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Castro-Jiménez J, Berrojalbiz N, Mejanelle L, Dachs J. Sources, Transport and Deposition of Atmospheric Organic Pollutants in the Mediterranean Sea. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/bk-2013-1149.ch011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Javier Castro-Jiménez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
- Benthic Ecogeochemistry Laboratory, UMR 8222, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)-University Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Naiara Berrojalbiz
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
- Benthic Ecogeochemistry Laboratory, UMR 8222, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)-University Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Laurance Mejanelle
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
- Benthic Ecogeochemistry Laboratory, UMR 8222, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)-University Pierre et Marie Curie, France
| | - Jordi Dachs
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Spain
- Benthic Ecogeochemistry Laboratory, UMR 8222, National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS)-University Pierre et Marie Curie, France
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52
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Nunes OC, Lopes AR, Manaia CM. Microbial degradation of the herbicide molinate by defined cultures and in the environment. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:10275-91. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5316-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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53
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Moreno-González R, Campillo JA, García V, León VM. Seasonal input of regulated and emerging organic pollutants through surface watercourses to a Mediterranean coastal lagoon. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:247-257. [PMID: 23399306 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/15/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal input of organic pollutants through El Albujón Watercourse to the Mar Menor lagoon was estimated from Spring 2009 to Winter 2010, including regular periods and two flash flood events. 82 semivolatile organic pollutants (persistent organic pollutants, different groups of pesticides and others) were determined by stir bar sorptive extraction and thermal desorption followed by capillary gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry from surface waters with quantification limits of a few ngL(-1). Pesticide concentrations varied significantly along the watercourse due to the presence of different sources (groundwaters, wastewater effluent, tributary contributions, brackish waters, etc.) and physicochemical/biological processes that take place simultaneously. The most commonly detected analytes were propyzamide, triazine compounds and chlorpyrifos. A clear seasonal pattern has been detected, with a predominance of insecticides during Summer and of herbicides during Winter. The input of pesticides through this watercourse is particularly relevant during periods of heavy rain, representing more than 70% of total yearly input for many of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Moreno-González
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
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Nödler K, Licha T, Voutsa D. Twenty years later--atrazine concentrations in selected coastal waters of the Mediterranean and the Baltic Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 70:112-8. [PMID: 23481690 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2012] [Revised: 02/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite its EU-wide ban in 2004 the triazine herbicide atrazine (ATR) and its transformation products (TPs) are frequently detected in the aqueous environment. In this study, concentrations of ATR, two of its TPs, and terbuthylazine (TERB) are presented and discussed in coastal waters of the Northern Aegean Sea, the Dardanelles, the Baltic Sea (Germany), the Northern Adriatic Sea (Italy), and the coastline close to Barcelona (Spain). The water samples (n=132) were taken in 2009-2011. Sediment samples (n=7) were taken from Baltic Sea (Germany) and Thermaikos Gulf (Greece). Maximum ATR concentrations (31-41 ng L⁻¹) were detected in Istanbul and the Dardanelles. A concentration gradient from East to West in the Aegean Sea was observed, indicating ongoing ATR contamination via the Dardanelles. Low concentrations and detection frequencies were observed at the other locations, indicating the success of the prohibition. However, the presence of TERB in the Northern Adriatic Sea raises concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karsten Nödler
- Department Applied Geology, Geoscience Centre of the University of Göttingen, Goldschmidtstr. 3, 37077 Göttingen, Germany.
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55
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Sànchez-Nogué B, Varó I, Solé M. Comparative analysis of selected biomarkers and pesticide sensitivity in juveniles of Solea solea and Solea senegalensis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 20:3480-3488. [PMID: 23212268 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-1355-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The common sole, Solea solea (Linneus, 1758), and the Senegalese sole, Solea senegalensis (Kaup, 1858), are two important commercial species that coexist in the NW Mediterranean. In order to assess the species' ability to respond to chemical insults, a comparison of activities on enzymes involved in xenobiotic metabolism was carried out. Juveniles of both species were sampled in winter 2011 from the Ebro Delta region, and activities of selected enzymes such as acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CbE), ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were determined in several tissues. Lipid peroxidation (LP) levels in plasma were measured as a sign of oxidative stress. In vitro exposures to selected pesticides were contrasted, analysing AChE and CbE activities in several tissue homogenates. Overall, enzymatic activities were higher in S. solea except for gill GST and CbE and kidney GST, while plasmatic LP levels were similar. In vitro contrasts revealed lower IC50 values for CbE activities in S. solea, suggesting a greater buffer capacity of this enzyme to potentially reduce pesticide toxicity over AChE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Sànchez-Nogué
- Institute of Marine Sciences (ICM-CSIC), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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56
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Fernández-Gómez C, López-López JA, Matamoros V, Díez S, García-Vargas M, Moreno C. Atmospheric influence on the distribution of organic pollutants in the Guadalquivir River estuary, SW Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:3209-3218. [PMID: 23010894 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2012] [Accepted: 07/05/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the lower Guadalquivir river basin, a system stressed by a wide variety of anthropogenic activities, eight pesticides (four triazines, two chloroacetanilide herbicides, one organochlorine, and one organophosphorus insecticide); and four emerging pollutants (two personal care products, one organophosphorous flame retardant, and one xanthine alkaloid) were analyzed in river water during a 2-year monitoring program, and after rain episodes. Samples were extracted using the solid phase extraction (SPE) technique prior to determination of compounds using gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer detector. Except for caffeine, recoveries were mostly above 80 %, while limits of detection and quantification were in the low nanograms per liter level (except for dimethoate). Terbuthylazine, simazine (triazine herbicides), and dimethoate (organophosphorus insecticide), present in agrochemicals, were predominant in the river water, although concentrations were below the quality standards established by the EU Water-Framework-Directive. A general trend to increase concentration was observed after rain events, in particular for pesticides, possibly as a consequence of surface runoff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristal Fernández-Gómez
- Environmental Chemistry Department, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDÆA-CSIC, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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57
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Solé M, Manzanera M, Bartolomé A, Tort L, Caixach J. Persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in sediments from fishing grounds in the NW Mediterranean: ecotoxicological implications for the benthic fish Solea sp. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 67:158-165. [PMID: 23219395 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Revised: 10/23/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sediment polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), organochlorinated pesticides (OCls) and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were measured during winter 2011 at seven sites on the Catalan coast (NW Mediterranean). Also at these sites, the benthic fish Solea solea and Solea senegalensis were fished for biomarker analysis. Chemical concentrations did not exceed the values considered safe by sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) for PAHs. However, levels of DDT (94.5 ng/g d.w.) and PCBs (15.1 ng/g d.w.) were significant in the Ebre Delta. Nonspecific immune parameters in S. solea showed a positive correlation between lysozyme activity in plasma and PAH content in sediment (r=0.982, p<0.01) and the opposite trend occurred with the complement test (ACH50) (r=-0.837; p<0.05). Cell counts (monocytes, lymphocytes and granulocytes) were elevated at most PAH-affected sites. A high concentration of bile FACs (fluorescent aromatic compounds) occurred at the northern station.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Solé
- Institut de Ciencies del Mar (ICM-CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08003 Barcelona, Spain.
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58
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Wang Y, He W, Qin N, He QS, Kong XZ, Tao S, Xu FL. Distributions, sources, and ecological risks of DDT-related contaminants in water, suspended particulate matter, and sediments from Haihe Plain, Northern China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:1777-1790. [PMID: 22580748 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2667-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/23/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The residual levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and its metabolites (DDXs, including p,p'-DDT, DDD, and DDE) in water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediments from major rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in Haihe Plain were measured with a gas chromatograph equipped with a (63)Ni microelectron capture detector. In the fall of 2004, the contents of the total DDXs in the water and SPM were 0.29 ± 0.69 ng L(-1) and 423.13 ± 577.85 ng g(-1) dry wt., respectively. In the spring of 2005, the total DDXs were 0.36 ± 0.91 ng L(-1) for water and 35.93 ± 62.65 ng g(-1) dry wt. for SPM. The average concentration of DDXs for sediments was 7.10 ± 7.57 ng g(-1) dry wt. during the two seasons. The Eastern-Hebei-Province Coastland River System was the most polluted, which was mainly attributable to the extensive use of DDT pesticide and dicofol in that system. Recent DDT inputs still occur in some regions, as indicated by DDT/(DDD + DDE) > 1 at 29-36 % of the sites for water and 55-61 % of the sites for SPM. The potential ecological risks of DDT in the water were assessed using a species sensitivity distribution model. Only shrimp and crabs were found to have potentially affected fraction values of 1.63 × 10(-3) to 2.27 × 10(-4), with probabilities beyond the hazardous concentration for 5 % of species (HC5) values of 1.90-2.56 %, suggesting only slight risks. DDXs in the sediments of some sites were also of potential risk to benthic organism based on consensus-based sediment quality guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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59
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Wang Y, Wu WJ, He W, Qin N, He QS, Xu FL. Residues and ecological risks of organochlorine pesticides in Lake Small Baiyangdian, North China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2013; 185:917-929. [PMID: 22437324 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-012-2601-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The levels of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) in the water, suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediments from Lake Small Baiyangdian were measured by gas chromatograph with a (63)Ni microelectron capture detector. The residual levels of the total HCHs in the water, SPM, and sediments were 1.59 ± 2.24 ng L(-1), 25.42 ± 1.72 ng g(-1) dw (dry weight), and 0.86 ± 1.44 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. DDTs were not detected in the water samples. The concentrations of total DDTs were 158.79 ± 1.67 ng g(-1) dw in SPM and 0.46 ± 1.97 ng g(-1) dw in the sediments. Compared to other areas in China and abroad, the levels of residual HCH and DDT were relatively low in the water and sediments, but they were moderate to high in the SPM. Organic carbon partition coefficient values for HCH in this study were higher than previously published values and may reflect new input in this area. The residual HCHs in this area could be derived from a mixture of technical HCH and lindane because ongoing lindane use may be occurring. DDT in the majority of the study area was primarily attributed to historical discharge, but some regions may be receiving new input. The ecological risks of γ-HCH in the water were very low according to species sensitivity distribution models. The concentrations of HCH and DDT in the sediments from the study area did not exceed the sediment quality guidelines, which indicate little risk for benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Process, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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60
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Klok C, de Vries P, Jongbloed R, Tamis J. Literature review on the sensitivity and exposure of marine and estuarine organisms to pesticides in comparison to corresponding fresh water species. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2012.en-357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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61
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Sánchez-Avila J, Tauler R, Lacorte S. Organic micropollutants in coastal waters from NW Mediterranean Sea: sources distribution and potential risk. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2012; 46:50-62. [PMID: 22706016 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2012.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This study provides a first estimation on the sources, distribution and risk of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in coastal waters from NW Mediterranean Sea. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorinated pesticides, polybrominated diphenyl ethers, phthalates and alkylphenols were analyzed by solid phase extraction and gas chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-GC-EI-MS/MS). River waters and wastewater treatment plant effluents discharging to the sea were identified as the main sources of OMPs to coastal waters, with an estimated input amount of around of 25,800 g d(-1). The concentration of ΣOMPs in coastal areas ranged from 17.4 to 8442 ng L(-1), and was the highest in port waters, followed by coastal and river mouth seawaters. A summarized overview of the patterns and sources of OMP contamination on the investigated coastal sea waters of NW Mediterranean Sea, as well as of their geographical distribution was obtained by Principal Component Analysis of the complete data set after its adequate pretreatment. Alkylphenols, bisphenol A and phthalates were the main contributors to ΣOMPs and produced an estimated significant pollution risk for fish, algae and the sensitive mysid shrimp organisms in seawater samples. The combination of GC-MS/MS, chemometrics and risk analysis is proven to be useful for a better control and management of OMP discharges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sánchez-Avila
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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62
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Yan H, Wang F, Wang H, Yang G. Miniaturized molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with high performance liquid chromatography for rapid determination of auxins in orange samples. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1256:1-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.07.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2012] [Revised: 07/10/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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63
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Litskas VD, Dosis IG, Karamanlis XN, Kamarianos AP. Occurrence of priority organic pollutants in Strymon river catchment, Greece: inland, transitional, and coastal waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:3556-3567. [PMID: 22544600 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-012-0917-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-five sampling stations were selected in order to monitor persistent organic pollutants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine (OC) pesticides and total polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) in surface water from Kerkini Lake, the Strymon River, its main tributaries and estuary in N. Aegean Sea during January to July, 2008, according to recent European Union (EU) guidelines. The data were divided among the high (January to April) and the low flow season (May to July). Generally, the values for organic pollutants were within the range reported worldwide for surface water. Elevated PAHs concentrations were observed compared with other places in Greece. Anthracene and benzo(a)pyrene exceeded maximum allowable concentration (MAC) of the relative EU guideline. Also, concentrations above MAC were observed for OCs, γ-HCH, and a-endosulfan. Despite the fact that it is banned since 1972, Aldrin was detected during the monitoring season (from limit of detection (LOD) to 15 ng L(-1)). Total PCB concentrations ranged from LOD to 162 ng L(-1). In addition, the load of organic pollutants was estimated in April (high flow) and June (low flow) in selected sampling stations. According to this estimation, napthalene, anthracene, and fluoranthene (PAHs), total dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), aldrin, and total PCBs had the highest load. Taking into account the relative EU guidelines concerning the pollutants studied, the water quality in the Strymon River catchment could be characterized as poor, which can lead to negative impacts to its biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Litskas
- Laboratory of Ecology and Protection of the Environment, Veterinary Medicine School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, University Box 404, 54 124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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64
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Bao LJ, Maruya KA, Snyder SA, Zeng EY. China's water pollution by persistent organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 163:100-108. [PMID: 22325437 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2011] [Revised: 11/29/2011] [Accepted: 12/03/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Available data were reviewed to assess the status of contamination by persistent organic pollutants (POPs), including organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), in drinking water sources and coastal waters of China. The levels of POPs in China's waters were generally at the high end of the global range. A comparison of China's regulatory limits indicated that PCBs in rivers and coastal water may pose potential human health risk. Occurrence of DDTs in some rivers of China may also pose health risk to humans using the regulatory limits of DDTs recommended by the European Union. Future monitoring of POPs in China's waters should be directed towards analytes of concern (e.g. PCBs and PCDD/Fs) and to fill data gaps for analytes (e.g. PBDEs, PCDD/Fs, and chlordane) and in watersheds/regions (e.g. West China) where data are scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian-Jun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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65
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Montuori P, Triassi M. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons loads into the Mediterranean Sea: estimate of Sarno River inputs. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2012; 64:512-520. [PMID: 22285406 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/05/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in the Sarno River and its environmental impact on the Gulf of Naples (Tyrrhenian Sea, Central Mediterranean Sea) were estimated. The 16 PAHs identified by the USEPA as priority pollutants and perylene were determined in the water dissolved phase (DP), suspended particulate matter (SPM) and sediments. Total PAHs concentrations ranged from 23.1 to 2670.4 ng L(-1) in water (sum of DP and SPM) and from 5.3 to 678.6 ng g(-1) in sediment samples. Source analysis revealed that PAHs mainly came from combustion process. Contaminant discharges of PAHs into the sea were calculated in about 8530 gd(-1) showing that this river should account as one of the main contribution sources of PAHs to the Tyrrhenian Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuori
- Department of Preventive Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, c/ Sergio Pansini No. 5, Naples, Italy.
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66
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Wilson PC, Boman BJ. Characterization of selected organo-nitrogen herbicides in South Florida canals: exposure and risk assessments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 412-413:119-126. [PMID: 22035558 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.09.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Revised: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Much uncertainty exists regarding the discharge characteristics of terrestrial-use herbicides into aquatic systems. This study evaluated the temporal distribution and concentrations of five commonly used herbicides (atrazine, bromacil, metolachlor, norflurazon, and simazine) in a typical South Florida watershed. Surface water samples were collected weekly over a 3-yr period from four canals and Ten Mile Creek. These systems received drainage water from a variety of land-uses, including residential, pastures, and citrus production. Herbicides were extracted and analyzed by GC-MS/SIM. Atrazine was most frequently detected (87% of samples) in the canal serving the residentially developed sub-basin, with median and maximum concentrations of 0.43 and 6.67 μg L(-1), respectively. Norflurazon was most frequently detected (90-95% of samples) in the systems serving agricultural production areas, with median and maximum concentrations ranging from 0.37-0.63 μg L(-1) and 1.98-6.97 μg L(-1), respectively. Bromacil was detected in 14-36% of samples with median and maximum concentrations ranging from 0.50-0.67 μg L(-1) and 2.31-4.96 μg L(-1), respectively. Metolachlor was detected in 1.8-10% of the samples, with median and maximum concentrations ranging from 0.16-0.2 μgL(-1) and 0.17-1.55 μg L(-1), respectively. Simazine was detected in 10-35% of the samples, with median and maximum concentrations ranging from 0.18-0.28 μg L(-1) and 0.37-1.35 μg L(-1), respectively. Bromacil+norflurazon was the most commonly detected (240 samples of 1060 total) binary combination of herbicides; whereas bromacil+norflurazon+simazine was the most frequently detected tertiary combination (58 samples). While detectable concentrations were present for significant periods of time, risks of acute toxicity were relatively low; affecting <1% of the potentially affected fraction (PAF) of plant species based on 90th centile exposure concentrations and 10th centile effects concentrations from species sensitivity distributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chris Wilson
- University of Florida/IFAS Indian River Research and Education Center (Soil and Water Science Department), 2199 South Rock Road, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA.
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67
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Fouial-Djebbar D, Djebbar R, Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed AY, Budzinski H. Level of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Marine Environment of Algiers Bay, Algeria. ANAL LETT 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2011.551861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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68
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Josefsson S, Karlsson OM, Malmaeus JM, Cornelissen G, Wiberg K. Structure-related distribution of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and HCB in a river-sea system. CHEMOSPHERE 2011; 83:85-94. [PMID: 21296376 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2010] [Revised: 12/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Water concentrations of PCDD/Fs, HCB, and non-ortho, mono-ortho, and non-dioxin-like PCBs were measured four times during 1 year in a coastal area of the Baltic Sea, to investigate background levels and distribution behaviour. Sampling sites included two rivers, an estuary, and the sea. Particulate and apparently dissolved concentrations were determined using active sampling (filters+PUFs), while freely dissolved concentrations were determined using passive sampling (POM-samplers). The distribution between particulate+colloidal and freely dissolved phases, in the form of TOC-normalized distribution ratios (K(TOC)), was found to be near or at equilibrium. The observed K(TOC) were not significantly different between sampling sites or seasons. For PCDD/Fs, the concentrations were significantly correlated to suspended particulate matter (SPM), while no correlation to organic carbon (TOC) was observed. In the estuary and the sea, PCB concentrations were correlated to TOC. The sorption of various congeners to SPM and TOC appeared to be related to both hydrophobicity and 3D-structure. The PCDD/F concentration in the sea decreased to one third in May, likely connected to the increased vertical flux of particles during the spring bloom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Josefsson
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden.
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69
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Castro-Jiménez J, Gonzalez C. Immunoassay-based screening of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in sediments: requirements for a new generation of test kits. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:894-900. [DOI: 10.1039/c0em00569j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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70
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Pandey P, Khillare P, Kumar K. Assessment of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in the Surface Sediments of River Yamuna in Delhi, India. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2011.25059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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71
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Navarro-Ortega A, Barceló D. Persistent Organic Pollutants in Water, Sediments, and Biota in the Ebro River Basin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/698_2010_77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
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72
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Castro-Jiménez J, Eisenreich SJ, Ghiani M, Mariani G, Skejo H, Umlauf G, Wollgast J, Zaldívar JM, Berrojalbiz N, Reuter HI, Dachs J. Atmospheric occurrence and deposition of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the open Mediterranean Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2010; 44:5456-5463. [PMID: 20560640 DOI: 10.1021/es100718n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The overall objective of this work is to provide the first evaluation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) occurrence and deposition to Mediterranean open seawater. sigma2,3,7,8-PCDD/F air (gas+aerosol) concentrations over the Mediterranean Sea ranged from 60 to 1040 fg m(-3). The highest value (1555 fg m(-3)) was measured in a reference sample taken in the SW Black Sea. No consistent trend regarding the diel cycle of PCDD/Fs was observed. PCDD/Fs transported to the open sea waters from continental areas and across the Atlantic as well as ship emissions may be significant sources to the open Mediterranean. Seawater concentrations in the Mediterranean ranged from 42 to 64 fg L(-1). The sigma2,3,7,8-PCDD/F dry deposition fluxes in the Marmara and Black Seas (210 kg year(-1)) are from 2 to 55 times higher than dry fluxes in the Mediterranean Sea (4-156 kg year(-1)). Analysis of estimated diffusive air-water fluxes and air/water fugacity ratios show that a net volatilization of some PCDD congeners is feasible. However, evidence of a net absorption flux for the rest of PCDD/F is found. When both atmospheric deposition processes are considered together the open Mediterranean Sea is a net sink of PCDD/F, due to the importance of dry deposition fluxes of aerosol-bound PCDDFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Castro-Jiménez
- European Commission-Joint Research Centre: Institute for Environment and Sustainability, Institute for Health and Consumer Protection, Ispra, Italy.
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73
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Heath E, Scancar J, Zuliani T, Milacic R. A complex investigation of the extent of pollution in sediments of the Sava River: part 2: persistent organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2010; 163:277-293. [PMID: 19259775 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-009-0833-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2008] [Accepted: 02/05/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Sediment pollution of the biggest Danube tributary, the Sava River, was investigated within the sixth framework European Union project "Sava River Basin: Sustainable Use, Management and Protection of Resources" (SARIB). The extent of pollution was estimated by determining the amount of inorganic and persistent organic pollutants in sediment samples at 20 selected sampling sites along the Sava River. For the purpose of clarity, the findings are presented and published separately (part I: selected elements and part II: persistent organic pollutants). This study presents an investigation into the presence of organic pollutants in the Sava River sediment. According to the Water Framework Directive, the following persistent organic pollutants were investigated: polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), selected chlorinated pesticides and organotin compounds. The results reveal that PAHs were present in moderate concentrations (sum of 16 PAHs: up to 4,000 ng g(-1)) and their concentrations increased downstream. Concentrations of PCB were low (sum of seven indicator PCBs: below 4 ng g(-1)) and among the pesticides analyzed only p,p-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane was found in moderate concentrations at two sampling sites in Croatia (up to 3 ng g(-1)) and hexachlorobenzene was found in a high concentration in the city of Belgrade (91 ng g(-1)), although the use of these persistent pesticides has been banned for decades. Repeated sampling at the same location revealed point pollution near Belgrade. Among the organic pollutants surveyed, organotin compounds were not detected. Overall results reveal the presence of persistent organic pollutants in 20 of the Sava River sediments tested that is, in general, comparable or lower than the levels in the Danube River and other moderately polluted European rivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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74
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Suárez-Serrano A, Alcaraz C, Ibáñez C, Trobajo R, Barata C. Procambarus clarkii as a bioindicator of heavy metal pollution sources in the lower Ebro River and Delta. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2010; 73:280-286. [PMID: 19969352 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2009] [Revised: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/08/2009] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In the Ebro River basin, point and diffuse pollution of heavy metals stems mainly from industry and agriculture. Bioaccumulation patterns were examined under different pollution sources (point and diffuse) using levels of heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb and Zn) in abdominal muscle tissue of Procambarus clarkii. P. clarkii captured under point source effects presented the highest concentrations of Hg, Pb and As; and were related with distance to the source of industrial waste sediments. Mean Hg levels in crayfish exposed to point sources of metals significantly exceeded legal allowed values established by the European Union legislation. In the Ebro Delta, high levels of As, Cr, Cu and Zn were associated with traditional agriculture activity (diffuse pollution) as well. These results demonstrate the potential of P. clarkii to bioaccumulate heavy metals from both point and diffuse sources and hence potentially transfer these metals to higher trophic levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Suárez-Serrano
- Aquatic Ecosystems, IRTA, E-43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain.
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75
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Scarpato A, Romanelli G, Galgani F, Andral B, Amici M, Giordano P, Caixach J, Calvo M, Campillo JA, Albadalejo JB, Cento A, BenBrahim S, Sammari C, Deudero S, Boulahdid M, Giovanardi F. Western Mediterranean coastal waters—Monitoring PCBs and pesticides accumulation in Mytilus galloprovincialis by active mussel watching: the Mytilos project. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 12:924-35. [DOI: 10.1039/b920455e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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76
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Roche H, Vollaire Y, Persic A, Buet A, Oliveira-Ribeiro C, Coulet E, Banas D, Ramade F. Organochlorines in the Vaccarès Lagoon trophic web (Biosphere Reserve of Camargue, France). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2009; 157:2493-2506. [PMID: 19362400 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2008] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
During a decade (1996-2006), ecotoxicological studies were carried out in biota of the Vaccarès Lagoon (Biosphere Reserve in Rhone Delta, France). A multicontamination was shown at all levels of the trophic web due to a direct bioconcentration of chemical from the medium combined with a food transfer. Here, the pollutants investigated were organochlorines, among which many compounds banned or in the course of prohibition (or restriction) (PCB, lindane, pp'-DDE, dieldrin, aldrin, heptachlor, endosulfan...) and some substances likely still used in the Rhone River basin (diuron, fipronil). The results confirmed the ubiquity of contamination. It proves to be chronic, variable and tends to regress; however contamination levels depend on the trophic compartment. A biomagnification process was showed. A comparison of investigation methods used in other Mediterranean wetlands provides basis of discussion, and demonstrates the urgent need of modelling to assess the ecotoxicological risk in order to improve the management of such protected areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Roche
- Ecologie, Systématique et Evolution, UMR8079 CNRS, Université Paris-Sud, AgroParisTech, F91405 Orsay Cedex, France.
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77
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Blanes MA, Serrano R, López FJ. Seasonal trends and tissue distribution of organochlorine pollutants in wild and farmed gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) from the Western Mediterranean Sea and their relationship with environmental and biological factors. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 57:133-144. [PMID: 18779940 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-008-9221-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2008] [Accepted: 08/11/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal trends and tissue distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) samples from the Western Mediterranean were investigated. Hexane extracts of white and red muscle, liver, and gills from wild and cultured specimens were purified by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and selected OCPs and PCBs were determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry as indicators of contamination. The limits of detection for the analytical methodology allowed was 0.25 ng/g. Data obtained showed the presence of DDTs and PCBs in the different tissues, with the highest concentration of pollutants being in tissues of higher lipid content. Concentrations of organochlorine compounds in sea bream tissues strongly correlated with seasonal changes and the biological cycle of the species. In general, cultured fish had lower concentrations of contaminants and smaller season variability than wild fish. Trace levels of contaminants were found in fish muscle throughout the year, but always below the guidelines recommended for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Blanes
- Research Institute for Pesticides and Water, University Jaume, Castellon, Spain
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78
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Sánchez-Avila J, Bonet J, Velasco G, Lacorte S. Determination and occurrence of phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, PBDEs, PCBs and PAHs in an industrial sewage grid discharging to a Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2009; 407:4157-4167. [PMID: 19362327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2008] [Revised: 02/19/2009] [Accepted: 03/06/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Industrial and urban discharges release organic contaminants which might affect the quality of receiving waters if not properly eliminated in Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP). This study is aimed to evaluate the source, transport and fate of contaminants of industrial origin in a sewage grid discharging to a WWTP and finally to the sea. The sampling network covered an industrial and urban area and wastewaters, influents and effluents of a WWTP were analyzed using a newly developed multiresidual method to capture a wide range contaminants (phthalates, alkylphenols, bisphenol A, PBDEs, PCBs and PAHs). Alkylphenols and phthalates followed by PAHs were the main compounds detected at levels between 0.01 to 698 microg l(-1) in the sewage pipelines. At the WWTP influent they were detected at concentrations up to 345 microg l(-1). The contaminant load was eliminated in a 64-92% during the primary and secondary treatment of the plant. However, alkylphenols, phthalates bisphenol A and traces of PAHs were discharged with the effluent, producing a total net input of 825 g d(-1) to the sea. The study of wastewaters herein proposed can be used to better predict the loads into WWTP to improve treatment conditions according to specific sewage inputs and to assess the risks associated with the continuous discharge of contaminants to receiving plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Sánchez-Avila
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
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79
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Tracking functional guilds: "Dehalococcoides" spp. in European river basins contaminated with hexachlorobenzene. Appl Environ Microbiol 2009; 75:4696-704. [PMID: 19376891 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02829-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) has been widely used in chemical manufacturing processes and as a pesticide. Due to its resistance to biological degradation, HCB has mainly accumulated in freshwater bodies and agricultural soils. "Dehalococcoides" spp., anaerobic dechlorinating bacteria that are capable of degrading HCB, were previously isolated from river sediments. Yet there is limited knowledge about the abundance, diversity, and activity of this genus in the environment. This study focused on the molecular analysis of the composition and abundance of active Dehalococcoides spp. in HCB-contaminated European river basins. 16S rRNA-based real-time quantitative PCR and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis in combination with multivariate statistics were applied. Moreover, a functional gene array was used to determine reductive dehalogenase (rdh) gene diversity. Spatial and temporal fluctuations were observed not only in the abundance of Dehalococcoides spp. but also in the composition of the populations and rdh gene diversity. Multivariate statistics revealed that Dehalococcoides sp. abundance is primarily affected by spatial differences, whereas species composition is under the influence of several environmental parameters, such as seasonal changes, total organic carbon and/or nitrogen content, and HCB contamination. This study provides new insight into the natural occurrence and dynamics of active Dehalococcoides spp. in HCB-contaminated river basins.
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80
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de la Cal A, Eljarrat E, Raldúa D, Durán C, Barceló D. Spatial variation of DDT and its metabolites in fish and sediment from Cinca River, a tributary of Ebro River (Spain). CHEMOSPHERE 2008; 70:1182-9. [PMID: 17910971 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2007.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2007] [Revised: 08/16/2007] [Accepted: 08/17/2007] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The Cinca River is a tributary of Ebro River in the NE of Spain which receives input from different activities. One of the most important is related to an industry where DDT is used as an intermediate in the production of dicofol. This study evaluated the DDT contamination along the Cinca River. Sampling sites were selected up- and downstream from this industry. Sediments and fishes (59 bleaks (Alburnus alburnus) and 23 barbels (Barbus graellsi)) were collected in 2002 and analyzed using a new and rapid selective pressurized liquid extraction (SPLE) method. DDT and its metabolites were found in sediments and fishes at levels ranging from 9 to 94microg kg(-1) dry weight (d.w.) and from not detected to 2098microg kg(-1) wet weight (w.w.), respectively. The highest values corresponded to samples collected just downstream the industry. Thirty kilometers downstream from the factory, levels were clearly lower, showing a weakening of the impact. p,p'-DDE isomer comprised up to 50% and 70% of total DDT measured in sediment and fish, respectively. When compared with values obtained in a previous study in 1999, a generalized drop of the levels in all matrixes (77-97%), was observed. No meaningful differences were found between the two fish species studied neither between the two tissues (muscle and liver) analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina de la Cal
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IIQAB, CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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81
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Juraske R, Antón A, Castells F, Huijbregts MAJ. PestScreen: a screening approach for scoring and ranking pesticides by their environmental and toxicological concern. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2007; 33:886-93. [PMID: 17509686 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2007.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2007] [Revised: 04/12/2007] [Accepted: 04/14/2007] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
A chemical ranking and scoring method entitled PestScreen has been developed as a screening tool to provide a relative assessment of pesticide hazards to human health and the environment. The method was developed to serve as an analytical tool in screening and identification of pesticides of environmental concern used in agriculture. PestScreen incorporates both the toxic effects of pesticides and their fate and exposure characteristics in different compartments of the environment. This is done by combining measures of chemical toxicity pertaining to both human health and the environment with chemical release amounts and information on overall environmental persistence, long-range transport potential and human population intake fractions. Each hazard measure is scored and weighted and finally combined with the pesticide application dose to provide a single final indicator of relative concern (PestScore). Results for 217 pesticides are presented and the practical implementation is illustrated on behalf of three practical case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronnie Juraske
- Department of Chemical Engineering, ETSEQ, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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82
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Sánchez-Brunete C, Miguel E, Tadeo JL. Determination of organochlorine pesticides in sewage sludge by matrix solid-phase dispersion and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Talanta 2007; 74:1211-7. [PMID: 18371771 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2007.08.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2007] [Revised: 08/22/2007] [Accepted: 08/24/2007] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A method based on matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD) has been developed for the determination of 16 organochlorine pesticides (OCs) in sludge from municipal sewage plants. Samples of lyophilized sludge were blended with alumina, placed in small columns and OCs extracted with dichloromethane assisted by sonication. Purification of the extracts was accomplished by solid-phase extraction on C(18) columns and OCs were eluted with acetonitrile. Analyses were performed by gas chromatography with electron impact mass spectrometric detection in the selected ion monitoring mode (GC-MS-SIM) using deuterated OCs as internal standards. The limits of detection were between 0.03 ng/g for 4,4'-DDE and 0.7 ng/g for endrin aldehyde. Levels of OCs were determined in sewage sludge collected from 19 water treatment plants located in the province of Madrid (Spain). In all of the analyzed samples, aldrin was the compound most often found with a mean concentration of 76 ng/g. Endosulfan-I, alpha-BHC, 4,4'-DDE and 4,4'-DDT were also present at high concentrations, with average values ranging from 32.3 to 74.3 ng/g. OCs were detected in all of the samples, with a total concentration ranging from 52 to 528 ng/g dry weight.
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83
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Gómez-Gutiérrez A, Garnacho E, Bayona JM, Albaigés J. Assessment of the Mediterranean sediments contamination by persistent organic pollutants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2007; 148:396-408. [PMID: 17291652 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2006.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2006] [Revised: 11/30/2006] [Accepted: 12/13/2006] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A compilation of information about levels of selected persistent organic pollutants, namely polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroetane and its degradation products (DDTs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB), in Mediterranean sediments, including data published from 1971 to 2005, has been conducted in order to assess their main drivers and pressures in the environment. The application of mapping tools (GIS) and statistical instruments enabled the assessment of geographical and temporal trends. Chemical contamination mainly originates from land-based sources, and decreases significantly when moving off-shore. Contamination hot spots are generally located along the Northern coastline. The data for open sea sediments enabled the establishment of background levels of contamination for the region. A decreasing temporal trend in concentrations was found, more evident in the case of DDTs probably due to a more efficient regulation of this chemical. Finally, some gaps in reliable data were also identified which were related to the lack of information in the southern and eastern parts of the Mediterranean as well as the variety of analytical methodologies used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gómez-Gutiérrez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry I.I.Q.A.B.-C.S.I.C., Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
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84
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Pollán M, Ramis R, Aragonés N, Pérez-Gómez B, Gómez D, Lope V, García-Pérez J, Carrasco JM, García-Mendizábal MJ, López-Abente G. Municipal distribution of breast cancer mortality among women in Spain. BMC Cancer 2007; 7:78. [PMID: 17488519 PMCID: PMC1872033 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-7-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Accepted: 05/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Spain has one of the lowest rates of breast cancer in Europe, though estimated incidence has risen substantially in recent decades. Some years ago, the Spanish Cancer Mortality Atlas showed Spain as having a heterogeneous distribution of breast cancer mortality at a provincial level. This paper describes the municipal distribution of breast cancer mortality in Spain and its relationship with socio-economic indicators. Methods Breast cancer mortality was modelled using the Besag-York-Molliè autoregressive spatial model, including socio-economic level, rurality and percentage of population over 64 years of age as surrogates of reproductive and lifestyle risk factors. Municipal relative risks (RRs) were independently estimated for women aged under 50 years and for those aged 50 years and over. Maps were plotted depicting smoothed RR estimates and the distribution of the posterior probability of RR>1. Results In women aged 50 years and over, mortality increased with socio-economic level, and was lower in rural areas and municipalities with higher proportion of old persons. Among women aged under 50 years, rurality was the only statistically significant explanatory variable. For women older than 49 years, the highest relative risks were mainly registered for municipalities located in the Canary Islands, Balearic Islands, the Mediterranean coast of Catalonia and Valencia, plus others around the Ebro River. In premenopausal women, the pattern was similar but tended to be more homogeneous. In mainland Spain, a group of municipalities with high RRs were located in Andalusia, near the left bank of the Guadalquivir River. Conclusion As previously observed in other contexts, mortality rates are positively related with socio-economic status and negatively associated with rurality and the presence of a higher proportion of people over age 64 years. Taken together, these variables represent the influence of lifestyle factors which have determined the increase in breast cancer frequency over recent decades. The results for the younger group of women suggest an attenuation of the socio-economic gradient in breast cancer mortality in Spain. The geographical variation essentially suggests the influence of other environmental variables, yet the descriptive nature of this study does not allow for the main determinants to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Pollán
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Rebeca Ramis
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Nuria Aragonés
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Gómez
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Diana Gómez
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Virginia Lope
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Javier García-Pérez
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Jose Miguel Carrasco
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria José García-Mendizábal
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Gonzalo López-Abente
- Environmental and Cancer Epidemiology Unit, National Centre for Epidemiology, Carlos III Institute of Public Health, Madrid, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Spain
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85
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Jover E, Gómez-Gutiérrez A, Albaigés J, Bayona JM. Transport of organic contaminants through salinity stratified water masses. A microcosm experiment. CHEMOSPHERE 2007; 66:730-7. [PMID: 16962635 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2006.07.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2006] [Revised: 07/20/2006] [Accepted: 07/22/2006] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A salt-wedge stratified microcosm, spiked with 31 target analytes, including PCBs, organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticides, triazines, organophosphate flame retardants and caffeine (an urban wastewater molecular marker), was setup. Compound behaviour was monitored during a four week period, by sampling at six different levels of the water column, in order to understand the transport and loss processes of the different classes of chemical substances. Compound transport from one water body to the other has been positively correlated with diffusion via their molar volume. Target analytes loss has been positively correlated with evaporation via their K(H) and with degradation via their halve-lives. From these two processes, evaporation was found to be predominant using a multiparametric regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jover
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, I.I.Q.A.B.-C.S.I.C., Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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86
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Gómez-Gutiérrez A, Jover E, Bayona JM, Albaigés J. Influence of water filtration on the determination of a wide range of dissolved contaminants at parts-per-trillion levels. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 583:202-9. [PMID: 17386547 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2006] [Revised: 09/22/2006] [Accepted: 09/25/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The adsorption of dissolved organic contaminants on glass fibre filters throughout water dissolved/particulate phase decoupling studies was examined. A total of 49 different compounds were considered at low concentration levels (ng L(-1)), including PAHs, PCBs, organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides, triazines, thiocarbamates, pyrethroids, phosphate esters and caffeine. Their adsorption on the filters was positively correlated with their log Kow and solubilities, indicating that filter adsorption increased with hydrophobicity. The influence of water properties (i.e. salinity and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) content) was also studied by means of a star experimental design (n=11). Salinity was the main factor in increasing the adsorption, due to the salting out effect. The influence of DOC suggested that part of the contaminant losses during water filtration may have been caused by the retention on the organic matter adsorbed on the filter surface. Nevertheless, a decrease in filter retention was observed for water with the highest DOC contents, which was probably due to an enhancement of the contaminant solubility in these conditions. Although several factors may control the adsorption process in naturally occurring waters, the extent of the retention of dissolved target analytes on the glass fibre filters should not be underestimated in the analysis of hydrophobic contaminants in marine and estuarine waters at very low concentrations (ppt level).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Gómez-Gutiérrez
- Department of Environmental Chemistry I.I.Q.A.B.-C.S.I.C., Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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