51
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Guo Z, Zhuo Y, Li K, Niu S, Dai H. Recent advances in cell homeostasis by African swine fever virus-host interactions. Res Vet Sci 2021; 141:4-13. [PMID: 34634684 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is an acute hemorrhagic disease caused by the infection of domestic swine and wild boar by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), with a mortality rate close to 90-100%. ASFV has been spreading in the world and poses a severe economic threat to the swine industry. There is no high effective vaccine commercially available or drug for this disease. However, attenuated ASFV isolates may infect pigs by chronic infection, and the infected pigs will not be lethal, which may indicate that pigs can produce protective immunity to resistant ASFV. Immunity acquisition and virus clearances are the central pillars to maintain the host normal cell activities and animal survival dependent on virus-host interactions, which has offered insights into the biology of ASFV. This review is organized around general themes including native immunity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, cell apoptosis, ubiquitination, autophagy regarding the intricate relationship between ASFV protein-host. Elucidating the multifunctional role of ASFV proteins in virus-host interactions can provide more new insights on the initial virus sensing, clearance, and cell homeostasis, and contribute to understanding viral pathogenesis and developing novel antiviral therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeheng Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yisha Zhuo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Keke Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Sai Niu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Hanchuan Dai
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, No.1 Shizishan Street, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China.
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52
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Mahajan S, Choudhary S, Kumar P, Tomar S. Antiviral strategies targeting host factors and mechanisms obliging +ssRNA viral pathogens. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 46:116356. [PMID: 34416512 PMCID: PMC8349405 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, periodic recurrence of viral infections, and the emergence of challenging variants has created an urgent need of alternative therapeutic approaches to combat the spread of viral infections, failing to which may pose a greater risk to mankind in future. Resilience against antiviral drugs or fast evolutionary rate of viruses is stressing the scientific community to identify new therapeutic approaches for timely control of disease. Host metabolic pathways are exquisite reservoir of energy to viruses and contribute a diverse array of functions for successful replication and pathogenesis of virus. Targeting the host factors rather than viral enzymes to cease viral infection, has emerged as an alternative antiviral strategy. This approach offers advantage in terms of increased threshold to viral resistance and can provide broad-spectrum antiviral action against different viruses. The article here provides substantial review of literature illuminating the host factors and molecular mechanisms involved in innate/adaptive responses to viral infection, hijacking of signalling pathways by viruses and the intracellular metabolic pathways required for viral replication. Host-targeted drugs acting on the pathways usurped by viruses are also addressed in this study. Host-directed antiviral therapeutics might prove to be a rewarding approach in controlling the unprecedented spread of viral infection, however the probability of cellular side effects or cytotoxicity on host cell should not be ignored at the time of clinical investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supreeti Mahajan
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shweta Choudhary
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Pravindra Kumar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India
| | - Shailly Tomar
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Uttarakhand 247667, India.
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53
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Wang C, Ruan L, Shi H, Lin W, Liu L, Li S. Phosphorylation of Shrimp Tcf by a Viral Protein Kinase WSV083 Suppresses Its Antiviral Effect. Front Immunol 2021; 12:698697. [PMID: 34408747 PMCID: PMC8365339 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.698697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear DNA-binding TCF proteins, which act as the main downstream effectors of Wnt signaling, are essential for the regulation of cell fate and innate immunity. However, their role during viral infection in shrimp remains unknown. Herein, we demonstrated that Litopenaeus vannamei TCF (LvTcf) acts independently of Lvβ-catenin to promote interferon-like protein LvVago1 production, thus mounting the response to WSSV infection. Further, we observed that WSV083, a WSSV serine/threonine protein kinase, bound to LvTcf and phosphorylated it. Phosphorylated LvTcf was then recognized and degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Moreover, mass spectrometry analyses indicated that the T39 and T104 residues of LvTcf were target sites phosphorylated by WSV083. Point mutation analyses suggested that additional sites of LvTcf may undergo phosphorylation via WSV083. Taken together, the current work provides valuable insights into host immunity and viral pathogenesis. LvTcf is not only a modulator of shrimp innate immunity but is also an important target for WSSV immune evasion. Thus, the current findings will help improve disease control in shrimps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, China.,School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Lingwei Ruan
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Hong Shi
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Wenyang Lin
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, China.,School of Life Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Linmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, China
| | - Sujie Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Marine Genetic Resources, Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources of Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Fujian Key Laboratory of Marine Genetic Resources, Xiamen, China
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54
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Lant S, Maluquer de Motes C. Poxvirus Interactions with the Host Ubiquitin System. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10081034. [PMID: 34451498 PMCID: PMC8399815 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10081034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system has emerged as a master regulator of many, if not all, cellular functions. With its large repertoire of conjugating and ligating enzymes, the ubiquitin system holds a unique mechanism to provide selectivity and specificity in manipulating protein function. As intracellular parasites viruses have evolved to modulate the cellular environment to facilitate replication and subvert antiviral responses. Poxviruses are a large family of dsDNA viruses with large coding capacity that is used to synthetise proteins and enzymes needed for replication and morphogenesis as well as suppression of host responses. This review summarises our current knowledge on how poxvirus functions rely on the cellular ubiquitin system, and how poxviruses exploit this system to their own advantage, either facilitating uncoating and genome release and replication or rewiring ubiquitin ligases to downregulate critical antiviral factors. Whilst much remains to be known about the intricate interactions established between poxviruses and the host ubiquitin system, our knowledge has revealed crucial viral processes and important restriction factors that open novel avenues for antiviral treatment and provide fundamental insights on the biology of poxviruses and other virus families.
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55
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Banchenko S, Krupp F, Gotthold C, Bürger J, Graziadei A, O’Reilly FJ, Sinn L, Ruda O, Rappsilber J, Spahn CMT, Mielke T, Taylor IA, Schwefel D. Structural insights into Cullin4-RING ubiquitin ligase remodelling by Vpr from simian immunodeficiency viruses. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009775. [PMID: 34339457 PMCID: PMC8360603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses have evolved means to manipulate the host's ubiquitin-proteasome system, in order to down-regulate antiviral host factors. The Vpx/Vpr family of lentiviral accessory proteins usurp the substrate receptor DCAF1 of host Cullin4-RING ligases (CRL4), a family of modular ubiquitin ligases involved in DNA replication, DNA repair and cell cycle regulation. CRL4DCAF1 specificity modulation by Vpx and Vpr from certain simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV) leads to recruitment, poly-ubiquitylation and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the host restriction factor SAMHD1, resulting in enhanced virus replication in differentiated cells. To unravel the mechanism of SIV Vpr-induced SAMHD1 ubiquitylation, we conducted integrative biochemical and structural analyses of the Vpr protein from SIVs infecting Cercopithecus cephus (SIVmus). X-ray crystallography reveals commonalities between SIVmus Vpr and other members of the Vpx/Vpr family with regard to DCAF1 interaction, while cryo-electron microscopy and cross-linking mass spectrometry highlight a divergent molecular mechanism of SAMHD1 recruitment. In addition, these studies demonstrate how SIVmus Vpr exploits the dynamic architecture of the multi-subunit CRL4DCAF1 assembly to optimise SAMHD1 ubiquitylation. Together, the present work provides detailed molecular insight into variability and species-specificity of the evolutionary arms race between host SAMHD1 restriction and lentiviral counteraction through Vpx/Vpr proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Banchenko
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Krupp
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine Gotthold
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bürger
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
- Microscopy and Cryo-Electron Microscopy Service Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Graziadei
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Francis J. O’Reilly
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ludwig Sinn
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Ruda
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Juri Rappsilber
- Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Wellcome Centre for Cell Biology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Christian M. T. Spahn
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Mielke
- Microscopy and Cryo-Electron Microscopy Service Group, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ian A. Taylor
- Macromolecular Structure Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, United Kingdom
| | - David Schwefel
- Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Physics and Biophysics, Berlin, Germany
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56
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Henneberg LT, Schulman BA. Decoding the messaging of the ubiquitin system using chemical and protein probes. Cell Chem Biol 2021; 28:889-902. [PMID: 33831368 PMCID: PMC7611516 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2021.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Post-translational modification of proteins by ubiquitin is required for nearly all aspects of eukaryotic cell function. The numerous targets of ubiquitylation, and variety of ubiquitin modifications, are often likened to a code, where the ultimate messages are diverse responses to target ubiquitylation. E1, E2, and E3 multiprotein enzymatic assemblies modify specific targets and thus function as messengers. Recent advances in chemical and protein tools have revolutionized our ability to explore the ubiquitin system, through enabling new high-throughput screening methods, matching ubiquitylation enzymes with their cellular targets, revealing intricate allosteric mechanisms regulating ubiquitylating enzymes, facilitating structural revelation of transient assemblies determined by multivalent interactions, and providing new paradigms for inhibiting and redirecting ubiquitylation in vivo as new therapeutics. Here we discuss the development of methods that control, disrupt, and extract the flow of information across the ubiquitin system and have enabled elucidation of the underlying molecular and cellular biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas T Henneberg
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Brenda A Schulman
- Department of Molecular Machines and Signaling, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Martinsried, Germany.
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57
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Liu X, Huang W, Zhai Z, Ye T, Yang C, Lai J. Protein modification: A critical modulator in the interaction between geminiviruses and host plants. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2021; 44:1707-1715. [PMID: 33506956 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Geminiviruses are a large group of single-stranded DNA viruses that infect plants and cause severe agricultural losses worldwide. Given geminiviruses only have small genomes that encode a few proteins, viral factors have to interact with host components to establish an environment suitable for virus infection, whilst the host immunity system recognizes and targets these viral components during infection. Post-translational protein modifications, such as phosphorylation, lipidation, ubiquitination, SUMOylation, acetylation and methylation, have been reported to be critical during the interplay between host plants and geminiviruses. Here we summarize the research progress, including phosphorylation and lipidation which usually control the activity and localization of viral factors; as well as ubiquitination and histone modification which are predominantly interfered with by viral components. We also discuss the dynamic competition on protein modifications between host defence and geminivirus efficient infection, as well as potential applications of protein modifications in geminivirus resistance. The summary and perspective of this topic will improve our understanding on the mechanism of geminivirus-plant interaction and contribute to further protection of plants from virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoshi Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhenqian Zhai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Tushu Ye
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chengwei Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianbin Lai
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Plant Development, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
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58
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Zhang H, Zheng H, Zhu J, Dong Q, Wang J, Fan H, Chen Y, Zhang X, Han X, Li Q, Lu J, Tong Y, Chen Z. Ubiquitin-Modified Proteome of SARS-CoV-2-Infected Host Cells Reveals Insights into Virus-Host Interaction and Pathogenesis. J Proteome Res 2021; 20:2224-2239. [PMID: 33666082 PMCID: PMC7945586 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.0c00758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has posed a serious threat to global public health. The mechanism of pathogenesis and the host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection are largely unknown. In the present study, we applied a quantitative proteomic technology to identify and quantify the ubiquitination changes that occur in both the virus and the Vero E6 cells during SARS-CoV-2 infection. By applying label-free, quantitative liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry proteomics, 8943 lysine ubiquitination sites on 3086 proteins were identified, of which 138 sites on 104 proteins were quantified as significantly upregulated, while 828 sites on 447 proteins were downregulated at 72 h post-infection. Bioinformatics analysis suggested that SARS-CoV-2 infection might modulate host immune responses through the ubiquitination of important proteins, including USP5, IQGAP1, TRIM28, and Hsp90. Ubiquitination modification was also observed on 11 SAR-CoV-2 proteins, including proteins involved in virus replication and inhibition of the host innate immune response. Our study provides new insights into the interaction between SARS-CoV-2 and the host as well as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Huanying Zheng
- Guangdong Provincial Center for Disease
Control and Prevention, Guangzhou 511430, P. R.
China
| | - Jinying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Qiao Dong
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Jin Wang
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Huahao Fan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Yangzhen Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Xiaohu Han
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
| | - Qianlin Li
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Jiahai Lu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
| | - Yigang Tong
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zeliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Zoonotic of Liaoning Province,
College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shenyang Agricultural
University, Shenyang 110866, Liaoning Province, P. R.
China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen
University, Guangzhou 510080, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter
Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical
Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China
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Yu L, Liu P. Cytosolic DNA sensing by cGAS: regulation, function, and human diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:170. [PMID: 33927185 PMCID: PMC8085147 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-021-00554-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sensing invasive cytosolic DNA is an integral component of innate immunity. cGAS was identified in 2013 as the major cytosolic DNA sensor that binds dsDNA to catalyze the synthesis of a special asymmetric cyclic-dinucleotide, 2'3'-cGAMP, as the secondary messenger to bind and activate STING for subsequent production of type I interferons and other immune-modulatory genes. Hyperactivation of cGAS signaling contributes to autoimmune diseases but serves as an adjuvant for anticancer immune therapy. On the other hand, inactivation of cGAS signaling causes deficiency to sense and clear the viral and bacterial infection and creates a tumor-prone immune microenvironment to facilitate tumor evasion of immune surveillance. Thus, cGAS activation is tightly controlled. In this review, we summarize up-to-date multilayers of regulatory mechanisms governing cGAS activation, including cGAS pre- and post-translational regulations, cGAS-binding proteins, and additional cGAS regulators such as ions and small molecules. We will also reveal the pathophysiological function of cGAS and its product cGAMP in human diseases. We hope to provide an up-to-date review for recent research advances of cGAS biology and cGAS-targeted therapies for human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Yu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Pengda Liu
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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60
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Proulx J, Borgmann K, Park IW. Role of Virally-Encoded Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Regulation of the Virus Life Cycle. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094438. [PMID: 33922750 PMCID: PMC8123002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin (Ub) proteasome system (UPS) plays a pivotal role in regulation of numerous cellular processes, including innate and adaptive immune responses that are essential for restriction of the virus life cycle in the infected cells. Deubiquitination by the deubiquitinating enzyme, deubiquitinase (DUB), is a reversible molecular process to remove Ub or Ub chains from the target proteins. Deubiquitination is an integral strategy within the UPS in regulating survival and proliferation of the infecting virus and the virus-invaded cells. Many viruses in the infected cells are reported to encode viral DUB, and these vial DUBs actively disrupt cellular Ub-dependent processes to suppress host antiviral immune response, enhancing virus replication and thus proliferation. This review surveys the types of DUBs encoded by different viruses and their molecular processes for how the infecting viruses take advantage of the DUB system to evade the host immune response and expedite their replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Proulx
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (J.P.); (K.B.)
| | - Kathleen Borgmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA; (J.P.); (K.B.)
| | - In-Woo Park
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX 76107, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(817)-735-5115; Fax: +1-(817)-735-2610
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61
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Firdiana ER, Renjana E, Ningrum LW, Angio MH, Nikmatullah M, Rizal S. In Silico Study of the Active Compounds of Lindera aggregata (Sims) Kosterm as Anti-coronavirus. CURRENT NUTRITION & FOOD SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1573401316999200901181217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Background:
CoVID-19, caused by a new type of coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2,
has become a pandemic. Together with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, CoVID-19 is a large global
outbreak of coronavirus infection; however, its rate of spread is much higher. Since the vaccines
and anti-SARS-CoV-2 have not been found, a faster control mechanism is much needed. Traditional
herbs have shown the potential for this purpose, as has been demonstrated by the Chinese Government
with a high success rate. One of the herbs used was Lindera aggregata, which is part of
the collection in Purwodadi Botanic Gardens.
Objectives:
Through in silico study, this research aims to reveal the secondary metabolites contained
in L. aggregata that have the potential to serve as anti-SARS-CoV-2 medication as well as
showcase their inhibitory mechanisms.
Methods:
The research was conducted through molecular docking analysis of terpenoids and alkaloids
contained in the root of L. aggregata, with target proteins 3CLpro, PLpro, Spike, and ACE 2
playing a role in SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Result:
All analyzed compounds tended to interact with all four target proteins with different binding
affinity values, but the interaction seemed stronger with 3CLpro and Spike. Terpenoids, linderane
and linderalactone had the strongest interaction tendency with 3CLpro, PLpro, and Spike; the
compound norboldine, an alkaloid, had the strongest interaction with ACE 2, with a binding affinity
value of -8.2 kcal/mol.
Conclusion:
Terpenoids and alkaloids contained in the root of L. aggregata, which caused inhibition
of adsorption and replication of SARS-CoV-2, could serve as anti-SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elok R. Firdiana
- Research Center for Plants and Botanic Garden Conservation, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Elga Renjana
- Research Center for Plants and Botanic Garden Conservation, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Linda W. Ningrum
- Research Center for Plants and Botanic Garden Conservation, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Melisnawati H. Angio
- Research Center for Plants and Botanic Garden Conservation, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Muhamad Nikmatullah
- Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Syaiful Rizal
- Research Center for Biology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Bogor, Indonesia
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62
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Li Y, Shi F, Hu J, Xie L, Zhao L, Tang M, Luo X, Ye M, Zheng H, Zhou M, Liu N, Bode AM, Fan J, Zhou J, Gao Q, Qiu S, Wu W, Zhang X, Liao W, Cao Y. Stabilization of p18 by deubiquitylase CYLD is pivotal for cell cycle progression and viral replication. NPJ Precis Oncol 2021; 5:14. [PMID: 33654169 PMCID: PMC7925679 DOI: 10.1038/s41698-021-00153-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
p18 is a key negative regulator of cell cycle progression and mediates cell cycle arrest at the G1/S phase. Ubiquitination is the prime mechanism in regulating p18 protein abundance. However, so far no post- translational regulator, especially DUBs, has been identified to regulate the protein stability of p18. In this paper, we identified CYLD as a deubiquitinase of p18, which binds to and removes the K48-linked polyubiquitylation chains conjugated onto p18, thus stabilizing the p18 protein. Loss of CYLD causes the degradation of p18 and induces the G1/S transition. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), is the human oncovirus etiologically linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Here we found that EBV drives a replication passive environment by deregulating the CYLD-p18 axis. Functionally, CYLD inhibits cell proliferation and tumorigenesis through p18 in vivo. Restoring CYLD prevents EBV induced viral replication and tumor growth. Collectively, our results identify CYLD directly stabilizes p18 to regulate the cellular G1/S transition. The reconstitution of CYLD-p18 axis could be a promising approach for EBV-positive cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueshuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Feng Shi
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Jianmin Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Longlong Xie
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Min Tang
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Xiangjian Luo
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Mao Ye
- Molecular Science and Biomedicine Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Chemo/ Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, China
| | - Hui Zheng
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Min Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Na Liu
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiang Gao
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuangjian Qiu
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weizhong Wu
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai Medical School, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Weihua Liao
- Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ya Cao
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion, Chinese Ministry of Education, Department of Radiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Cancer Research Institute and School of Basic Medical Science, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Chinese Ministry of Health, Changsha, China.
- Molecular Imaging Research Center of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China.
- Research Center for Technologies of Nucleic Acid-Based Diagnostics and Therapeutics Hunan Province, Changsha, China.
- National Joint Engineering Research Center for Genetic Diagnostics of Infectious Diseases and Cancer, Changsha, China.
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63
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Chen DV, Suzuki T, Itoh Y, Maeda Y, Hirano J, Haga S, Zhang H, Ito D, Matsuura Y, Okamoto T. Deneddylation by SENP8 restricts hepatitis B virus propagation. Microbiol Immunol 2021; 65:125-135. [PMID: 33433029 DOI: 10.1111/1348-0421.12874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Proteins newly synthesized from messenger RNA undergo Posttranslational modifications (PTMs) such as phosphorylation, glycosylation, methylation, and ubiquitination. These PTMs have important roles in protein stability, localization, and conformation and have been reported to be involved in hepatitis B virus (HBV) propagation. Although ubiquitination plays an essential role in HBV life cycles, the involvement of ubiquitin-like proteins (UBLs) in HBV life cycles has been understudied. Through comprehensive gain- and loss-of-function screening of UBLs, we observed that neddylation, a PTM in which neural precursor cell, expressed developmentally downregulated 8 (NEDD8) is conjugated to substrate proteins, was required for efficient HBV propagation. We also found that overexpression of sentrin-specific protease 8 (SENP8), which cleaves conjugated NEDD8, suppressed HBV propagation. Further, the catalytic activity of SENP8 was required for the suppression of HBV propagation. These results indicated that the reduction of neddylation negatively regulated HBV propagation. In addition, we demonstrated that suppression of HBV propagation via SENP8 overexpression was independent of hepatitis B protein X (HBx) and HBV promoter activity. Therefore, our data suggested that neddylation plays an important role in the late stages of HBV life cycles.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Virya Chen
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Suzuki
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yumi Itoh
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Junki Hirano
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Saori Haga
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - He Zhang
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Daiki Ito
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Yoshiharu Matsuura
- Department of Molecular Virology, Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research, Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Japan
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64
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Choudhary J, Dheeman S, Sharma V, Katiyar P, Karn SK, Sarangi MK, Chauhan AK, Verma G, Baliyan N. Insights of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic: a current review. Biol Proced Online 2021; 23:5. [PMID: 33526007 PMCID: PMC7849622 DOI: 10.1186/s12575-020-00141-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a pandemic of the 21st century caused by novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 was originated from China and shallowed world economy and human resource. The medical cures via herbal treatments, antiviral drugs, and vaccines still in progress, and studying rigorously. SARS-CoV-2 is more virulent than its ancestors due to evolution in the spike protein(s), mediates viral attachment to the host's membranes. The SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding spike domain associates itself with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptors. It causes respiratory ailments with irregularities in the hepatic, nervous, and gastrointestinal systems, as reported in humans suffering from COVID-19 and reviewed in the present article. There are several approaches, have been put forward by many countries under the world health organization (WHO) recommendations and some trial drugs were introduced for possible treatment of COVID-19, such as Lopinavir or Ritonavir, Arbidol, Chloroquine (CQ), Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and most important Remdesivir including other like Tocilizumab, Oritavancin, Chlorpromazine, Azithromycin, Baricitinib, etc. RT-PCR is the only and early detection test available besides the rapid test kit (serodiagnosis) used by a few countries due to unreasonable causes. Development of vaccine by several leader of pharmaceutical groups still under trial or waiting for approval for mass inoculation. Management strategies have been evolved by the recommendations of WHO, specifically important to control COVID-19 situations, in the pandemic era. This review will provide a comprehensive collection of studies to support future research and enhancement in our wisdom to combat COVID-19 pandemic and to serve humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Choudhary
- Department of Microbiology, Chinmaya Degree College (Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand), Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249401 India
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
| | - Shrivardhan Dheeman
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161 India
| | - Vipin Sharma
- Department of Pharmaceuticals Sciences, Faculty of Ayurvedic and Medicinal Sciences, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
| | - Prashant Katiyar
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
| | - Santosh Kumar Karn
- Deaprtment of Biotechnology and Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161 India
| | - Manoj Kumar Sarangi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Sardar Bhagwan Singh University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248161 India
| | - Ankit Kumar Chauhan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
- Atal Bihari Vajpayee Institute of Medical Sciences and Dr. Ram Manohar Lohia Hospital, New Delhi, 110001 India
| | - Gaurav Verma
- Deaprtment of Microbiology, Shri Dev Suman Subharti Medical College, Ras Bihari Bose Subharti University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248001 India
| | - Nitin Baliyan
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Gurukula Kangri Deemed to be University, Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
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65
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Zong Z, Zhang Z, Wu L, Zhang L, Zhou F. The Functional Deubiquitinating Enzymes in Control of Innate Antiviral Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:2002484. [PMID: 33511009 PMCID: PMC7816709 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Innate antiviral immunity is the first line of host defense against invading viral pathogens. Immunity activation primarily relies on the recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). Viral proteins or nucleic acids mainly engage three classes of PRRs: Toll-like receptors (TLRs), retinoic acid-inducible gene I (RIG-I)-like receptors (RLRs), and DNA sensor cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) synthase (cGAS). These receptors initiate a series of signaling cascades that lead to the production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I interferon (IFN-I) in response to viral infection. This system requires precise regulation to avoid aberrant activation. Emerging evidence has unveiled the crucial roles that the ubiquitin system, especially deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), play in controlling immune responses. In this review, an overview of the most current findings on the function of DUBs in the innate antiviral immune pathways is provided. Insights into the role of viral DUBs in counteracting host immune responses are also provided. Furthermore, the prospects and challenges of utilizing DUBs as therapeutic targets for infectious diseases are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Zong
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Zhengkui Zhang
- Institute of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Liming Wu
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic SurgeryThe First Affiliated HospitalZhejiang University School of MedicineHangzhou310003P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institute of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
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66
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Pang Y, Li M, Zhou Y, Liu W, Tao R, Zhang H, Xiao S, Fang L. The ubiquitin proteasome system is necessary for efficient proliferation of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus. Vet Microbiol 2020; 253:108947. [PMID: 33341467 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2020.108947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) plays a vital role in cellular protein homeostasis by ensuring protein quality control and maintaining a critical level of important regulatory proteins. Thus, it is not surprising that the functional UPS is manipulated by viruses to assist in viral propagation. Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is an economically significant swine disease that has been devastating the swine industry worldwide. However, the role of UPS in PRRSV infection is unknown. In this study, we found that treatment with the proteasome inhibitor MG132 significantly inhibited PRRSV proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. The anti-PRRSV effect of MG132 was most significant in the middle stage of the PRRSV lifecycle, which is achieved via inhibition of viral attachment and replication. Interestingly, the expression of poly-ubiquitin was drastically decreased and the accumulation of free-ubiquitin was obviously elevated in the middle stage of PRRSV infection. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of ubiquitin in MG132-treated cells partially reversed the inhibitory effect of MG132 on PRRSV proliferation. Taken together, these results suggest that PRRSV manipulates UPS to promote self-proliferation by cheating or taking advantage of the host proteasome, degrading intracellular poly-ubiquitin and increasing the accumulation of free ubiquitin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Mao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yanrong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ran Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hejin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shaobo Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Liurong Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; The Key Laboratory of Preventive Veterinary Medicine in Hubei Province, Cooperative Innovation Center for Sustainable Pig Production, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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67
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Li P, Jing H, Wang Y, Yuan L, Xiao H, Zheng Q. SUMO modification in apoptosis. J Mol Histol 2020; 52:1-10. [PMID: 33225418 PMCID: PMC7790789 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09924-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and clearance of dead cells is highly evolutionarily conserved from nematode to humans, which is crucial to the growth and development of multicellular organism. Fail to remove apoptotic cells often lead to homeostasis imbalance, fatal autoimmune diseases, and neurodegenerative diseases. Small ubiquitin-related modifiers (SUMOs) modification is a post-translational modification of ubiquitin proteins mediated by the sentrin-specific proteases (SENPs) family. SUMO modification is widely involved in many cellular biological process, and abnormal SUMO modification is also closely related to many major human diseases. Recent researches have revealed that SUMO modification event occurs during apoptosis and clearance of apoptotic cells, and plays an important role in the regulation of apoptotic signaling pathways. This review summarizes some recent progress in the revelation of regulatory mechanisms of these pathways and provides some potential researching hotpots of the SUMO modification regulation to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyao Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Huiru Jing
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Yanzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Hui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Qian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Medicinal Plant Resources and Natural Pharmaceutical Chemistry, National Engineering Laboratory for Resource Development of Endangered Crude Drugs in the Northwest of China, College of Life Sciences, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Kanner SA, Shuja Z, Choudhury P, Jain A, Colecraft HM. Targeted deubiquitination rescues distinct trafficking-deficient ion channelopathies. Nat Methods 2020; 17:1245-1253. [PMID: 33169015 PMCID: PMC9335257 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-020-00992-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Impaired protein stability/trafficking underlies diverse ion channelopathies and represents an unexploited unifying principle to develop common treatments for otherwise dissimilar diseases. Ubiquitination limits ion channel surface density, but targeting this pathway for basic study or therapy is challenging because of its prevalent role in proteostasis. We developed engineered deubiquitinases (enDUBs) that enable ubiquitin chain removal selectively from target proteins to rescue functional expression of disparate mutant ion channels underlying Long QT syndrome (LQT1) and cystic fibrosis (CF). In a LQT1 cardiomyocyte model, enDUB treatment restored delayed rectifier K+ currents and normalized action potential duration. CF-targeted enDUBs synergistically rescued common (F508del) and pharmacotherapy-resistant (N1303K) CF mutations when combined with the FDA-approved drugs, Orkambi and Trikafta. Altogether, targeted deubiquitination via enDUBs provides a powerful protein stabilization method that not only corrects diverse diseases caused by impaired ion channel trafficking, but also introduces a new tool for deconstructing the ubiquitin code in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Kanner
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zunaira Shuja
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Papiya Choudhury
- Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Henry M Colecraft
- Doctoral Program in Neurobiology and Behavior, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Physiology and Cellular Biophysics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA. .,Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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69
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The N-terminal cysteine protease domain of rice stripe tenuivirus Pc1 possesses deubiquitinating enzyme activity. Virus Genes 2020; 57:117-120. [PMID: 33146853 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-020-01807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Virus encoded deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) plays important roles in viral replication and the regulation of host innate immunity. Bioinformatics-based analysis revealed the presence of an ovarian tumor (OTU) protease domain in the N terminus of rice stripe tenuivirus (RSV) Pc1. Many viral OTU domains have been reported to possess DUB activity, which suggests that RSV OTU probably also have DUB activity. To confirm this prediction, we first expressed and purified RSV OTU domain (the N-terminal 200 amino acids of Pc1) and its three mutants (D42A, C45A and H148A) from Escherichia coli and analyzed its DUB activity in vitro. The purified RSV OTU hydrolyzed both K48-linked and K63-linked polyubiquitin chains, indicating RSV OTU domain has DUB enzyme activity in vitro. The mutations of the predicted catalytic sites (Asp42, Cys45 and His148) resulted in the loss of DUB activity, demonstrating these three residues were required for enzyme activity. Then, RSV OTU and its mutants were expressed in insect cells and assayed their DUB activities in vivo by co-transfection with HA-tagged ubiquitin. RSV OTU dramatically reduced ubiquitin-conjugated cellular proteins compared to control and the mutants, showing that RSV OTU also displays DUB activity in vivo. Characterization of RSV OTU DUB enzyme activity and its key catalytic residues will facilitate the development of novel antiviral reagents against RSV.
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70
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Rasaei R, Sarodaya N, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S, Hong SH. Importance of Deubiquitination in Macrophage-Mediated Viral Response and Inflammation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21218090. [PMID: 33138315 PMCID: PMC7662591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitination and deubiquitination play a fundamental role in the signaling pathways associated with innate and adaptive immune responses. Macrophages are key sentinels for the host defense, triggering antiviral and inflammatory responses against various invading pathogens. Macrophages recognize the genetic material of these pathogens as pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) through the activation of its pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), initiating the cascade of immune signaling, which leads to the production of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines that initiates the appropriate immune response. Macrophage-mediated immune response is highly regulated and tightly controlled by the ubiquitin system since its abnormal activation or dysregulation may result in the severe pathogenesis of numerous inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) play a crucial role in reversing the ubiquitination and controlling the magnitude of the immune response. During infection, pathogens manipulate the host defense system by regulating DUBs to obtain nutrients and increase proliferation. Indeed, the regulation of DUBs by small molecule inhibitors has been proposed as an excellent way to control aberrant activation of immune signaling molecules. This review is focused on the complex role of DUBs in macrophage-mediated immune response, exploring the potential use of DUBs as therapeutic targets in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases by virtue of small molecule DUB inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roya Rasaei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Neha Sarodaya
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (K.-S.K.)
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (K.-S.K.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea; (N.S.); (K.-S.K.)
- College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
- Correspondence: or (S.R.); or (S.-H.H.)
| | - Seok-Ho Hong
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
- Correspondence: or (S.R.); or (S.-H.H.)
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71
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Mast FD, Navare AT, van der Sloot AM, Coulombe-Huntington J, Rout MP, Baliga NS, Kaushansky A, Chait BT, Aderem A, Rice CM, Sali A, Tyers M, Aitchison JD. Crippling life support for SARS-CoV-2 and other viruses through synthetic lethality. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:e202006159. [PMID: 32785687 PMCID: PMC7659715 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202006159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid global spread of SARS-CoV-2, we have become acutely aware of the inadequacies of our ability to respond to viral epidemics. Although disrupting the viral life cycle is critical for limiting viral spread and disease, it has proven challenging to develop targeted and selective therapeutics. Synthetic lethality offers a promising but largely unexploited strategy against infectious viral disease; as viruses infect cells, they abnormally alter the cell state, unwittingly exposing new vulnerabilities in the infected cell. Therefore, we propose that effective therapies can be developed to selectively target the virally reconfigured host cell networks that accompany altered cellular states to cripple the host cell that has been converted into a virus factory, thus disrupting the viral life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred D. Mast
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Arti T. Navare
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
| | - Almer M. van der Sloot
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Michael P. Rout
- Laboratory of Cellular and Structural Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | | | - Alexis Kaushansky
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Brian T. Chait
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry and Gaseous Ion Chemistry, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Alan Aderem
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Charles M. Rice
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Andrej Sali
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, and California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA
| | - Mike Tyers
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada
| | - John D. Aitchison
- Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children’s Research Institute, Seattle, WA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
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72
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Herrmann C, Dybas JM, Liddle JC, Price AM, Hayer KE, Lauman R, Purman CE, Charman M, Kim ET, Garcia BA, Weitzman MD. Adenovirus-mediated ubiquitination alters protein-RNA binding and aids viral RNA processing. Nat Microbiol 2020; 5:1217-1231. [PMID: 32661314 PMCID: PMC7529849 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-020-0750-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Viruses promote infection by hijacking the ubiquitin machinery of the host to counteract or redirect cellular processes. Adenovirus encodes two early proteins, E1B55K and E4orf6, that together co-opt a cellular ubiquitin ligase complex to overcome host defences and promote virus production. Adenovirus mutants lacking E1B55K or E4orf6 display defects in viral RNA processing and protein production, but previously identified substrates of the redirected ligase do not explain these phenotypes. Here, we used a quantitative proteomics approach to identify substrates of E1B55K/E4orf6-mediated ubiquitination that facilitate RNA processing. While all currently known cellular substrates of E1B55K and E4orf6 are degraded by the proteasome, we uncovered RNA-binding proteins as high-confidence substrates that are not decreased in overall abundance. We focused on two RNA-binding proteins, RALY and hnRNP-C, which we confirm are ubiquitinated without degradation. Knockdown of RALY and hnRNP-C increased levels of viral RNA splicing, protein abundance and progeny production during infection with E1B55K-deleted virus. Furthermore, infection with E1B55K-deleted virus resulted in an increased interaction of hnRNP-C with viral RNA and attenuation of viral RNA processing. These data suggest that viral-mediated ubiquitination of RALY and hnRNP-C relieves a restriction on viral RNA processing and reveal an unexpected role for non-degradative ubiquitination in the manipulation of cellular processes during virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Herrmann
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Group, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joseph M Dybas
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer C Liddle
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander M Price
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katharina E Hayer
- Department of Biomedical and Health Informatics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Richard Lauman
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Graduate Group in Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caitlin E Purman
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew Charman
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eui Tae Kim
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Matthew D Weitzman
- Division of Protective Immunity and Division of Cancer Pathobiology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Epigenetics Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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73
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Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of the Tsg101 UEV Protein Interactions Refined through Global Docking and Gaussian Accelerated Molecular Dynamics Simulations. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12102235. [PMID: 32998394 PMCID: PMC7650771 DOI: 10.3390/polym12102235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tsg101 UEV domain proteins are potential targets for virus infection therapy, especially for HIV and Ebola viruses. Peptides are key in curbing virus transmission, and cyclic peptides have a greater survival time than their linear peptides. To date, the accurate prediction of cyclic peptide-protein receptors binding conformations still is challenging because of high peptide flexibility. Here, a useful approach combined the global peptide docking, Gaussian accelerated molecular dynamics (GaMD), two-dimensional (2D) potential of mean force (PMF), normal molecular dynamics (cMD), and solvated interaction energy (SIE) techniques. Then we used this approach to investigate the binding conformations of UEV domain proteins with three cyclic peptides inhibitors. We reported the possible cyclic peptide-UEV domain protein binding conformations via 2D PMF free energy profiles and SIE free energy calculations. The residues Trp145, Tyr147, and Trp148 of the native cyclic peptide (CP1) indeed play essential roles in the cyclic peptides-UEV domain proteins interactions. Our findings might increase the accuracy of cyclic peptide-protein conformational prediction, which may facilitate cyclic peptide inhibitor design. Our approach is expected to further aid in addressing the challenges in cyclic peptide inhibitor design.
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74
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Klemm T, Ebert G, Calleja DJ, Allison CC, Richardson LW, Bernardini JP, Lu BGC, Kuchel NW, Grohmann C, Shibata Y, Gan ZY, Cooney JP, Doerflinger M, Au AE, Blackmore TR, van der Heden van Noort GJ, Geurink PP, Ovaa H, Newman J, Riboldi‐Tunnicliffe A, Czabotar PE, Mitchell JP, Feltham R, Lechtenberg BC, Lowes KN, Dewson G, Pellegrini M, Lessene G, Komander D. Mechanism and inhibition of the papain-like protease, PLpro, of SARS-CoV-2. EMBO J 2020; 39:e106275. [PMID: 32845033 PMCID: PMC7461020 DOI: 10.15252/embj.2020106275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus encodes an essential papain-like protease domain as part of its non-structural protein (nsp)-3, namely SARS2 PLpro, that cleaves the viral polyprotein, but also removes ubiquitin-like ISG15 protein modifications as well as, with lower activity, Lys48-linked polyubiquitin. Structures of PLpro bound to ubiquitin and ISG15 reveal that the S1 ubiquitin-binding site is responsible for high ISG15 activity, while the S2 binding site provides Lys48 chain specificity and cleavage efficiency. To identify PLpro inhibitors in a repurposing approach, screening of 3,727 unique approved drugs and clinical compounds against SARS2 PLpro identified no compounds that inhibited PLpro consistently or that could be validated in counterscreens. More promisingly, non-covalent small molecule SARS PLpro inhibitors also target SARS2 PLpro, prevent self-processing of nsp3 in cells and display high potency and excellent antiviral activity in a SARS-CoV-2 infection model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Klemm
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Gregor Ebert
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Dale J Calleja
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Cody C Allison
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Lachlan W Richardson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Jonathan P Bernardini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyMichael Smith Laboratories University of British ColumbiaVancouverBCCanada
| | - Bernadine GC Lu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Nathan W Kuchel
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Christoph Grohmann
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Yuri Shibata
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Zhong Yan Gan
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - James P Cooney
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Marcel Doerflinger
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Amanda E Au
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Timothy R Blackmore
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | | | - Paul P Geurink
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CentreLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Oncode Institute and Department of Cell and Chemical BiologyLeiden University Medical CentreLeidenThe Netherlands
| | - Janet Newman
- Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)Biomedical ProgramParkvilleVic.Australia
| | | | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Jeffrey P Mitchell
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Rebecca Feltham
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Bernhard C Lechtenberg
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Kym N Lowes
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Grant Dewson
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Marc Pellegrini
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - Guillaume Lessene
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics DepartmentUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
| | - David Komander
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research and Department of Medical BiologyUniversity of MelbourneMelbourneVic.Australia
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75
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Bojagora A, Saridakis V. USP7 manipulation by viral proteins. Virus Res 2020; 286:198076. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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76
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Mishra R, Lahon A, Banerjea AC. Dengue Virus Degrades USP33-ATF3 Axis via Extracellular Vesicles to Activate Human Microglial Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 205:1787-1798. [PMID: 32848034 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) infection disrupts host innate immune signaling at various checkpoints. Cellular levels and stability of intermediate signaling molecules are a crucial hijacking point for a successful viral pathogenesis. Stability and turnover of all the cellular proteins including intermediate signaling molecules are principally regulated by proteasomal degradation pathway. In this study, we show that how DENV infection and particularly DENV-NS1 can modulate the host extracellular vesicle (EV) cargo to manipulate the deubiquitination machinery of the human microglial cell (CHME3). We have performed EV harvesting, size analysis by nanoparticle tracking analysis, identification of cargo microRNA via quantitative PCR, microRNA target validation by overexpression, and knockdown via mimics and anti-miRs, immunoblotting, dual luciferase reporter assay, in vivo ubiquitination assay, chase assay, and promoter activity assay to reach the conclusion. In this study, we show that DENV-infected monocytes and DENV-NS1-transfected cells release high amounts of EVs loaded with miR-148a. These EVs get internalized by human microglial cells, and miR-148a suppresses the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 33 (USP33) protein expression levels via binding to its 3' untranslated region. Reduced USP33 in turn decreases the stability of cellular ATF3 protein via deubiquitylation. ATF3 acts as a suppressor of major proinflammatory gene expression pathways of TNF-α, NF-κB, and IFN-β. Our mechanistic model explains how DENV uses the EV pathway to transfer miR-148a for modulating USP33 and downstream ATF3 levels in human microglial cells and contributes in neuroinflammation within the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Mishra
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Anismrita Lahon
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Akhil C Banerjea
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi 110067, India
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77
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Fieulaine S, Witte MD, Theile CS, Ayach M, Ploegh HL, Jupin I, Bressanelli S. Turnip yellow mosaic virus protease binds ubiquitin suboptimally to fine-tune its deubiquitinase activity. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:13769-13783. [PMID: 32732284 PMCID: PMC7535911 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra120.014628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-stranded, positive-sense RNA viruses assemble their replication complexes in infected cells from a multidomain replication polyprotein. This polyprotein usually contains at least one protease, the primary function of which is to process the polyprotein into mature proteins. Such proteases also may have other functions in the replication cycle. For instance, cysteine proteases (PRO) frequently double up as ubiquitin hydrolases (DUB), thus interfering with cellular processes critical for virus replication. We previously reported the crystal structures of such a PRO/DUB from Turnip yellow mosaic virus (TYMV) and of its complex with one of its PRO substrates. Here we report the crystal structure of TYMV PRO/DUB in complex with ubiquitin. We find that PRO/DUB recognizes ubiquitin in an unorthodox way: It interacts with the body of ubiquitin through a split recognition motif engaging both the major and the secondary recognition patches of ubiquitin (Ile44 patch and Ile36 patch, respectively, including Leu8, which is part of the two patches). However, the contacts are suboptimal on both sides. Introducing a single-point mutation in TYMV PRO/DUB aimed at improving ubiquitin-binding led to a much more active DUB. Comparison with other PRO/DUBs from other viral families, particularly coronaviruses, suggests that low DUB activities of viral PRO/DUBs may generally be fine-tuned features of interaction with host factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Fieulaine
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Martin D Witte
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Christopher S Theile
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Maya Ayach
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Hidde L Ploegh
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Isabelle Jupin
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Jacques Monod Institute, CNRS, UMR, Université de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Bressanelli
- Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, CNRS, Institute for Integrative Biology of the Cell (I2BC), 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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78
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Nagy PD. Host protein chaperones, RNA helicases and the ubiquitin network highlight the arms race for resources between tombusviruses and their hosts. Adv Virus Res 2020; 107:133-158. [PMID: 32711728 PMCID: PMC7342006 DOI: 10.1016/bs.aivir.2020.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Positive-strand RNA viruses need to arrogate many cellular resources to support their replication and infection cycles. These viruses co-opt host factors, lipids and subcellular membranes and exploit cellular metabolites to built viral replication organelles in infected cells. However, the host cells have their defensive arsenal of factors to protect themselves from easy exploitation by viruses. In this review, the author discusses an emerging arms race for cellular resources between viruses and hosts, which occur during the early events of virus-host interactions. Recent findings with tomato bushy stunt virus and its hosts revealed that the need of the virus to exploit and co-opt given members of protein families provides an opportunity for the host to deploy additional members of the same or associated protein family to interfere with virus replication. Three examples with well-established heat shock protein 70 and RNA helicase protein families and the ubiquitin network will be described to illustrate this model on the early arms race for cellular resources between tombusviruses and their hosts. We predict that arms race for resources with additional cellular protein families will be discovered with tombusviruses. These advances will fortify research on interactions among other plant and animal viruses and their hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter D Nagy
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States.
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79
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A novel polyubiquitin chain linkage formed by viral Ubiquitin is resistant to host deubiquitinating enzymes. Biochem J 2020; 477:2193-2219. [PMID: 32478812 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20200289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The Baculoviridae family of viruses encode a viral Ubiquitin (vUb) gene. Though the vUb is homologous to the host eukaryotic Ubiquitin (Ub), its preservation in the viral genome indicates unique functions that are not compensated by the host Ub. We report the structural, biophysical, and biochemical properties of the vUb from Autographa californica multiple nucleo-polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV). The packing of central helix α1 to the beta-sheet β1-β5 is different between vUb and Ub. Consequently, its stability is lower compared with Ub. However, the surface properties, ubiquitination activity, and the interaction with Ubiquitin-binding domains are similar between vUb and Ub. Interestingly, vUb forms atypical polyubiquitin chain linked by lysine at the 54th position (K54), and the deubiquitinating enzymes are ineffective against the K54-linked polyubiquitin chains. We propose that the modification of host/viral proteins with the K54-linked chains is an effective way selected by the virus to protect the vUb signal from host DeUbiquitinases.
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80
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The HSV-1 ubiquitin ligase ICP0: Modifying the cellular proteome to promote infection. Virus Res 2020; 285:198015. [PMID: 32416261 PMCID: PMC7303953 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
ICP0 is a viral E3 ubiquitin ligase that promotes HSV-1 infection. ICP0 interacts with multiple component proteins of the ubiquitin pathway. ICP0 disrupts multiple cellular processes activated in response to infection ICP0 remodels the SUMO proteome to counteract host immune defences to infection. ICP0 is an attractive drug target for the development of antiviral HSV-1 therapeutics.
Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) hijacks ubiquitination machinery to modify the cellular proteome to create an environment permissive for virus replication. HSV-1 encodes its own RING-finger E3 ubiquitin (Ub) ligase, Infected Cell Protein 0 (ICP0), that directly interfaces with component proteins of the Ub pathway to inactivate host immune defences and cellular processes that restrict the progression of HSV-1 infection. Consequently, ICP0 plays a critical role in the infectious cycle of HSV-1 that is required to promote the efficient onset of lytic infection and productive reactivation of viral genomes from latency. This review will describe the current knowledge regarding the biochemical properties and known substrates of ICP0 during HSV-1 infection. We will highlight the gaps in the characterization of ICP0 function and propose future areas of research required to understand fully the biological properties of this important HSV-1 regulatory protein.
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81
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Wang L, Hu W, Fan C. Structural and biochemical characterization of SADS-CoV papain-like protease 2. Protein Sci 2020; 29:1228-1241. [PMID: 32216114 PMCID: PMC7184779 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronavirus (SADS‐CoV) is a novel coronavirus that is involved in severe diarrhea disease in piglets, causing considerable agricultural and economic loss in China. The emergence of this new coronavirus increases the importance of understanding SADS‐CoV as well as antivirals. Coronaviral proteases, including main proteases and papain‐like proteases (PLP), are attractive antiviral targets because of their essential roles in polyprotein processing and thus viral maturation. Here, we describe the biochemical and structural identification of recombinant SADS papain‐like protease 2 (PLP2) domain of nsp3. The SADS‐CoV PLP2 was shown to cleave nsp1 proteins and also peptides mimicking the nsp2|nsp3 cleavage site and also had deubiquitinating and deISGynating activity by in vitro assays. The crystal structure adopts an architecture resembling that of PLPs from other coronaviruses. We characterize both conserved and unique structural features likely directing the interaction of PLP2 with the substrates, including the tentative mapping of active site and other essential residues. These results provide a foundation for understanding the molecular basis of coronaviral PLPs' catalytic mechanism and for the screening and design of therapeutics to combat infection by SADS coronavirus. PDB Code(s): http://firstglance.jmol.org/fg.htm?mol=6L5T;
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Weihua Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
| | - Chengpeng Fan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical SciencesWuhan UniversityWuhanChina
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82
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Schauer NJ, Liu X, Magin RS, Doherty LM, Chan WC, Ficarro SB, Hu W, Roberts RM, Iacob RE, Stolte B, Giacomelli AO, Perera S, McKay K, Boswell SA, Weisberg EL, Ray A, Chauhan D, Dhe-Paganon S, Anderson KC, Griffin JD, Li J, Hahn WC, Sorger PK, Engen JR, Stegmaier K, Marto JA, Buhrlage SJ. Selective USP7 inhibition elicits cancer cell killing through a p53-dependent mechanism. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5324. [PMID: 32210275 PMCID: PMC7093416 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62076-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin specific peptidase 7 (USP7) is a deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) that removes ubiquitin tags from specific protein substrates in order to alter their degradation rate and sub-cellular localization. USP7 has been proposed as a therapeutic target in several cancers because it has many reported substrates with a role in cancer progression, including FOXO4, MDM2, N-Myc, and PTEN. The multi-substrate nature of USP7, combined with the modest potency and selectivity of early generation USP7 inhibitors, has presented a challenge in defining predictors of response to USP7 and potential patient populations that would benefit most from USP7-targeted drugs. Here, we describe the structure-guided development of XL177A, which irreversibly inhibits USP7 with sub-nM potency and selectivity across the human proteome. Evaluation of the cellular effects of XL177A reveals that selective USP7 inhibition suppresses cancer cell growth predominantly through a p53-dependent mechanism: XL177A specifically upregulates p53 transcriptional targets transcriptome-wide, hotspot mutations in TP53 but not any other genes predict response to XL177A across a panel of ~500 cancer cell lines, and TP53 knockout rescues XL177A-mediated growth suppression of TP53 wild-type (WT) cells. Together, these findings suggest TP53 mutational status as a biomarker for response to USP7 inhibition. We find that Ewing sarcoma and malignant rhabdoid tumor (MRT), two pediatric cancers that are sensitive to other p53-dependent cytotoxic drugs, also display increased sensitivity to XL177A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Schauer
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Robert S Magin
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura M Doherty
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Systems Biology and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wai Cheung Chan
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Scott B Ficarro
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wanyi Hu
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rebekka M Roberts
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roxana E Iacob
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Björn Stolte
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrew O Giacomelli
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Kyle McKay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - Sarah A Boswell
- Department of Systems Biology and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ellen L Weisberg
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Arghya Ray
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dharminder Chauhan
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sirano Dhe-Paganon
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ken C Anderson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- The LeBow Institute for Myeloma Therapeutics and Jerome Lipper Myeloma Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - James D Griffin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jianing Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - William C Hahn
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter K Sorger
- Department of Systems Biology and Laboratory of Systems Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John R Engen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kimberly Stegmaier
- Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute and Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Jarrod A Marto
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Oncologic Pathology and Blais Proteomics Center, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sara J Buhrlage
- Department of Cancer Biology and the Linde Program in Cancer Chemical Biology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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Yu HZ, Li NY, Zeng XD, Song JC, Yu XD, Su HN, Chen CX, Yi L, Lu ZJ. Transcriptome Analyses of Diaphorina citri Midgut Responses to Candidatus Liberibacter Asiaticus Infection. INSECTS 2020; 11:insects11030171. [PMID: 32156093 PMCID: PMC7143376 DOI: 10.3390/insects11030171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The Asian citrus psyllid (ACP), Diaphorina citri Kuwayama (Hemiptera: Liviidae), is an important transmission vector of the citrus greening disease Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas). The D. citri midgut exhibits an important tissue barrier against CLas infection. However, the molecular mechanism of the midgut response to CLas infection has not been comprehensively elucidated. In this study, we identified 778 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the midgut upon CLas infection, by comparative transcriptome analyses, including 499 upregulated DEGs and 279 downregulated DEGs. Functional annotation analysis showed that these DEGs were associated with ubiquitination, the immune response, the ribosome, endocytosis, the cytoskeleton and insecticide resistance. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed that most of the DEGs were primarily involved in endocytosis and the ribosome. A total of fourteen DEG functions were further validated by reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). This study will contribute to our understanding of the molecular interaction between CLas and D. citri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Zhong Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Ning-Yan Li
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiang-Dong Zeng
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Jian-Chun Song
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
| | - Xiu-Dao Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Hua-Nan Su
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | | | - Long Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Zhan-Jun Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China; (H.-Z.Y.); (N.-Y.L.); (X.-D.Z.); (J.-C.S.); (X.-D.Y.); (H.-N.S.); (L.Y.)
- National Navel Orange Engineering Research Center, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou 341000, China
- Correspondence:
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Lin J, Ai Y, Zhou H, Lv Y, Wang M, Xu J, Yu C, Zhang H, Wang M. UL36 Encoded by Marek's Disease Virus Exhibits Linkage-Specific Deubiquitinase Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1783. [PMID: 32150874 PMCID: PMC7084888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 02/29/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Deubiquitinase (DUB) regulates various important cellular processes via reversing the protein ubiquitination. The N-terminal fragment of a giant tegument protein, UL36, encoded by the Marek's disease (MD) virus (MDV), encompasses a putative DUB (UL36-DUB) and shares no homology with any known DUBs. The N-terminus 75 kDa fragment of UL36 exists in MD T lymphoma cells at a high level and participates in MDV pathogenicity. (2) Methods: To characterize deubiquitinating activity and substrate specificity of UL36-DUB, the UL36 N-terminal fragments, UL36(323), UL36(480), and mutants were prepared using the Bac-to-Bac system. The deubiquitinating activity and substrate specificity of these recombinant UL36-DUBs were analyzed using various ubiquitin (Ub) or ubiquitin-like (UbL) substrates and activity-based deubiquitinating enzyme probes. (3) Results: The results indicated that wild type UL36-DUBs show a different hydrolysis ability against varied types of ubiquitin chains. These wild type UL36-DUBs presented the highest activity to K11, K48, and K63 linkage Ub chains, weak activity to K6, K29, and K33 Ub chains, and no activity to K27 linkage Ub chain. UL36 has higher cleavage efficiency for K48 and K63 poly-ubiquitin than linear ubiquitin chain (M1-Ub4), but no activity on various ubiquitin-like modifiers. The mutation of C98 and H234 residues eliminated the deubiquitinating activity of UL36-DUB. D232A mutation impacted, but did not eliminated UL36(480) activity. The Ub-Br probe can bind to wild type UL36-DUB and mutants UL36(480)H234A and UL36(480)D232A, but not C98 mutants. These in vitro results suggested that the C98 and H234 are essential catalytic residues of UL36-DUB. UL36-DUB exhibited a strict substrate specificity. Inhibition assay revealed that UL36-DUB exhibits resistance to the Roche protease inhibitor cocktail and serine protease inhibitor, but not to the Solarbio protease inhibitor cocktail. (4) Conclusions: UL36-DUB exhibited a strict substrate preference, and the protocol developed in the current study for obtaining active UL36-DUB protein should promote the high-throughput screening of UL36 inhibitors and the study on the function of MDV-encoded UL36.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Lin
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi An Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China; (J.L.); (Y.A.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Yongxing Ai
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi An Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China; (J.L.); (Y.A.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, 5333 Xi An Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Hongda Zhou
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi An Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China; (J.L.); (Y.A.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Yan Lv
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi An Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China; (J.L.); (Y.A.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Menghan Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi An Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China; (J.L.); (Y.A.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (J.X.)
| | - Jiacui Xu
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi An Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China; (J.L.); (Y.A.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (J.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Research, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Zoonosis, Jilin University, 5333 Xi An Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China
| | - Cong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Avenue, Changchun 130022, Jilin, China;
| | - Huanmin Zhang
- Avian Disease and Oncology Laboratory, Agriculture Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, 4279 East Mount Hope Road East Lansing, MI 48823, USA
| | - Mengyun Wang
- College of Animal Science, Jilin University, 5333 Xi An Road, Changchun 130062, Jilin, China; (J.L.); (Y.A.); (H.Z.); (Y.L.); (M.W.); (J.X.)
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In silico screening of Chinese herbal medicines with the potential to directly inhibit 2019 novel coronavirus. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE-JIM 2020; 18:152-158. [PMID: 32113846 PMCID: PMC7102521 DOI: 10.1016/j.joim.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 295] [Impact Index Per Article: 73.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Objective In this study we execute a rational screen to identify Chinese medical herbs that are commonly used in treating viral respiratory infections and also contain compounds that might directly inhibit 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), an ongoing novel coronavirus that causes pneumonia. Methods There were two main steps in the screening process. In the first step we conducted a literature search for natural compounds that had been biologically confirmed as against sever acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus or Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus. Resulting compounds were cross-checked for listing in the Traditional Chinese Medicine Systems Pharmacology Database. Compounds meeting both requirements were subjected to absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME) evaluation to verify that oral administration would be effective. Next, a docking analysis was used to test whether the compound had the potential for direct 2019-nCoV protein interaction. In the second step we searched Chinese herbal databases to identify plants containing the selected compounds. Plants containing 2 or more of the compounds identified in our screen were then checked against the catalogue for classic herbal usage. Finally, network pharmacology analysis was used to predict the general in vivo effects of each selected herb. Results Of the natural compounds screened, 13 that exist in traditional Chinese medicines were also found to have potential anti-2019-nCoV activity. Further, 125 Chinese herbs were found to contain 2 or more of these 13 compounds. Of these 125 herbs, 26 are classically catalogued as treating viral respiratory infections. Network pharmacology analysis predicted that the general in vivo roles of these 26 herbal plants were related to regulating viral infection, immune/inflammation reactions and hypoxia response. Conclusion Chinese herbal treatments classically used for treating viral respiratory infection might contain direct anti-2019-nCoV compounds.
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Kumar G, Dasgupta I. Comprehensive molecular insights into the stress response dynamics of rice (Oryza sativa L.) during rice tungro disease by RNA-seq-based comparative whole transcriptome analysis. J Biosci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-9996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Li H, Li J, Zhai Y, Zhang L, Cui P, Feng L, Yan W, Fu X, Tian Y, Wang H, Yang X. Gga-miR-30d regulates infectious bronchitis virus infection by targeting USP47 in HD11 cells. Microb Pathog 2020; 141:103998. [PMID: 31982568 PMCID: PMC7125550 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2020.103998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus which infects chickens and causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important intracellular regulators and play a pivotal role in viral infections. In previous studies, we have revealed that IBV infection caused a significant down-regulation of gga-miR-30d expression in chicken kidneys. In present study, we investigated the role of gga-miR-30d in the process of IBV infection of HD11 cell line in vitro. By transfecting the mimics and inhibitor of gga-miR-30d, it was found that overexpressed gga-miR-30d inhibited IBV replication. Contrarily, low-expressed gga-miR-30d promoted IBV replication. In addition, dual-luciferase reporter assays revealed that ubiquitin-specific protease 47 (USP47), a deubiquitinase-encoding gene, was a target for gga-miR-30d. This is the first study demonstrating that miRNAs regulate IBV replication by regulating the deubiquitinating enzyme (DUBs). Gga-miR-30d, a microRNA encoded by HD11 cells, regulates IBV infection by targeting USP47. This is the first study demonstrating that miRNAs regulate IBV replication by regulating the deubiquitinating enzyme (DUBs). Our results highlight the importance of the ubiquitin-deubiquitinase system in virus-cell interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Jianan Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yaru Zhai
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Pengfei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Lan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Wenjun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xue Fu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Yiming Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Hongning Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Xin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resource and Eco-Environment of Ministry of Education, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, Sichuan, PR China.
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Kumar G, Dasgupta I. Comprehensive molecular insights into the stress response dynamics of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) during rice tungro disease by RNA-seq-based comparative whole transcriptome analysis. J Biosci 2020; 45:27. [PMID: 32020909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice tungro is a serious viral disease of rice resulting from infection by two viruses, Rice tungro bacilliform virus and Rice tungro spherical virus. To gain molecular insights into the global gene expression changes in rice during tungro, a comparative whole genome transcriptome study was performed on healthy and tungroaffected rice plants using Illumina Hiseq 2500. About 10 GB of sequenced data comprising about 50 million paired end reads per sample were then aligned on to the rice genome. Gene expression analysis revealed around 959 transcripts, related to various cellular pathways concerning stress response and hormonal homeostasis to be differentially expressed. The data was validated through qRT-PCR. Gene ontology and pathway analyses revealed enrichment of transcripts and processes similar to the differentially expressed genes categories. In short, the present study is a comprehensive coverage of the differential gene expression landscape and provides molecular insights into the infection dynamics of the rice-tungro virus system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurav Kumar
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi 110 021, India
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Singh N, Rai S, Bhatnagar R, Bhatnagar S. Network analysis of host-pathogen protein interactions in microbe induced cardiovascular diseases. In Silico Biol 2020; 14:115-133. [PMID: 35001887 PMCID: PMC8842779 DOI: 10.3233/isb-210238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Large-scale visualization and analysis of HPIs involved in microbial CVDs can provide crucial insights into the mechanisms of pathogenicity. The comparison of CVD associated HPIs with the entire set of HPIs can identify the pathways specific to CVDs. Therefore, topological properties of HPI networks in CVDs and all pathogens was studied using Cytoscape3.5.1. Ontology and pathway analysis were done using KOBAS 3.0. HPIs of Papilloma, Herpes, Influenza A virus as well as Yersinia pestis and Bacillus anthracis among bacteria were predominant in the whole (wHPI) and the CVD specific (cHPI) network. The central viral and secretory bacterial proteins were predicted virulent. The central viral proteins had higher number of interactions with host proteins in comparison with bacteria. Major fraction of central and essential host proteins interacts with central viral proteins. Alpha-synuclein, Ubiquitin ribosomal proteins, TATA-box-binding protein, and Polyubiquitin-C &B proteins were the top interacting proteins specific to CVDs. Signaling by NGF, Fc epsilon receptor, EGFR and ubiquitin mediated proteolysis were among the top enriched CVD specific pathways. DEXDc and HELICc were enriched host mimicry domains that may help in hijacking of cellular machinery by pathogens. This study provides a system level understanding of cardiac damage in microbe induced CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nirupma Singh
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Sneha Rai
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Sonika Bhatnagar
- Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Netaji Subhas Institute of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India.,Computational and Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Netaji Subhas University of Technology, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Important roles of C-terminal residues in degradation of capsid protein of classical swine fever virus. Virol J 2019; 16:127. [PMID: 31694654 PMCID: PMC6833258 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-019-1238-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Capsid (C) protein plays an important role in the replication of classical swine fever virus (CSFV). The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) involves in replication of many viruses via modulation of viral proteins. The relationship of CSFV with UPS is poorly understood and the impact of 26S proteasome on C protein has never been reported before. METHODS In this study, fused C protein with an EGFP tag is expressed in PK-15 and 3D4/2 cells. MG132 and 3-methyladenine (3-MA) are used to detect the roles of 26S proteasome and autophagolysosome in expression levels of C protein. Truncated and mutant C proteins are used to find the exact residues responsible for the degradation of C protein. Immunoprecipitaion is performed to find whether C protein is ubiquitinated or not. RESULTS C-EGFP protein expresses in a cleaved form at a low level and is degraded by 26S proteasome which could be partly inhibited by MG132. C-terminal residues play more important roles in the degradation of C protein than N-terminal residues. Residues 260 to 267, especially M260 and L261, are crucial for the degradation. In addition, C-terminal residues 262 to 267 determine cleavage efficiency of C protein. CONCLUSIONS CSFV C protein is degraded by 26S proteasome in a ubiquitin-independent manner. Last 8 residues at C-terminus of immature C protein play a major role in proteasomal degradation of CSFV C protein and determine the cleavage efficiency of C protein by signal peptide peptidase (SPP). Our findings provide valuable help for fully understanding degradation process of C protein and contribute to fully understanding the role of C protein in CSFV replication.
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Li S, Hong X, Wei Z, Xie M, Li W, Liu G, Guo H, Yang J, Wei W, Zhang S. Ubiquitination of the HPV Oncoprotein E6 Is Critical for E6/E6AP-Mediated p53 Degradation. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2483. [PMID: 31749782 PMCID: PMC6842930 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
High-risk Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) types are associated with more than 90% of premalignant and malignant squamous lesions of the uterine cervix. The E6 oncoprotein of high-risk HPVs is a key determinant in cell transformation because it induces the degradation of the host pro-apoptotic tumor suppressor p53. E6 recruits the intracellular ubiquitin ligase E6AP and subsequently induces proteasome-dependent p53 degradation. Neither E6 nor E6AP alone interact with p53; however, the precise mechanism of the functional regulation of the E6/E6AP/p53 complex is unclear. Here, we showed that the high-risk HPV E6 proteins are ubiquitinated during E6/E6AP/p53 complex assembly and degraded by the proteasome system. Increasing p53 expression enhanced E6/E6AP/p53 assembly and facilitated E6 ubiquitination and degradation. The dominant negative mutant of p53 R175H, which does not efficiently bind E6, decreased E6 ubiquitination and increased stability. Furthermore, we showed that the ubiquitin ligase E6AP is essential for E6 ubiquitination, and downregulation of E6AP expression increased E6 stability. We also showed that p53 R175H inhibited E6-mediated p53 degradation. Consistently, the host deubiquitinating enzyme USP15 removed ubiquitin chains from E6 proteins and inhibited E6-mediated p53 degradation. Crucially, ectopic expression of either p53 R175H or USP15 promoted p53-triggered apoptosis in human cervical cancer cells. Considering the importance of ubiquitinated E6 on p53 degradation, the disruption of E6 ubiquitination represents an attractive pharmacological intervention against HPV-positive human cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaoling Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhentong Wei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Min Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wanying Li
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guanchen Liu
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Haoran Guo
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jiaxin Yang
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei Wei
- Institute of Virology and AIDS Research, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Songling Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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92
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Karger A, Pérez-Núñez D, Urquiza J, Hinojar P, Alonso C, Freitas FB, Revilla Y, Le Potier MF, Montoya M. An Update on African Swine Fever Virology. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090864. [PMID: 31533244 PMCID: PMC6784044 DOI: 10.3390/v11090864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal diseases constitute a continuing threat to animal health, food safety, national economy, and the environment. Among those, African swine fever (ASF) is one of the most devastating viruses affecting pigs and wild suids due to the lack of vaccine or effective treatment. ASF is endemic in countries in sub-Saharan Africa, but since its introduction to the Caucasus region in 2007, a highly virulent strain of ASF virus (ASFV) has continued to circulate and spread into Eastern Europe and Russia, and most recently into Western Europe, China, and various countries of Southeast Asia. Given the importance of this disease, this review will highlight recent discoveries in basic virology with special focus on proteomic analysis, replication cycle, and some recent data on genes involved in cycle progression and viral–host interactions, such as I215L (E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme), EP402R (CD2v), A104R (histone-like protein), QP509L, and Q706L (RNA helicases) or P1192R (Topoisomerase II). Taking into consideration the large DNA genome of ASFV and its complex interactions with the host, more studies and new approaches are to be taken to understand the basic virus–host interaction for ASFV. Proteomic studies are just paving the way for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Karger
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich Loeffler Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal Health, Südufer 10, 17493 Greifswald-Insel Riems, Germany;
| | - Daniel Pérez-Núñez
- Virology Department, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.P.-N.); (Y.R.)
| | - Jesús Urquiza
- INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.U.); (P.H.); (C.A.)
| | - Patricia Hinojar
- INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.U.); (P.H.); (C.A.)
| | - Covadonga Alonso
- INIA, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain; (J.U.); (P.H.); (C.A.)
| | - Ferdinando B. Freitas
- Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health (CIISA), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon, 1649-004 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Yolanda Revilla
- Virology Department, Centro Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-UAM, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.P.-N.); (Y.R.)
| | - Marie-Frédérique Le Potier
- ANSES, Laboratoire de Ploufragan/Plouzané/Niort, Unité Virologie Immunologie Porcines, Anses, 22440 Ploufragan, France;
| | - Maria Montoya
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas (CIB-CSIC), Ramiro de Maeztu 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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93
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Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus p22 Protein Interacts with Cucumber SKP1LB1 and Its F-Box-Like Motif Is Crucial for Silencing Suppressor Activity. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090818. [PMID: 31487883 PMCID: PMC6784205 DOI: 10.3390/v11090818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Plants use RNA silencing as a defense against viruses. In response, viruses encode various RNA silencing suppressors to counteract the antiviral silencing. Here, we identified p22 as a silencing suppressor of cucurbit chlorotic yellows crinivirus and showed that p22 interacts with CsSKP1LB1, a Cucumis sativus ortholog of S-phase kinase-associated protein 1 (SKP1). The F-box-like motif of p22 was identified through sequence analysis and found to be necessary for the interaction using a yeast two-hybrid assay. The involvement of the F-box-like motif in p22 silencing suppressor activity was determined. Proteomics analysis of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves expressing p22, and its F-box-like motif deletion mutant showed 228 differentially expressed proteins and five enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways: ABC transporters, sesquiterpenoid and triterpenoid biosynthesis, ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, riboflavin metabolism, and cysteine and methionine metabolism. Collectively, our results demonstrate the interaction between p22 and CsSKP1LB1 and show that the deletion of F-box-like motif inhibits p22 silencing suppressor activity. The possible pathways regulated by the p22 through the F-box-like motif were identified using proteomics analysis.
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94
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Simões M, Freitas FB, Leitão A, Martins C, Ferreira F. African swine fever virus replication events and cell nucleus: New insights and perspectives. Virus Res 2019; 270:197667. [PMID: 31319112 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
African swine fever (ASF) is currently matter for major concerns in global swine industry as it is highly contagious and causes acute fatal haemorrhagic fever in domestic pigs and wild boar. The absence of effective vaccines and treatments pushes ASF control to relay on strict sanitary and stamping out measures with costly socio-economic impacts. The current epidemic scenario of fast spreading throughout Asiatic countries impels further studies on prevention and combat strategies against ASF. Herein we review knowledge on African Swine Fever Virus (ASFV) interactions with the host cell nucleus and on the functional properties of different viral DNA-replication related proteins. This entails, the confirmation of an intranuclear viral DNA replication phase, the characterization of cellular DNA damage responses (DDR), the subnuclear compartments disruption due to viral modulation, and the unravelling of the biological role of several viral proteins (A104R, I215 L, P1192R, QP509 L and Q706 L), so to contribute to underpin rational strategies for vaccine candidates development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Simões
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal; Laboratório de Virologia, Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária (INIAV), Quinta do Marquês, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Ferdinando B Freitas
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Leitão
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Carlos Martins
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- CIISA - Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477, Lisboa, Portugal.
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95
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Human cytomegalovirus evades antibody-mediated immunity through endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the FcRn receptor. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3020. [PMID: 31289263 PMCID: PMC6617459 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10865-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can persistently infect humans, but how HCMV avoids humoral immunity is not clear. The neonatal Fc receptor (FcRn) controls IgG transport from the mother to the fetus and prolongs IgG half-life. Here we show that US11 inhibits the assembly of FcRn with β2m and retains FcRn in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), consequently blocking FcRn trafficking to the endosome. Furthermore, US11 recruits the ubiquitin enzymes Derlin-1, TMEM129 and UbE2J2 to engage FcRn, consequently initiating the dislocation of FcRn from the ER to the cytosol and facilitating its degradation. Importantly, US11 inhibits IgG-FcRn binding, resulting in a reduction of IgG transcytosis across intestinal or placental epithelial cells and IgG degradation in endothelial cells. Hence, these results identify the mechanism by which HCMV infection exploits an ER-associated degradation pathway through US11 to disable FcRn functions. These results have implications for vaccine development and immune surveillance. Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) can persist for the life of a host in the face of robust immune responses owing to a wide range of immune evasion strategies. Here Liu and colleagues show that HCMV evades the IgG-mediated response by the endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation of the neonatal Fc receptor for IgG.
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96
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Assessing the Potential Interactions between Cellular miRNA and Arboviral Genomic RNA in the Yellow Fever Mosquito, Aedes aegypti. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060540. [PMID: 31185697 PMCID: PMC6631873 DOI: 10.3390/v11060540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Although the role of exogenous small interfering RNA (siRNA) and P-element induced wimpy testis (PIWI)-interacting RNA (piRNA) pathways in mosquito antiviral immunity is increasingly better understood, there is still little knowledge regarding the role of mosquito cellular microRNA (miRNA). Identifying direct interactions between the mosquito miRNAs and the RNA genome of arboviruses and choosing the relevant miRNA candidates to explore resulting antiviral mechanisms are critical. Here, we carried out genomic analyses to identify Aedes aegypti miRNAs that potentially interact with various lineages and genotypes of chikungunya, dengue, and Zika viruses. By using prediction tools with distinct algorithms, several miRNA binding sites were commonly found within different genotypes/and or lineages of each arbovirus. We further analyzed those miRNAs that could target more than one arbovirus, required a low energy threshold to form miRNA-viralRNA (vRNA) complexes, and predicted potential RNA structures using RNAhybrid software. We predicted miRNA candidates that might participate in regulating arboviral replication in Ae. aegypti. Even without any experimental validation, which should be done as a next step, this study can shed further light on the role of miRNA in mosquito innate immunity and targets for future studies.
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97
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Li R, Chen C, He J, Zhang L, Zhang L, Guo Y, Zhang W, Tan K, Huang J. E3 ligase ASB8 promotes porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus proliferation by stabilizing the viral Nsp1α protein and degrading host IKKβ kinase. Virology 2019; 532:55-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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98
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronaviruses (CoVs) primarily cause enzootic infections in birds and mammals but, in the last few decades, have shown to be capable of infecting humans as well. The outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) in 2003 and, more recently, Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) has demonstrated the lethality of CoVs when they cross the species barrier and infect humans. A renewed interest in coronaviral research has led to the discovery of several novel human CoVs and since then much progress has been made in understanding the CoV life cycle. The CoV envelope (E) protein is a small, integral membrane protein involved in several aspects of the virus' life cycle, such as assembly, budding, envelope formation, and pathogenesis. Recent studies have expanded on its structural motifs and topology, its functions as an ion-channelling viroporin, and its interactions with both other CoV proteins and host cell proteins. MAIN BODY This review aims to establish the current knowledge on CoV E by highlighting the recent progress that has been made and comparing it to previous knowledge. It also compares E to other viral proteins of a similar nature to speculate the relevance of these new findings. Good progress has been made but much still remains unknown and this review has identified some gaps in the current knowledge and made suggestions for consideration in future research. CONCLUSIONS The most progress has been made on SARS-CoV E, highlighting specific structural requirements for its functions in the CoV life cycle as well as mechanisms behind its pathogenesis. Data shows that E is involved in critical aspects of the viral life cycle and that CoVs lacking E make promising vaccine candidates. The high mortality rate of certain CoVs, along with their ease of transmission, underpins the need for more research into CoV molecular biology which can aid in the production of effective anti-coronaviral agents for both human CoVs and enzootic CoVs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dewald Schoeman
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Burtram C Fielding
- Molecular Biology and Virology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical Biosciences, University of the Western Cape, Cape Town, South Africa.
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99
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Llamas-González YY, Campos D, Pascale JM, Arbiza J, González-Santamaría J. A Functional Ubiquitin-Proteasome System is Required for Efficient Replication of New World Mayaro and Una Alphaviruses. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040370. [PMID: 31018496 PMCID: PMC6520948 DOI: 10.3390/v11040370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mayaro (MAYV) and Una (UNAV) are emerging arboviruses belonging to the Alphavirus genus of the Togaviridae family. These viruses can produce febrile disease with symptoms such as fever, headache, myalgia, skin rash and incapacitating poly-arthralgia. Serological studies indicate that both viruses are circulating in different countries in Latin America. Viruses need the host cell machinery and resources to replicate effectively. One strategy to find new antivirals consists of identifying key cellular pathways or factors that are essential for virus replication. In this study, we analyzed the role of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) in MAYV and UNAV replication. Vero-E6 or HeLa cells were treated with the proteasome inhibitors MG132 or Lactacystin, and viral progeny production was quantified using a plaque assay method. In addition, the synthesis of viral proteins was analyzed by Western blot and confocal microscopy. Our results indicate that treatment with proteasome inhibitors decreases MAYV and UNAV protein synthesis, and also causes a significant dose-dependent decrease in MAYV and UNAV replication. Proteasome activity seems to be important at the early stages of MAYV replication. These findings suggest that the ubiquitin-proteasome system is a possible pharmacological target to inhibit these neglected alphaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yessica Y Llamas-González
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Panama.
- Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias Biologicas, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11200, Uruguay.
| | - Dalkiria Campos
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Panama.
| | - Juan M Pascale
- Dirección de Investigación y Desarrollo Tecnológico, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Panama.
- Escuela de Medicina, Universidad de Panamá, Panamá, Panama.
| | - Juan Arbiza
- Seccción de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo 11400, Uruguay.
| | - José González-Santamaría
- Grupo de Biología Celular y Molecular de Arbovirus, Instituto Conmemorativo Gorgas de Estudios de la Salud, Panamá 0816-02593, Panama.
- Dirección de Investigación, Universidad Interamericana de Panamá, Panamá 9865, Panama.
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100
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Ling XD, Dong WT, Zhang Y, Hu JJ, Zhang WD, Wu JT, Liu JX, Zhao XX. Baculoviral infection reduces the expression of four allergen proteins of silkworm pupa. ARCHIVES OF INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 100:e21539. [PMID: 30790339 DOI: 10.1002/arch.21539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Silkworm (Bombyx mori) larvae are widely used to express exogenous proteins. Moreover, some silkworm pupal proteins can be used as drug-loading materials for selfexpressed oral tolerance drugs. However, several proteins expressed in silkworm pupae cause severe allergic reactions in humans and animals. Interestingly, some baculovirus vectors have been shown to alter the host gene and its expression in insect cells, but this has not been confirmed in silkworm. Here, we analyzed the effects of infection with an empty B. mori baculovirus (BmNPV) vector on silkworm pupal protein expression. Using a proteomics approach, the allergens thiol peroxiredoxin (Jafrac1), 27-kDa glycoprotein (p27k), arginine kinase, and paramyosin as well as 32 additional differentially expressed proteins were identified. Downregulation of the messenger RNA expression of the four known allergens was observed after BmNPV infection; subsequent changes in protein expression were confirmed by the western blot analysis using polyclonal antibodies prepared with recombinant proteins of the four allergens. Collectively, these data indicate that the four known allergens of silkworm pupae can be reduced by infection ith an empty BmNPV vector to increase the safety of silkworm pupa-based exogenous protein expression and drug delivery of oral pharmaceuticals. In addition, the four recombinant allergen proteins may contribute to the diagnosis of allergic diseases of silkworm pupa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Ling
- Department of Clinical Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wei-Tao Dong
- Department of Clinical Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jun-Jie Hu
- Department of Clinical Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Wang-Dong Zhang
- Department of Clinical Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Jin-Tang Wu
- Product R&D, Lanzhou Weitesen Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, China
| | - Ji-Xing Liu
- Product R&D, Lanzhou Weitesen Biological Technology Co. Ltd., Lanzhou, China
| | - Xing-Xu Zhao
- Department of Clinical Veterinary, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
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