in order to evade CD8+ T cells, suggesting that these mechanisms may also apply to TRM-mediated protection. However, the effects of viral MHCI inhibition on the function and generation of TRMs is unclear. Herein, we demonstrate that viral MHCI inhibition reduces the abundance of CD4+ and CD8+ TRMs, but its effects on the local microenvironment compensate to promote antigen-specific CD8+ TRM formation. Unexpectedly, local cognate antigen enhances CD8+ TRM development even in the context of viral MHCI inhibition and CD8+ T cell evasion, strongly suggesting a role for in situ cross-presentation in local antigen-driven TRM differentiation. However, local cognate antigen is not required for CD8+ TRM maintenance. We also show that viral MHCI inhibition efficiently evades CD8+ TRM effector functions. These findings indicate that viral evasion of MHCI antigen presentation has consequences on the development and response of antiviral TRMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvin J Lauron
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Liping Yang
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Ian B Harvey
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Dorothy K Sojka
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Graham D Williams
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael A Paley
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Michael D Bern
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Eugene Park
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Francisco Victorino
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Adrianus C M Boon
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Wayne M Yokoyama
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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72
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Gao CY, Yao Y, Li L, Yang SH, Chu H, Tsuneyama K, Li XM, Gershwin ME, Lian ZX. Tissue-Resident Memory CD8+ T Cells Acting as Mediators of Salivary Gland Damage in a Murine Model of Sjögren's Syndrome. Arthritis Rheumatol 2018; 71:121-132. [PMID: 30035379 DOI: 10.1002/art.40676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although a role for CD4+ T cells in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome (SS) has been documented, the pathogenic significance of CD8+ T cells is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of CD8+ T cells in the development of SS. METHODS Flow cytometry and immunofluorescence analyses were utilized to detect T cell infiltration within the labial salivary glands of patients with primary SS. In parallel, p40-/- CD25-/- mice were used as a murine model of SS. In addition, mice with genetic knockout of CD4, CD8a, or interferon-γ (IFNγ) were crossed with p40-/- CD25-/- mice to study the pathogenic significance of specific lineage subpopulations, including functional salivary gland tests as well as histopathologic and serologic data. A CD8+ T cell-specific depletion antibody was used in this murine SS model to evaluate its potential as a therapeutic strategy. RESULTS CD8+ T cells with a tissue-resident memory phenotype outnumbered CD4+ T cells in the labial salivary glands of patients with SS, and were primarily colocalized with salivary duct epithelial cells and acinar cells. Furthermore, infiltrating CD8+ T cells with a CD69+CD103+/- tissue-resident phenotype and with a significant elevation of IFNγ production were dominant in the submandibular glands of mice in this murine SS model. CD8a knockout abrogated the development of SS in these mice. Knockout of IFNγ decreased CD8+ T cell infiltration and gland destruction. More importantly, depletion of CD8+ T cells fully protected mice against the pathologic manifestations of SS, even after the onset of disease. CONCLUSION These data reveal the pathogenic significance of CD8+ T cells in the development and progression of SS in the salivary glands. Treatment directed against CD8+ T cells may be a rational therapy for the management of SS in human subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yue Gao
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuan Yao
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Li
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shu-Han Yang
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hui Chu
- Anhui Provincial Hospital, Hefei, China
| | - Koichi Tsuneyama
- Institute of Health Biosciences and University of Tokushima Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | | | - Zhe-Xiong Lian
- Institute of Immunology and School of Life Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China, and Institutes for Life Sciences and School of Medicine, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China
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73
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Steinbach K, Vincenti I, Merkler D. Resident-Memory T Cells in Tissue-Restricted Immune Responses: For Better or Worse? Front Immunol 2018; 9:2827. [PMID: 30555489 PMCID: PMC6284001 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident-memory CD8+ T cells (TRM) have been described as a non-circulating memory T cell subset that persists at sites of previous infection. While TRM in all non-lymphoid organs probably share a core signature differentiation pathway, certain aspects of their maintenance and effector functions may vary. It is well-established that TRM provide long-lived protective immunity through immediate effector function and accelerated recruitment of circulating immune cells. Besides immune defense against pathogens, other immunological roles of TRM are less well-studied. Likewise, evidence of a putative detrimental role of TRM for inflammatory diseases is only beginning to emerge. In this review, we discuss the protective and harmful role of TRM in organ-specific immunity and immunopathology as well as prospective implications for immunomodulatory therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Steinbach
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ilena Vincenti
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Division of Clinical Pathology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
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74
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Abstract
CD8 T cells comprising the memory pool display considerable heterogeneity, with individual cells differing in phenotype and function. This review will focus on our current understanding of heterogeneity within the antigen-specific memory CD8 T cell compartment and classifications of memory CD8 T cell subsets with defined and discrete functionalities. Recent data suggest that phenotype and/or function of numerically stable circulatory memory CD8 T cells are defined by the age of memory CD8 T cell (or time after initial antigen-encounter). In addition, history of antigen stimulations has a profound effect on memory CD8 T cell populations, suggesting that repeated infections (or vaccination) have the capacity to further shape the memory CD8 T cell pool. Finally, genetic background of hosts and history of exposure to diverse microorganisms likely contribute to the observed heterogeneity in the memory CD8 T cell compartment. Extending our tool box and exploring alternative mouse models (i.e., "dirty" and/or outbred mice) to encompass and better model diversity observed in humans will remain an important goal for the near future that will likely shed new light into the mechanisms that govern biology of memory CD8 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D Martin
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Vladimir P Badovinac
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.,Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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75
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Abstract
Most tissues are populated by tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells), which are adapted to their niche and appear to be indispensable for local protection against pathogens. Here we show that human white matter-derived brain CD8+ T cells can be subsetted into CD103-CD69+ and CD103+CD69+ T cells both with a phenotypic and transcription factor profile consistent with TRM cells. Specifically, CD103 expression in brain CD8+ T cells correlates with reduced expression of differentiation markers, increased expression of tissue-homing chemokine receptors, intermediate and low expression of the transcription factors T-bet and eomes, increased expression of PD-1 and CTLA-4, and low expression of cytolytic enzymes with preserved polyfunctionality upon activation. Brain CD4+ T cells also display TRM cell-associated markers but have low CD103 expression. We conclude that the human brain is surveilled by TRM cells, providing protection against neurotropic virus reactivation, whilst being under tight control of key immune checkpoint molecules.
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76
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Flórido M, Muflihah H, Lin LCW, Xia Y, Sierro F, Palendira M, Feng CG, Bertolino P, Stambas J, Triccas JA, Britton WJ. Pulmonary immunization with a recombinant influenza A virus vaccine induces lung-resident CD4 + memory T cells that are associated with protection against tuberculosis. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:1743-1752. [PMID: 30115996 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-018-0065-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The lung is the primary site of infection with the major human pathogen, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Effective vaccines against M. tuberculosis must stimulate memory T cells to provide early protection in the lung. Recently, tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) were found to be phenotypically and transcriptional distinct from circulating memory T cells. Here, we identified M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ T cells induced by recombinant influenza A viruses (rIAV) vaccines expressing M. tuberculosis peptides that persisted in the lung parenchyma with the phenotypic and transcriptional characteristics of TRMs. To determine if these rIAV-induced CD4+ TRM were protective independent of circulating memory T cells, mice previously immunized with the rIAV vaccine were treated with the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor modulator, FTY720, prior to and during the first 17 days of M. tuberculosis challenge. This markedly reduced circulating T cells, but had no effect on the frequency of M. tuberculosis-specific CD4+ TRMs in the lung parenchyma or their cytokine response to infection. Importantly, mice immunized with the rIAV vaccine were protected against M. tuberculosis infection even when circulating T cells were profoundly depleted by the treatment. Therefore, pulmonary immunization with the rIAV vaccine stimulates lung-resident CD4+ memory T cells that are associated with early protection against tuberculosis infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Flórido
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Heni Muflihah
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Leon C W Lin
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia
| | - Yingju Xia
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - Frederic Sierro
- Liver Immunology Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mainthan Palendira
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carl G Feng
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Patrick Bertolino
- Liver Immunology Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia.,AW Morrow Gastroenterology and Liver Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Camperdown, NSW, Australia
| | - John Stambas
- School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
| | - James A Triccas
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Warwick J Britton
- Tuberculosis Research Program, Centenary Institute, The University of Sydney, Newtown, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia. .,Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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77
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Schreiner D, King CG. CD4+ Memory T Cells at Home in the Tissue: Mechanisms for Health and Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2394. [PMID: 30386342 PMCID: PMC6198086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last 10 years, a population of clonally expanded T cells that take up permanent residence in non-lymphoid tissues has been identified. The localization of these tissue resident memory (TRM) cells allows them to rapidly respond at the site of antigen exposure, making them an attractive therapeutic target for various immune interventions. Although most studies have focused on understanding the biology underlying CD8 TRMs, CD4 T cells actually far outnumber CD8 T cells in barrier tissues such as lung and skin. Depending on the immune context, CD4 TRM can contribute to immune protection, pathology, or tissue remodeling. Although the ability of CD4 T cells to differentiate into heterogeneous effector and memory subsets has been well-established, how this heterogeneity manifests within the TRM compartment and within different tissues is just beginning to be elucidated. In this review we will discuss our current understanding of how CD4 TRMs are generated and maintained as well as a potential role for CD4 TRM plasticity in mediating the balance between beneficial and pathogenic immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Schreiner
- Immune Cell Biology Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Carolyn G King
- Immune Cell Biology Lab, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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78
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Wu X, Wu P, Shen Y, Jiang X, Xu F. CD8 + Resident Memory T Cells and Viral Infection. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2093. [PMID: 30283442 PMCID: PMC6156262 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (Trm) cells are a subset of recently identified memory T cells that mainly reside and serve as sentinels in non-lymphoid peripheral tissues. Unlike the well-characterized circulating central memory T (Tcm) cells and effector memory T (Tem) cells, Trm cells persist in the tissues, do not recirculate into blood, and offer immediate protection against pathogens upon reinfection. In this review, we focus on CD8+ Trm cells and briefly introduce their characteristics, development, maintenance, and function during viral infection. We also discuss some unresolved problems, such as how CD8+ Trm cells adapt to the local tissue microenvironment, how Trm cells interact with other immune cells during their development and maintenance, and the mechanisms by which CD8+ Trm cells confer immune protection. We believe that a better understanding of these problems is of great clinical and therapeutic value and may contribute to more effective vaccination and treatments against viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie Wu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pin Wu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yifei Shen
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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79
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Human T Cell Development, Localization, and Function throughout Life. Immunity 2018; 48:202-213. [PMID: 29466753 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 675] [Impact Index Per Article: 112.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 10/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Throughout life, T cells coordinate multiple aspects of adaptive immunity, including responses to pathogens, allergens, and tumors. In mouse models, the role of T cells is studied in the context of a specific type of pathogen, antigen, or disease condition over a limited time frame, whereas in humans, T cells control multiple insults simultaneously throughout the body and maintain immune homeostasis over decades. In this review, we discuss how human T cells develop and provide essential immune protection at different life stages and highlight tissue localization and subset delineation as key determinants of the T cell functional role in immune responses. We also discuss how anatomic compartments undergo distinct age-associated changes in T cell subset composition and function over a lifetime. It is important to consider age and tissue influences on human T cells when developing targeted strategies to modulate T cell-mediated immunity in vaccines and immunotherapies.
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80
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Abstract
Activated CD8+ lymphocytes infiltrate the brain in response to many viral infections; where some remain stationed long term as memory T cells. Brain-resident memory T cells (bTRM) are positioned to impart immediate defense against recurrent or reactivated infection. The cytokine and chemokine milieu present within a tissue is critical for TRM generation and retention; and reciprocal interactions exist between brain-resident glia and bTRM. High concentrations of TGF-β are found within brain and this cytokine has been shown to induce CD103 (integrin αeβ7) expression. The majority of T cells persisting within brain express CD103, which aids in retention through interaction with E-cadherin. Likewise, cytokines produced by T cells also modulate microglia. The anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-4 has been shown to preferentially polarize microglial cells toward an M2 phenotype, with a corresponding increase in E-cadherin expression. These findings demonstrate that the brain microenvironment, both during and following inflammation, prominently contributes to the role of CD103 in T cell persistence. Further evidence shows that microglia, and astrocytes, upregulate programmed death (PD) ligand 1 during neuroinflammation, likely to limit neuropathology, and the PD-1: PD-L1 pathway also aids in bTRM generation and retention. Upon reactivation of quiescent neurotropic viruses, bTRM may respond to small amounts of de novo-produced viral antigen by rapidly releasing IFN-γ, resulting in interferon-stimulated gene expression in surrounding glia, thereby amplifying activation of a small number of adaptive immune cells into an organ-wide innate antiviral response. While advantageous from an antiviral perspective; over time, recall response-driven, organ-wide innate immune activation likely has cumulative neurotoxic and neurocognitive consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sujata Prasad
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - James R Lokensgard
- Neurovirology Laboratory, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
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81
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Morabito KM, Ruckwardt TJ, Bar-Haim E, Nair D, Moin SM, Redwood AJ, Price DA, Graham BS. Memory Inflation Drives Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cell Maintenance in the Lung After Intranasal Vaccination With Murine Cytomegalovirus. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1861. [PMID: 30154789 PMCID: PMC6102355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T (TRM) cells provide first-line defense against invading pathogens encountered at barrier sites. In the lungs, TRM cells protect against respiratory infections, but wane more quickly than TRM cells in other tissues. This lack of a sustained TRM population in the lung parenchyma explains, at least in part, why infections with some pathogens, such as influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), recur throughout life. Intranasal (IN) vaccination with a murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) vector expressing the M protein of RSV (MCMV-M) has been shown to elicit robust populations of CD8+ TRM cells that accumulate over time and mediate early viral clearance. To extend this finding, we compared the inflationary CD8+ T cell population elicited by MCMV-M vaccination with a conventional CD8+ T cell population elicited by an MCMV vector expressing the M2 protein of RSV (MCMV-M2). Vaccination with MCMV-M2 induced a population of M2-specific CD8+ TRM cells that waned rapidly, akin to the M2-specific CD8+ TRM cell population elicited by infection with RSV. In contrast to the natural immunodominance profile, however, coadministration of MCMV-M and MCMV-M2 did not suppress the M-specific CD8+ T cell response, suggesting that progressive expansion was driven by continuous antigen presentation, irrespective of the competitive or regulatory effects of M2-specific CD8+ T cells. Moreover, effective viral clearance mediated by M-specific CD8+ TRM cells was not affected by the coinduction of M2-specific CD8+ T cells. These data show that memory inflation is required for the maintenance of CD8+ TRM cells in the lungs after IN vaccination with MCMV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Morabito
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Tracy J Ruckwardt
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Erez Bar-Haim
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Israel Institute for Biological Research, Ness-Ziona, Israel
| | - Deepika Nair
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Syed M Moin
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Alec J Redwood
- Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Human Immunology Section, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Barney S Graham
- Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory, Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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82
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Behr FM, Chuwonpad A, Stark R, van Gisbergen KPJM. Armed and Ready: Transcriptional Regulation of Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1770. [PMID: 30131803 PMCID: PMC6090154 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental benefit of immunological memory is the ability to respond in an enhanced manner upon secondary encounter with the same pathogen. Tissue-resident memory CD8 T (TRM) cells contribute to improved protection against reinfection through the generation of immediate effector responses at the site of pathogen entry. Key to the potential of TRM cells to develop rapid recall responses is their location within the epithelia of the skin, lungs, and intestines at prime entry sites of pathogens. TRM cells are among the first immune cells to respond to pathogens that have been previously encountered in an antigen-specific manner. Upon recognition of invading pathogens, TRM cells release IFN-γ and other pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. These effector molecules activate the surrounding epithelial tissue and recruit other immune cells including natural killer (NK) cells, B cells, and circulating memory CD8 T cells to the site of infection. The repertoire of TRM effector functions also includes the direct lysis of infected cells through the release of cytotoxic molecules such as perforin and granzymes. The mechanisms enabling TRM cells to respond in such a rapid manner are gradually being uncovered. In this review, we will address the signals that instruct TRM generation and maintenance as well as the underlying transcriptional network that keeps TRM cells in a deployment-ready modus. Furthermore, we will discuss how TRM cells respond to reinfection of the tissue and how transcription factors may control immediate and proliferative TRM responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix M Behr
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ammarina Chuwonpad
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Regina Stark
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Klaas P J M van Gisbergen
- Department of Hematopoiesis, Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory AMC/UvA, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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83
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Muruganandah V, Sathkumara HD, Navarro S, Kupz A. A Systematic Review: The Role of Resident Memory T Cells in Infectious Diseases and Their Relevance for Vaccine Development. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1574. [PMID: 30038624 PMCID: PMC6046459 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Resident memory T cells have emerged as key players in the immune response generated against a number of pathogens. Their ability to take residence in non-lymphoid peripheral tissues allows for the rapid deployment of secondary effector responses at the site of pathogen entry. This ability to provide enhanced regional immunity has gathered much attention, with the generation of resident memory T cells being the goal of many novel vaccines. Objectives This review aimed to systematically analyze published literature investigating the role of resident memory T cells in human infectious diseases. Known effector responses mounted by these cells are summarized and key strategies that are potentially influential in the rational design of resident memory T cell inducing vaccines have also been highlighted. Methods A Boolean search was applied to Medline, SCOPUS, and Web of Science. Studies that investigated the effector response generated by resident memory T cells and/or evaluated strategies for inducing these cells were included irrespective of published date. Studies must have utilized an established technique for identifying resident memory T cells such as T cell phenotyping. Results While over 600 publications were revealed by the search, 147 articles were eligible for inclusion. The reference lists of included articles were also screened for other eligible publications. This resulted in the inclusion of publications that studied resident memory T cells in the context of over 25 human pathogens. The vast majority of studies were conducted in mouse models and demonstrated that resident memory T cells mount protective immune responses. Conclusion Although the role resident memory T cells play in providing immunity varies depending on the pathogen and anatomical location they resided in, the evidence overall suggests that these cells are vital for the timely and optimal protection against a number of infectious diseases. The induction of resident memory T cells should be further investigated and seriously considered when designing new vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Visai Muruganandah
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Harindra D Sathkumara
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
| | - Severine Navarro
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia.,QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Andreas Kupz
- Centre for Biosecurity and Tropical Infectious Diseases, Australian Institute of Tropical Health and Medicine, James Cook University, Cairns, QLD, Australia
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84
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Moalli F, Ficht X, Germann P, Vladymyrov M, Stolp B, de Vries I, Lyck R, Balmer J, Fiocchi A, Kreutzfeldt M, Merkler D, Iannacone M, Ariga A, Stoffel MH, Sharpe J, Bähler M, Sixt M, Diz-Muñoz A, Stein JV. The Rho regulator Myosin IXb enables nonlymphoid tissue seeding of protective CD8 + T cells. J Exp Med 2018; 215:1869-1890. [PMID: 29875261 PMCID: PMC6028505 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Moalli et al. combine in vitro CD8+ T cell motility analysis with intravital imaging of mouse tissues to identify the actomyosin regulator Myo9b as a central player for nonlymphoid tissue infiltration during adaptive immune responses by facilitating crossing of tissue barriers. T cells are actively scanning pMHC-presenting cells in lymphoid organs and nonlymphoid tissues (NLTs) with divergent topologies and confinement. How the T cell actomyosin cytoskeleton facilitates this task in distinct environments is incompletely understood. Here, we show that lack of Myosin IXb (Myo9b), a negative regulator of the small GTPase Rho, led to increased Rho-GTP levels and cell surface stiffness in primary T cells. Nonetheless, intravital imaging revealed robust motility of Myo9b−/− CD8+ T cells in lymphoid tissue and similar expansion and differentiation during immune responses. In contrast, accumulation of Myo9b−/− CD8+ T cells in NLTs was strongly impaired. Specifically, Myo9b was required for T cell crossing of basement membranes, such as those which are present between dermis and epidermis. As consequence, Myo9b−/− CD8+ T cells showed impaired control of skin infections. In sum, we show that Myo9b is critical for the CD8+ T cell adaptation from lymphoid to NLT surveillance and the establishment of protective tissue–resident T cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Moalli
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Xenia Ficht
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Philipp Germann
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mykhailo Vladymyrov
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics, Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bettina Stolp
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid de Vries
- Institute for Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Ruth Lyck
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Balmer
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Amleto Fiocchi
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Kreutzfeldt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Doron Merkler
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Division of Clinical Pathology, University and University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matteo Iannacone
- Division of Immunology, Transplantation and Infectious Diseases and Experimental Imaging Center, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute and Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milan, Italy
| | - Akitaka Ariga
- Albert Einstein Center for Fundamental Physics, Laboratory for High Energy Physics (LHEP), University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael H Stoffel
- Department of Clinical Research and Veterinary Public Health, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - James Sharpe
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain.,European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Martin Bähler
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Michael Sixt
- Institute for Science and Technology Austria, Klosterneuburg, Austria
| | - Alba Diz-Muñoz
- Cell Biology and Biophysics Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jens V Stein
- Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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85
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Human Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells Are Defined by Core Transcriptional and Functional Signatures in Lymphoid and Mucosal Sites. Cell Rep 2018; 20:2921-2934. [PMID: 28930685 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.08.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 686] [Impact Index Per Article: 114.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRMs) in mice mediate optimal protective immunity to infection and vaccination, while in humans, the existence and properties of TRMs remain unclear. Here, we use a unique human tissue resource to determine whether human tissue memory T cells constitute a distinct subset in diverse mucosal and lymphoid tissues. We identify a core transcriptional profile within the CD69+ subset of memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in lung and spleen that is distinct from that of CD69- TEM cells in tissues and circulation and defines human TRMs based on homology to the transcriptional profile of mouse CD8+ TRMs. Human TRMs in diverse sites exhibit increased expression of adhesion and inhibitory molecules, produce both pro-inflammatory and regulatory cytokines, and have reduced turnover compared with circulating TEM, suggesting unique adaptations for in situ immunity. Together, our results provide a unifying signature for human TRM and a blueprint for designing tissue-targeted immunotherapies.
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86
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Takamura S. Niches for the Long-Term Maintenance of Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1214. [PMID: 29904388 PMCID: PMC5990602 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) are a population of immune cells that reside in the lymphoid and non-lymphoid organs without recirculation through the blood. These important cells occupy and utilize unique anatomical and physiological niches that are distinct from those for other memory T cell populations, such as central memory T cells in the secondary lymphoid organs and effector memory T cells that circulate through the tissues. CD8+ TRM cells typically localize in the epithelial layers of barrier tissues where they are optimally positioned to act as sentinels to trigger antigen-specific protection against reinfection. CD4+ TRM cells typically localize below the epithelial layers, such as below the basement membrane, and cluster in lymphoid structures designed to optimize interactions with antigen-presenting cells upon reinfection. A key feature of TRM populations is their ability to be maintained in barrier tissues for prolonged periods of time. For example, skin CD8+ TRM cells displace epidermal niches originally occupied by γδ T cells, thereby enabling their stable persistence for years. It is also clear that the long-term maintenance of TRM cells in different microenvironments is dependent on multiple tissue-specific survival cues, although the specific details are poorly understood. However, not all TRM persist over the long term. Recently, we identified a new spatial niche for the maintenance of CD8+ TRM cells in the lung, which is created at the site of tissue regeneration after injury [termed repair-associated memory depots (RAMD)]. The short-lived nature of RAMD potentially explains the short lifespans of CD8+ TRM cells in this particular tissue. Clearly, a better understanding of the niche-dependent maintenance of TRM cells will be important for the development of vaccines designed to promote barrier immunity. In this review, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of the properties and nature of tissue-specific niches that maintain TRM cells in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiki Takamura
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Kindai University, Osaka, Japan
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87
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Reading JL, Gálvez-Cancino F, Swanton C, Lladser A, Peggs KS, Quezada SA. The function and dysfunction of memory CD8 + T cells in tumor immunity. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:194-212. [PMID: 29664561 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The generation and maintenance of CD8+ T cell memory is crucial to long-term host survival, yet the basic tenets of CD8+ T cell immunity are still being established. Recent work has led to the discovery of tissue-resident memory cells and refined our understanding of the transcriptional and epigenetic basis of CD8+ T cell differentiation and dysregulation. In parallel, the unprecedented clinical success of immunotherapy has galvanized an intense, global research effort to decipher and de-repress the anti-tumor response. However, the progress of immunotherapy is at a critical juncture, since the efficacy of immuno-oncology agents remains confined to a fraction of patients and often fails to provide durable benefit. Unlocking the potential of immunotherapy requires the design of strategies that both induce a potent effector response and reliably forge stable, functional memory T cell pools capable of protecting from recurrence or relapse. It is therefore essential that basic and emerging concepts of memory T cell biology are rapidly and faithfully transposed to advance therapeutic development in cancer immunotherapy. This review highlights seminal and recent reports in CD8+ T cell memory and tumor immunology, and evaluates recent data from solid cancer specimens in the context of the key paradigms from preclinical models. We elucidate the potential significance of circulating effector cells poised downstream of neoantigen recognition and upstream of T cell dysfunction and propose that cells in this immunological 'sweet spot' may be key anti-tumor effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James L Reading
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Alvaro Lladser
- Laboratory of Gene Immunotherapy, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - Karl S Peggs
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sergio A Quezada
- Cancer Immunology Unit, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
- Research Department of Haematology, University College London Cancer Institute, University College London, London, UK
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88
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Gebhardt T, Palendira U, Tscharke DC, Bedoui S. Tissue-resident memory T cells in tissue homeostasis, persistent infection, and cancer surveillance. Immunol Rev 2018; 283:54-76. [DOI: 10.1111/imr.12650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gebhardt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Centenary Institute; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
- Sydney Medical School; The University of Sydney; Sydney NSW Australia
| | - David C. Tscharke
- The John Curtin School of Medical Research; The Australian National University; Canberra ACT Australia
| | - Sammy Bedoui
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology; The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity; Melbourne Vic. Australia
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89
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Baumann NS, Torti N, Welten SPM, Barnstorf I, Borsa M, Pallmer K, Oduro JD, Cicin-Sain L, Ikuta K, Ludewig B, Oxenius A. Tissue maintenance of CMV-specific inflationary memory T cells by IL-15. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006993. [PMID: 29652930 PMCID: PMC5919076 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection induces an atypical CD8 T cell response, termed inflationary, that is characterised by accumulation and maintenance of high numbers of effector memory like cells in circulation and peripheral tissues—a feature being successfully harnessed for vaccine purposes. Although stability of this population depends on recurrent antigen encounter, the requirements for prolonged survival in peripheral tissues remain unknown. Here, we reveal that murine CMV-specific inflationary CD8 T cells are maintained in an antigen-independent manner and have a half-life of 12 weeks in the lung tissue. This half-life is drastically longer than the one of phenotypically comparable inflationary effector cells. IL-15 alone, and none of other common γ-cytokines, was crucial for survival of inflationary cells in peripheral organs. IL-15, mainly produced by non-hematopoietic cells in lung tissue and being trans-presented, promoted inflationary T cell survival by increasing expression of Bcl-2. These results indicate that inflationary CD8 T cells are not just simply effector-like cells, rather they share properties of both effector and memory CD8 T cells and they appear to be long-lived cells compared to the effector cells from acute virus infections. A majority of the human population is infected with cytomegalovirus (CMV), which results in lifelong persistence due to viral latency. CMV induces remarkably strong and sustained effector memory-like CD8 T cell responses in circulation and peripheral tissues, also referred to as memory CD8 T cell "inflation". In tissues, these effector memory-like cells contribute to immunosurveillance and early control of CMV reactivation events. Due to the high numbers and effector-like functional properties of inflationary CD8 T cells in peripheral tissues, CMV-based vectors are gaining substantial interest in the context of T cell based vaccines that protect peripheral tissues against infections or tumors. Here, we investigated how the stable peripheral pool of inflationary CD8 T cells is maintained and show that inflationary CD8 T cells are long-lived T cells and have a markedly prolonged half-life compared to effector CD8 T cells. In peripheral organs such as lung, IL-15 cytokine is pivotal in promoting maintenance of inflationary cells by inducing expression of the anti-apoptotic molecule Bcl-2. We show that IL-15 is mainly expressed by non-hematopoietic cells in lung tissue and that IL-15 is trans-presented to the inflationary CD8 T cells in vivo. Thus, CMV-driven inflationary CD8 T cell responses represent a unique T cell subset in peripheral tissues that is regulated differently compared to TRM CD8 T cells emerging after vaccination or acute infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas S. Baumann
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Torti
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Suzanne P. M. Welten
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Isabel Barnstorf
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Mariana Borsa
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Pallmer
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer D. Oduro
- Department of Vaccinology and applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Luka Cicin-Sain
- Department of Vaccinology and applied Microbiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Koichi Ikuta
- Laboratory of Immune Regulation, Department of Virus Research, Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Burkhard Ludewig
- Institute of Immunobiology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Annette Oxenius
- Institute of Microbiology, Department of Biology, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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90
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Topham DJ, Reilly EC. Tissue-Resident Memory CD8 + T Cells: From Phenotype to Function. Front Immunol 2018; 9:515. [PMID: 29632527 PMCID: PMC5879098 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tissue-resident memory CD8+ T cells are an important first line of defense from infection in peripheral non-lymphoid tissues, such as the mucosal tissues of the respiratory, digestive, and urogenital tracts. This memory T cell subset is established late during resolution of primary infection of those tissues, has a distinct genetic signature, and is often defined by the cell surface expression of CD69, CD103, CD49a, and CD44 in both mouse and human studies. The stimuli that program or imprint the unique gene expression and cell surface phenotypes on TRM are beginning to be defined, but much work remains to be done. It is not clear, for example, when and where the TRM precursors receive these signals, and there is evidence that supports imprinting in both the lymph node and the peripheral tissue sites. In most studies, expression of CD49a, CD103, and CD69 on T cells in the tissues appears relatively late in the response, suggesting there are precise environmental cues that are not present at the height of the acute response. CD49a and CD103 are not merely biomarkers of TRM, they confer substrate specificities for cell adhesion to collagen and E-cadherin, respectively. Yet, little attention has been paid to how expression affects the positioning of TRM in the peripheral tissues. CD103 and CD49a are not mutually exclusive, and not always co-expressed, although whether they can compensate for one another is unknown. In fact, they may define different subsets of TRM in certain tissues. For instance, while CD49a+CD8+ memory T cells can be found in almost all peripheral tissues, CD103 appears to be more restricted. In this review, we discuss the evidence for how these hallmarks of TRM affect positioning of T cells in peripheral sites, how CD49a and CD103 differ in expression and function, and why they are important for immune protection conferred by TRM in mucosal tissues such as the respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Topham
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Emma C Reilly
- David H. Smith Center for Vaccine Biology and Immunology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, United States
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91
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Gray JI, Westerhof LM, MacLeod MKL. The roles of resident, central and effector memory CD4 T-cells in protective immunity following infection or vaccination. Immunology 2018; 154:574-581. [PMID: 29570776 PMCID: PMC6050220 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunological memory provides rapid protection to pathogens previously encountered through infection or vaccination. CD4 T-cells play a central role in all adaptive immune responses. Vaccines must, therefore, activate CD4 T-cells if they are to generate protective immunity. For many diseases, we do not have effective vaccines. These include human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), tuberculosis and malaria, which are responsible for many millions of deaths each year across the globe. CD4 T-cells play many different roles during the immune response coordinating the actions of many other cells. In order to harness the diverse protective effects of memory CD4 T-cells, we need to understand how memory CD4 T-cells are generated and how they protect the host. Here we review recent findings on the location of different subsets of memory CD4 T-cells that are found in peripheral tissues (tissue resident memory T-cells) and in the circulation (central and effector memory T-cells). We discuss the generation of these cells, and the evidence that demonstrates how they provide immune protection in animal and human challenge models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua I. Gray
- Centre for ImmunobiologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Lotus M. Westerhof
- Centre for ImmunobiologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- GLAZgo Discovery CentreInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
| | - Megan K. L. MacLeod
- Centre for ImmunobiologyInstitute of Infection, Immunity and InflammationUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
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92
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Brizić I, Šušak B, Arapović M, Huszthy PC, Hiršl L, Kveštak D, Juranić Lisnić V, Golemac M, Pernjak Pugel E, Tomac J, Oxenius A, Britt WJ, Arapović J, Krmpotić A, Jonjić S. Brain-resident memory CD8 + T cells induced by congenital CMV infection prevent brain pathology and virus reactivation. Eur J Immunol 2018; 48:950-964. [PMID: 29500823 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201847526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Congenital HCMV infection is a leading infectious cause of long-term neurodevelopmental sequelae. Infection of newborn mice with mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV) intraperitoneally is a well-established model of congenital human cytomegalovirus infection, which best recapitulates the hematogenous route of virus spread to brain and subsequent pathology. Here, we used this model to investigate the role, dynamics, and phenotype of CD8+ T cells in the brain following infection of newborn mice. We show that CD8+ T cells infiltrate the brain and form a pool of tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM cells) that persist for lifetime. Adoptively transferred virus-specific CD8+ T cells provide protection against primary MCMV infection in newborn mice, reduce brain pathology, and remain in the brain as TRM cells. Brain CD8+ TRM cells were long-lived, slowly proliferating cells able to respond to local challenge infection. Importantly, brain CD8+ TRM cells controlled latent MCMV and their depletion resulted in virus reactivation and enhanced inflammation in brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilija Brizić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Božo Šušak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Maja Arapović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Peter C Huszthy
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Centre for Immune Regulation, Department of Immunology, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Lea Hiršl
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Daria Kveštak
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Vanda Juranić Lisnić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Mijo Golemac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Ester Pernjak Pugel
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jelena Tomac
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | | | - William J Britt
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jurica Arapović
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Mostar, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Astrid Krmpotić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Stipan Jonjić
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
- Center for Proteomics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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93
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McCully ML, Ladell K, Andrews R, Jones RE, Miners KL, Roger L, Baird DM, Cameron MJ, Jessop ZM, Whitaker IS, Davies EL, Price DA, Moser B. CCR8 Expression Defines Tissue-Resident Memory T Cells in Human Skin. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2018; 200:1639-1650. [PMID: 29427415 PMCID: PMC5818732 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Human skin harbors two major T cell compartments of equal size that are distinguished by expression of the chemokine receptor CCR8. In vitro studies have demonstrated that CCR8 expression is regulated by TCR engagement and the skin tissue microenvironment. To extend these observations, we examined the relationship between CCR8+ and CCR8- skin T cells in vivo. Phenotypic, functional, and transcriptomic analyses revealed that CCR8+ skin T cells bear all the hallmarks of resident memory T cells, including homeostatic proliferation in response to IL-7 and IL-15, surface expression of tissue localization (CD103) and retention (CD69) markers, low levels of inhibitory receptors (programmed cell death protein 1, Tim-3, LAG-3), and a lack of senescence markers (CD57, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1). In contrast, CCR8- skin T cells are heterogeneous and comprise variable numbers of exhausted (programmed cell death protein 1+), senescent (CD57+, killer cell lectin-like receptor subfamily G member 1+), and effector (T-bethi, Eomeshi) T cells. Importantly, conventional and high-throughput sequencing of expressed TCR β-chain (TRB) gene rearrangements showed that these CCR8-defined populations are clonotypically distinct, suggesting unique ontogenies in response to separate antigenic challenges and/or stimulatory conditions. Moreover, CCR8+ and CCR8- skin T cells were phenotypically stable in vitro and displayed similar levels of telomere erosion, further supporting the likelihood of a nonlinear differentiation pathway. On the basis of these results, we propose that long-lived memory T cells in human skin can be defined by the expression of CCR8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L McCully
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kristin Ladell
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Andrews
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Rhiannon E Jones
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Kelly L Miners
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Laureline Roger
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Duncan M Baird
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Division of Cancer and Genetics, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Mark J Cameron
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106
| | - Zita M Jessop
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, United Kingdom; and
| | - Iain S Whitaker
- The Welsh Centre for Burns and Plastic Surgery, Morriston Hospital, Swansea SA6 6NL, United Kingdom; and
| | - Eleri L Davies
- Breast Centre, University Hospital of Llandough, Llandough CF64 2XX, United Kingdom
| | - David A Price
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
| | - Bernhard Moser
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom;
- Systems Immunity Research Institute, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff CF14 4XN, United Kingdom
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94
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Hill AB. The immune response to CMV infection and vaccination in mice, monkeys and humans: recent developments. Curr Opin Virol 2018; 28:161-166. [PMID: 29459261 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The immune response to CMV is characterized by extremely large T cell and antibody responses that persist for a lifetime, but do not prevent superinfection with other CMV strains. This makes generation of a vaccine against CMV very difficult, but has facilitated development of CMV-vectored vaccines, which have shown promise in mouse tumor models and in monkey models of infectious disease. The serendipitous use of a mutant rhesus CMV vector for the SIV vaccine elicited extraordinary, CD8 T cell responses restricted by MHCII and non-classical MHCI molecules which apparently provide protection against SIV. CMV-specific CD8 T cell responses in the mouse model are driven by antigen and live out their lives primarily within the intravascular compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann B Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR, United States.
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95
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Humphreys IR, Sebastian S. Novel viral vectors in infectious diseases. Immunology 2018; 153:1-9. [PMID: 28869761 PMCID: PMC5721250 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the development of vaccinia virus as a vaccine vector in 1984, the utility of numerous viruses in vaccination strategies has been explored. In recent years, key improvements to existing vectors such as those based on adenovirus have led to significant improvements in immunogenicity and efficacy. Furthermore, exciting new vectors that exploit viruses such as cytomegalovirus (CMV) and vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) have emerged. Herein, we summarize these recent developments in viral vector technologies, focusing on novel vectors based on CMV, VSV, measles and modified adenovirus. We discuss the potential utility of these exciting approaches in eliciting protection against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian R. Humphreys
- Institute of Infection and Immunity/Systems Immunity University Research InstituteCardiff UniversityCardiffUK
- The Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteHinxtonUK
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96
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Caldeira-Dantas S, Furmanak T, Smith C, Quinn M, Teos LY, Ertel A, Kurup D, Tandon M, Alevizos I, Snyder CM. The Chemokine Receptor CXCR3 Promotes CD8 + T Cell Accumulation in Uninfected Salivary Glands but Is Not Necessary after Murine Cytomegalovirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 200:1133-1145. [PMID: 29288198 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Recent work indicates that salivary glands are able to constitutively recruit CD8+ T cells and retain them as tissue-resident memory T cells, independently of local infection, inflammation, or Ag. To understand the mechanisms supporting T cell recruitment to the salivary gland, we compared T cell migration to the salivary gland in mice that were infected or not with murine CMV (MCMV), a herpesvirus that infects the salivary gland and promotes the accumulation of salivary gland tissue-resident memory T cells. We found that acute MCMV infection increased rapid T cell recruitment to the salivary gland but that equal numbers of activated CD8+ T cells eventually accumulated in infected and uninfected glands. T cell recruitment to uninfected salivary glands depended on chemokines and the integrin α4 Several chemokines were expressed in the salivary glands of infected and uninfected mice, and many of these could promote the migration of MCMV-specific T cells in vitro. MCMV infection increased the expression of chemokines that interact with the receptors CXCR3 and CCR5, but neither receptor was needed for T cell recruitment to the salivary gland during MCMV infection. Unexpectedly, however, the chemokine receptor CXCR3 was critical for T cell accumulation in uninfected salivary glands. Together, these data suggest that CXCR3 and the integrin α4 mediate T cell recruitment to uninfected salivary glands but that redundant mechanisms mediate T cell recruitment after MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caldeira-Dantas
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal.,Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS)/3B's Associate Laboratory, 4710-057 Braga, Portugal
| | - Thomas Furmanak
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Corinne Smith
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Michael Quinn
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Leyla Y Teos
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Adam Ertel
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Drishya Kurup
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107
| | - Mayank Tandon
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Ilias Alevizos
- Sjögren's Syndrome and Salivary Gland Dysfunction Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892; and
| | - Christopher M Snyder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107;
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97
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Shin H. Formation and function of tissue-resident memory T cells during viral infection. Curr Opin Virol 2017; 28:61-67. [PMID: 29175730 DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Memory T cells are an important component of the adaptive immune response. Tissue-resident memory T cells (TRM) are a recently described subset of memory T cells that reside in peripheral tissues and are maintained independently of circulating subsets of memory T cells. Importantly, TRM are frequently found in barrier tissues that commonly serve as entry portals for pathogens such as viruses. Mounting evidence shows that TRM are superior to their circulating counterparts in conferring protective immunity against a wide range of viruses. In this review, we will discuss the role of TRM in controlling viral infection with a focus on CD8+ TRM, the factors that regulate differentiation and a potential role for TRM in future vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haina Shin
- Department of Medicine/Division of Infectious Diseases, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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98
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Almanan M, Raynor J, Sholl A, Wang M, Chougnet C, Cardin RD, Hildeman DA. Tissue-specific control of latent CMV reactivation by regulatory T cells. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006507. [PMID: 28796839 PMCID: PMC5552023 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytomegalovirus (CMV) causes a persistent, lifelong infection. CMV persists in a latent state and undergoes intermittent subclinical viral reactivation that is quelled by ongoing T cell responses. While T cells are critical to maintain control of infection, the immunological factors that promote CMV persistence remain unclear. Here, we investigated the role of regulatory T cells (Treg) in a mouse model of latent CMV infection using Foxp3-diphtheria toxin receptor (Foxp3-DTR) mice. Eight months after infection, MCMV had established latency in the spleen, salivary gland, lung, and pancreas, which was accompanied by an increased frequency of Treg. Administration of diphtheria toxin (DT) after establishment of latency efficiently depleted Treg and drove a significant increase in the numbers of functional MCMV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Strikingly, Treg depletion decreased the number of animals with reactivatable latent MCMV in the spleen. Unexpectedly, in the same animals, ablation of Treg drove a significant increase in viral reactivation in the salivary gland that was accompanied with augmented local IL-10 production by Foxp3-CD4+T cells. Further, neutralization of IL-10 after Treg depletion significantly decreased viral load in the salivary gland. Combined, these data show that Treg have divergent control of MCMV infection depending upon the tissue. In the spleen, Treg antagonize CD8+ effector function and promote viral persistence while in the salivary gland Treg prevent IL-10 production and limit viral reactivation and replication. These data provide new insights into the organ-specific roles of Treg in controlling the reactivation of latent MCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Almanan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Jana Raynor
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Allyson Sholl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Mei Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Claire Chougnet
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
| | - Rhonda D. Cardin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA, United States of America
| | - David A. Hildeman
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Division of Immunobiology, Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States of America
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99
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The emerging role of ECM crosslinking in T cell mobility as a hallmark of immunosenescence in humans. Ageing Res Rev 2017; 35:322-335. [PMID: 27876574 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Immunosenescence is thought to result from cellular aging and to reflect exposure to environmental stressors and antigens, including cytomegalovirus (CMV). However, not all of the features of immunosenescence are consistent with this view, and this has led to the emergence of the sister theory of "inflammaging". The recently discovered diffuse tissue distribution of resident memory T cells (TRM) which don't recirculate, calls these theories into question. These cells account for most T cells residing in barrier epithelia which sit in and travel through the extracellular matrix (ECM). With almost all studies to date carried out on peripheral blood, the age-related changes of the ECM and their consequences for T cell mobility, which is crucial for the function of these cells, have been largely ignored. We propose an update of the theoretical framework of immunosenescence, based on a novel hypothesis: the increasing stiffness and cross-linking of the senescent ECM lead to a progressive immunodeficiency due to an age-related decrease in T cell mobility and eventually the death of these cells. A key element of this mechanism is the mechanical stress to which the cell cytoplasm and nucleus are subjected during passage through the ECM. This hypothesis is based on an "evo-devo" perspective bringing together some major characteristics of aging, to create a single interpretive framework for immunosenescence.
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100
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Mackay LK, Kallies A. Transcriptional Regulation of Tissue-Resident Lymphocytes. Trends Immunol 2017; 38:94-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2016.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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