51
|
Rheumatic manifestations of chikungunya: emerging concepts and interventions. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2019; 15:597-611. [DOI: 10.1038/s41584-019-0276-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
|
52
|
McCarthy MK, Morrison TE. Blocking the Exit: CHIKV Neutralizing Antibodies Nip Viral Egress in the Bud. Cell Host Microbe 2019; 24:328-330. [PMID: 30212644 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibody responses are critical for protection from virus-induced disease. In this issue of Cell Host & Microbe, Jin et al. (2018) use advanced microscopy to elucidate mechanisms by which anti-CHIKV neutralizing monoclonal antibodies block viral egress and activate ADCC, suggesting such antibodies may be "triply functional."
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary K McCarthy
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Thomas E Morrison
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 East 19th Avenue, Mail Stop 8333, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Stass R, Ng WM, Kim YC, Huiskonen JT. Structures of enveloped virions determined by cryogenic electron microscopy and tomography. Adv Virus Res 2019; 105:35-71. [PMID: 31522708 PMCID: PMC7112279 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2019.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enveloped viruses enclose their genomes inside a lipid bilayer which is decorated by membrane proteins that mediate virus entry. These viruses display a wide range of sizes, morphologies and symmetries. Spherical viruses are often isometric and their envelope proteins follow icosahedral symmetry. Filamentous and pleomorphic viruses lack such global symmetry but their surface proteins may display locally ordered assemblies. Determining the structures of enveloped viruses, including the envelope proteins and their protein-protein interactions on the viral surface, is of paramount importance. These structures can reveal how the virions are assembled and released by budding from the infected host cell, how the progeny virions infect new cells by membrane fusion, and how antibodies bind surface epitopes to block infection. In this chapter, we discuss the uses of cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) in elucidating structures of enveloped virions. Starting from a detailed outline of data collection and processing strategies, we highlight how cryo-EM has been successfully utilized to provide unique insights into enveloped virus entry, assembly, and neutralization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Stass
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Weng M Ng
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Young Chan Kim
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Juha T Huiskonen
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; Helsinki Institute of Life Science HiLIFE and Research Programme in Molecular and Integrative Biosciences, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Kim J, Yang J, Kim YB, Lee HJ, Kim S, Poo H. Development of a Specific CHIKV-E2 Monoclonal Antibody for Chikungunya Diagnosis. Virol Sin 2019; 34:563-571. [PMID: 31214999 DOI: 10.1007/s12250-019-00135-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya fever is a vector-borne viral disease transmitted to humans by chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-infected mosquitoes. There have been many outbreaks of CHIKV infection worldwide, and the virus poses ongoing risks to global health. To prevent and control CHIKV infection, it is important to improve the current CHIKV diagnostic approaches to allow for the detection of low CHIKV concentrations and to correctly distinguish CHIKV infections from those due to other mosquito-transmitted viruses, including dengue virus (DENV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), and Zika virus (ZIKV). Here, we produced monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the CHIKV envelope 2 protein (CHIKV-E2) and compared their sensitivity and specificity with commercially available mAbs using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA). Two anti-CHIKV-E2 mAbs, 19-1 and 21-1, showed higher binding affinities to CHIKV-E2 protein than the commercial mAbs did. In particular, the 19-1 mAb had the strongest binding affinity to inactivated CHIKV. Moreover, the 19-1 mAb had very little cross-reactivity with other mosquito-borne viruses, such as ZIKV, JEV, and DENV. These results suggest that the newly produced anti-CHIKV-E2 mAb, 19-1, could be used for CHIKV diagnostic approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaemoo Kim
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyun Yang
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Bong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bio-Industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyun Kim
- Department of Bio-Industrial Technologies, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Haryoung Poo
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea. .,Department of Biosystems and Bioengineering, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Jin J, Simmons G. Antiviral Functions of Monoclonal Antibodies against Chikungunya Virus. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040305. [PMID: 30925717 PMCID: PMC6520934 DOI: 10.3390/v11040305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most common alphavirus infecting humans worldwide. Antibodies play pivotal roles in the immune response to infection. Increasingly, therapeutic antibodies are becoming important for protection from pathogen infection for which neither vaccine nor treatment is available, such as CHIKV infection. The new generation of ultra-potent and/or broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) provides new opportunities for intervention. In the past decade, several potent human and mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs were isolated and demonstrated to be protective in vivo. Mechanistic studies of these mAbs suggest that mAbs exert multiple modes of action cooperatively. Better understanding of these antiviral mechanisms for mAbs will help to optimize mAb therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Graham Simmons
- Vitalant Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Tuekprakhon A, Puiprom O, Sasaki T, Michiels J, Bartholomeeusen K, Nakayama EE, Meno MK, Phadungsombat J, Huits R, Ariën KK, Luplertlop N, Shioda T, Leaungwutiwong P. Broad-spectrum monoclonal antibodies against chikungunya virus structural proteins: Promising candidates for antibody-based rapid diagnostic test development. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0208851. [PMID: 30557365 PMCID: PMC6296674 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0208851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In response to the aggressive global spread of the mosquito-borne chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an accurate and accessible diagnostic tool is of high importance. CHIKV, an arthritogenic alphavirus, comprises three genotypes: East/Central/South African (ECSA), West African (WA), and Asian. A previous rapid immunochromatographic (IC) test detecting CHIKV E1 protein showed promising performance for detection of the ECSA genotype. Unfortunately, this kit exhibited lower capacity for detection of the Asian genotype, currently in circulation in the Americas, reflecting the low avidity of one of the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) in this IC kit for the E1 protein of the Asian-genotype because of a variant amino acid sequence. To address this shortcoming, we set out to generate a new panel of broad-spectrum mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs using hybridoma technology. We report here the successful generation of mouse anti-CHIKV mAbs targeting CHIKV E1 and capsid proteins. These mAbs possessed broad reactivity to all three CHIKV genotypes, while most of the mAbs lacked cross-reactivity towards Sindbis, dengue, and Zika viruses. Two of the mAbs also lacked cross-reactivity towards other alphaviruses, including O'nyong-nyong, Ross River, Mayaro, Western Equine Encephalitis, Eastern Equine Encephalitis, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis viruses. In addition, another two mAbs cross-reacted weakly only with most closely related O'nyong-nyong virus. Effective diagnosis is one of the keys to disease control but to date, no antibody-based rapid IC platform for CHIKV is commercially available. Thus, the application of the mAbs characterized here in the rapid diagnostic IC kit for CHIKV detection is expected to be of great value for clinical diagnosis and surveillance purposes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aekkachai Tuekprakhon
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orapim Puiprom
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tadahiro Sasaki
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Johan Michiels
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Bartholomeeusen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Emi E. Nakayama
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michael K. Meno
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Juthamas Phadungsombat
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ralph Huits
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kevin K. Ariën
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Natthanej Luplertlop
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tatsuo Shioda
- Mahidol-Osaka Center for Infectious Diseases (MOCID), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Institute for Microbial Diseases (RIMD), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (TS); (PL)
| | - Pornsawan Leaungwutiwong
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail: (TS); (PL)
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Muñoz-Medina JE, Garcia-Knight MA, Sanchez-Flores A, Monroy-Muñoz IE, Grande R, Esbjörnsson J, Santacruz-Tinoco CE, González-Bonilla CR. Evolutionary analysis of the Chikungunya virus epidemic in Mexico reveals intra-host mutational hotspots in the E1 protein. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0209292. [PMID: 30550577 PMCID: PMC6294367 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemic potential of Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) was recently made evident by its introduction and rapid expansion in the Caribbean and the Americas. We sought to gain a detailed understanding of the dynamics of the epidemic in Mexico, the country with the highest number of confirmed CHIKV cases in the Americas, and to characterise viral evolution at the population and intra-host level. Analysis of the spatiotemporal distribution of 2,739 diagnosed cases in Mexico from December 2014 to December 2015 showed a rapid nationwide expansion of the epidemic with focalisation in the South West of the country. We sequenced the envelope glycoprotein 1 gene (E1) from 25 patients using the Illumina MiSeq platform and report synonymous and non-synonymous consensus mutations. Bayesian phylogenetic analysis using 249 Asian lineage E1 sequences gave updated estimates of nucleotide substitution rates for E1 and time to most recent common ancestor of major lineages. The analysis indicates phylogenetically-related emergent Latin American clusters in South Western Mexico, Nicaragua and Honduras and transmission of American strains in the Pacific islands. Detailed analysis showed that intra-host changes in E1 mainly occurred in two variable regions (E1:189-220 and E1:349-358) in domains II and III, respectively, in residues involved in inter and intra-envelope spike interactions. At the population level, this study sheds light on the introduction and evolutionary dynamics of CHIKV in the Americas. At the intra-host level, this study identifies mutational hotspots of the E1 protein with implications for understanding the relationship between the CHIKV quasispecies, viral fitness and pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- José Esteban Muñoz-Medina
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Antonio Garcia-Knight
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas, Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla, Mexico
| | - Alejandro Sanchez-Flores
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Irma Eloísa Monroy-Muñoz
- Laboratorio de Genómica, Departamento de Genética y Genómica Humana, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología “Isidro Espinosa de los Reyes”, Mexico City, México
| | - Ricardo Grande
- Unidad Universitaria de Secuenciación Masiva y Bioinformática, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Joakim Esbjörnsson
- Systems Virology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NDM Research Building, Nuffield Department Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Clara Esperanza Santacruz-Tinoco
- Laboratorio Central de Epidemiología, Centro Médico Nacional “La Raza”, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - César Raúl González-Bonilla
- División de Laboratorios de Vigilancia e Investigación Epidemiológica, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Selection and characterization of protective anti-chikungunya virus single domain antibodies. Mol Immunol 2018; 105:190-197. [PMID: 30550981 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus that causes an arthralgia febrile illness that has affected millions of people on three continents. Previously, neutralizing monoclonal antibodies that have prophylactic and therapeutic activity were found to remove virus in joint tissues, thereby reducing the severity of symptoms in mice and non-human primates. In this study, we sought to develop thermostable small recombinant antibodies against CHIKV for future diagnostic, prophylactic and therapeutic applications. To develop these single domain antibodies (sdAb) a CHIKV immune library was constructed by displaying the consortium of variable heavy domains (VHH) amplified from peripheral white blood cells isolated from llamas immunized with CHIKV virus-like particles (VLPs). Five anti-CHIKV sdAb isolated using bio-panning were evaluated for their affinity and thermal stability. Their ability to detect CHIKV VLPs was demonstrated in both MagPlex- and ELISA- based assays. Finally, the ability of two sdAb, CC3 and CA6, to inhibit CHIKV infection were tested using a plaque reduction and neutralization test (PRNT), yielding PRNT50 values of 0.6 and 45.6 nM, respectively.
Collapse
|
59
|
Protective antibodies against Eastern equine encephalitis virus bind to epitopes in domains A and B of the E2 glycoprotein. Nat Microbiol 2018; 4:187-197. [PMID: 30455470 PMCID: PMC6294662 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-018-0286-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus with a high case mortality rate in humans. EEEV is a biodefense concern because of its potential for aerosol spread and the lack of existing countermeasures. In this study, we identified a panel of 18 neutralizing murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against the EEEV E2 protein, several of which had “elite” activity with 50% and 99% inhibitory concentrations (EC50 and EC99) of less than 10 and 100 ng/ml, respectively. Alanine-scanning mutagenesis and neutralization escape mapping analysis revealed epitopes for these mAbs in domains A or B of the E2 glycoprotein. A majority of the neutralizing mAbs blocked at a post-attachment stage, with several inhibiting viral membrane fusion. Administration of one dose of anti-EEEV mAbs protected mice from lethal subcutaneous or aerosol challenge. These experiments define the mechanistic basis for neutralization by protective anti-EEEV mAbs and suggest a path forward for treatment and vaccine design.
Collapse
|
60
|
Milligan GN, Schnierle BS, McAuley AJ, Beasley DWC. Defining a correlate of protection for chikungunya virus vaccines. Vaccine 2018; 37:7427-7436. [PMID: 30448337 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2018.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus infection causes a debilitating febrile illness that in many affected individuals is associated with long-term sequelae that can persist for months or years. Over the past decade a large number of candidate vaccines have been developed, several of which have now entered clinical trials. The rapid and sporadic nature of chikungunya outbreaks poses challenges for planning of large clinical efficacy trials suggesting that licensure of chikungunya vaccines may utilize non-traditional approval pathways based on identification of immunological endpoint(s) predictive of clinical benefit. This report reviews the current status of nonclinical and clinical testing and potential challenges for defining a suitable surrogate or correlate of protection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregg N Milligan
- WHO Collaborating Center for Vaccine Research, Evaluation and Training on Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Barbara S Schnierle
- WHO Collaborating Center for Standardization and Evaluation of Vaccines, Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany; Section AIDS, New and Emerging Pathogens, Virology Division, Paul Ehrlich Institut, Langen, Germany
| | - Alexander J McAuley
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - David W C Beasley
- WHO Collaborating Center for Vaccine Research, Evaluation and Training on Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Jin J, Galaz-Montoya JG, Sherman MB, Sun SY, Goldsmith CS, O'Toole ET, Ackerman L, Carlson LA, Weaver SC, Chiu W, Simmons G. Neutralizing Antibodies Inhibit Chikungunya Virus Budding at the Plasma Membrane. Cell Host Microbe 2018; 24:417-428.e5. [PMID: 30146390 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2018.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) are traditionally thought to inhibit virus infection by preventing virion entry into target cells. In addition, antibodies can engage Fc receptors (FcRs) on immune cells to activate antiviral responses. We describe a mechanism by which NAbs inhibit chikungunya virus (CHIKV), the most common alphavirus infecting humans, by preventing virus budding from infected human cells and activating IgG-specific Fcγ receptors. NAbs bind to CHIKV glycoproteins on the infected cell surface and induce glycoprotein coalescence, preventing budding of nascent virions and leaving structurally heterogeneous nucleocapsids arrested in the cytosol. Furthermore, NAbs induce clustering of CHIKV replication spherules at sites of budding blockage. Functionally, these densely packed glycoprotein-NAb complexes on infected cells activate Fcγ receptors, inducing a strong, antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity response from immune effector cells. Our findings describe a triply functional antiviral pathway for NAbs that might be broadly applicable across virus-host systems, suggesting avenues for therapeutic innovation through antibody design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| | - Jesús G Galaz-Montoya
- Departments of Bioengineering, Microbiology and Immunology, and Photon Science, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael B Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Stella Y Sun
- Departments of Bioengineering, Microbiology and Immunology, and Photon Science, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Cynthia S Goldsmith
- Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Eileen T O'Toole
- Boulder Laboratory for 3-D Electron Microscopy of Cells, Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Larry Ackerman
- Department of Anatomy, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Lars-Anders Carlson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå 901 87, Sweden
| | - Scott C Weaver
- Institute for Human Infections and Immunity and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- Departments of Bioengineering, Microbiology and Immunology, and Photon Science, James H. Clark Center, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA 94118, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Jin J, Sherman MB, Chafets D, Dinglasan N, Lu K, Lee TH, Carlson LA, Muench MO, Simmons G. An attenuated replication-competent chikungunya virus with a fluorescently tagged envelope. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2018; 12:e0006693. [PMID: 30063703 PMCID: PMC6086482 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0006693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is the most common alphavirus infecting humans worldwide, causing acute and chronically debilitating arthralgia at a great economic expense. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS To facilitate our study of CHIKV, we generated a mCherry tagged replication-competent chimeric virus, CHIKV 37997-mCherry. Single particle cryoEM demonstrated icosahedral organization of the chimeric virus and the display of mCherry proteins on virus surface. CHIKV 37997-mCherry is attenuated in both IFNαR knockout and wild-type mice. Strong anti-CHIKV and anti-mCherry antibody responses were induced in CHIKV 37997-mCherry infected mice. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Our work suggests that chimeric alphaviruses displaying foreign antigen can serve as vaccines against both aphaviruses and other pathogens and diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Michael B. Sherman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States of America
| | - Daniel Chafets
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Nuntana Dinglasan
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Kai Lu
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Tzong-Hae Lee
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Lars-Anders Carlson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Marcus O. Muench
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Graham Simmons
- Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Zhang R, Kim AS, Fox JM, Nair S, Basore K, Klimstra WB, Rimkunas R, Fong RH, Lin H, Poddar S, Crowe JE, Doranz BJ, Fremont DH, Diamond MS. Mxra8 is a receptor for multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses. Nature 2018; 557:570-574. [PMID: 29769725 PMCID: PMC5970976 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-018-0121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Arthritogenic alphaviruses comprise a group of enveloped RNA viruses that are transmitted to humans by mosquitoes and cause debilitating acute and chronic musculoskeletal disease 1 . The host factors required for alphavirus entry remain poorly characterized 2 . Here we use a genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9-based screen to identify the cell adhesion molecule Mxra8 as an entry mediator for multiple emerging arthritogenic alphaviruses, including chikungunya, Ross River, Mayaro and O'nyong nyong viruses. Gene editing of mouse Mxra8 or human MXRA8 resulted in reduced levels of viral infection of cells and, reciprocally, ectopic expression of these genes resulted in increased infection. Mxra8 bound directly to chikungunya virus particles and enhanced virus attachment and internalization into cells. Consistent with these findings, Mxra8-Fc fusion protein or anti-Mxra8 monoclonal antibodies blocked chikungunya virus infection in multiple cell types, including primary human synovial fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondrocytes and skeletal muscle cells. Mutagenesis experiments suggest that Mxra8 binds to a surface-exposed region across the A and B domains of chikungunya virus E2 protein, which are a speculated site of attachment. Finally, administration of the Mxra8-Fc protein or anti-Mxra8 blocking antibodies to mice reduced chikungunya and O'nyong nyong virus infection as well as associated foot swelling. Pharmacological targeting of Mxra8 could form a strategy for mitigating infection and disease by multiple arthritogenic alphaviruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Arthur S Kim
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Sharmila Nair
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Katherine Basore
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - William B Klimstra
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Hueylie Lin
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Subhajit Poddar
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - James E Crowe
- Vanderbilt Vaccine Center, Department of Pediatrics and Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | | | - Daved H Fremont
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
- Andrew M. and Jane M. Bursky Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, MO, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Brown RS, Wan JJ, Kielian M. The Alphavirus Exit Pathway: What We Know and What We Wish We Knew. Viruses 2018; 10:E89. [PMID: 29470397 PMCID: PMC5850396 DOI: 10.3390/v10020089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses are enveloped positive sense RNA viruses and include serious human pathogens, such as the encephalitic alphaviruses and Chikungunya virus. Alphaviruses are transmitted to humans primarily by mosquito vectors and include species that are classified as emerging pathogens. Alphaviruses assemble highly organized, spherical particles that bud from the plasma membrane. In this review, we discuss what is known about the alphavirus exit pathway during a cellular infection. We describe the viral protein interactions that are critical for virus assembly/budding and the host factors that are involved, and we highlight the recent discovery of cell-to-cell transmission of alphavirus particles via intercellular extensions. Lastly, we discuss outstanding questions in the alphavirus exit pathway that may provide important avenues for future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca S Brown
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Judy J Wan
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Margaret Kielian
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Affiliation(s)
- Shefali Khanna Sharma
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology; Department of Internal Medicine; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| | - Sanjay Jain
- Unit of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology; Department of Internal Medicine; Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research; Chandigarh India
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Halogenated Chrysins Inhibit Dengue and Zika Virus Infectivity. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13696. [PMID: 29057920 PMCID: PMC5651866 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14121-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus infection is a global threat for which no specific treatment has not been established. Previous reports suggested chrysin and flavanone derivatives were potential flaviviral inhibitors. Here, we reported two halogenated chrysins, abbreviated FV13 and FV14, were highly potent against DENV1-4 and ZIKV infectivities with the FV13 EC50 values of 2.30 ± 1.04, 1.47 ± 0.86, 2.32 ± 1.46, 1.78 ± 0.72 and 1.65 ± 0.86 µM; and FV14 EC50 values of 2.30 ± 0.92, 2.19 ± 0.31, 1.02 ± 0.31, 1.29 ± 0.60 and 1.39 ± 0.11 µM, respectively. The CC50s to LLC/MK2 of FV13 and FV14 were 44.28 ± 2.90 μM, 42.51 ± 2.53 µM, respectively. Mechanism of drug action studies suggested multiple targets but maximal efficiency was achieved with early post infection treatment. This is the first report showing a high potency of halogenated chrysins for development as a broad-spectrum anti-flaviviral drug.
Collapse
|
67
|
Fox JM, Diamond MS. Immune-Mediated Protection and Pathogenesis of Chikungunya Virus. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 197:4210-4218. [PMID: 27864552 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1601426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a re-emerging alphavirus that causes debilitating acute and chronic arthritis. Infection by CHIKV induces a robust immune response that is characterized by production of type I IFNs, recruitment of innate and adaptive immune cells, and development of neutralizing Abs. Despite this response, chronic arthritis can develop in some individuals, which may be due to a failure to eliminate viral RNA and Ag and/or persistent immune responses that cause chronic joint inflammation. In this review, based primarily on advances from recent studies in mice, we discuss the innate and adaptive immune factors that control CHIKV dissemination and clearance or contribute to pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie M Fox
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| | - Michael S Diamond
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; .,Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110.,Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110; and.,Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-borne alphavirus in the family Togaviridae that causes outbreaks of debilitating acute and chronic arthralgia in humans. Although historically associated with localized outbreaks in Africa and Asia, recent epidemics in the Indian Ocean region and the Americas have led to the recognition that CHIKV is capable of moving into previously unaffected areas and causing significant levels of human suffering. The severity of CHIKV rheumatic disease, which can severely impact life quality of infected individuals for weeks, months, or even years, combined with the explosive nature of CHIKV outbreaks and its demonstrated ability to quickly spread into new regions, has led to renewed interest in developing strategies for the prevention or treatment of CHIKV-induced disease. Therefore, this chapter briefly discusses the biology of CHIKV and the factors contributing to CHIKV dissemination, while also discussing the pathogenesis of CHIKV-induced disease and summarizing the status of efforts to develop safe and effective therapies and vaccines against CHIKV and related viruses.
Collapse
|
69
|
Mangala Prasad V, Klose T, Rossmann MG. Assembly, maturation and three-dimensional helical structure of the teratogenic rubella virus. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006377. [PMID: 28575072 PMCID: PMC5470745 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 06/14/2017] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections during pregnancy are a significant cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Of these, rubella virus infection is a well-substantiated example that leads to miscarriages or severe fetal defects. However, structural information about the rubella virus has been lacking due to the pleomorphic nature of the virions. Here we report a helical structure of rubella virions using cryo-electron tomography. Sub-tomogram averaging of the surface spikes established the relative positions of the viral glycoproteins, which differed from the earlier icosahedral models of the virus. Tomographic analyses of in vitro assembled nucleocapsids and virions provide a template for viral assembly. Comparisons of immature and mature virions show large rearrangements in the glycoproteins that may be essential for forming the infectious virions. These results present the first known example of a helical membrane-enveloped virus, while also providing a structural basis for its assembly and maturation pathway. Rubella virus (RV) causes serious fetal defects when contracted during pregnancy. Despite its medical importance, due to the irregular shapes and different sizes of the virions, the RV structure has remained unknown. Using cryo-electron tomography, we have determined the RV structure, which shows a unique, helical outer surface. Subsequent local averaging of the RV surface spikes has established the conformations of its immunogenic glycoproteins. In vitro assembly studies on the virus capsid protein have provided insights into the interactions necessary for virus assembly. Comparisons between mature and immature RV show large conformational changes in the virion structure that are essential for virus maturation. These results help to gain a structural understanding of RV pathogenicity, which may also be relevant to other teratogenic viruses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vidya Mangala Prasad
- Department of Biological Sciences, 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Thomas Klose
- Department of Biological Sciences, 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
| | - Michael G. Rossmann
- Department of Biological Sciences, 240 S. Martin Jischke Drive, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Powers AM. How Chikungunya Virus Virology Affects Its Epidemiology and Transmission: Implications for Influencing Public Health. J Infect Dis 2017; 214:S449-S452. [PMID: 27920172 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiw382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus has been causing a series of ongoing epidemics around the globe for the past 12 years. During that time, estimates indicate that >4 million cases occurred worldwide. Despite the magnitude of these outbreaks and the broad interest in understanding the virus and disease, significant gaps still exist in our knowledge base. An in-depth understanding of the basic virological elements that can affect the epidemiology of the agent is critical for future development of control and treatment products. This work describes how knowledge of various viral genetic and structural elements has begun to advance the development of vaccines and therapeutics and suggests that further knowledge is needed to provide additional options.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ann M Powers
- Division of Vector-Borne Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Fort Collins, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Castelli M, Clementi N, Pfaff J, Sautto GA, Diotti RA, Burioni R, Doranz BJ, Dal Peraro M, Clementi M, Mancini N. A Biologically-validated HCV E1E2 Heterodimer Structural Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:214. [PMID: 28303031 PMCID: PMC5428263 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-00320-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The design of vaccine strategies and the development of drugs targeting the early stages of Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection are hampered by the lack of structural information about its surface glycoproteins E1 and E2, the two constituents of HCV entry machinery. Despite the recent crystal resolution of limited versions of both proteins in truncated form, a complete picture of the E1E2 complex is still missing. Here we combined deep computational analysis of E1E2 secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure with functional and immunological mutational analysis across E1E2 in order to propose an in silico model for the ectodomain of the E1E2 heterodimer. Our model describes E1-E2 ectodomain dimerization interfaces, provides a structural explanation of E1 and E2 immunogenicity and sheds light on the molecular processes and disulfide bridges isomerization underlying the conformational changes required for fusion. Comprehensive alanine mutational analysis across 553 residues of E1E2 also resulted in identifying the epitope maps of diverse mAbs and the disulfide connectivity underlying E1E2 native conformation. The predicted structure unveils E1 and E2 structures in complex, thus representing a step towards the rational design of immunogens and drugs inhibiting HCV entry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Castelli
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Jennifer Pfaff
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market St #900, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Giuseppe A Sautto
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberta A Diotti
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Roberto Burioni
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Benjamin J Doranz
- Integral Molecular, 3711 Market St #900, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling, Institute of Bioengineering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Route Cantonale, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Clementi
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy
| | - Nicasio Mancini
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Virology, Università "Vita-Salute" San Raffaele, Via Olgettina 58, 20132, Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Silva LA, Dermody TS. Chikungunya virus: epidemiology, replication, disease mechanisms, and prospective intervention strategies. J Clin Invest 2017; 127:737-749. [PMID: 28248203 PMCID: PMC5330729 DOI: 10.1172/jci84417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a reemerging arbovirus, causes a crippling musculoskeletal inflammatory disease in humans characterized by fever, polyarthralgia, myalgia, rash, and headache. CHIKV is transmitted by Aedes species of mosquitoes and is capable of an epidemic, urban transmission cycle with high rates of infection. Since 2004, CHIKV has spread to new areas, causing disease on a global scale, and the potential for CHIKV epidemics remains high. Although CHIKV has caused millions of cases of disease and significant economic burden in affected areas, no licensed vaccines or antiviral therapies are available. In this Review, we describe CHIKV epidemiology, replication cycle, pathogenesis and host immune responses, and prospects for effective vaccines and highlight important questions for future research.
Collapse
|
73
|
Kuo SC, Wang YM, Ho YJ, Chang TY, Lai ZZ, Tsui PY, Wu TY, Lin CC. Suramin treatment reduces chikungunya pathogenesis in mice. Antiviral Res 2016; 134:89-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
74
|
Inhibitory Antibodies Targeting Emerging Viruses: Advancements and Mechanisms. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2016; 23:535-9. [PMID: 27226280 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00136-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
From Ebola virus outbreaks in Western Africa to the introduction of chikungunya and Zika viruses in the Americas, new and neglected viruses continue to emerge and spread around the world. Due to a lack of existing vaccines or specific therapeutics, little other than supportive care and attempts to interrupt transmission can be provided during initial outbreaks. This has prompted a shift in vaccine design and development to identify novel epitopes and mechanisms of protection that may offer a broader range of protection against groups or whole families of viruses. Receptor-binding domains and other motifs within viral envelope proteins represent one excellent opportunity to target communal epitopes shared by related viruses. Similarly, for viruses where envelope participates in driving viral egress from infected cells, shared epitopes need to be identified to guide the development of broadly protective antibodies and vaccines. Here, we discuss recent advances in our understanding of broadly protective humoral responses for emerging viruses.
Collapse
|
75
|
|