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Loell I, Raouf J, Chen YW, Shi R, Nennesmo I, Alexanderson H, Dastmalchi M, Nagaraju K, Korotkova M, Lundberg IE. Effects on muscle tissue remodeling and lipid metabolism in muscle tissue from adult patients with polymyositis or dermatomyositis treated with immunosuppressive agents. Arthritis Res Ther 2016; 18:136. [PMID: 27287443 PMCID: PMC4902919 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-016-1033-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Polymyositis (PM) and dermatomyositis (DM) are autoimmune muscle diseases, conventionally treated with high doses of glucocorticoids in combination with immunosuppressive drugs. Treatment is often dissatisfying, with persisting muscle impairment. We aimed to investigate molecular mechanisms that might contribute to the persisting muscle impairment despite immunosuppressive treatment in adult patients with PM or DM using gene expression profiling of repeated muscle biopsies. Methods Paired skeletal muscle biopsies from six newly diagnosed adult patients with DM or PM taken before and after conventional immunosuppressive treatment were examined by gene expression microarray analysis. Selected genes that displayed changes in expression were analyzed by Western blot. Muscle biopsy sections were evaluated for inflammation, T lymphocytes (CD3), macrophages (CD68), major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression and fiber type composition. Results After treatment, genes related to immune response and inflammation, including inflammasome pathways and interferon, were downregulated. This was confirmed at the protein level for AIM-2 and caspase-1 in the inflammasome pathway. Changes in genes involved in muscle tissue remodeling suggested a negative effect on muscle regeneration and growth. Gene markers for fast type II fibers were upregulated and fiber composition was switched towards type II fibers in response to treatment. The expression of genes involved in lipid metabolism was altered, suggesting a potential lipotoxic effect on muscles of the immunosuppressive treatment. Conclusion The anti-inflammatory effect of immunosuppressive treatment was combined with negative effects on genes involved in muscle tissue remodeling and lipid metabolism, suggesting a negative effect on recovery of muscle performance which may contribute to persisting muscle impairment in adult patients with DM and PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingela Loell
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joan Raouf
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yi-Wen Chen
- Childrens National Medical Center, Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Rongye Shi
- Center for Human Immunology, Autoimmunity and Inflammation, National Heart/Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Inger Nennesmo
- Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Institution for Laboratory Medicine (LABMED), Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helene Alexanderson
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of NVS, Division of Physical Therapy and Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Physical Therapy Clinic, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maryam Dastmalchi
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kanneboyina Nagaraju
- Childrens National Medical Center, Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Marina Korotkova
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingrid E Lundberg
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Medicine, Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital Solna, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Harris BN, Carr JA. The role of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal axis in mediating predator-avoidance trade-offs. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2016; 230-231:110-42. [PMID: 27080550 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining energy balance and reproducing are important for fitness, yet animals have evolved mechanisms by which the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal/interrenal (HPA/HPI) axis can shut these activities off. While HPA/HPI axis inhibition of feeding and reproduction may have evolved as a predator defense, to date there has been no review across taxa of the causal evidence for such a relationship. Here we review the literature on this topic by addressing evidence for three predictions: that exposure to predators decreases reproduction and feeding, that exposure to predators activates the HPA/HPI axis, and that predator-induced activation of the HPA/HPI axis inhibits foraging and reproduction. Weight of evidence indicates that exposure to predator cues inhibits several aspects of foraging and reproduction. While the evidence from fish and mammals supports the hypothesis that predator cues activate the HPA/HPI axis, the existing data in other vertebrate taxa are equivocal. A causal role for the HPA axis in predator-induced suppression of feeding and reproduction has not been demonstrated to date, although many studies report correlative relationships between HPA activity and reproduction and/or feeding. Manipulation of HPA/HPI axis signaling will be required in future studies to demonstrate direct mediation of predator-induced inhibition of feeding and reproduction. Understanding the circuitry linking sensory pathways to their control of the HPA/HPI axis also is needed. Finally, the role that fear and anxiety pathways play in the response of the HPA axis to predator cues is needed to better understand the role that predators have played in shaping anxiety related behaviors in all species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States
| | - James A Carr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX 79409, United States.
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Chen XM, Guo GL, Sun L, Yang QS, Wang GQ, Qin GX, Zhang DM. Effects of Ala-Gln feeding strategies on growth, metabolism, and crowding stress resistance of juvenile Cyprinus carpio var. Jian. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 51:365-372. [PMID: 26945938 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2016.02.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different L-alanyl-l-glutamine (Ala-Gln) feeding strategies on the growth performance, metabolism and crowding stress resistance related parameters in juvenile Jian carp (Cyprinus carpio var. Jian) under crowded condition (80 g/L). Juvenile Jian carp (initial weight 26.1 ± 0.6 g) were distributed into five groups which fed with graded concentrations (0% or 1.0%) of Ala-Gln for eight weeks. Control group (I, 0/0) fed with control diet (0% Ala-Gln) throughout the feeding trial. The other four groups employed different control and experimental diet feeding strategies ranging from two weeks control diet fed and two weeks experimental diet (1% Ala-Gln) fed (II, 0/2) to eight weeks experimental diet fed (V, 4/4). Results revealed that Mean weight gain (MEG) under all different feeding strategies of Ala-Gln were significantly higher than that of the control group (p < 0.05), and MEG of group II (201.90%) was even higher than that of group IV (184.70%). Liver glycogen and blood total protein of groups II, III and V were significantly higher than that in groups I and IV (p < 0.05). The highest level of serum thyroxine (10.07 ng/ml), insulin-like growth factor-I (52.40 ng/ml) and insulin (9.73 μ IU/mL) were observed in group V. However, diet supplemented with Ala-Gln did not affect the levels of serum glucose, cortisol and catecholamine in fish. The mRNA expression of GR1a, GR1b and GR2 were also significantly changed in Ala-Gln supplementation groups compared with control group (p < 0.05). After fish intraperitoneally injected with virulent Aeromonas hydrophila, the fish survival rates were significantly increased in all Ala-Gln supplementation groups compared with control group (p < 0.05). Results from the present experiment showed the importance of dietary supplementation of Ala-Gln in benefaction of the growth performance, metabolism and crowding stress resistance in Jian carp breeding. The optimal feeding strategy was alternatively fed with control diet and then experimental diet at an interval of two weeks for juvenile Jian carp under crowded condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-Mei Chen
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Gui-Liang Guo
- Testing Center of Quality and Safety in Aquatic Product, 777 CaiYu Road, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Li Sun
- Testing Center of Quality and Safety in Aquatic Product, 777 CaiYu Road, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Qiu-Shi Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Gui-Qin Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China.
| | - Gui-Xin Qin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
| | - Dong-Ming Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun 130118, China
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Forkhead box A3 mediates glucocorticoid receptor function in adipose tissue. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3377-82. [PMID: 26957608 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1601281113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are widely prescribed anti-inflammatory agents, but their chronic use leads to undesirable side effects such as excessive expansion of adipose tissue. We have recently shown that the forkhead box protein A3 (Foxa3) is a calorie-hoarding factor that regulates the selective enlargement of epididymal fat depots and suppresses energy expenditure in a nutritional- and age-dependent manner. It has been demonstrated that Foxa3 levels are elevated in adipose depots in response to high-fat diet regimens and during the aging process; however no studies to date have elucidated the mechanisms that control Foxa3's expression in fat. Given the established effects of GCs in increasing visceral adiposity and in reducing thermogenesis, we assessed the existence of a possible link between GCs and Foxa3. Computational prediction analysis combined with molecular studies revealed that Foxa3 is regulated by the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in preadipocytes, adipocytes, and adipose tissues and is required to facilitate the binding of the GR to its target gene promoters in fat depots. Analysis of the long-term effects of dexamethasone treatment in mice revealed that Foxa3 ablation protects mice specifically against fat accretion but not against other pathological side effects elicited by this synthetic GC in tissues such as liver, muscle, and spleen. In conclusion our studies provide the first demonstration, to our knowledge, that Foxa3 is a direct target of GC action in adipose tissues and point to a role of Foxa3 as a mediator of the side effects induced in fat tissues by chronic treatment with synthetic steroids.
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The Role of Cdkn1A-Interacting Zinc Finger Protein 1 (CIZ1) in DNA Replication and Pathophysiology. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:212. [PMID: 26861296 PMCID: PMC4783944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17020212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cdkn1A-interacting zinc finger protein 1 (CIZ1) was first identified in a yeast-2-hybrid system searching for interacting proteins of CDK2 inhibitor p21Cip1/Waf1. Ciz1 also binds to CDK2, cyclin A, cyclin E, CDC6, PCNA, TCF4 and estrogen receptor-α. Recent studies reveal numerous biological functions of CIZ1 in DNA replication, cell proliferation, and differentiation. In addition, splicing variants of CIZ1 mRNA is associated with a variety of cancers and Alzheimer’s disease, and mutations of the CIZ1 gene lead to cervical dystonia. CIZ1 expression is increased in cancers and rheumatoid arthritis. In this review, we will summarize the biological functions and molecular mechanisms of CIZ1 in these physiological and pathological processes.
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Zhang P, Fang L, Wu H, Ding P, Shen Q, Liu R. Down-regulation of GRα expression and inhibition of its nuclear translocation by hypoxia. Life Sci 2016; 146:92-9. [PMID: 26767627 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Glucocorticoids are the most effective anti-inflammatory agent in treating pulmonary diseases typically accompanied by hypoxia. Our previous study has demonstrated that glucocorticoid receptor α (GRα) expression is reduced in hypoxia but the underlying mechanism remains elusive. In this study we aim to identify the signaling pathway involved in hypoxia-induced down-regulation of GRα, and whether hypoxia affects nuclear translocation of GRα. MAIN METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were sensitized with saline or ovalbumin (OVA) as the in vivo model. Mice were divided into control and OVA groups, and their lung histology and the expression of hypoxia inducible factor (HIF-1) and GRα were examined. A549 cells were exposed to chemical hypoxia as the in vitro model, where mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) were inhibited specifically by SB203580. Next, under normal or hypoxic conditions, the expression of GRα, MAPKs and HIF-1 signal protein were determined by Western blot analysis, and GRα translocation were observed through live-cell imaging. KEY FINDINGS In OVA challenged mice the expression of GRα was down-regulated whereas HIF-1 was up-regulated. Hypoxia caused a time-dependent decrease of GRα expression, and activated multiple signaling pathways including MAPKs and HIF-1. Moreover, GRα expression increased with MAPK inhibition. Interestingly, only MAPK inhibitor SB203580, but not JNK inhibitor SP600125 or ERK inhibitor U0126 improved the expression of GRα under hypoxic condition. GRα nuclear translocation was also significantly inhibited by hypoxia. SIGNIFICANCE Hypoxia down-regulated the expression of GRα through p38 signaling pathway, as well as inhibited GRα nuclear translocation significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Lei Fang
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - HuiMei Wu
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Peishan Ding
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - QiYing Shen
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
| | - Rongyu Liu
- Department of Pulmonary, Anhui Geriatric Institute, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University
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Martino J, Sebert S, Segura MT, García-Valdés L, Florido J, Padilla MC, Marcos A, Rueda R, McArdle HJ, Budge H, Symonds ME, Campoy C. Maternal Body Weight and Gestational Diabetes Differentially Influence Placental and Pregnancy Outcomes. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016; 101:59-68. [PMID: 26513002 PMCID: PMC4701853 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2015-2590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Maternal obesity and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) can both contribute to adverse neonatal outcomes. The extent to which this may be mediated by differences in placental metabolism and nutrient transport remains to be determined. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to examine whether raised maternal body mass index (BMI) and/or GDM contributed to a resetting of the expression of genes within the placenta that are involved in energy sensing, oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic pathways. METHODS Pregnant women from Spain were recruited as part of the "Study of Maternal Nutrition and Genetics on the Foetal Adiposity Programming" survey at the first antenatal visit (12-20 weeks of gestation) and stratified according to prepregnancy BMI and the incidence of GDM. At delivery, placenta and cord blood were sampled and newborn anthropometry measured. RESULTS Obese women with GDM had higher estimated fetal weight at 34 gestational weeks and a greater risk of preterm deliveries and cesarean section. Birth weight was unaffected by BMI or GDM; however, women who were obese with normal glucose tolerance had increased placental weight and higher plasma glucose and leptin at term. Gene expression for markers of placental energy sensing and oxidative stress, were primarily affected by maternal obesity as mTOR was reduced, whereas SIRT-1 and UCP2 were both upregulated. In placenta from obese women with GDM, gene expression for AMPK was also reduced, whereas the downstream regulator of mTOR, p70S6KB1 was raised. CONCLUSIONS Placental gene expression is sensitive to both maternal obesity and GDM which both impact on energy sensing and could modulate the effect of either raised maternal BMI or GDM on birth weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Martino
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - S Sebert
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - M T Segura
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - L García-Valdés
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - J Florido
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - M C Padilla
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - A Marcos
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - R Rueda
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - H J McArdle
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - H Budge
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - M E Symonds
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - C Campoy
- Early Life Research Unit (J.M., S.S., H.B., M.E.S.), Division of Child Health and Obstetrics & Gynaecology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham NG7 2UH, United Kingdom; EURISTIKOS Excellence Centre for Paediatric Research (J.M., M.T.S., L.G.-V., C.C.), University of Granada, 18016 Granada, Spain; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (J.F., M.C.P.), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Immunonutrition Research Group (A.M.), Department of Metabolism and Nutrition, Institute of Food Science and Technology and Nutrition, Spanish National Research Council, E-28040 Madrid, Spain; Abbott Nutrition (R.R.), 18004 Granada, Spain; The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health (H.J.M.), University of Bucksburn, Aberdeen, AB21 9SB,United Kingdom; Institute of Health Sciences and Biocenter Oulu (S.S.), University of Oulu, 90014 Oulu, Finland
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Smuin DM, Seidenberg PH, Sirlin EA, Phillips SF, Silvis ML. Rare Adverse Events Associated with Corticosteroid Injections. Curr Sports Med Rep 2016; 15:171-6. [DOI: 10.1249/jsr.0000000000000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Grevenitis P, Thomas A, Lodhia N. Medical Therapy for Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Surg Clin North Am 2015; 95:1159-82, vi. [DOI: 10.1016/j.suc.2015.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Mechanisms of cyclic AMP/protein kinase A- and glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis using S49 lymphoma cells as a model system. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12681-6. [PMID: 26417071 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1516057112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP/protein kinase A (cAMP/PKA) and glucocorticoids promote the death of many cell types, including cells of hematopoietic origin. In wild-type (WT) S49 T-lymphoma cells, signaling by cAMP and glucocorticoids converges on the induction of the proapoptotic B-cell lymphoma-family protein Bim to produce mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Kin(-), a clonal variant of WT S49 cells, lacks PKA catalytic (PKA-Cα) activity and is resistant to cAMP-mediated apoptosis. Using sorbitol density gradient fractionation, we show here that in kin(-) S49 cells PKA-Cα is not only depleted but the residual PKA-Cα mislocalizes to heavier cell fractions and is not phosphorylated at two conserved residues (Ser(338) or Thr(197)). In WT S49 cells, PKA-regulatory subunit I (RI) and Bim coimmunoprecipitate upon treatment with cAMP analogs and forskolin (which increases endogenous cAMP concentrations). By contrast, in kin(-) cells, expression of PKA-RIα and Bim is prominently decreased, and increases in cAMP do not increase Bim expression. Even so, kin(-) cells undergo apoptosis in response to treatment with the glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex). In WT cells, glucorticoid-mediated apoptosis involves an increase in Bim, but in kin(-) cells, Dex-promoted cell death appears to occur by a caspase 3-independent apoptosis-inducing factor pathway. Thus, although cAMP/PKA-Cα and PKA-R1α/Bim mediate apoptotic cell death in WT S49 cells, kin(-) cells resist this response because of lower levels of PKA-Cα and PKA-RIα subunits as well as Bim. The findings for Dex-promoted apoptosis imply that these lymphoma cells have adapted to selective pressure that promotes cell death by altering canonical signaling pathways.
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Dexamethasone Regulates Cochlear Expression of Deafness-associated Proteins Myelin Protein Zero and Heat Shock Protein 70, as Revealed by iTRAQ Proteomics. Otol Neurotol 2015; 36:1255-65. [DOI: 10.1097/mao.0000000000000748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Brooks K, Burns G, Spencer TE. Biological Roles of Hydroxysteroid (11-Beta) Dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1), HSD11B2, and Glucocorticoid Receptor (NR3C1) in Sheep Conceptus Elongation. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:38. [PMID: 26085523 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.130757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In sheep, the elongating conceptus synthesizes and secretes interferon tau (IFNT) as well as prostaglandins (PGs) and cortisol. The enzymes, hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1) and HSD11B2 interconvert cortisone and cortisol. In sheep, HSD11B1 is expressed and active in the conceptus trophectoderm as well as in the endometrial luminal epithelia; in contrast, HSD11B2 expression is most abundant in conceptus trophectoderm. Cortisol is a biologically active glucocorticoid and ligand for the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1 or GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2 or MR). Expression of MR is not detectable in either the ovine endometrium or conceptus during early pregnancy. In tissues that do not express MR, HSD11B2 protects cells from the growth-inhibiting and/or proapoptotic effects of cortisol, particularly during embryonic development. In study one, an in utero loss-of-function analysis of HSD11B1 and HSD11B2 was conducted in the conceptus trophectoderm using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MAOs) that inhibit mRNA translation. Elongating, filamentous conceptuses were recovered on Day 14 from ewes infused with control morpholino or HSD11B2 MAO. In contrast, HSD11B1 MAO resulted in severely growth-retarded conceptuses or conceptus fragments with apoptotic trophectoderm. In study two, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing was used to determine the role of GR in conceptus elongation and development. Elongating, filamentous-type conceptuses (12-14 cm in length) were recovered from ewes gestating control embryos (n = 7/7) and gestating GR-edited embryos (n = 6/7). These results support the idea that the effects of HSD11B1-derived cortisol on conceptus elongation are indirectly mediated by the endometrium and are not directly mediated through GR in the trophectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Gregory Burns
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Tanida S, Ozeki K, Mizoshita T, Tsukamoto H, Katano T, Kataoka H, Kamiya T, Joh T. Managing refractory Crohn's disease: challenges and solutions. Clin Exp Gastroenterol 2015; 8:131-40. [PMID: 25914555 PMCID: PMC4401331 DOI: 10.2147/ceg.s61868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The goals of treatment for active Crohn’s disease (CD) are to achieve clinical remission and improve quality of life. Conventional therapeutics for moderate-to-severe CD include 5-aminosalicylic acid, corticosteroids, purine analogs, azathioprine, and 6-mercaptopurine. Patients who fail to respond to conventional therapy are treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α inhibitors such as infliximab and adalimumab, but their efficacy is limited due to primary nonresponse or loss of response. It is suggested that this requires switch to another TNF-α inhibitor, a combination therapy with TNF-α blockade plus azathioprine, or granulocyte and monocyte adsorptive apheresis, and that other therapeutic options having different mechanisms of action, such as blockade of inflammatory cytokines or adhesion molecules, are needed. Natalizumab and vedolizumab are neutralizing antibodies directed against integrin α4 and α4β7, respectively. Ustekinumab is a neutralizing antibody directed against the receptors for interleukin-12 and interleukin-23. Here, we provide an overview of therapeutic treatments that are effective and currently available for CD patients, as well as some that likely will be available in the near future. We also discuss the advantages of managing patients with refractory CD using a combination of TNF-α inhibitors plus azathioprine or intensive monocyte adsorptive apheresis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tanida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Keiji Ozeki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Tsutomu Mizoshita
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hironobu Tsukamoto
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takahito Katano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Hiromi Kataoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takeshi Kamiya
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
| | - Takashi Joh
- Department of Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Aichi Prefecture, Japan
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Genome sequencing of the perciform fish Larimichthys crocea provides insights into molecular and genetic mechanisms of stress adaptation. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005118. [PMID: 25835551 PMCID: PMC4383535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea (L. crocea) is one of the most economically important marine fish in China and East Asian countries. It also exhibits peculiar behavioral and physiological characteristics, especially sensitive to various environmental stresses, such as hypoxia and air exposure. These traits may render L. crocea a good model for investigating the response mechanisms to environmental stress. To understand the molecular and genetic mechanisms underlying the adaptation and response of L. crocea to environmental stress, we sequenced and assembled the genome of L. crocea using a bacterial artificial chromosome and whole-genome shotgun hierarchical strategy. The final genome assembly was 679 Mb, with a contig N50 of 63.11 kb and a scaffold N50 of 1.03 Mb, containing 25,401 protein-coding genes. Gene families underlying adaptive behaviours, such as vision-related crystallins, olfactory receptors, and auditory sense-related genes, were significantly expanded in the genome of L. crocea relative to those of other vertebrates. Transcriptome analyses of the hypoxia-exposed L. crocea brain revealed new aspects of neuro-endocrine-immune/metabolism regulatory networks that may help the fish to avoid cerebral inflammatory injury and maintain energy balance under hypoxia. Proteomics data demonstrate that skin mucus of the air-exposed L. crocea had a complex composition, with an unexpectedly high number of proteins (3,209), suggesting its multiple protective mechanisms involved in antioxidant functions, oxygen transport, immune defence, and osmotic and ionic regulation. Our results reveal the molecular and genetic basis of fish adaptation and response to hypoxia and air exposure. The data generated by this study will provide valuable resources for the genetic improvement of stress resistance and yield potential in L. crocea.
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Carney Almroth BM, Gunnarsson LM, Cuklev F, Fick J, Kristiansson E, Larsson DGJ. Waterborne beclomethasone dipropionate affects the physiology of fish while its metabolite beclomethasone is not taken up. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:37-46. [PMID: 25527967 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Asthma is commonly treated with inhalable glucocorticosteroids, including beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP). This is a synthetic prodrug which is metabolized to the more active monopropionate (BMP) and free beclomethasone in humans. To evaluate potential effects of residual drugs on fish, we conducted a 14 day flow-through exposure experiment with BDP and beclomethasone using rainbow trout, and analyzed effects on plasma glucose, hepatic glutathione and catalase activity together with water and body concentrations of the BDP, BMP and beclomethasone. We also analyzed hepatic gene expression in BDP-exposed fish by microarray and quantitative PCR. Beclomethasone (up to 0.65 μg/L) was not taken up in the fish while BDP (0.65 and 0.07 μg/L) resulted in accumulation of both beclomethasone, BMP and BDP in plasma, reaching levels up to those found in humans during therapy. Accordingly, exposure to 0.65 μg/L of BDP significantly increased blood glucose as well as oxidized glutathione levels and catalase activity in the liver. Exposure to beclomethasone or the low concentration of BDP had no effect on these endpoints. Both exposure concentrations of BDP resulted in significantly higher transcript abundance of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase involved in gluconeogenesis, and of genes involved in immune responses. As only the rapidly metabolized prodrug was potent in fish, the environmental risks associated with the use of BDP are probably small. However, the observed physiological effects in fish of BDP at plasma concentrations known to affect human physiology provides valuable input to the development of read-across approaches in the identification of pharmaceuticals of environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethanie M Carney Almroth
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at University of Gothenburg, Box 430, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Lina M Gunnarsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Filip Cuklev
- Genomics Core Facility at the Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 413, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Linaeus väg 10, SE-907 36 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Erik Kristiansson
- Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - D G Joakim Larsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Box 440, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Steroid exposure, acute coronary syndrome, and inflammatory bowel disease: insights into the inflammatory milieu. Am J Med 2015; 128:303-311. [PMID: 25446295 PMCID: PMC4339468 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Steroids are anti-inflammatory agents commonly used to treat inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammation plays a critical role in the pathophysiology of both inflammatory bowel disease and acute coronary syndrome. We examined the relationship between steroid use in patients with inflammatory bowel disease and acute coronary syndrome. METHODS In 177 patients with inflammatory bowel disease (mean age 67 years, 75% male, 44% Crohn's disease, 56% ulcerative colitis), we performed a 1:2 case-control study matched for age, sex, and inflammatory bowel disease type, and compared 59 patients with inflammatory bowel disease with acute coronary syndrome to 118 patients with inflammatory bowel disease without acute coronary syndrome. Steroid use was defined as current or prior exposure. Acute coronary syndrome was defined as myocardial infarction or unstable angina, confirmed by cardiac biomarkers and coronary angiography. RESULTS In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 34% with acute coronary syndrome had exposure to steroids, vs 58% without acute coronary syndrome (P < .01). Steroid exposure reduced the adjusted odds of acute coronary syndrome by 82% (odds ratio [OR] 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20-0.74; adjusted OR 0.18; 95% CI, 0.06-0.51) in patients with inflammatory bowel disease, 77% in Crohn's disease (OR 0.36; 95% CI, 0.14-0.92; adjusted OR 0.23; 95% CI, 0.06-0.98), and 78% in ulcerative colitis (OR 0.41; 95% CI, 0.16-1.04; adjusted OR 0.22; 95% CI, 0.06-0.90). There was no association between other inflammatory bowel disease medications and acute coronary syndrome. CONCLUSIONS In patients with inflammatory bowel disease, steroid use significantly reduces the odds of acute coronary syndrome. These findings provide further mechanistic insight into the inflammatory processes involved in inflammatory bowel disease and acute coronary syndrome.
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Liu NK, Xu XM. Neuroprotection and its molecular mechanism following spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2015; 7:2051-62. [PMID: 25624837 PMCID: PMC4296426 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2012.26.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury initiates a complex cascade of molecular events termed ‘secondary injury’, which leads to progressive degeneration ranging from early neuronal apoptosis at the lesion site to delayed degeneration of intact white matter tracts, and, ultimately, expansion of the initial injury. These secondary injury processes include, but are not limited to, inflammation, free radical-induced cell death, glutamate excitotoxicity, phospholipase A2 activation, and induction of extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways, which are important targets in developing neuroprotective strategies for treatment of spinal cord injury. Recently, a number of studies have shown promising results on neuroprotection and recovery of function in rodent models of spinal cord injury using treatments that target secondary injury processes including inflammation, phospholipase A2 activation, and manipulation of the PTEN-Akt/mTOR signaling pathway. The present review outlines our ongoing research on the molecular mechanisms of neuroprotection in experimental spinal cord injury and briefly summarizes our earlier findings on the therapeutic potential of pharmacological treatments in spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nai-Kui Liu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery & Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Xiao-Ming Xu
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Group, Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Department of Neurological Surgery & Goodman Campbell Brain and Spine, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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Pauciullo A, Küpper J, Brandt H, Donat K, Iannuzzi L, Erhardt G. Wingless-type MMTV integration site family member 2 (WNT2) gene is associated with resistance to MAP in faecal culture and antibody response in Holstein cattle. Anim Genet 2015; 46:122-32. [PMID: 25643727 DOI: 10.1111/age.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a pathogenic bacterium responsible for the lethal Johne's disease in cattle. So far, several genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been carried out to identify chromosomal regions highly associated with Johne's disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the genetic variability within a pool of seven genes (LAMB1, DLD, WNT2, PRDM1, SOCS5, PTGER4 and IL10) indicated by former GWAS/RNA-Seq studies as putatively associated with MAP infections and to achieve a confirmation study of association with paratuberculosis susceptibility in a population of 324 German Holstein cattle (162 cases MAP positive and 162 controls MAP negative) using ELISA and fecal cultural tests. SNP validation and genotyping information are provided, quick methods for allelic discrimination were set up and transcription factor binding analyses were performed. The rs43390642:G>TSNP in the WNT2 promoter region is associated with paratuberculosis susceptibility (P = 0.013), suggesting a protective role of the T allele (P = 0.043; odds ratio 0.50 [0.25-0.97]). The linkage disequilibrium with the DLD rs134692583:A>T might suggest a combined mechanism of action of these neighboring genes in resistance to MAP infection, which is also supported by a significant effect shown by the haplotype DLD(T) /WNT2(T) (P = 0.047). In silico analysis predicted rs43390642:G>T and rs134692583:A>T as essential parts of binding sites for the transcription factors GR, C/EBPβ and GATA-1, hence suggesting a potential influence on WNT2 and DLD gene expression. This study confirmed the region on BTA 4 (UMD 3.1: 50639460-51397892) as involved in tolerance/resistance to Johne's disease. In addition, this study clarifies the involvement of the investigated genes in MAP infection and contributes to the understanding of genetic variability involved in Johne's disease susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Pauciullo
- Laboratory of Animal Cytogenetics and Gene Mapping, National Research Council (CNR) of Italy, ISPAAM, via Argine 1085, 80147, Naples, Italy; Institute for Animal Breeding and Genetics, Justus-Liebig University, Ludwigstraße 21 B, 35390, Giessen, Germany
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Świątkowska-Stodulska R, Skibowska-Bielińska A, Wiśniewski P, Sworczak K. Activity of selected coagulation factors in overt and subclinical hypercortisolism. Endocr J 2015; 62:687-94. [PMID: 25971537 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej14-0539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
It is universally acknowledged that glucocorticoids are hormones that exert a significant effect on hemostasis. The aim of this study was to analyze the activities of coagulation factors VIII, von Willebrand (vW), IX, X, and XI, in patients with overt and subclinical hypercortisolism, as well as to examine possible associations between activities of these factors and the degree of hypercortisolism. Thirty endogenous hypercortisolemic patients were included in the study. Twelve of them were diagnosed with overt Cushing's syndrome (OCS), and eighteen with subclinical Cushing's syndrome (SCS). Healthy, age- and sex-matched volunteers comprised the control group. Activities of coagulation factors VIII, IX, X, and XI were examined using a coagulometric method, and von Willebrand factor (vWF) using an immunoturbidimetric method. Mean activities of examined coagulation factors were significantly higher in OCS patients in comparison to healthy controls. SCS patients had significantly higher mean vWF activities versus controls; and a clear trend toward higher mean activities of other factors in SCS patients versus controls was recorded (but no significant differences). Furthermore, statistically significant positive correlations were found between activities of factor IX and: morning serum cortisol concentrations, 24-hour urinary cortisol excretion values, cortisol concentrations in the overnight suppression test with 1 mg of dexamethasone. Activities of factors X and XI positively correlated with cortisol levels in the overnight suppression test. In endogenous hypercortisolemic patients the coagulation pathway is hyperactivated as indicated by increased activities of coagulation factors. These disorders are evident among patients with overt hypercortisolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Świątkowska-Stodulska
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, Ul. Debinki 7, 80-952 Gdansk, Poland
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González-Calixto C, Cázares-Raga FE, Cortés-Martínez L, Del Angel RM, Medina-Ramírez F, Mosso C, Ocádiz-Ruiz R, Valenzuela JG, Rodríguez MH, Hernández-Hernández FDLC. AealRACK1 expression and localization in response to stress in C6/36 HT mosquito cells. J Proteomics 2014; 119:45-60. [PMID: 25555378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1), a scaffold protein member of the tryptophan-aspartate (WD) repeat family, folds in a seven-bladed β-propeller structure that permits the association of proteins to form active complexes. Mosquitoes of the genus Aedes sp., are vectors of virus producing important diseases such as: dengue, chikungunya and yellow fever. Based on the highly conserved gene sequence of AeaeRACK1 of the mosquito Aedes aegypti we characterized the mRNA and protein of the homologous AealRACK1 from the Ae. albopictus-derived cell line C6/36 HT. Two protein species differing in MW/pI values were observed at 35kDa/8.0 and 36kDa/6.5. The behavior of AealRACK1 was studied inducing stress with serum deprivation and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone. Both stressors induced increase of the expression of AealRACK1 mRNA and proteins. In serum-deprived cells AealRACK1 protein was located cortically near the plasma membrane in contrast to dexamethasone-treated cells where the protein formed a dotted pattern in the cytoplasm. In addition, 33 protein partners were identified by immunoprecipitation and mass spectrometry. Most of the identified proteins were ribosomal, involved in signaling pathways and stress responses. Our results suggest that AealRACK1 in C6/36 HT cells respond to stress increasing its synthesis and producing phosphorylated activated form. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Insect cells adapt to numerous environmental stressors, including chemicals and invasion of pathogenic microorganisms among others, coordinating cellular and organismal responses. Individual cells sense the environment using receptors that trigger signaling pathways that regulate expression of specific effector proteins and/or cellular responses as movement or secretion. In the coordination of responses to stress, scaffold proteins are pivotal molecules that recruit other proteins forming active complexes. The Receptor for Activated C Kinase 1 (RACK1) is the best studied member of the conserved tryptophan-aspartate (WD) repeat family. RACK1 folds in a seven-bladed β-propeller structure and it could be activated during stress, participating in different signaling pathways. The presence and activities of RACK1 in mosquitoes had not been documented before, in this work the molecule is demonstrated in an Aedes albopictus-derived cell line and its reaction to stress is observed under the effect of serum deprivation and the presence of glucocorticoid analog dexamethasone, a chemical used to cause stress in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia González-Calixto
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Febe E Cázares-Raga
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Leticia Cortés-Martínez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Rosa María Del Angel
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Fernando Medina-Ramírez
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Clemente Mosso
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Ramón Ocádiz-Ruiz
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México D.F., Mexico
| | - Jesús G Valenzuela
- Vector Molecular Biology Section, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
| | - Mario Henry Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Av. Universidad 655, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Fidel de la Cruz Hernández-Hernández
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional # 2508, San Pedro Zacatenco, 07360 México D.F., Mexico.
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Evaluation of usefulness of hs-CRP and ferritin assays in patients with nasal polyps. DISEASE MARKERS 2014; 2014:794060. [PMID: 24737923 PMCID: PMC3967632 DOI: 10.1155/2014/794060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Background. Chronic nature of the nasal polyps, tendency to recurrence, and lack of satisfying treatment need the diagnostic's parameters which show early inflammatory state as ferritin and hs-CRP. The Aim of Study. Assessment of hs-CRP and ferritin blood levels in nasal polyps patients in evaluation of treatment efficacy. Methods. All 38 patients were divided into 2 groups. Group I included 19 patients with anti-inflammatory therapy 2 weeks after surgery. Group II included 19 patients without anti-inflammatory therapy 2 weeks after surgery. The levels of hs-CRP and ferritin have been assessed before and 2 and 6 weeks after surgical treatment. Results. Research showed statistically significant difference of ferritin's concentration between examined groups 6 weeks after surgery (P < 0.05) and statistically significant difference of hs-CRP concentration 2 and 6 weeks after surgery (P < 0.05). Conclusion. (1) The analysis of serum ferritin and hs-CRP concentrations can be useful in early postoperative detection of inflammatory state in patients with nasal polyps and for the effectiveness of therapy. (2) Lack of correlation between mean ferritin and hs-CRP serum levels, at each diagnostic and monitoring stage, shows that they are independent and cannot be determined interchangeably.
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Pałac J, Bratek S, Partyka R, Misiołek M. [The usefulness of evaluation of: ferritin, ultrasensitive CRP and tissue specific polypeptide 18th (TPS) in assessment of therapy efficacy in patients with nasal polyps]. Otolaryngol Pol 2014; 68:34-41. [PMID: 24484948 DOI: 10.1016/j.otpol.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 09/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is social, clinical and cost-effective problem, by reason of bothersome symptoms, chronic nature of the disease, tendency to recur and lack of satisfying treatment. AIM The aim of this study is assessment of suitability of hsCRP, ferritin and blood levels in nasal polyps patients in evaluation of treatment efficacy. METHODS The study enrolled 38 patients between 20 and 68 years of age. Patients were divided into 2 groups. Levels of ultrasensitive CRP ferritin and TPS have been measured in all patients. The ultrasensitive CRP levels have been measured by chemiluminescence method. Ferritin levels have been measured by MEIA method. The TPS levels have been measured by chemiluminescence method. RESULTS Comparison of mean ferritin levels in both study groups in each stage of observation shows the significant difference of mean values in only 6 weeks after surgery. Mean ferritin level is significantly lower in group I than in group II (p<0.05). Mean hsCRP levels vary from one corresponding to ferritin levels. Statistically significant difference between study groups in 2nd and 6th week after surgery has been ascertained (p<0.05). Similarly, like in ferritin levels, the TPS levels are significantly different in 6th week after surgery. CONCLUSIONS Analysis of ferritin, hsCRP and TPS serum levels indicates that these may be useful in assessment of treatment efficacy in patients with nasal polyps. Rise of the chosen inflammatory state parameter level in the postoperative monitoring and anti-inflammatory treatment introduction in nasal polyps patients may inhibit the recurrence of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacek Pałac
- Oddział Laryngologii Wojewódzkiego Szpitala Specjalistycznego nr 5 im Świętej Barbary w Sosnowcu, Polska
| | - Szczepan Bratek
- Oddział Laryngologii Górnośląskiego Centrum Medycznego w Katowicach-Ochojcu, Polska
| | - Robert Partyka
- Katedra Anestezjologii, Intensywnej Terapii i Medycyny Ratunkowej Wydziału Lekarskiego z Oddziałem Lekarsko-Dentystycznym w Zabrzu Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach, Polska.
| | - Maciej Misiołek
- Katedra i Oddział Kliniczny Laryngologii w Zabrzu Śląskiego Uniwersytetu Medycznego w Katowicach, Polska
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75
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Lose dose genistein inhibits glucocorticoid receptor and ischemic brain injury in female rats. Neurochem Int 2014; 65:14-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2013] [Revised: 11/23/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fang J, Sukumaran S, DuBois DC, Almon RR, Jusko WJ. Meta-modeling of methylprednisolone effects on glucose regulation in rats. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81679. [PMID: 24312573 PMCID: PMC3847111 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
A retrospective meta-modeling analysis was performed to integrate previously reported data of glucocorticoid (GC) effects on glucose regulation following a single intramuscular dose (50 mg/kg), single intravenous doses (10, 50 mg/kg), and intravenous infusions (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 mg/kg/h) of methylprednisolone (MPL) in normal and adrenalectomized (ADX) male Wistar rats. A mechanistic pharmacodynamic (PD) model was developed based on the receptor/gene/protein-mediated GC effects on glucose regulation. Three major target organs (liver, white adipose tissue and skeletal muscle) together with some selected intermediate controlling factors were designated as important regulators involved in the pathogenesis of GC-induced glucose dysregulation. Assessed were dynamic changes of food intake and systemic factors (plasma glucose, insulin, free fatty acids (FFA) and leptin) and tissue-specific biomarkers (cAMP, phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) mRNA and enzyme activity, leptin mRNA, interleukin 6 receptor type 1 (IL6R1) mRNA and Insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) mRNA) after acute and chronic dosing with MPL along with the GC receptor (GR) dynamics in each target organ. Upon binding to GR in liver, MPL dosing caused increased glucose production by stimulating hepatic cAMP and PEPCK activity. In adipose tissue, the rise in leptin mRNA and plasma leptin caused reduction of food intake, the exogenous source of glucose input. Down-regulation of IRS-1 mRNA expression in skeletal muscle inhibited the stimulatory effect of insulin on glucose utilization further contributing to hyperglycemia. The nuclear drug-receptor complex served as the driving force for stimulation or inhibition of downstream target gene expression within different tissues. Incorporating information such as receptor dynamics, as well as the gene and protein induction, allowed us to describe the receptor-mediated effects of MPL on glucose regulation in each important tissue. This advanced mechanistic model provides unique insights into the contributions of major tissues and quantitative hypotheses for the multi-factor control of a complex metabolic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Fang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Siddharth Sukumaran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Debra C. DuBois
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - Richard R. Almon
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biological Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
| | - William J. Jusko
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York, United States of America
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Liddicoat DR, Purton JF, Cole TJ, Godfrey DI. Glucocorticoid‐mediated repression of T‐cell receptor signalling is impaired in glucocorticoid receptor exon 2‐disrupted mice. Immunol Cell Biol 2013; 92:148-55. [DOI: 10.1038/icb.2013.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Liddicoat
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Immunology, Monash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Jared F Purton
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research InstituteLa JollaCAUSA
| | - Timothy J Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash UniversityVictoriaAustralia
| | - Dale I Godfrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of MelbourneVictoriaAustralia
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Antiallergic and Antiarthritic Effects of Stem Bark Extract of Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae) in Murine Models. ISRN PHARMACOLOGY 2013; 2013:874263. [PMID: 24167739 PMCID: PMC3791646 DOI: 10.1155/2013/874263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Background. Various parts of Glyphaea brevis (Spreng) Monachino (Tiliaceae) find a use in traditional medicine in the treatment of pain and oedema among others. This study evaluates the anti-inflammatory, antiallergic, and antiarthritic effects of a 70% (v/v) aqueous ethanol extract of the stem bark of Glyphaea brevis in murine models. Materials and Methods. The effect of the aqueous ethanol extract of Glyphaea brevis extract (GBE) was assessed on the maximal and total oedema responses in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema in mice to evaluate the acute anti-inflammatory actions of the extract. Systemic anaphylaxis was induced with compound 48/80 and survival rates monitored for 1 h in mice with prior treatment with GBE to assess the anti-allergic action of the extract. The indirect antihistamine effect of GBE was evaluated on clonidine-induced catalepsy. Rat adjuvant-induced arthritis model was used to study GBE's antiarthritic action. Results. GBE significantly suppressed the mean maximal swelling and the total paw swellings over 6 h in the carrageenan-induced paw oedema when administered either prophylactically or therapeutically. GBE dose dependently increased the time for compound 48/80-induced mortality. Administered either prophylactically or therapeutically, GBE inhibited clonidine-induced catalepsy while it had no effect on haloperidol-induced catalepsy. GBE caused a significant dose-dependent suppression of Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis. Conclusion. Glyphaea brevis inhibits the in vivo degranulation of mast cells and thereby suppress allergy. In addition it exhibits anti-inflammatory action and attenuates Freund's adjuvant-induced arthritis. The results of this work contribute to validate the traditional use of Glyphaea brevis in the management of inflammatory disorders.
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79
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Synthesis and structure–activity relationships of novel indazolyl glucocorticoid receptor partial agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5448-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Meyer JD, Light AR, Shukla SK, Clevidence D, Yale S, Stegner AJ, Cook DB. Post-exertion malaise in chronic fatigue syndrome: symptoms and gene expression. FATIGUE-BIOMEDICINE HEALTH AND BEHAVIOR 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/21641846.2013.838444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sheppeck JE, Gilmore JL, Xiao HY, Dhar TM, Nirschl D, Doweyko AM, Sack JS, Corbett MJ, Malley MF, Gougoutas JZ, Mckay L, Cunningham MD, Habte SF, Dodd JH, Nadler SG, Somerville JE, Barrish JC. Discovery of potent and selective nonsteroidal indazolyl amide glucocorticoid receptor agonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:5442-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.06.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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82
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Hall R. Identification of Inflammatory Mediators and Their Modulation by Strategies for the Management of the Systemic Inflammatory Response During Cardiac Surgery. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2013; 27:983-1033. [DOI: 10.1053/j.jvca.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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83
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Frank MG, Watkins LR, Maier SF. Stress-induced glucocorticoids as a neuroendocrine alarm signal of danger. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 33:1-6. [PMID: 23459026 PMCID: PMC5652304 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
A considerable number of studies demonstrate that acute and chronic stressors prime CNS innate immune responses to subsequent pro-inflammatory challenges and that glucocorticoids mediate, in part, stress-induced sensitization of pro-inflammatory immune responses. Here, we explore the notion that GCs produce a persisting sensitization of CNS innate immune effectors (e.g. microglia) so that they will generate a potentiated pro-inflammatory response after the GC rise has dissipated, thereby enhancing the sickness response to infection or injury and maximizing the animal's ability to neutralize danger. The stress-induced GC response is conceptualized here as an neuroendocrine warning signal or alarmin to the innate immune system, which prepares or sensitizes the innate immune response to potential danger. Thus, a new understanding of the stress response and its function (priming CNS innate immune responses to infection or injury during a fight/flight emergency) would be suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew G. Frank
- Corresponding author. Address: Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Center for Neuroscience, Campus Box 345, University of Colorado at Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309-0345, USA. Tel: +1 303 919 8116; fax: +1 303 492 2967. (M.G. Frank)
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84
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Fouraschen SMG, de Ruiter PE, Kwekkeboom J, de Bruin RWF, Kazemier G, Metselaar HJ, Tilanus HW, van der Laan LJW, de Jonge J. mTOR signaling in liver regeneration: Rapamycin combined with growth factor treatment. World J Transplant 2013; 3:36-47. [PMID: 24255881 PMCID: PMC3832859 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v3.i3.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effects of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) inhibition on liver regeneration and autophagy in a surgical resection model.
METHODS: C57BL/6 mice were subjected to a 70% partial hepatectomy (PH) and treated intraperitoneally every 24 h with a combination of the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin (2.5 mg/kg per day) and the steroid dexamethasone (2.0 mg/kg per day) in phosphate buffered saline (PBS) or with PBS alone as vehicle control. In the immunosuppressant group, part of the group was treated subcutaneously 4 h prior to and 24 h after PH with a combination of human recombinant interleukin 6 (IL-6; 500 μg/kg per day) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF; 100 μg/kg per day) in PBS. Animals were sacrificed 2, 3 or 5 d after PH and liver tissue and blood were collected for further analysis. Immunohistochemical staining for 5-Bromo-2’-deoxyuridine (BrdU) was used to quantify hepatocyte proliferation. Western blotting was used to detect hepatic microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II protein expression as a marker for autophagy. Hepatic gene expression levels of proliferation-, inflammation- and angiogenesis-related genes were examined by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and serum bilirubin and transaminase levels were analyzed at the clinical chemical core facility of the Erasmus MC-University Medical Center.
RESULTS: mTOR inhibition significantly suppressed regeneration, shown by decreased hepatocyte proliferation (2% vs 12% BrdU positive hepatocyte nuclei at day 2, P < 0.01; 0.8% vs 1.4% at day 5, P = 0.02) and liver weight reconstitution (63% vs 76% of initial total liver weight at day 3, P = 0.04), and furthermore increased serum transaminase levels (aspartate aminotransferase 641 U/L vs 185 U/L at day 2, P = 0.02). Expression of the autophagy marker LC3-II, which was reduced during normal liver regeneration, increased after mTOR inhibition (46% increase at day 2, P = 0.04). Hepatic gene expression showed an increased inflammation-related response [tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α 3.2-fold upregulation at day 2, P = 0.03; IL-1Ra 6.0-fold upregulation at day 2 and 42.3-fold upregulation at day 5, P < 0.01] and a reduced expression of cell cycle progression and angiogenesis-related factors (HGF 40% reduction at day 2; vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 50% reduction at days 2 and 5; angiopoietin 1 60% reduction at day 2, all P≤ 0.01). Treatment with the regeneration stimulating cytokine IL-6 and growth factor HGF could overcome the inhibitory effect on liver weight (75% of initial total liver weight at day 3, P = 0.02 vs immunosuppression alone and P = 0.90 vs controls) and partially reversed gene expression changes caused by rapamycin (TNF-α and IL-1Ra levels at day 2 were restored to control levels). However, no significant changes in hepatocyte proliferation, serum injury markers or autophagy were found.
CONCLUSION: mTOR inhibition severely impairs liver regeneration and increases autophagy after PH. These effects are partly reversed by stimulation of the IL-6 and HGF pathways.
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85
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Zhao Y, Wu S, Gao X, Zhang Z, Gong J, Zhan R, Wang X, Wang W, Qian L. Inhibition of cystathionine β-synthase is associated with glucocorticoids over-secretion in psychological stress-induced hyperhomocystinemia rat liver. Cell Stress Chaperones 2013; 18:631-41. [PMID: 23512717 PMCID: PMC3745252 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0416-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 02/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy), a pathological condition characterized by an increase in plasma concentration of total homocysteine (Hcy), is recognized as a risk factor for several diseases. The transsulfuration pathway is the main metabolic fate of Hcy utilization, which requires the activity of cystathionine β-synthase (CBS). Our results showed the development of HHcy induced by psychological stress was mainly derived from a reduction of CBS activity in the liver, which was accompanied by a significant decrease in its mRNA level. It suggested that the hepatic CBS enzyme regulated by stress at the level of transcription would have a profound effect on circulating Hcy levels. The expression of Sp3, a negative factor for cbs transcription, obviously increased in hepatocytes nuclei of stressed rats, but Sp1 was not altered. It indicated that Sp3 was the key point of variations in cbs transcription caused by stress. Meanwhile, we detected that augmented plasma Hcy concentrations correlated with glucocordicoids (GCs) over-secretion in response to stress, and CBS mRNA levels were markedly lowered in GCs-treated rat hepatocytes. Further results found that glucocorticoids receptor (GR) expression in hepatocyte nuclei of stress rats and GR nuclear translocation ratio was increased, and the same results were proved by experiments in vitro, i.e., GR nuclear translocation and Sp3 expression was remarkably increased in GCs-treated hepatocytes. Moreover, results from ChIP suggested GCs enhanced the binding of GR to the regulatory region of the Sp3 promoter. These results indicated that GCs inhibit CBS transcription by up-regulating Sp3 in psychological stress-induced HHcy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhao
- />Key laboratory of stress medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuqing Wu
- />Key laboratory of stress medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiujie Gao
- />Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhang
- />Institute of Health and Environmental Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Jingbo Gong
- />Key laboratory of stress medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhan
- />Key laboratory of stress medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxing Wang
- />Key laboratory of stress medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weiming Wang
- />Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjia Qian
- />Key laboratory of stress medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Kowalczyk P, Junco JJ, Kowalczyk MC, Sosnowska R, Tolstykh O, Walaszek Z, Hanausek M, Slaga TJ. The effects of dissociated glucocorticoids RU24858 and RU24782 on TPA-induced skin tumor promotion biomarkers in SENCAR mice. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:488-97. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kowalczyk
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio Texas
| | - Jacob J. Junco
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio Texas
| | - Magdalena C. Kowalczyk
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio Texas
| | - Renata Sosnowska
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio Texas
| | - Olga Tolstykh
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio Texas
| | - Zbigniew Walaszek
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio Texas
| | - Margaret Hanausek
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio Texas
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio; San Antonio Texas
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Role of NOS3 DNA variants in externalizing behavioral problems observed in childhood leukemia survivors. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2013; 35:e157-62. [PMID: 23612386 DOI: 10.1097/mph.0b013e31828e518d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neuropsychological problems occurrence varies among childhood cancer survivors, and associated risk factors have not been fully deciphered. We wanted to study the role of genetic variants in behavioral problems in this population. STUDY DESIGN Behavioral problems in pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients (n=138) were investigated longitudinally, using the Child Behavior Checklist questionnaire and multilevel statistical modeling. Thirty-four candidate polymorphisms, related to anticancer drug effects, were investigated. RESULTS NOS3 gene functional polymorphisms showed significant association: patients homozygous for the minor allele at investigated loci showed decreased externalizing behavioral problems scores over time (t tests: T-786C n=69, P=0.003; G894T n=71, P=0.065). The effect was even more pronounced for individuals that are homozygous for the -786C844T haplotype (t test, n=69, P<0.001) and results were supported by multilevel modeling analyses (P<0.001). No such association was observed for internalizing behavioral problems. CONCLUSION NOS3 variants modulate externalizing problems individual trajectories, likely in relationship with glucocorticoid exposure.
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88
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Kern S, Krause I, Horntrich A, Thomas K, Aderhold J, Ziemssen T. Cortisol awakening response is linked to disease course and progression in multiple sclerosis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60647. [PMID: 23613736 PMCID: PMC3628870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Dysregulation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has frequently been reported in multiple sclerosis (MS). So far, HPA axis function in MS has predominantly been studied under pharmacological stimulation which is associated with a series of methodological caveats. Knowledge of circadian cortisol patterns and cortisol awakening response (CAR) is still limited. Methods A total of 77 MS patients (55 relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS)/22 secondary-progressive MS (SPMS)) as well as 34 healthy control (HC) subjects were enrolled. Diurnal cortisol release was assessed by repeated salivary cortisol sampling. Neurological disability was rated by the Kurtzke’s Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Depressive symptoms and perceived stress were assessed by self-report measures. Results RRMS but not SPMS patients differed in circadian cortisol release from HC subjects. Differences in cortisol release were restricted to CAR. Treated and treatment naïve RRMS patients did not differ in CAR. In a RRMS follow-up cohort (nine months follow-up), RRMS patients with EDSS progression (≥0.5) expressed a significantly greater CAR compared to HC subjects. RRMS patients with a stable EDSS did not differ from HC subjects. Neither depressive symptoms nor perceived stress ratings were associated with CAR in RRMS patients. In a step-wise regression analysis, EDSS at baseline and CAR were predictive of EDSS at follow-up (R2 = 67%) for RRMS patients. Conclusions Circadian cortisol release, in particular CAR, shows a course specific pattern with most pronounced release in RRMS. There is also some evidence for greater CAR in RRMS patients with EDSS progression. As a consequence, CAR might be of predictive value in terms of neurological disability in RRMS patients. The possible role of neuroendocrine-immune interactions in MS pathogenesis is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kern
- Center for Clinical Neuroscience, MS Center, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
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Carey KT, Tan KH, Ng J, Liddicoat DR, Godfrey DI, Cole TJ. Nfil3 is a glucocorticoid-regulated gene required for glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in male murine T cells. Endocrinology 2013; 154:1540-52. [PMID: 23425966 DOI: 10.1210/en.2012-1820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) have essential roles in the regulation of development, integrated metabolism, and immune and neurological responses, and act primarily via the glucocorticoid receptor (GR). In most cells, GC treatment results in down-regulation of GR mRNA and protein levels via negative feedback mechanisms. However, in GC-treated thymocytes, GR protein levels are maintained at a high level, increasing sensitivity of thymocytes to GCs, resulting in apoptosis termed glucocorticoid-induced cell death (GICD). CD4(+)CD8(+) double-positive thymocytes and thymic natural killer T cells in particular are highly sensitive to GICD. Although GICD is exploited via the use of synthetic GC analogues in the treatment of hematopoietic malignancies, the intracellular molecular pathway of GICD is not well understood. To explore GICD in thymocytes, the authors performed whole genome expression microarray analysis in mouse GR exon 2 null vs wild-type thymus RNA 3 hours after dexamethasone treatment. Identified and validated direct GR targets included P21 and Bim, in addition to an important transcriptional regulator Nfil3, which previously has been associated with GICD and is essential for natural killer cell development in vivo. Immunostaining of NFIL3 in whole thymus localized NFIL3 primarily to the medullary region, and double labeling colocalized NFIL3 to apoptotic cells. In silico analysis revealed a putative GC response element 5 kb upstream of the Nfil3 promoter that is strongly conserved in the rat genome and was confirmed to bind GR by chromatin immunoprecipitation. The knockdown of Nfil3 mRNA levels to 20% of normal using specific small interfering RNAs abrogated GICD, indicating that NFIL3 is required for normal GICD in CTLL-2 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirstyn T Carey
- Department of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, 3800, Australia
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Robertson S, Hapgood JP, Louw A. Glucocorticoid receptor concentration and the ability to dimerize influence nuclear translocation and distribution. Steroids 2013. [PMID: 23178279 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2012.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoid receptor (GR) concentrations and the ability of the GR to dimerize are factors which influence sensitivity to glucocorticoids. Upon glucocorticoid binding, the GR is actively transported into the nucleus, a crucial step in determining GR function. We examined the effects of GR concentration and the ability to dimerize on GR nuclear import, export and nuclear distribution using both live cell microscopy of GFP-tagged GR and immunofluorescence of untagged GR, with both wild type GR (GRwt) and dimerization deficient GR (GRdim). We found that the observed rate of GR nuclear import increases significantly at higher GR concentrations, at saturating concentrations of dexamethasone (10(-6) M) using GFP-tagged GR, while with untagged GR it is only discernable at sub-saturating ligand concentrations (10(-10)-10(-9) M). Loss of dimerization results in a slower observed rate of nuclear import (2.5- to 3.3-fold decrease for GFP-GRdim) as well as a decreased extent of GR nuclear localization (18-27% decrease for untagged GRdim). These results were linked to an increased rate of GR export at low GR concentrations (1.4- to 1.6-fold increase for untagged GR) and where GR dimerization is abrogated (1.5- to 1.7-fold increase for GFP-GRdim). Furthermore, GR dimerization was shown to be required for the appearance of discrete GC-dependent GR nuclear foci, the loss of which may explain the increased rate of GR export for the GRdim. The reduction in the observed rate of nuclear import and increased rate of nuclear export displayed at low GR concentrations and by the GRdim could explain the lowered glucocorticoid response under these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Robertson
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7602, South Africa
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91
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92
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Gandhi S, Narula N, Marshall JK, Farkouh M. Are patients with inflammatory bowel disease at increased risk of coronary artery disease? Am J Med 2012; 125:956-62. [PMID: 22840916 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2012.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Revised: 03/07/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The inflammatory state of atherosclerosis has been established as those with chronic inflammatory diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, who are at increased risk of coronary artery disease. A systematic search was conducted to retrieve high-quality, peer-reviewed studies of inflammatory bowel disease and coronary artery disease. Recent literature supports an association between inflammatory bowel disease and coronary artery disease. While hypertension increases the risk of coronary artery disease in inflammatory bowel disease patients, other typical risk factors have not been confirmed, and markers of inflammation may predict coronary artery disease risk in this population. Common cardiovascular drugs such as statins and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors may have dual potential for controlling inflammatory bowel disease and preventing or treating coronary artery disease. Large, prospective, longitudinal studies can help to determine the true prevalence of coronary artery disease in this population and confirm risk factors. In the absence of such evidence, physicians should be cognizant of increased coronary artery disease risk in inflammatory bowel disease patients without traditional risk factors and consider primary preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumeet Gandhi
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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93
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Yau JLW, Seckl JR. Local amplification of glucocorticoids in the aging brain and impaired spatial memory. Front Aging Neurosci 2012; 4:24. [PMID: 22952463 PMCID: PMC3430012 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2012.00024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The hippocampus is a prime target for glucocorticoids (GCs) and a brain structure particularly vulnerable to aging. Prolonged exposure to excess GCs compromises hippocampal electrophysiology, structure, and function. Blood GC levels tend to increase with aging and correlate with impaired spatial memory in aging rodents and humans. The magnitude of GC action within tissues depends not only on levels of steroid hormone that enter the cells from the periphery and the density of intracellular receptors but also on the local metabolism of GCs by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (11β-HSD). The predominant isozyme in the adult brain, 11β-HSD1, locally regenerates active GCs from inert 11-keto forms thus amplifying GC levels within specific target cells including in the hippocampus and cortex. Aging associates with elevated hippocampal and neocortical 11β-HSD1 and impaired spatial learning while deficiency of 11β-HSD1 in knockout (KO) mice prevents the emergence of cognitive decline with age. Furthermore, short-term pharmacological inhibition of 11β-HSD1 in already aged mice reverses spatial memory impairments. Here, we review research findings that support a key role for GCs with special emphasis on their intracellular regulation by 11β-HSD1 in the emergence of spatial memory deficits with aging, and discuss the use of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors as a promising novel treatment in ameliorating/improving age-related memory impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce L W Yau
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology and Endocrinology Unit, Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh Edinburgh, UK
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94
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Burnsides C, Corry J, Alexander J, Balint C, Cosmar D, Phillips G, Marketon JIW. Ex vivo stimulation of whole blood as a means to determine glucocorticoid sensitivity. J Inflamm Res 2012; 5:89-97. [PMID: 22952414 PMCID: PMC3430009 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s33569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucocorticoids are commonly prescribed to treat a number of diseases including the majority of inflammatory diseases. Despite considerable interpersonal variability in response to glucocorticoids, an insensitivity rate of about 30%, and the risk of adverse side effects of glucocorticoid therapy, currently no assay is performed to determine sensitivity. PATIENTS AND METHODS Here we propose a whole blood ex vivo stimulation assay to interrogate known glucocorticoid receptor (GR) up- and downregulated genes to indicate glucocorticoid sensitivity. We have chosen to employ real-time PCR in order to provide a relatively fast and inexpensive assay. RESULTS We show that the GR-regulated genes, GILZ and FKBP51, are upregulated in whole blood by treatment with dexamethasone and that LPS-induction of cytokines (IL-6 and TNFα) are repressed by dexamethasone in a dose responsive manner. There is considerable interpersonal variability in the maximum induction of these genes but little variation in the EC(50) and IC(50) concentrations. The regulation of the GR-induced genes differs throughout the day whereas the suppression of LPS-induced cytokines is not as sensitive to time of day. CONCLUSION In all, this assay would provide a method to determine glucocorticoid receptor responsiveness in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Burnsides
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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95
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Basu A. WITHDRAWN: Expression and functional characterization of guanylyl cyclase C receptor in HepG2 cells: Two-step regulation by dexamethasone and hepatocyte nuclear factor 4 (HNF4). J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012:S0960-0760(12)00123-9. [PMID: 22750460 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2012] [Revised: 05/24/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Basu
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Animal Biology, 3800 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
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96
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Wang C, Li YJ, Zheng YQ, Feng B, Liu Y, Cao JM. Glucocorticoid decreases airway tone via a nongenomic pathway. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2012; 183:10-4. [PMID: 22633936 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Nocturnal asthma is associated with circadian rhythms. Although glucocorticoids have contributed to therapeutic success, the underlying mechanism has not been studied thoroughly in asthma. Here, we report that cortisol, a member of glucocorticoids, ameliorate guinea pig tracheal spasm via a nongenomic effect. We set a concentration gradient of cortisol to mimic the functional circadian fluctuation. When administrated over a threshold (150 ng/ml), cortisol could synergize with the spasmolytic action of β-agonist (isoprenaline) in histamine-sensitized tracheal spirals in vitro. This permissive action was abolished by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU486, indicating that cortisol acts via its receptor. Using the RNA polymerase inhibitor, actinomycin D, we showed that this permissive action was not affected by transcription. PMA, activator of protein kinase C (PKC), could partially imitate this rapid effect, while PKC inhibition also blocked this action to some extent. It is likely that this nongenomic effect of glucocorticoid underlies the onset and susceptibility of asthma, implying novel medication target in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Department of Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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97
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Notice of duplicate publication. PROCEEDINGS OF THE AMERICAN THORACIC SOCIETY 2012; 9:19. [PMID: 22421583 DOI: 10.1513/pats.9.1.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
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98
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Kowalczyk P, Kowalczyk MC, Junco JJ, Tolstykh O, Kinjo T, Truong H, Walaszek Z, Hanausek M, Slaga TJ. The possible separation of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced skin inflammation and hyperplasia by compound A. Mol Carcinog 2012; 52:488-96. [PMID: 22351517 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2011] [Revised: 01/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Activated glucocorticoid receptor (GR) acts via two different mechanisms: transcriptional regulation that requires DNA-binding, and protein-protein interaction between GR and other transcription factors, such as nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) or activator protein 1 (AP-1). It has been postulated that many important effects of glucocorticoids, including their anti-inflammatory properties, depend on GR's transrepressive effects on NF-κB and AP-1. In the present study, we have employed a TPA-induced model of skin inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia to determine whether partial activation of the glucocorticoid receptor by compound A (CpdA) is sufficient to reverse the effect of TPA treatment. CpdA is a nonsteroidal GR modulator with high binding affinity, is capable of partial activation of GR. Topical application of TPA twice per week for 2 wk results in inflammation and epidermal hyperplasia. TPA treatment also elevates levels of c-jun (AP-1 component), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), p50 (NF-κB component), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the skin. Fluocinolone acetonide (FA) (a full GR agonist) was able to completely reverse the above effects of TPA. When applied alone, CpdA increased the epidermal thickness and keratinocyte proliferation as well as levels of c-jun, COX-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ. However, CpdA treatment resulted in a decrease in the number of p50 positive cells induced by TPA, suggesting its role in inhibition of NF-κB. The level of metallothionein-1 mRNA, regulated by GR was also significantly decreased in skin samples treated with CpdA. Our results suggest that CpdA is able to inhibit GR transactivation and activate only some transrepression properties of GR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kowalczyk
- Department of Pharmacology, The University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA
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Eritja N, Mirantes C, Llobet D, Masip G, Matias-Guiu X, Dolcet X. ERα-mediated repression of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by glucocorticoids reveals a crucial role for TNFα and IL1α in lumen formation and maintenance. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:1929-44. [PMID: 22328525 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.095067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Most glandular tissues comprise polarized epithelial cells organized around a single central lumen. Although there is active research investigating the molecular networks involved in the regulation of lumenogenesis, little is known about the extracellular factors that influence lumen formation and maintenance. Using a three-dimensional culture system of epithelial endometrial cells, we have revealed a new role for pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNFα and IL1α in the formation and, more importantly, maintenance of a single central lumen. We also studied the mechanism by which glucocorticoids repress TNFα and IL1α expression. Interestingly, regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression and subsequent lumen formation is mediated by estrogen receptor α (ERα) but not by the glucocorticoid receptor. Finally, we investigated the signaling pathways involved in the regulation of lumen formation by pro-inflammatory cytokines. Our results demonstrate that activation of the ERK/MAPK signaling pathway, but not the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, is important for the formation and maintenance of a single central lumen. In summary, our results suggest a novel role for ERα-regulated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in lumen formation and maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Eritja
- Oncologic Pathology Group, Departamento de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Universitat de Lleida, Lleida, Spain
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100
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Harris BN, Perea-Rodriguez JP, Saltzman W. Acute effects of corticosterone injection on paternal behavior in California mouse (Peromyscus californicus) fathers. Horm Behav 2011; 60:666-75. [PMID: 21939660 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2011] [Revised: 09/03/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are thought to mediate the disruption of parental behavior in response to acute and chronic stress. Previous research supports their role in chronic stress; however, no study has experimentally tested the effects of acute glucocorticoid elevation on paternal behavior. We tested the prediction that acute corticosterone (CORT) increases would decrease paternal behavior in California mouse fathers and would lead to longer-term effects on reproductive success, as even short-term increases in CORT have been shown to produce lasting effects on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. First-time fathers were injected with 30 mg/kg CORT, 60 mg/kg CORT or vehicle, or left unmanipulated. Interactions between the male and its pup(s) were recorded 1.5-2h after injection and scored for paternal and non-paternal behavior. Treatment groups were combined into control (unmanipulated + vehicle, n = 15) and CORT (30 mg/kg + 60 mg/kg, n = 16) for analysis based on resulting plasma CORT concentrations. CORT treatment did not alter paternal or non-paternal behaviors or any long-term measures (male body mass or temperature, pup growth rate, pup survival, interbirth interval, number or mass of pups born in the second litter). Fathers showed a significant rise in body mass at day 30 postpartum, followed by a decrease in body mass after the birth of the second litter; however, this pattern did not differ between the CORT and control groups. In summary, acute elevation of plasma CORT did not alter direct paternal behavior, body mass, or reproductive outcomes, suggesting that acute CORT elevation alone does not overtly disrupt paternal care in this biparental mammal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Breanna N Harris
- Department of Biology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
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