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Ashfaq A, Khan ZI, Ahmad K. Assessing the health risk of cadmium to the local population through consumption of contaminated vegetables grown in municipal solid waste-amended soil. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:468. [PMID: 35648302 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Pollution caused by municipal solid waste (MSW) is becoming a serious threat to the environment. Composting may be an effective way to speed up the decomposition of biodegradable components in MSW, resulting in compost that can be utilized as an organic fertilizer. The pot experiments were carried out with different soil-MSW mixtures (100:0, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75; w/w) to determine the impact of MSW on the bioconcentration of Cd in commonly consumed plants of Sargodha. The possible health risks were evaluated by applying pollution indices, such as the pollution load index, bioconcentration factor, enrichment factor, and health risk index. The pollution load index was higher than 1 in 75% MSW-amended soil. However, the concentration of Cd was found to be below the permissible limits in all studied vegetables, with a range of 0.019-0.106 mg/kg. In the study, serum samples from different volunteers living in four sites in Sargodha were also collected and analyzed. For vegetable crops, the health risk index (HRI) was less than one. It is concluded that the concentration of Cd was increased by increasing the fraction of MSW. Although the metal contents in the soil treated with MSW were not high enough to categorize the soil as polluted, these findings show that the reuse of MSW can serve as an alternative to mineral fertilizers. However, the presence of Cd in MSW can have a direct impact on soil fertility and, if biomagnified, on crop production and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Ashfaq
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Deng Z, Yao L, Fang M, Wu Y, Gong Z. Health risk assessment using in vitro simulation in assessing bioavailability of cadmium in rice from main producing areas across China. J Food Sci 2022; 87:2766-2774. [PMID: 35502685 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Rice is a recognized source of cadmium (Cd) exposure. In this study, a total of 102 rice samples were obtained from main producing rice regions of China, and the bioavailability of Cd in rice were assessed by using an in vitro digestion method combined with a Caco-2 cell monolayer model. The results revealed that the average (range of) concentration of Cd in the rice samples was 0.2840 (0.0123-2.4710) mg/kg, and the average (range of) bioavailability of Cd in the rice samples was 23.94% (7.47-39.73%). We analyzed the recent rice consumption data and calculated the target hazard quotients (THQs) to evaluate the noncarcinogenic health risk of Cd in rice consumption for adults and children, respectively. We suggested that the most of investigated regions showed low risks of Cd in rice for general population, and the regions of Cd in rice near the limit deserves might be attracted more attention after taking bioavailability into account. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: The cadmium content of rice itself will affect its corresponding bioavailability to a certain extent. By studying the in vitro bioavailability of cadmium rice with different pollution levels, it is helpful for the dose selection of animal experiments or toxicity tests, and finally, we may provide some references for the establishment of appropriate treatment scheme of rice Cd poisoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Deng
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Liyun Yao
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Min Fang
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yongning Wu
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiyong Gong
- Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, China
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Hussain S, Yang J, Hussain J, Hussain I, Kumar M, Ullah S, Zhang L, Xia X, Jia Y, Ma Y, Gao Y. Phytoavailability and transfer of mercury in soil-pepper system: Influencing factors, fate, and predictive approach for effective management of metal-impacted spiked soils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 207:112190. [PMID: 34624269 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mercury (Hg) contamination and accumulation in food crops is a global threat posing potential health risk to humans. However, Hg phytoavailability in soil-pepper system and its influencing factors largely remain unknown. In this study, a greenhouse pot experiment was conducted to grow peppers using 21 Chinese agricultural soils with varied soil properties and aged Hg levels. Mercury concentration in pepper leaves and fruits ranged from 0.021 to 0.057 mg kg-1 and 0.005-0.022 mg kg-1 respectively, while fruit Hg content in three soils (Anhui, Hubei, Beijing) exceeded the safety limit. Fruit Hg concentration was better positively correlated with soil Mg(NO3)2-extractable Hg content (r = 0.7, P < 0.0001) than soil total Hg content (r = 0.45, P < 0.0001). Highest bioconcentration factor (BCF, ratio of Hg plant to Hg soil) yielded in acidic soils, while the lowest BCF occurred in alkaline soils. Path analysis indicated available-Hg (R2 = 0.40) and total-Hg (R2 = 0.40) had direct positive effects on the pepper fruit Hg concentration, while direct negative effects including pH (R2 = -0.86), organic matter (R2 = -0.7), crystalline-Fe (R2 = -0.68). Those agreed with the stepwise multiple linear regression analysis which yielded a regression predictive model (R2 = 0.73, P < 0.0001). Soil available-Hg, total-Hg, pH, organic matter and crystalline-Fe & Mn were the most influencing factors of Hg phytoavailability. These results provide new insights into the phytoavailability of Hg in soil-pepper system, thus facilitating the management of pepper cultivation in Hg-enriched soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hussain
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Soil and Water Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, China
| | - Jianjun Yang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | | | - Imran Hussain
- Environmental Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology University of Sialkot, Punjab Pakistan
| | - Mahendar Kumar
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Subhan Ullah
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Liandong Zhang
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xing Xia
- Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yuehui Jia
- College of Bioscience and Resource Environment, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yibing Ma
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Macao Environmental Research Institute, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Macao, China
| | - Yuxi Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety, and Laboratory of Metallomics, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Ejaz A, Ahmad K, Khan ZI, Akhtar S, Sultana R, Nadeem M, Hussain MI, Elshikh MS. Assessment of cobalt in wheat grains as affected by diverse fertilizers: implications for public health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:34558-34574. [PMID: 35041165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Present study was conducted to check the heavy metal content in wheat treated with municipal solid waste, Although municipal solid waste was enriched with organic nutrient, micronutrients, and macro-nutrients, considerable amount of cobalt was also witnessed in municipal solid waste that s why pot experiment was executed. The concentration of cobalt in different parts of wheat (root, shoot, and grain) was analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AA-6300 Shimadzu Japan). Highest concentration of cobalt in root, shoot, and grain of wheat was observed in the range of 0.91-1.02 mg/kg, 0.92-1.04 mg/kg, and 0.93-1.00 mg/kg, respectively, under the influence of different fertilizer's used, while in field experiment, level of Co was greater in roots followed by shoots and grain. The metal concentration in wheat grown in field was ranged from 0.67 to 0.72 mg/kg for roots, 0.64 to 0.71 mg/kg for shoots, and 0.66 to 1.71 mg/kg for grains. Concentrations of cobalt were found below the permissible limits suggested by FAO/WHO. Various indices (PLI, BCF, DIM, HRI) were calculated and results showed that PLI was above 1 indicating that metal was causing pollution in treatments while value of BCF, DIM, and HRI was within the permissible range. Higher Co content in wheat may cause damage to the pancreatic cells of animals, cause respiratory problems, and effects their kidney, liver, and lungs, if exposure is for long period through feed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ejaz
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Shahzad Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Razia Sultana
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Instituteof Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Mohamed S Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Hussain S, Hassan A, Arshad P, Anjum MA. Different sources of irrigation water affect heavy metal accumulation in soils and some properties of guava fruits. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:35986-35995. [PMID: 35060035 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18128-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Guava is a highly nutritious fruit and widely grown in tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. Guava orchards are frequently irrigated with contaminated water in different regions of the world. In the present study, fruits of two guava cultivars, i.e., Gola and Surahi were collected from orchards grown in peri-urban areas of Multan, Pakistan, which were irrigated with different sources of irrigation i.e., canal water, tubewell water, and sewage water. The soil (at four different layers), water, and fruit (at harvesting) samples were collected from the orchards for their physical, chemical, and heavy metal analysis. The results revealed that sewage water contained more concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and nickel (Ni) compared to tubewell and canal water. The soil irrigated with sewage water also contained the highest copper, nickel, and zinc contents, while tubewell water-irrigated soils contained the lowest copper, nickel, and zinc contents. As regards different soil layers, the top soil layer (0-15 cm) contained the maximum copper, nickel, and zinc contents. In contrast, the minimum copper, nickel, and zinc contents were estimated in the soil layer of 46-60 cm depth. The different physiological parameters of guava leaves i.e., photosynthesis (Anet), stomatal conductance (gs), transpiration (E), leaf chlorophyll fluorescence in light (Fv'/Fm') and in dark-acclimated (Fv/Fm), and non-photochemical quenching in dark-acclimated (NPQ) were decreased with sewage water irrigation. Furthermore, the sources of irrigation water significantly altered the different physical and chemical properties of the fruits. It is concluded that sewage water improved the physico-chemical properties of fruits but these also had high concentration of Cu, Ni, and Zn. The cadmium (Cd) was not detected in the fruits of guava cultivars, soils and in different sources of irrigation water. Furthermore, the soil irrigated with sewage water also had high contents of Cu, Ni, and Zn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Hussain
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Ahmad Hassan
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Pakiza Arshad
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Akbar Anjum
- Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences & Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.
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Ejaz A, Khan ZI, Ahmad K, Muhammad FG, Akhtar S, Hussain MI. Appraising growth, daily intake, health risk index, and pollution load of Zn in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in soil differentially spiked with zinc. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:34685-34700. [PMID: 35040053 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18130-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a vital nutrient element required for plants normal growth and development. It performs imperative functions in numerous metabolic pathways in the plants. However, potentially noxious levels of Zn in terrestrial environment can lead to inhibited photosynthesis, growth, respiratory rate and imbalanced mineral nutrition. In micronutrient malnutrition, Zn deficiency is a global human health problem owing to the human dependence on cereals grains especially wheat-based diet. Therefore, this study investigated the Zn uptake efficacy in Triticum aestivum that is grown under two different doses (100 g/kg or 200 g/kg) of various soil amendments in both pot and field experimentation. Results of this study revealed that mean Zn concentration in different wheat varieties and treatments were varied from 1.53 to 6.03 mg/kg, 11.27 to 40.65 mg/kg, 11.28 to 39.93 mg/kg, and 11.32 to 37.70 mg/kg in amended soil, root, shoot, and grains, respectively. All observed Zn values in soil and wheat parts were lower than the FAO/WHO standards. Zinc values observed for pollution load index (0.034-0.134 mg/kg), daily intake (0.00492-0.01533 mg/kg), and health risk (0.0164-0.0570 mg/kg) index were lower than 1 except bio-concentration factor. Bio-concentration factor (5.076-10.165 mg/kg) revealed that DHARABI-11 variety showed maximum Zn uptake efficacy in farmyard manure treatment. The daily intake and health risk index values also showed that Zn level in grains is safe for inhabitants consumption. Overall, study recommended that these organic amendments are a good source of fertilizers, essentially required for the sustainable management of soil and increases the Zn accumulation in wheat grains which can ultimately reduce the Zn malnutrition in human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ejaz
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Shahzad Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Plant Biology & Soil Science, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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Keskin F, Sarikurkcu C, Demirak A, Akata I, Sihoglu Tepe A. Wild mushrooms from Ilgaz Mountain National Park (Western Black Sea, Turkey): element concentrations and their health risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:31923-31942. [PMID: 35013958 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18011-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine Fe, Cd, Cr, Se, P, Cu, Mn, Zn, Al, Ca, Mg, and K contents of some edible (Chlorophyllum rhacodes, Clavariadelphus truncatus, Clitocybe nebularis, Hydnum repandum, Hygrophorus pudorinus, Infundibulicybe gibba, Lactarius deliciosus, L. piperatus, L. salmonicolor, Macrolepiota mastoidea, Russula grata, Suillus granulatus, and Tricholoma imbricatum), inedible (Amanita pantherina, Geastrum triplex, Gloeophyllum sepiarium, Hypholoma fasciculare, Phellinus vorax, Pholiota limonella, Russula anthracina, and Tapinella atrotomentosa), and poisonous mushroom species (Amanita pantherina and Hypholoma fasciculare) collected from Ilgaz Mountain National Park (Western Black Sea, Turkey). The element contents of the mushrooms were determined to be 18.0-1239.1, 0.2-4.6, 0.1-3.4, 0.2-3.2, 1.0-8.9, 3.3-59.9, 3.7-220.4, 21.3-154.1, 6.4-754.3, 15.8-17,473.0, 413.0-5943.0, and 2803.0-24,490.0 mg·kg-1, respectively. In addition to metal contents, the daily intakes of metal (DIM) and Health Risk Index (HRI) values of edible mushrooms were also calculated. Both DIM and HRI values of mushroom species except L. salmanicolor, M. mastoidea, and R. grata were within the legal limits. However, it was determined that the Fe content of L. salmanicolor and M. mastoidea and Cd content of R. grata were above the legal limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyyaz Keskin
- Environmental Problems Research and Application Center, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, TR-48000, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Cengiz Sarikurkcu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, TR-03100, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Ahmet Demirak
- Environmental Problems Research and Application Center, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, TR-48000, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ilgaz Akata
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara University, TR-06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Arzuhan Sihoglu Tepe
- Department of Pharmacy Services, Kilis 7 Aralik University, Vocational High School of Health Services, TR-79000, Kilis, Turkey
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Habib MR, Hoque MM, Kabir J, Akhter S, Rahman MS, Moore J, Jolly YN. A comparative study of heavy metal exposure risk from the consumption of some common species of cultured and captured fishes of Bangladesh. J Food Compost Anal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2022.104455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Adnan M, Xiao B, Xiao P, Zhao P, Li R, Bibi S. Research Progress on Heavy Metals Pollution in the Soil of Smelting Sites in China. TOXICS 2022; 10:231. [PMID: 35622644 PMCID: PMC9147308 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10050231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Contamination by heavy metals is a significant issue worldwide. In recent decades, soil heavy metals pollutants in China had adverse impacts on soil quality and threatened food security and human health. Anthropogenic inputs mainly generate heavy metal contamination in China. In this review, the approaches were used in these investigations, focusing on geochemical strategies and metal isotope methods, particularly useful for determining the pathway of mining and smelting derived pollution in the soil. Our findings indicate that heavy metal distribution substantially impacts topsoils around mining and smelting sites, which release massive amounts of heavy metals into the environment. Furthermore, heavy metal contamination and related hazards posed by Pb, Cd, As, and Hg are more severe to plants, soil organisms, and humans. It's worth observing that kids are particularly vulnerable to Pb toxicity. And this review also provides novel approaches to control and reduce the impacts of heavy metal pollution. Hydrometallurgy offers a potential method for extracting metals and removing potentially harmful heavy metals from waste to reduce pollution. However, environmentally friendly remediation of contaminated sites is a significant challenge. This paper also evaluates current technological advancements in the remediation of polluted soil, such as stabilization/solidification, natural attenuation, electrokinetic remediation, soil washing, and phytoremediation. The ability of biological approaches, especially phytoremediation, is cost-effective and favorable to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adnan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; (M.A.); (P.X.); (P.Z.); (R.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baohua Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; (M.A.); (P.X.); (P.Z.); (R.L.)
| | - Peiwen Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; (M.A.); (P.X.); (P.Z.); (R.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; (M.A.); (P.X.); (P.Z.); (R.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ruolan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China; (M.A.); (P.X.); (P.Z.); (R.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaheen Bibi
- Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730046, China;
- Graduate School, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
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Heavy Metals Contaminants in Watercress (Nasturtium officinale R. BR.): Toxicity and Risk Assessment for Humans along the Swat River Basin, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14084690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This research aimed to investigate the bioaccumulation and health risk associated with absorption of the selected heavy metals (HMs) i.e., lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), zinc (Zn), and copper (Cu) in a wild leafy vegetable Nasturtium officinale that grows along the Swat River in swampy areas. The areas were categorized using the ecological risk index (RI), which indicates how heavy metal concentrations in soil and plants change over time. The bioaccumulation factor was greater than that at the 400 ≤ RI sites, indicating a probable health risk of these metals from N. officinale consumption. Furthermore, the health risk index for Cd and Pb was more significant, i.e., greater than one in the majority of the samples, indicating health concerns associated with consuming N. officinale from the study site. However, Zn and Cu levels were lower than the nutritionally needed levels, raising the risk of deficiency in the population. Plants cultivated in Pb and Cd-polluted sites were nutrient deficient in Cu and Zn. Intake of such plants can expose people to HM contamination and nutritional deficiencies. The results concluded that the plants accumulated significant HM contents and may have health concerns but are safe for consumption in children and adults.
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61
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Dovlatabadi A, Estiri EH, Najafi ML, Ghorbani A, Rezaei H, Behmanesh M, Momeni E, Gholizadeh A, Cristaldi A, Mancini G, Alahabadi A, Miri M. Bioaccumulation and health risk assessment of exposure to potentially toxic elements by consuming agricultural products irrigated with wastewater effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112479. [PMID: 34861231 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Potentially toxic elements (PTEs) have many adverse health effects due to bioaccumulation capability and their long persistence in the environment. As a renewable water source, the effluents of municipal wastewater treatment systems have been used to irrigate agricultural products widely. However, the evidence on the bioaccumulation of PTEs in crops irrigated with these effluents is still scarce, with no available study in low and middle-income countries. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the PTEs concentration in the soil and crops irrigated with effluents of Sabzevar wastewater treatment plant and the related health risk by that. The clustered method was used to determine the soil and craps samples. Seventy cumulative samples were randomly prepared in summer and autumn 2016 and 2017 from crops, soil and effluent. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to measure PTEs. The health risk of exposure to PTEs was assessed using Monte Carlo simulation technique. Kruskal Wallis test and Posthoc Tukey HSD test were used to assess the mean difference of PTEs between soil, effluent and crops as well as between crops together. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) magnitude order in different crop samples was Cd > Sr > Cu > Pb > Zn > Co > As > Cr > Ni, respectively. The Cd accumulation in Sugar beet plant was significantly higher than in other samples. The highest hazard quotient (HQ) based on single PTEs was observed for As (mineral) (mean: 5.62 × 10-1 and percentile 95th: 2.13) in Okra. Regarding total HQ (THQ), the highest and lowest mean (percentile 95th) values were 1.50 (3.22) and 2.40 × 10-1 (4.01 × 10-1) for Okra and Watermelon, respectively. The mean concentrations of Co, Cr, Ni and Zn were significantly higher in crops compared to soil and influent samples. Posthoc tests indicated that the concentration of PTEs between investigated crop samples were not statistically significant different (p > 0.05). Overall, our study suggested that irrigation with the effluent of stabilization pond wastewater treatment system exerts a potential health risk due to bioaccumulation of PTEs in crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afshin Dovlatabadi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Elahe Hasannejad Estiri
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Moslem Lari Najafi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences and Cosmetic Products Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Alireza Ghorbani
- Department of Public Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Hossein Rezaei
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Maryam Behmanesh
- University of Applied Sciences and Technology, Tehran, Iran; Islamic Azad University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ensieh Momeni
- Student Research Committee, Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran
| | - Abdolmajid Gholizadeh
- Department of Environmental Health, School of Public Health, North Khorasan University of Medical Sciences, Bojnurd, Iran
| | - Antonio Cristaldi
- Environmental and Food Hygiene Laboratory (LIAA), Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Mancini
- Department of Civil Engineering and Architecture, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ahmad Alahabadi
- Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Miri
- Non-communicable Disease Research Center, Department of Environmental Health, School of Health, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, Sabzevar, Iran.
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Ejaz A, Ahmad K, Khan ZI, Sultana R, Akhtar S, Nadeem M. Evaluation of nickel toxicity in wheat as function of diverse type of fertilizers: implications for public health. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:24599-24611. [PMID: 34820760 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17576-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Many studies have described the physiological, biochemical, and molecular responses to heavy metal toxicity and deficiencies individually in plants. The present study assess nickel (Ni) concentration in amended soil, plant vegetative parts, and wheat grains, grown under diverse types of fertilizers in Sargodha, Punjab, Pakistan. Different varieties of wheat were grown in pot and fields. Different treatments (municipal solid waste, poultry waste, press mud, farm yard manure) of fertilizers were applied in order to study the metal level increased in different parts (root, shoot, grain) of wheat due to fertilization. Results indicated that metal level was found highest in roots followed by shoot and grain. The highest level of nickel in root was present in V1 (2.35 mg/kg) due to T2 (2.60 mg/kg) treatment. Higher nickel levels in wheat shoot and grains were observed in V5 (2.36 mg/kg) and V8 (2.29 mg/kg), respectively, due to applied treatment T2 (2.57 mg/kg). This study concluded that treatment T9 was proven safe in view of the observed Ni concentration, while treatment T2 (municipal solid waste) resulted in higher accumulation of nickel in wheat grains which showed that municipal solid waste should be treated before their application in agriculture fields to secure the public health. This study recommended that although application of fertilizers increased the plant growth and nutritional value, it also enhanced metal accumulation in the wheat grains which could be harmful for consumers especially human being. Government should take actions to prevent metal toxicity in human food chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid Ejaz
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Razia Sultana
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Kiani A, Sharafi K, Omer AK, Matin BK, Davoodi R, Mansouri B, Sharafi H, Soleimani H, Massahi T, Ahmadi E. Accumulation and human health risk assessment of nitrate in vegetables irrigated with different irrigation water sources- transfer evaluation of nitrate from soil to vegetables. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112527. [PMID: 34890596 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the rate of accumulation, human health risk assessment, and nitrate-related transfer factor in vegetables irrigated with different sources, including treated wastewater effluent (TWE) of Kermanshah wastewater treatment plant, Gharasoo river water (RW) of Kermanshah, and well water with chemical fertilizer (WWF). For this purpose, three different types of vegetables, including basil, coriander, and radish, was cultivated, and each of them was irrigated by the three irrigation sources mentioned above. Finally, the amount of nitrate in different sources of irrigation, soil (before growing vegetables and after harvesting vegetables), and the mentioned vegetables was measured. Based on the study results, it can be concluded that the water of the Gharasoo River (RW), compared to the other two irrigation sources, causes more nitrate accumulation in the soil and vegetables grown in it. The highest transmission factor was related to basil vegetables irrigated with WWF. The results showed that the average daily intake of nitrate through the consumption of vegetables grown in Kermanshah with any irrigation water is less than the allowable amount, so the consumption of such vegetables is not dangerous to consumers' health. Therefore, it is suggested that the best irrigation source for vegetable cultivation in Kermanshah is TWE, provided that all of its physical, chemical and microbial parameters meet the standards for reuse in agriculture irrigation. Thus, the use of treated wastewater reduces the need for farmers to use chemical and organic fertilizers and cost-effectiveness, high frequency, and high availability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Kiani
- Regenerative Medicine Research Center (RMRC), Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran; Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Kiomars Sharafi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Abdullah Khalid Omer
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Behzad Karami Matin
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Davoodi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Borhan Mansouri
- Substance Abuse Prevention Research Center, Research Institute for Health, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Houshmand Sharafi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hamed Soleimani
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Tooraj Massahi
- Research Center for Environmental Determinants of Health (RCEDH), Health Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Ehsan Ahmadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Public Health College, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
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Khan ZI, Muhammad FG, Ahmad K, Akhtar S, Sohail M, Nadeem M, Mahpara S, Awan MUF, Alwahibi MS, Elshikh MS, Hussain MI. Effects of diverse irrigation with wastewater in soil and plants: assessing the risk of metal to the animal food chain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:27140-27149. [PMID: 34978030 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17559-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In District Jhang, farmers use municipal wastewater to irrigate fodder crops as an alternative source to the deficient availability of fresh water. Therefore, the present study selected the three irrigation sources in District Jhang (canal water, ground water and municipal wastewater) to study the iron (Fe) concentration in the soil, fodder crops and ultimately their transfer into the animal body. Analysed Fe concentration varied as 16.40-27.53 mg/kg in soil samples, 19.72-30.34 mg/kg in fodder crops and 2.49-5.11 mg/kg in animals. Analysed Fe concentration in soil was higher on the wastewater irrigation site while canal water-irrigated fodder crop Zea mays exhibit the higher Fe concentration. In animal samples, higher Fe concentration was observed in the cow blood (4.09 mg/l), cow hairs (3.39 mg/kg) and cow faeces (5.11 mg/kg). Results of pollution load index (0.288-0.484 mg/kg) and enrichment factor (0.112-0.197 mg/kg) indicated that Fe concentration was minimally dispersed and enriched in these sites. Health risk and daily intake values were observed between the 0.029-0.059 and 0.042-0.084 mg/kg/day. Bio-concentration factor (0.834-1.47 mg/kg) for Fe which was greater than 1 explains that Fe contamination was transferred from the soil to fodder tissues and may raise health issues in the grazing animals if they are continuously exposed to these contaminated forages. Wastewater irrigation in study area has increased the Fe content in soil-plant environment that is a risking factor for animal and human health. Hence, this study recommended that wastewater should be treated prior to their irrigation on agricultural lands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | | | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Sohail
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shahzadi Mahpara
- Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | | | - Mona S Alwahibi
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Iftikhar Hussain
- Department of Plant Biology and Soil Science, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Lagoas Marcosende, 36310, Vigo, Spain
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Maqsood A, Khan ZI, Ahmad K, Akhtar S, Ashfaq A, Malik IS, Sultana R, Nadeem M, Alkahtani J, Dwiningsih Y, Elshikh MS. Quantitative evaluation of zinc metal in meadows and ruminants for health assessment: implications for humans. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:21634-21641. [PMID: 34767165 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in soil, forage, and animals is serious concern nowadays. Current research was conducted in Sargodha to find out the relationship of animals related to the forages and soil pollution. Three sites were selected with three different treatments; site I irrigated with ground water, site II irrigated with the canal water, and site III irrigated with the wastewater. Samples of soil, forage, and animals (blood, hair, feces) were collected from selected sites and were analyzed for metal analysis using atomic absorption spectroscopy. Results indicated that Zn in soil ranged from 24.12 to 37.39 mg/kg; forage, 31.98-44.47 mg/kg; blood of animals, 1.49-2.72 mg/L; hair of animals, 1.37-2.41 mg/kg; and feces of animals, 1.06-2.97 mg/kg. The concentration of zinc in soil and forage was less than permissible limit, but concentration in blood of animals was greater than critical limit suggesting the presence of metal. Bio-concentration factor indicated that metal was accumulated in forages growing at irrigated site. HRI concentration (2.024 mg/kg/day) suggests the accumulation of zinc in animal tissues. Pollution load index and enrichment factor were within the range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayesha Maqsood
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ashfaq
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Razia Sultana
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Jawaher Alkahtani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yheni Dwiningsih
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Mohamed S Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Sahito ZA, Zehra A, Chen S, Yu S, Tang L, Ali Z, Hamza S, Irfan M, Abbas T, He Z, Yang X. Rhizobium rhizogenes-mediated root proliferation in Cd/Zn hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii and its effects on plant growth promotion, root exudates and metal uptake efficiency. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127442. [PMID: 34673390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Rhizobium rhizogenes-mediated root proliferation system in Sedum alfredii has been established. Twenty strains of R. rhizogenes were screened for root proliferation. A significant difference (P < 0.01) was observed in plant morphological characters under influence of different bacterial strains. The highest root fresh weight (3.236 g/plant) was observed with strain AS12556. Furthermore, significant difference (P < 0.05) was observed in the chemical composition of organic acids, Tartaric acid (TA), Succinic acid (SA), Malic acid (MA), Citric acid (CA) and Oxalic acid (OA), pH, Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and soluble sugars in root exudates with different R. rhizogenes mediated roots. Furthermore, a series of hydroponics experiments were conducted with varying concentrations of Cd (25, 50 and 75 µM) and Zn (100, 200 and 500 µM) to assess the phytoextraction efficiency of proliferated roots with Rhizobium. Several plants with proliferated roots showed enhanced growth and improved metal extraction efficiency. Five strains (LBA 9402, K599, AS12556, MSU440 and C58C1) were identified as potential strains for root proliferation in Sedum alfredii. R. rhizogenes strain AS12556 improved Cd/Zn phytoextraction by exogenous production of phytochemicals to promote root proliferation, improved shoot biomass, lowered oxidative damage and enhanced phytoextraction efficiency in S. alfredii. Therefore, it has been selected as a potential microbial partner of S. alfredii to develop extensive rooting system for better growth and enhanced phytoremediation potential. Results suggest that R. rhizogenes mediated root proliferation system can be used for optimizing metal extraction from contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zulfiqar Ali Sahito
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Karachi Campus, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | - Afsheen Zehra
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China; Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | - Shaoning Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Medicine, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Yu
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Tang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Zarina Ali
- Department of Botany, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | - Salma Hamza
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Karachi Campus, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Bahria University Karachi Campus, Karachi 75300, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Abbas
- Department of Microbiology, University of Karachi, Karachi 75250, Pakistan
| | - Zhenli He
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, United States
| | - Xiaoe Yang
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, People's Republic of China.
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Ge X, Khan ZI, Chen F, Akhtar M, Ahmad K, Ejaz A, Ashraf MA, Nadeem M, Akhtar S, Alkahtani J, Dwiningsih Y, Elshikh MS. A study on the contamination assessment, health risk and mobility of two heavy metals in the soil-plants-ruminants system of a typical agricultural region in the semi arid environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14584-14594. [PMID: 34617216 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16756-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study's aim was to investigate iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) concentration in the soil, forage crops, and sheep blood with respect to the seasonal availability of these metals. Soil, forage, and sheep blood samples were sampled from five different locations in Chakwal (Pidh, Tobar, Ratoccha, Choa Saiden Shah-Kalar Kahar road, and Choa Saiden Shan-Chakwal Road) during two seasons, i.e., winter and summer. All the samples were processed through wet acid digestion for evaluation of metal contents. Because of proximity of site-1 and site-2 to coal mines, higher Fe concentration was observed than Zn. Overall, varied Fe concentrations obtained in soil were 12.95-24.31 mg/kg, 1.29-9.61 mg/kg in forage and 1.17-24 mg/l in blood, whereas Zn values were 1.04-31.9 mg/kg, 1.96-7.02 mg/kg, and 0.16-6.52 mg/l for soil, forages, and blood respectively. The pollution load index value for both Fe (0.01-0.14 mg/kg) and Zn (0.02-0.72 mg/kg) was lesser than 1. Bio-concentration (0.09-2.64mg/kg) and enrichment factor (0.08-7.51 mg/kg) were showing efficient transfer of metals through the food chain. Daily intake and health risk index values of iron were ranged from 0.01 to 1.1 mg/kg/day and 0.02 to 1.05 mg/kg/day. There was a probable chance of upsurge in metal values in coming years due to continued mining activities. Anthropogenic input, mainly mining activities in the study area, have increased the Fe and Zn content in the environment which can ultimately find their way up the food chain, thereby risking the health of grazing livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ge
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Fu Chen
- Low Carbon Energy Institute, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Mubeen Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Abid Ejaz
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arslan Ashraf
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Sargodha, Sub-campus, Bhakkar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shahzad Akhtar
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Jawaher Alkahtani
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yheni Dwiningsih
- Department of Crop, Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Mohamed S Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Mohammadi S, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Afzali SF, Sorooshian A. Macronutrients, trace metals and health risk assessment in agricultural soil and edible plants of Mahshahr City, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:131. [PMID: 35089440 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09646-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluate the geochemistry of macro- (Fe, P, Ca, S, K, Na, Mg) and micronutrients (Mo, Cu, Pb, Zn, Co, Mn, Cd, Sr, Cr, Hg, Se), along with possible health risks of heavy metals contamination in agricultural soils and vegetables of the Mahshahr industrial port in Iran. Calculation of geochemical coefficients revealed the low pollution load of Mahshahr agricultural soils. Most of the investigated elements exhibited lower concentrations in soil than international standards. Element concentrations in plant samples were far below the permissible values set by environmental agencies. Based on permissible values, there was deficiency of several soil elements, including Cu, in vegetables because they are mostly present in the soil residual phase. An exception was Mn, which is the most mobile element in soil. The transfer factor (TF) of elements showed the following trend: K > Na > P > S > Mo > Hg > Se > Zn > Cd > Cu > Mg > Mn > Ca > Cr > Co ≈ Fe = Pb. There was high transfer of major elements from soil to plants, and lower values for micronutrients and heavy metals. The calculated daily intake (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) for ten plant species for adults were < 1, while the HRI was larger than 1 for Mn via radish consumption. According to geochemical investigations and statistical tests such as principal component analysis, Kruskal-Wallis, and correlation coefficient calculations, plant species play the most important role in elemental uptake by plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabnam Mohammadi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran.
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Sciences, Shiraz University, Shiraz, 71454, Iran
| | - Seyed Fakhreddin Afzali
- Department of Natural Resource and Environmental Engineering, School of Agriculture, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
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Kormoker T, Proshad R, Islam MS, Tusher TR, Uddin M, Khadka S, Chandra K, Sayeed A. Presence of toxic metals in rice with human health hazards in Tangail district of Bangladesh. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2022; 32:40-60. [PMID: 32024372 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2020.1724271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rice is the staple food of Bangladeshi people and is consumed at least twice a day. Thus, the presence of toxic metals in rice grains has become a major public health concern in Bangladesh. The present research was conducted to investigate the concentrations of toxic metals in rice grains and their possible human health risks in the Tangail district of Bangladesh. Toxic metals were measured by using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS), and the mean concentrations of toxic metals in rice samples were found in order of Cr > Pb > Ni > As > Cu > Cd. The concentrations of Cr, Pb, As, and Cd in the studied rice grain samples exceeded the FAO/WHO standard values for food samples by 100%, whereas the Ni concentrations by 10%. The principal component analysis (PCA) revealed significant anthropogenic contributions of Cr, Ni, As, and Pb concentrations in rice grains. The metal concentrations in rice grain samples showed strong significant correlations by forming primary clusters with each other. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values of Cr, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb from all samples were higher than the maximum tolerable daily intake (MTDI) allowed. The total targeted hazard quotient (TTHQ) values of Cu, Ni, As, Cd, and Pb also exceeded the threshold value of 1.00, indicating a potential non-carcinogenic risk. The estimated target carcinogenic risk of As was higher than the USEPA threshold level 10-4 (0.0001) indicating increased risk of cancer for adults and children in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tapos Kormoker
- Department of Emergency Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Ram Proshad
- Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Md Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
- Department of Applied Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Tanmoy Roy Tusher
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Minhaz Uddin
- Department of Environmental Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, Bangladesh
| | - Sujan Khadka
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- Research Centre for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Krishna Chandra
- Faculty of Agricultural Engineering and Technology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Abu Sayeed
- Department of Post-Harvest Technology and Marketing, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
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Chen F, Saqlain L, Ma J, Khan ZI, Ahmad K, Ashfaq A, Sultana R, Muhammad FG, Maqsood A, Naeem M, Malik IS, Munir M, Nadeem M, Yang Y. Evaluation of potential ecological risk and prediction of zinc accumulation and its transfer in soil plants and ruminants: public health implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:3386-3393. [PMID: 34387818 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15821-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Present work evaluated the zinc (Zn) concentration in soil, forage, blood plasma, hair, and feces samples of cows, buffaloes, and sheep taken from Mianwali, Punjab, Pakistan. The concentration of Zn was found in the ranged of 21.82-35.09mg/kg, 32.59-42.17mg/kg, 0.927-2.48mg/l, 1.03-2.84mg/kg, and 0.923-1.98mg/kg in soil, forage, blood plasma, hair, and feces samples, respectively. The Zn concentration in soil, forage, blood, hair, and feces was safer compared to standard limits. Statistical analysis described that values for BCF, PLI, EF, DIM, and HRI ranged 1.03-1.57mg/kg, 0.486-0.782mg/kg, 0.457-0.696mg/kg, 0.048-0.08mg/kg, and 0.160-0.272mg/kg, respectively. It can be concluded from the present work that Zn concentration was safe in soil, forages, and animal samples. BCF was noticed as greater than 1 while PLI, EF, DIM, and HRI were found less than 1, so regular heavy metal analysis was required to appraise the contamination level in environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Laraib Saqlain
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Asma Ashfaq
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Razia Sultana
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Ayesha Maqsood
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Majida Naeem
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | | | - Mudasra Munir
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Yongjun Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
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Chen F, Muhammad FG, Khan ZI, Ahmad K, Malik IS, Ashfaq A, Naeem M, Nadeem M, Ma J, Awan MUF, Mahpara S, Mehmood S. Bioaccumulation and transfer of zinc in soil plant and animal system: a health risk assessment for the grazing animals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:2718-2727. [PMID: 34378137 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15808-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals pollution has thorough worldwide apprehensions due to the instantaneous growth of industries. Farming regions are irrigated mainly with wastewater which contains both municipal and industrial emancipations. Keeping in view the above scenario, a study was designed in which three sites irrigated with ground, canal, and municipal wastewater in the District Jhang were selected to determine the zinc accumulation and its transfer in the soil, plant, and animal food chain. Zinc concentration was ranged as 18.85-35.59mg/kg in the soil, 26.42-42.67 mg/kg in the forage, and 0.982-2.85mg/kg in the animal samples. Investigated zinc concentration in soil and forages was found to be within the recommended WHO/FAO limits, but blood samples exceed the standards of NRC (2007). The maximum level of pollution load index (0.427-0.805mg/kg) and enrichment factor (0.373-0.894 mg/kg) for zinc was noticed upon wastewater irrigation. Daily intake (0.039 to 0.082 mg/kg/day) and health risk index (0.130 to 0.275 mg/kg/day) of zinc metal was higher in the buffaloes that feed on wastewater-irrigated forages. Bio-concentration factor (0.840 to 2.01mg/kg) for soil-forage was >1 which represents that these plants accumulated the zinc concentration into their tissues and raised health issues in grazing animals on consumption of wastewater-contaminated forages. As animal-derived products are part of human food, then zinc toxicity prevailed in livestock tissues ultimately affects the human food chain. Overall, findings of this study concluded that animal herds should be monitored periodically to devise preventive measures regarding the toxic level of heavy metals availability to livestock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | | | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Asma Ashfaq
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Majida Naeem
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | | | - Shahzadi Mahpara
- Department Plant Breeding and Genetics, Ghazi University Dera Ghazi Khan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mehmood
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
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Chen F, Muhammad FG, Khan ZI, Ahmad K, Nadeem M, Mahmood S, Awan MUF, Munir M, Malik IS, Ashfaq A, Sultana R, Maqsood A, Saqlain L, Naeem M, Ma J. Ecological risk assessment of heavy metal chromium in a contaminated pastureland area in the Central Punjab, Pakistan: soils vs plants vs ruminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:4170-4179. [PMID: 34405324 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Grazing animals act as a bioindicator to study the heavy metal status in the pasture lands because excessive amount of toxic metals in the animal diet either disturb their normal activity or deposit the contaminants into their tissues. The aim of this study was to appraise the chromium status in soil and pasture crops with respect to the nutritional requirement of grazing animals. Three different sites were selected to collect soil, forages, and animal samples from District Jhang. All the samples were processed through atomic absorption spectrophotometer to analyze the chromium concentration in them. Chromium concentration was varied as 0.703-4.20 mg/kg in soil, 0.45-2.85 mg/kg in forages, and 0.588-2.37 mg/kg in all collected animal samples. Both the soil and forage samples displayed the maximum chromium concentration in the Capparis decidua, whereas animal samples revealed maximum concentration in animal blood. Results of pollution load index (0.078 to 0.463 mg/kg) exhibited that all the sample values are less than unity while enrichment factor (1.57-8.25mg/kg) showed that significant level of chromium is enriched in these sites. The maximum value of daily intake (0.0007-0.0055mg/kg/day) and health risk index (0.0004-0.00370055mg/kg/day) was observed in the buffalo that feed on the Capparis decidua. Bio-concentration factor (0.398-2.09mg/kg) value was the maximum in the Medicago sativa. It is concluded that all the animal samples showed chromium concentration beyond their standards. Thus, proper measures should be taken to reduce the metal contamination in these areas that ultimately lessen the availability of toxic metals to grazing animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | | | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Shahid Mahmood
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Mudasra Munir
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Asma Ashfaq
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Razia Sultana
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Ayesha Maqsood
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Laraib Saqlain
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Majida Naeem
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
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73
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Singh PK, Yadav JS, Kumar I, Kumar U, Sharma RK. Carpet industry irrigational sources risk assessment: Heavy metal contaminated vegetables and cereal crops in northern India. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:1906-1919. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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74
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Trace Metal Accumulation in Rice Variety Kainat Irrigated with Canal Water. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su132413739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Due to the rapid increase in industrial and urban areas, environmental pollution is increasing worldwide, causing unwanted changes in the air, water, and soil at biological, physical, and chemical levels, ultimately causing negative effects for living things. This work was performed in Jhang, Punjab, Pakistan, and examined and measured heavy metal levels in various plant parts of the rice (Oryza sativa) variety Kainat (roots, shoots, and grains) with results been set in relation to the soil around the root area. The samples were taken from five different sites. The mean level of trace metals (mg/kg) in grains was soil-dependent and varied from cadmium (Cd) (2.49–5.52), zinc (Zn) (5.8–10.78), copper (Cu) (4.82–7.85), cobalt (Co) (1.48–6.52), iron (Fe) (8.68–14.73), manganese (Mn) (6.87–13.93), and nickel (Ni) (2.3–8.34). Excluding Cd, the absorption of all metals under inspection was recorded within permissible limits, as recommended by the FAO and WHO. The pollution load index for Cd was highest at all sites. The enrichment coefficient of Co, Cd, and Cu were greater. The bioaccumulation factor at all studied sites was present, in order: Cu ˃ Zn ˃ Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Co ˃ Ni ˃ Cd. The translocation factor was present at five different sites: Mn ˃ Fe ˃ Cu ˃ Zn ˃ Co ˃ Cd ˃ Ni. The health risk index of all inspected metals was lower than 1 and was within safe limits. The higher pollution of Cd suggested maintenance of rice crop is recommended, decreasing health risks in humans.
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75
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Ediagbonya TF, Ajayi S. Risk assessment and elemental quantification of anthropogenic activities in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2021; 43:4891-4904. [PMID: 33611696 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-00856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
One of the significance parts of ecosystem is the soil, and it is often modified due to man activities. The objective of this work examined the extent of occurrence of elements in the soil and also to identify the soil contamination level via enrichment factor (EF) and contamination factor/pollution index. The enrichment value was computed using five elements (Ti, Mn, Zn, Cu, Cr) and iron (Fe) as reference element. Scandium (Sc) was not found at hospital dumpsite while arsenic (As) was not found at marketplace. Fe, Ca and K had high concentrations in all locations, ranging from 2651 to 4630 ppm, 2204.67 ppm - 3968.67 ppm and 3649.00 - 4773.67 ppm, respectively. The pollution index value is shown in this order: Ni > Fe > Cu > Cr > Zn > Mn > As an enrichment value in this order: Ni > Se > Cu > V > Zn > Cr > Zr > As > Mn > K > Ca > Rb > Ti > Sr, when Fe was used as a reference element. The overall risk index (RI) in all the locations in the soil was above the edge.
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Affiliation(s)
- T F Ediagbonya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria.
| | - S Ajayi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Olusegun Agagu University of Science and Technology, Okitipupa, Ondo State, Nigeria
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76
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Parween M, Ramanathan AL, Raju NJ. Assessment of toxicity and potential health risk from persistent pesticides and heavy metals along the Delhi stretch of river Yamuna. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111780. [PMID: 34329638 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study aims at the assessment of environmental quality of the most polluted stretch of river Yamuna along the megacity of Delhi. The study was conducted in order to examine toxicity and health hazards associated with persistent pollutants present in the fluvial ecosystem. Eighty four sediment and 56 vegetable samples from same locations were collected from the Delhi segment of river Yamuna flood plain in order to examine 20 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and 9 heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn). Both the organic and inorganic groups of persistent toxic substances were monitored and analysed for the extent of eco-toxicological as well as dietary health risks posed to the local population. Eco-toxicological assessment was done based on sediment quality guidelines, enrichment factor, geo-accumulation index, degree of contamination and Pollution Load Index. The dietary-risk was assessed with the help of translocation factors (TF) of these pollutants in vegetables. Carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks from consumption of vegetables were also investigated. The level of concern for heavy metals was greater than that of OCPs as per the sediment quality guidelines. DDT, Cd, Pb and Zn had maximum concentrations corresponding to level 3 of concern, while Cr and Ni reached up to the highest i.e., 4th level of concern. Sediment samples were found to be enriched and contaminated significantly with Cd and moderately with Pb, as represented respectively by enrichment factors and contamination factors (CF). CF for metals lied in order Zn > Cd > CrNi > PbCu. Pollution load index was highest at the location lying on the exit point of Yamuna in Delhi. TF values greater than 1 were observed in majority of samples analysed for Ni, Cr, Cu and Zn. Spinach topped among vegetables in terms of metal contamination. Cd, Ni and Pb accumulated more in the roots, as against Mn, Zn, Cu and Cr which had higher accumulation in the shoots. Translocation factors were substantially high in vegetables for most of the OCPs, clearly indicating bioaccumulation and potential health risk to the consumers. Health risk to humans was assessed for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic potentials from ingestion of vegetables. Hazard Quotient (HQ) > 1 due to radish (roots and leaves) and cauliflower consumption in children indicated non-carcinogenic risk. Hazard Index (HI) beyond 1 for all the vegetables (except onion leaves) confirmed substantial cumulative risk. Lifetime cancer risk (LCR) revealed moderate (spinach, radish, beet root and cauliflower) to low (all the others) levels of carcinogenic risk to humans. Cancer risks from γ-HCH, β- HCH, Hept, Hept Ep, Ald, p,p'-DDT, and Cr exposure through the food chain could be well established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musarrat Parween
- National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bengaluru, Karnataka, 560012, India.
| | - A L Ramanathan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - N Janardhana Raju
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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77
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Xu FF, Song J, Li YQ, Lai YF, Lin J, Pan JL, Chi HQ, Wang Y, Li ZY, Zhang GQ, Cai ZF, Liang XX, Ma AD, Tan CT, Wu WL, Yang XF. Bioaccessibility and bioavailability adjusted dietary exposure of cadmium for local residents from a high-level environmental cadmium region. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 420:126550. [PMID: 34252664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The critical health risks caused by cadmium (Cd) via dietary exposure are commonly assessed by detecting Cd concentrations in foods. Differently, in this study, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd in major local harvests were introduced to assess the dietary exposure of local residents from a high-level environmental Cd region. The results indicated that certain Cd was released into the digestive juice after in vitro digestion with a bioaccessibility of 20-63% for rice and 3-32% for leafy vegetables, and the released portion was partially absorbed by Caco-2 cells with a bioavailability of 2-21% for rice and 0.2-13% for leafy vegetables. The results obtained from the toxicokinetic model revealed that the predicted urinary Cd values from the estimated daily intake (EDI) of Cd, which accounted for bioaccessibility and bioavailability, were consistent with the actual measured values, and the EDIs were considerably lower than the acceptable daily intake. This suggests that the bioaccessibility and bioavailability adjusted dietary Cd exposure should be more precise. The key issues addressed in our study implores that a potential health risk cannot be neglected in people with high consumption of rice from high-level zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei-Fei Xu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jia Song
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yue-Qi Li
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Yue-Fei Lai
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jun Lin
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Jia-Liang Pan
- Hygiene Detection Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Hui-Qin Chi
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zi-Yin Li
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Gao-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medical Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, PR China
| | - Zhan-Fan Cai
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), Guangzhou 510435, PR China
| | - Xu-Xia Liang
- Guangdong Institute of Food Inspection (Guangdong Inspection Center of Wine and Spirits), Guangzhou 510435, PR China
| | - An-De Ma
- Hygiene Detection Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China
| | - Chu-Ting Tan
- Department of Nutrition, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510900, PR China
| | - Wei-Liang Wu
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
| | - Xing-Fen Yang
- Food Safety and Health Research Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Research, Guangdong-Hongkong-Macao Joint Laboratory for Contaminants Exposure and Health, School of Public Health, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, PR China.
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78
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Evaluating Potential Ecological Risks of Heavy Metals of Textile Effluents and Soil Samples in Vicinity of Textile Industries. SOIL SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems5040063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
The present study pertains to assessing the heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Pb, and Zn) contents of untreated and treated effluents of two textile industries and agricultural soil samples in the vicinity of these industries located in Ludhiana, Punjab (India). The genotoxicity of the effluents samples was estimated using Allium cepa root chromosomal aberration assay. The exposure of Allium cepa roots to untreated effluents from both industries resulted in the reduction of mitotic index (MI) and increase in chromosomal aberrations in the root tip meristematic cells when compared to those that were exposed to the treated effluents indicating the significant genotoxic potential of untreated effluents. Risk characterization of soil sample was carried out by calculating the potential ecological and human health risks of heavy metals. The hazard index was observed to be less than 1, indicating there was no potential health risk of heavy metals in soil samples. Furthermore, bioaccumulation potential studies on plant species grown in the vicinity of these industries have shown that bioaccumulation factor (BAF) varied as Ricinus communis L. > Chenopodium album L. > Cannabis sativa L. with Co and Pb having maximum and minimum values, respectively.
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79
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Ge X, Chen F, Saqlain L, Ma J, Khan ZI, Ahmad K, Malik IS, Ashfaq A, Sultana R, Munir M, Nadeem M, Awan MUF, Sohail M. Evaluation of pasture allowance of manganese for ruminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:56906-56914. [PMID: 34076814 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14666-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to access the Mn contamination in soil, forages, and animals. Heavy metal pollution is a matter of prime significance in natural environment. Through food chain, toxicity of heavy metals and their bioaccumulation potential are transferred into humans. Higher concentrations of metallic compounds are toxic to living organisms but these are essential to maintain body metabolism. Intake of food crops polluted with heavy metals is chief food chain channel for human exposure. Animals are exposed to heavy metal stress by the intake of richly contaminated food crops; those are chief part of food chain. Samples of soil, plant, animal blood, hair, and feces were collected to find contamination through wet digestion process in lab and metal analysis. Different forages were collected to study Mn content that was our major concern in this study. The present findings also emphasized on the assessment of bio-concentration factor (BCF). Other significant indices of mobility and pollution of metal were also calculated, i.e. pollution load index (PLI), daily intake of metal (DIM), health risk index (HRI), and enrichment factor (EF). The experimentation result showed different concentrations of metal in different seasons. The Mn concentration in forages was 20.01-28.29 mg/kg and in soil was 5.27-8.90 mg/kg. Soil samples showed higher level of (PLI) Pollution load index. Bio-concentration of MN was 2.59-4.21 mg/kg. It can be concluded that regular monitoring of the metal is essential to evaluate the contamination status. Mn contents were in the safe limits in soil and plants; however, its toxic level was observed in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Ge
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Laraib Saqlain
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Jing Ma
- School of Environmental Science and Spatial Informatics, China University Mining and Technology, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Asma Ashfaq
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Razia Sultana
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Mudasra Munir
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | | | - Muhammad Sohail
- College of Hydrology and Water Resources, Hohai University, Nanjing, China
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80
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Keskin F, Sarikurkcu C, Akata I, Tepe B. Element concentration, daily intake of elements, and health risk indices of wild mushrooms collected from Belgrad Forest and Ilgaz Mountain National Park (Turkey). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51544-51555. [PMID: 33982259 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14376-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the element content of wild edible and inedible mushroom species (Agaricus campestris, Armillaria ostoyae, Boletus reticulatus, Bondarzewia mesenterica, Bovistella utriformis, Cantharellus cibarius, Marasmius oreades, Megacollybia platyphylla, Meripilus giganteus, Neoboletus erythropus, Panellus stipticus, Phaeotremella foliacea, Pleurotus ostreatus, Podoscypha multizonata, Russula aurea, R. chloroides, R. virescens, T. versicolor, Trametes gibbose, and Trichaptum biforme) collected from the Belgrad Forests and the Ilgaz Mountain National Park. Based on the results of elemental analyses, daily metal intake (DMI) and health risk index (HRI) values of edible mushrooms collected from both localities were also calculated. As, Cd, Cr, Se, P, Hg, Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn, Al, Ca, Mg, and K contents of mushrooms were in the ranges of 0.16-3.45, 0.09-2.4, 0.15-2.34, 0.3-8.13, 0.28-11.44, 14.03-37.81, 3.87-108.57, 6.18-149.77, 11.9-776.1, 5.4-317.4, 7.4-355.2, 15.4-3517.3, 266.0-2500.0, and 628.0-24083.0 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. As a result of the DMI and HRI analyses, Cu concentration of B. utriformis (DMI: 46.53 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.16) and Cd concentrations of A. campestris (DMI: 0.49 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.36), A. ostoyae (DMI: 1.03 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 2.86), B. utriformis (DMI: 0.52 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.44), and P. ostreatus (DMI: 0.45 μg/kg body weight/serving, HRI: 1.24) were found to exceed the legal limits determined by authorities. It was concluded that the species collected from the regions in question should be consumed in a controlled manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyyaz Keskin
- Environmental Problems Research and Application Center, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, TR-48000, Mugla, Turkey.
| | - Cengiz Sarikurkcu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, TR-03100, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ilgaz Akata
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara University, TR-06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bektas Tepe
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kilis 7 Aralik University, TR-79000, Kilis, Turkey
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Laffray X, Toulaïb K, Balland-Bolou-Bi C, Bagard M, Leitao L, Huguenot D, Alphonse V, Abbad-Andaloussi S, Livet A, Bousserrhine N, Leymarie J, Repellin A. Evaluation of trace metal accumulation in six vegetable crops intercropped with phytostabilizing plant species, in a French urban wasteland. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:56795-56807. [PMID: 34076815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14512-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The extensive development of agriculture in urban and peri-urban wastelands polluted with several trace elements (TE) poses risks to human health through contaminated food products. The objective was to explore the accumulation of TE in the various parts of vegetable crop plants (tomato, French bean, radish, potato, spinach, and leek) intercropped with phytostabilizing plant species (ryegrass and white clover, respectively). Field studies were conducted in a multicontaminated French urban wasteland with Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn, and an alkaline soil pH. Analyses of the respective non-edible parts of monocultured vegetable crops showed accumulation of all TE, mostly Zn, then Pb and Cu, and finally Cd. The corresponding TE accumulation factors (soil to plant) were all below 0.25. In the edible parts, average concentrations for TE were above the limit values, according to European and Chinese standards. TE contents in the phytostabilizing species chosen were in the same orders of magnitude and the same ranking as described for vegetable crops and most accumulation was in the roots. Unexpectedly, the presence of the phytostabilizing plants had a very strong positive impact on the soil to plant accumulation factor. Moreover, the edible plant parts were poorly impacted by the co-cropping with phytostabilizing plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Laffray
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris), Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, IEES, F-94010, Creteil, France
| | - Kamal Toulaïb
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris), Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, IEES, F-94010, Creteil, France
| | - Clarisse Balland-Bolou-Bi
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), UMR MA 102 - Université Paris Est Creteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France.
| | - Matthieu Bagard
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris), Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, IEES, F-94010, Creteil, France
| | - Luis Leitao
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris), Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, IEES, F-94010, Creteil, France
| | - David Huguenot
- Laboratoire Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), EA 4508, Université Gustave Eiffel, 77454, Marne-la-Vallée, France
| | - Vanessa Alphonse
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), UMR MA 102 - Université Paris Est Creteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Samir Abbad-Andaloussi
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), UMR MA 102 - Université Paris Est Creteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Alexandre Livet
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), UMR MA 102 - Université Paris Est Creteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Noureddine Bousserrhine
- Laboratoire Eau Environnement et Systèmes Urbains (LEESU), UMR MA 102 - Université Paris Est Creteil, 61 avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94010, Créteil Cedex, France
| | - Juliette Leymarie
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris), Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, IEES, F-94010, Creteil, France
| | - Anne Repellin
- Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences of Paris (iEES Paris), Univ Paris Est Creteil, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, IEES, F-94010, Creteil, France
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82
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Niu A, Lin C. Managing soils of environmental significance: A critical review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:125990. [PMID: 34229372 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Globally, environmentally significant soils (ESSs) mainly include acid sulfate, heavy metal(loid)-contaminated, petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated, pesticide-contaminated, and radionuclide-contaminated soils. These soils are interrelated and have many common characteristics from an environmental management perspective. In this review, we critically evaluate the available literature on individual ESSs, aiming to identify common problems related to environmental quality/risk assessment, remediation approaches, and environmental regulation for these soils. Based on these findings, we highlight the challenges to, and possible solutions for sustainable ESS management. Contaminated land has been rapidly expanding since the first industrial revolution from the industrialized Western countries to the emerging industrialized Asia and other parts of the world. Clean-up of contaminated lands and slowdown of their expansion require concerted international efforts to develop advanced cleaner production and cost-effective soil remediation technologies in addition to improvement of environmental legislation, regulatory enforcement, financial instruments, and stakeholder involvement to create enabling environments. Two particular areas require further action and research efforts: developing a universal system for assessing ESS quality and improving the cost-effectiveness of remediation technologies. We propose an integrated framework for deriving ESS quality indicators and make suggestions for future research directions to improve the performance of soil remediation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Niu
- School of Geography, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Chuxia Lin
- Faculty of Science, Engineering and Built Environment, Deakin University, Burwood, VIC 3125, Australia.
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83
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Osman HEM, Abdel-Hamed EMW, Al-Juhani WSM, Al-Maroai YAO, El-Morsy MHEM. Bioaccumulation and human health risk assessment of heavy metals in food crops irrigated with freshwater and treated wastewater: a case study in Southern Cairo, Egypt. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50217-50229. [PMID: 33948848 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14249-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Food safety has often attracted attention worldwide. Few studies have investigated the heavy metal (HM) pollution and health risk assessment of crops and vegetables. The current work was conducted to evaluate the human risk assessment of HM (Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn) in radish, lettuce, tomato, onion, turnip, squash, okra, sunflower, Jews mallow, and garden rocket cultivated in treated wastewater (TWW)-irrigated sites as compared with those cultivated in freshwater (FW)-irrigated sites. Irrigation water, soil, and different plants were collected from 6 farmlands irrigated with TWW and two agricultural sites irrigated with FW (Nile river). Heavy metal transfer factor (HMTF), chronic daily intake of metals (CDIM), health hazard risk (HR), and health hazard index (HI) were estimated. The results showed that the tested HM levels in FW and TWW were below the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and Egyptian standards recommended for irrigation. In soil samples, HM levels were below the permissible limits for both tested sites. The HM in soil and plants grew in TWW-irrigated sites possessed multiple levels higher than those grown in FW-irrigated sites. Among different plants, HM levels in the edible parts of plants grown in TWW-irrigated sites followed in decreasing order: tomato > sunflower >Jew's mallow = turnip = squash > lettuce > okra = radish > onion > garden rocket. The mean CDIM and HR values of plants irrigated using TWW were higher than those irrigated using FW. Furthermore, HR values for all plants grown in polluted and unpolluted sites were < 1 except Cd in plants grown in the TWW-irrigated farmlands. The mean HI for radish, lettuce, tomato, onion, turnip, squash, okra, sunflower, Jews mallow, and garden rocket grown in TWW-irrigated sites were 2.08, 2.39, 1.76, 1.53, 2.08, 1.80, 2.03, 1.91, 1.82, and 1.44 (for adult), and 2.39, 2.75, 2.71, 1.75, 2.38, 2.06, 2.33, 2.69, 2.10, and 1.65 (for children). Plants irrigated with TWW showed a higher HMTF than plants irrigated with FW. Jew's mallow and okra irrigated with TWW had a maximum HMTF. Consequently, different practical measures can be taken to minimize the HM levels in agricultural foodstuffs. These measures include preventing the excessive application of pesticides and fertilizers for crop production and continuous monitoring of different foodstuffs in the market.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Widad Saleem Mubarak Al-Juhani
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Centre, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yaser Ayesh Omer Al-Maroai
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Research Laboratories Centre, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Helmy El-Metwally El-Morsy
- Deanship of Scientific Research, Umm Al-Qura University, Al Mukarramah, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
- Plant Ecology and Range Management Department, Desert Research Center, Cairo, Egypt
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84
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Jalali M, Fakhri R. Evaluation of macro and trace elements content of wild edible Iranian plants and their contribution to dietary reference intakes. J Food Compost Anal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2021.104049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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85
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Yuvaraj A, Thangaraj R, Karmegam N, Ravindran B, Chang SW, Awasthi MK, Kannan S. Activation of biochar through exoenzymes prompted by earthworms for vermibiochar production: A viable resource recovery option for heavy metal contaminated soils and water. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130458. [PMID: 34126688 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The industrial revolution and indiscriminate usage of a wide spectrum of agrochemicals account for the dumping of heavy metals in the environment. In-situ/ex-situ physical, chemical, and bioremediation strategies with pros and cons have been adopted for recovering metal contaminated soils and water. Therefore, there is an urgent requirement for a cost-effective and environment-friendly technique to combat metal pollution. Biochar combined with earthworms and vermifiltration is a suitable emerging technique for the remediation of metal-polluted soils and water. The chemical substances (e.g., sodium hydroxide, zinc chloride, potassium hydroxide, and phosphoric acid) have been used to activate biochar, which also faces several shortcomings. Studies reveal that extracellular enzymes have been used to activate biochar which is produced by earthworms and microbes that can alter the surface of the biochar. The present review focuses on the global scenario of metal pollution and its remediation through biochar activation using earthworms. The earthworms and biochar can produce "vermibiochar" which is capable of reducing the metal ions from contaminated water and soils. The vermifiltration can be a suitable technology for metal removal from wastewater/effluent. Thus, the biochar has a trick of producing entirely new options at a time when vermifiltration and other technologies are least expected. Further attention to the biochar-assisted vermifiltration of different sources of wastewater is required to be explored for the large-scale utilization of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ananthanarayanan Yuvaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramasundaram Thangaraj
- Vermitechnology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Natchimuthu Karmegam
- Department of Botany, Government Arts College (Autonomous), Salem, 636 007, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Balasubramani Ravindran
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea; Center for Environmental Nuclear Research, Directorate of Research, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, SRM Nagar, Kattankulathur, 603203, Kanchipuram, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Soon Woong Chang
- Department of Environmental Energy and Engineering, Kyonggi University, Youngtong - Gu, Suwon, 16227, South Korea
| | - Mukesh Kumar Awasthi
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Taicheng Road 3#, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China.
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Cancer Nanomedicine Laboratory, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Periyar University, Salem, 636 011, Tamil Nadu, India
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86
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Ali F, Israr M, Ur Rehman S, Azizullah A, Gulab H, Idrees M, Iqbal R, Khattak A, Hussain M, Al-Zuaibr FM. Health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of dietary vegetables using wastewater for irrigation in Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255853. [PMID: 34379662 PMCID: PMC8357160 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Health assumptions to the population due to the utilization of contaminated vegetables have been a great concern all over the world. In this study, an investigation has been conducted to ascertain metal concentrations in the wastewater, soil and commonly consumed vegetables from the vicinity of Gadoon Industrial Estate Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Pakistan. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS) and total solids (TS) and heavy metals such as Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). Moreover, possible health risks due to the consumption of vegetables have also been estimated. pH and TSS in wastewater were found to be higher than the permissible limit set by WHO (1996). These results revealed that Cr concentration in the wastewater was above the permissible limits of United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) which may lead to a detrimental effect on soil quality deterioration, ultimately leading to food contamination. ANOVA analysis demonstrated a significant difference in soil samples for Pb, Cr, Cd, Ni, Zn and Cu at p ≤ 0.001, for Mn at p ≤ 0.05 while no significant difference was observed for Fe respectively. ANOVA analysis also exhibited the highest mean value for Pb, Cr, Cd and Zn in vegetables. A substantial positive correlation was found among the soil and vegetable contamination. The transfer factor for Cr, Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cd and Cu was greater than 0.5 due to contamination caused by domestic discharges and industrial effluents. Health assessment via consumption of dietary vegetables revealed a higher level than the permissible limit (HRI > 1) for Pb and Cd in children and adults. Enrichment factor (EF) due to consumption of vegetables was found higher for Pb and Cr respectively. Based on the findings of this study, there would be a significant risk to the consumers associated with consumptions of vegetables being cultivated in Gadoon Industrial Estate area of district Swabi. Therefore, strict regulatory control measures are highly recommended for the safety of vegetables originated from the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fawad Ali
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Israr
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
- College of Life Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, PR China
- * E-mail:
| | - Shafiq Ur Rehman
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Azizullah Azizullah
- Department of Biology, The University of Haripur, Haripur, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Gulab
- Department of Chemistry, Bacha Khan University Charsadda, Charsadda, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Idrees
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Swabi, Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Iqbal
- Department of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture and Environment, Islamia University, Bahawalpur, Pakistan
| | - Aishma Khattak
- Department of Bioinformatics, Benazir Bhutto Women University Peshawar, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Majid Hussain
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Management, University of Haripur, Haripur City, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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87
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Khan ZI, Ahmad K, Siddique S, Wajid K, Bashir H, Nadeem M, Qamar MF, Ullah MF, Rehman SU. Appraisal of iron accumulation in soil, forages, and blood plasma of sheep and goats: a case study in different districts of Punjab, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:41089-41094. [PMID: 33772715 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13471-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Minerals are essential for ruminants affecting significantly the production of grazing livestock. Iron level in forages, soil, and blood plasma of the small ruminants (goat and sheep) was investigated in three districts of Punjab. Atomic absorption spectrophotometer was used to determine the concentration of iron in collected samples. The results revealed that the mean Fe concentrations in soil of districts Sargodha, Mianwali, and Bhakhar were significantly varied and ranged from 21.85 to 23.78, 28.45 to 31.2, and 18.079 to 24.33 mg/kg, respectively. The Fe level in soil of Mianwali significantly varied and was higher than Sargodha and Bhakkar. The mean Fe concentration in forages which were used for feeding purpose were significantly varied and found between 10.95-14.49, 23.63-25.65, and 6.616-9.45 mg/kg for Sargodha, Mianwali, and Bhakhar, respectively. The mean Fe concentrations in blood plasma of goat which consumed the contaminated forages were 8.5026-11.763 mg/L in district Sargodha, 19.77-20.19 mg/L in Mianwali, and 5.508-5.858mg/L in Bhakkar. In blood plasma of sheep, the residual levels of Fe in districts Sargodha, Mianwali, and Bhakhar were ranged from 9.987 to 12.455, 15.8 to 19.785, and 3.425 to 6.383 mg/L, respectively. This study provides the data of metals effected by different sites and also their mobility from low to higher trophic level which enables us to study the iron toxicity in different trophic levels, and we recommend different safe limits and treatment in case of low and high metal profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zafar Iqbal Khan
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
| | - Kafeel Ahmad
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Samra Siddique
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Kinza Wajid
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Humayun Bashir
- Department of Botany, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Nadeem
- Institute of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Fiaz Qamar
- College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Jhang Sub-campus, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | - Saif Ur Rehman
- Institute of Geology, University of the Punjab, Quaid-e-Azam Campus, Lahore, Pakistan
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88
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Orellana Mendoza E, Cuadrado W, Yallico L, Zárate R, Quispe-Melgar HR, Limaymanta CH, Sarapura V, Bao-Cóndor D. Heavy metals in soils and edible tissues of Lepidium meyenii (maca) and health risk assessment in areas influenced by mining activity in the Central region of Peru. Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1461-1470. [PMID: 34401355 PMCID: PMC8353470 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination of soil and agricultural products is an environmental problem, has an adverse effect on the quality of food crops, and is a danger to food security and public health. The concentration of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) in surface soils and edible hypocotyls tissues of two ecotypes of Lepidium meyenii Walpers (maca) was evaluated in three districts of the Junín province, Peru. In addition, the risk to human health due to exposure to heavy metals from maca consumption was evaluated. Soil samples and maca hypocotyls were collected in areas influenced by mining and metallurgical activity. The mean concentration of Cd (0.32 ± 0.23 mg/kg) and Pb (0.20 ± 0.12 mg/kg) in maca samples exceeded the values established by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The bioconcentration factor was less than 1. The estimated daily intake of each metal was below the oral reference dose. The hazard quotient and hazard index were less than 1, it is unlikely to cause non-cancer adverse health outcome. The cancer risk for As and Cd was higher than the tolerable limit (1 × 10-6) in children and adults. In the district of Ondores, the cancer risk for As in children was higher than the acceptable limit (1 × 10-4). Residents of the Ondores district would be more exposed to As and Cd from consumption of maca hypocotyls. It is very important to carry out continuous monitoring of other toxic metals in different ecotypes of maca (red, black, yellow, purple, creamy white, pink) in order to evaluate the variation in the accumulation of heavy metals and the level of toxicity of each metal between ecotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edith Orellana Mendoza
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
| | - Walter Cuadrado
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
| | - Luz Yallico
- Faculty of Nursing, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
| | - Rosa Zárate
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
| | | | - Cesar H. Limaymanta
- Department of Library and Information Science, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Av. Universitaria with Av. Venezuela, Lima, Lima District 15081, Peru
- Department of Science, Universidad Peruana de Ciencias Aplicadas, Lima, Peru
| | - Vicky Sarapura
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
| | - Diana Bao-Cóndor
- Faculty of Forestry and Environmental Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro del Perú, Av. Mariscal Castilla 3909–4089, Huancayo, Huancayo 12006, Peru
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89
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Chen Z, Huang B, Hu W, Wang W, Muhammad I, Lu Q, Jing G, Zhang Z. Ecological-health risks assessment and source identification of heavy metals in typical greenhouse vegetable production systems in Northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:42583-42595. [PMID: 33813692 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13679-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Due to the high cropping index and substantial agricultural inputs in greenhouse vegetable production systems (GVP), the environmental problems caused by heavy metals in GVP are becoming increasingly serious. A systematic investigation of heavy metals accumulation was carried out in GVP located in Jingyang, Shaanxi, China. The accumulation of Cd and Hg was assessed to be more significant than that of other elements in these GVP soils. The pollution load index (PLI) confirmed that 98.9% of the soil samples showed a moderate level of pollution. Additionally, the potential ecological risk index (RI) values indicated that 63.7 and 14.3% of the area was at moderate and high ecological risk, respectively. In assessing the human health risks associated with vegetable consumption, the highest target hazard quotient (THQ) was that for As, followed by Cu > Cd > Zn > Pb > Hg > Cr. Although the hazard index (HI) values were below 1 except for three sample sites in the study area, the 95% quantile of forecasted HI values was 1.22. More attention should be devoted to heavy metal pollution in GVP products. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was used to identify the sources of the heavy metals. Cu and Zn accumulation were the results of fertilizer overuse; the parent material was the primary source of the As, Pb, and Cr; and the sources of Cd and Hg were inorganic fertilization and industrial emissions, respectively. Effective measures should be implemented to reduce future ecological and health risks in GVP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhikun Chen
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Biao Huang
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenyou Hu
- Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Weixi Wang
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Imran Muhammad
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Ghazi University, Dera Ghazi Khan, Pakistan
| | - Qiangqiang Lu
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Guanghua Jing
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Xi'an Botanical Garden of Shaanxi Province (Institute of Botany Shaanxi Province), Xi'an, Shaanxi, China.
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90
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Risk Assessment of Heavy Metals in Basmati Rice: Implications for Public Health. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13158513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Basmati rice is increasingly recognized and consumed in different parts of the world due to its different tastes and nutritional properties. This research focused on determining the cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), Copper (Cu), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) content in locally grown basmati rice in Pakistan and assessing the risks of these values to human health. Root, shoot and grain samples of basmati rice were taken, along with soil samples from the five regions studied. Metal mean concentrations (mg/kg) in grains fluctuated from 2.70 to 9.80 for Cd, 4.80 to 9.85 for Zn, 1.16 to 1.46 for Cu, 1.84 to 10.86 for Co, 2.05 to 13.07 for Fe, 5.03 to 11.11 for Mn and 3.24 to 13.28 for Ni, respectively. All metal values were within permissible limits except for Cd. The enrichment factor for Cd was highest among all sites. Cobalt and zinc had the highest bioaccumulation factor and translocation factor. The highest enrichment factor was noticed for Cd and the lowest for Cu. The health risk index at all examined sites was less than one. Consistent examination is recommended to limit health hazards instigated by the use of rice polluted with a greater concentration of Cd.
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91
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Liu S, Fu Y, Shi M, Wang H, Guo J. Pollution level and risk assessment of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic in edible mushrooms from Jilin Province, China. J Food Sci 2021; 86:3374-3383. [PMID: 34287903 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the pollution level of toxic elements in edible mushrooms from Jilin Province, China, the lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic content present in them were monitored and evaluated. A total of 610 edible mushroom samples, including fresh and dried, were collected from nine cities in the Jilin Province. The concentrations of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic ranged from 0.007 to 3.31, 0.006 to 48.52, 0.003 to 0.56, and 0.008 to 57.34 mg/kg, respectively, in dried samples, and 0.007 to 0.06, 0.006 to 0.17, 0.003 to 0.06, and 0.008 to 0.12 mg/kg, respectively, in fresh samples. The concentration of cadmium and arsenic exceeded the standard (Cd ≤ 0.2 mg/kg, Cd of Lentinus edodes ≤ 0.5 mg/kg, and As ≤ 0.5 mg/kg) in some mushroom samples. The bioconcentration levels of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic depended on the edible mushroom species, environment, and the physicochemical properties of lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic. The results of the single factor pollution index, a method used to calculate the level of single elements in substances, showed that all edible mushrooms were at the level of unpolluted except Tricholoma matsutake and Pleurotus eryngii. The comprehensive factor (P) for T. matsutake was 1.093. The comprehensive factor pollution index, a method used to calculate the level of combined mixture in substances, was in the unpolluted level, except for T. matsutake. The pollution index results showed that cadmium and arsenic concentrations were lightly polluting in some mushroom samples. The health risk index for arsenic was the highest. Therefore, more attention should be paid to arsenic contamination in T. matsutake and P. eryngii in the Jilin Province, China. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: In this paper, we evaluated the contamination levels and associated safety issues of four toxic elements, lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic, in edible mushrooms. The results showed that cadmium and arsenic concentrations were lightly polluting in some mushroom samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Liu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Test, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Yao Fu
- Department of Physical and Chemical Test, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Mao Shi
- Department of Physical and Chemical Test, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Physical and Chemical Test, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
| | - Jinzhi Guo
- Department of Physical and Chemical Test, Jilin Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changchun, China
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92
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Blood, Hair and Feces as an Indicator of Environmental Exposure of Sheep, Cow and Buffalo to Cobalt: A Health Risk Perspectives. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13147873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to toxic metals (TMs) such as cobalt (Co) can cause lifelong carcinogenic disorders and mutagenic outcomes. TMs enter ground water and rivers from human activity, anthropogenic contamination, and the ecological environment. The present study was conducted to evaluate the influence of sewage water irrigation on cobalt (Co) toxicity and bioaccumulation in a soil-plant environment and to assess the health risk of grazing livestock via forage consumption. Cobalt is a very necessary element for the growth of plants and animals; however, higher concentrations have toxic impacts. Measurement of Co in plant, soil and water samples was conducted via wet digestion method using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The Co pollution severity was examined in soil, forage crops (Sorghum bicolor Kuntze, Sesbania bispinosa (Jacq.) W. Wight, Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Suaeda fruticosa (L.) Forssk. and Tribulus terrestris L.) in blood, hair and feces of sheep, cow and buffalo from district Toba-Tek-Singh, Punjab, Pakistan. Three sites were selected for investigation of Co level in soil and forage samples. Highest concentration of Co was 0.65 and 0.35 mg/kg occurring in S. bicolor at site I. The sheep blood, cow hair and sheep feces samples showed highest concentrations of 0.545, 0.549 and 0.548 mg/kg, respectively at site I and site II. Bioconcentration factor, pollution load index, enrichment factor and daily intake were found to be higher (0.667, 0.124, 0.12 and 0.0007 mg/kg) in soil, S. bicolor, S. fruticosa and in buffalo, respectively, at site I. It was concluded that forage species irrigated with wastewater are safe for consumption of livestock. However, though the general values were lower than the permissible maximum limit, it was observed that the bioaccumulation in the forage species was higher. Therefore, soil and food chain components should be avoided from trace metal contamination, and other means of nonconventional water resources should be employed for forages irrigation.
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93
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Erdem H. The effects of biochars produced in different pyrolsis temperatures from agricultural wastes on cadmium uptake of tobacco plant. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:3965-3971. [PMID: 34220253 PMCID: PMC8241601 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abiotic stresses caused by cadmium (Cd) contamination in soil retard plant growth and decline the quality of food. Amendment of biochar was reported effective in reduction of mobility, plant uptake and toxicity of Cd in plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of biochar applications produced from corn cob and rice husk at three different pyrolysis temperatures (400, 500 and 600 °C) on Cd uptake of tobacco plants. The results showed that the shoot Cd concentration and content of tobacco plants significantly increased with the application of Cd in increasing doses. The results showed that increasing Cd dosescaused significant increase (P < 0.01) in shoot Cd concentration and content of the tobacco plant at three different pyrolysis temperatures of both corn cob and rice husk biochars. The concentration of Cd was 0.48 mg kg−1 in Cd0 dose of corn cob biochar produced at 500 °C and increased to 61.6 mg kg−1 at Cd5, while Cd concentration increased to 72.3 mg kg−1 with rice husk biochar. Despite the increase in Cd concentrations and content, shoot Cd concentrations and contents were significantly (P < 0.01) reduced with the treatments of corn cob and rice husk biochars produced at different pyrolysis temperatures. The Cd concentration at Cd5 dose in the absence of biochar addition was 90.5 mg kg−1, while Cd concentration at Cd5 dose in 400, 500 and 600 °C treatments of corn cob biochar was reduced to 66.5, 61.6 and 67.3 mg kg−1 respectively, and to 77.0, 72.3 and 70.2 mg kg−1 in rice husk biochar. The results also revealed that corn cob biochar treatments were more effective in reducing Cd uptake of tobacco plants compared to rice husk biochar. Higher specific surface area of corncob biochar compared to rice husk biochar caused to the difference between two biochar sources on Cd uptake of tobacco plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halil Erdem
- Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Agriculture, Soil Science and Plant Nutrition Department, 60240 Tokat, Turkey
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94
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Keskin F, Sarikurkcu C, Akata I, Tepe B. Metal concentrations of wild mushroom species collected from Belgrad forest (Istanbul, Turkey) with their health risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36193-36204. [PMID: 33687630 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13235-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Wild edible mushrooms are very popular for both their flavors and nutritional values. However, some mushroom species can be harmful to human health as they accumulate some elements in excessive amounts. The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, P, Se, and Zn of some wild edible (Agaricus arvensis, A. bitorquis, A. sylvaticus, Amanita vaginata, Armillaria mellea, Clavariadelphus pistillaris, Clitocybe nebularis, Clitopilus prunulus, Hygrophorus marzuolus, H. russula, Lactarius volemus, Lycoperdon molle, and Macrolepiota mastoidea) and non-edible mushroom species (A. citrina, Auricularia mesenterica, Chanterellus melanoxeros, Chondrostereum purpureum, Clathrus ruber, L. controversus, L. helvus, and L. zonarius) collected from Belgrad forest (Istanbul, Turkey). Daily intakes of element (DIE) and health risk index (HRI) values of the edible mushroom species were also calculated. The concentrations of the elements in question were determined to be in the ranges of 9.7-556.8, 2.5-2226.7, 0.06-2.52, 0.03-13.17, 3.74-100.19, 13.3-507.4, 2635.0-28614.0, 493.0-2412.0, 6.97-3150.73, 0.29-13.26, 0.38-3.67, and 9.1-293.8 mg/kg, respectively. The Cd concentration of H. russula (DIE: 1.08, HRI: 1.08), Cr concentration of C. nebularis (DIE: 5.64, HRI: 1.88), and the Cu concentration of M. mastoidea (DIE: 42.94, HRI: 1.07) were above the reference values. The results showed that the long-term consumption of H. russula, C. nebularis, and M. mastoidea collected from Belgrad forest can have a negative impact on human health. Therefore, it was concluded that the element concentrations of edible wild mushrooms in this region should be examined periodically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feyyaz Keskin
- Environmental Problems Research and Application Center, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, TR-48000, Mugla, Turkey.
| | - Cengiz Sarikurkcu
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, TR-03100, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
| | - Ilgaz Akata
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology, Ankara University, TR-06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bektas Tepe
- Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Kilis 7 Aralik University, TR-79000, Kilis, Turkey
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95
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Khezerlou A, Dehghan P, Moosavy MH, Kochakkhani H. Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination and the Probabilistic Risk via Salad Vegetable Consumption in Tabriz, Iran. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2779-2787. [PMID: 32918714 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
Considering the importance of vegetables as a source of micronutrients and fibers in a balanced diet, there is still a concern that vegetables could also be a source of toxic heavy metal contaminants. The study aimed to determine the concentrations of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), and zinc (Zn) in the salad vegetables sold in Tabriz city, Iran, and to evaluate the probabilistic health risk assessment. The amount of toxic metals in 240 samples was evaluated by atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) method. The average levels of toxic metals in the samples were found to be 1.59, 1.26, 1.42, 4.89, 13.38, 1.01, and 32.65 mg/kg for Pb, Cd, As, Cr, Cu, Ni, and Zn, respectively. According to the results, Zn and Cu had the highest concentration, whereas the lowest concentration belonged to Ni. The rank order of the toxic elements in the samples based on target hazard quotient (THQ) values was Cr > Cd > As > Pb > Cu> Zn > Ni, for both females and males. Leafy vegetables had a higher amount of total target hazard quotient (TTHQ) than tuber crops for both males and females. The carcinogenic risks of As and Pb were 0.032 and 0.03 in the females and 0.22 and 0.19 in males. According to the finding, there may be a potential risk of toxic metals, especially Cr, Cd, and As, for both females and males in Tabriz through the consumption of vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arezou Khezerlou
- Student Research Committee, Drug Applied Research Center, Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Parvin Dehghan
- Nutrition Research Center, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614711, Iran.
| | - Mir-Hassan Moosavy
- Food Hygiene & Aquatic Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Tabriz University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hojjat Kochakkhani
- Food Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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96
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Phytoextraction of Heavy Metals by Various Vegetable Crops Cultivated on Different Textured Soils Irrigated with City Wastewater. SOIL SYSTEMS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/soilsystems5020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A challenging task in urban or suburban agriculture is the sustainability of soil health when utilizing city wastewater, or its dilutes, for growing crops. A two-year field experiment was conducted to evaluate the comparative vegetable transfer factors (VTF) for four effluent-irrigated vegetable crops (brinjal, spinach, cauliflower, and lettuce) grown on six study sites (1 acre each), equally divided into two soil textures (sandy loam and clay loam). Comparisons of the VTF factors showed spinach was a significant and the best phytoextractant, having the highest heavy metal values (Zn = 20.2, Cu = 12.3, Fe = 17.1, Mn = 30.3, Cd = 6.1, Cr = 7.6, Ni = 9.2, and Pb = 6.9), followed by cauliflower and brinjal, while lettuce extracted the lowest heavy metal contents (VTF: lettuce: Zn = 8.9, Cu = 4.2, Fe = 9.6, Mn = 6.6, Cd = 4.7, Cr = 2.9, Ni = 5.5, and Pb = 2.5) in response to the main (site and vegetable) or interactive (site * vegetable) effects. We suggest that, while vegetables irrigated with sewage water may extract toxic heavy metals and remediate soil, seriously hazardous/toxic contents in the vegetables may be a significant source of soil and environmental pollution.
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97
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Islam MS, Kormoker T, Mazumder M, Anika SE, Islam MT, Hemy DH, Mimi US, Proshad R, Kabir MH, Idris AM. Trace elements concentration in soil and plant within the vicinity of abandoned tanning sites in Bangladesh: an integrated chemometric approach for health risk assessment. TOXIN REV 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/15569543.2021.1925919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Md. Saiful Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Tapos Kormoker
- Department of Emergency Management, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Mohini Mazumder
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Suraia Easnur Anika
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Towhidul Islam
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Debolina Halder Hemy
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Ummah Salma Mimi
- Department of Soil Science, Patuakhali Science and Technology University, Patuakhali, Bangladesh
| | - Ram Proshad
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Processes and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Md. Humayun Kabir
- Department of Environmental Science and Resource Management, Mawlana Bhashani Science and Technology University, Tangail, Bangladesh
| | - Abubakr M. Idris
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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98
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Zakaria Z, Zulkafflee NS, Mohd Redzuan NA, Selamat J, Ismail MR, Praveena SM, Tóth G, Abdull Razis AF. Understanding Potential Heavy Metal Contamination, Absorption, Translocation and Accumulation in Rice and Human Health Risks. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:1070. [PMID: 34073642 PMCID: PMC8227320 DOI: 10.3390/plants10061070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Rice is a worldwide staple food and heavy metal contamination is often reported in rice production. Heavy metal can originate from natural sources or be present through anthropogenic contamination. Therefore, this review summarizes the current status of heavy metal contamination in paddy soil and plants, highlighting the mechanism of uptake, bioaccumulation, and health risk assessment. A scoping search employing Google Scholar, Science Direct, Research Gate, Scopus, and Wiley Online was carried out to build up the review using the following keywords: heavy metals, absorption, translocation, accumulation, uptake, biotransformation, rice, and human risk with no restrictions being placed on the year of study. Cadmium (Cd), arsenic (As), and lead (Pb) have been identified as the most prevalent metals in rice cultivation. Mining and irrigation activities are primary sources, but chemical fertilizer and pesticide usage also contribute to heavy metal contamination of paddy soil worldwide. Further to their adverse effect on the paddy ecosystem by reducing the soil fertility and grain yield, heavy metal contamination represents a risk to human health. An in-depth discussion is further offered on health risk assessments by quantitative measurement to identify potential risk towards heavy metal exposure via rice consumption, which consisted of in vitro digestion models through a vital ingestion portion of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuliana Zakaria
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (N.S.Z.); (N.A.M.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Nur Syahirah Zulkafflee
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (N.S.Z.); (N.A.M.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Nurul Adillah Mohd Redzuan
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (N.S.Z.); (N.A.M.R.); (J.S.)
| | - Jinap Selamat
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (N.S.Z.); (N.A.M.R.); (J.S.)
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Razi Ismail
- Laboratory of Climate-Smart Food Crop Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Sarva Mangala Praveena
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gergely Tóth
- Department of Soil Science and Environmental Informatics, Georgikon Faculty, University of Pannonia, H-8360 Keszthely, Hungary;
| | - Ahmad Faizal Abdull Razis
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (Z.Z.); (N.S.Z.); (N.A.M.R.); (J.S.)
- Laboratory of Food Safety and Food Integrity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
- Natural Medicines and Products Research Laboratory, Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia
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99
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Jalali M, Imanifard A. Availability of heavy metals to cabbage grown in sewage sludge amended calcareous soils under greenhouse conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOREMEDIATION 2021; 23:1525-1537. [PMID: 33945349 DOI: 10.1080/15226514.2021.1915956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Compared to noncalcareous soils, data on the soil-to-plant transfer of heavy metals and their response to sewage sludge (SS) in calcareous soils with diverse properties are limited. Cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) transfer from soil to cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) under greenhouse conditions in 30 diverse soils amended with two types of sewage sludge (non-spiked and spiked with heavy metals) were investigated. Three transfer factors were calculated for heavy metals in three treated soils including control soils (CS), soils treated with non-spiked SS (NSS), and soils treated with spiked SS (PSS). The bio-concentration factor of heavy metals from soil to root (BCFRoots) in cabbage in three treatments was as follows: CS: Pb > Cu > Co > Zn > Ni; NSS: Pb > Co > Cu ≥ Zn > Ni; and PSS: Pb > Cd > Zn > Co > Cu > Ni. The same order was found for the bio-concentration factor of heavy metals from soil to shoots (BCFShoots) in PSS, and in CS and NSS treatments except that the position of Co, Cu, and Zn was changed. Based on the heavy metals translocation from plant roots to shoots, Cd, Cu, and Zn were the heavy metals that posed the highest risk due to the higher shoot content in all treatments, whereas Ni and Pb posed relatively lesser risk. Generally, the percentage of sand and silt in BCFRoots and BCFShoots was quite effective for Co, Ni, and Zn and it seems that soil texture is an important variable in heavy metals bioavailability. In conclusion, our findings highlight the significance of using SS to increase cabbage growth in soils contaminated with heavy metals. Furthermore, cabbage may be a good choice for phytoremediation of heavy metal-contaminated calcareous soils in terms of soil remediation. Novelty statement In recent years, sewage sludge production has increased as well as related waste disposal strategies because of the increasing population and growing demand for agricultural products. Sewage sludge utilization as a low-cost fertilizer has spread in some parts of Iran and the world. On the other hand, unnecessary and unproductive use of sewage sludge results in the accumulation of heavy metals in soils, adding them to food and the potential risk to human health. Currently, work on the transfer of heavy metals from soil to plant after soil treated with sewage sludge has focused on the bioavailability of heavy metals using specific extractants. The assessment of the transfer of heavy metals from soil to different parts of plants using sewage sludge has been less studied. In this study, the transfer of heavy metals (Cd, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn) from several soils (30 soils samples) having diverse physical and chemical properties to the tissues of the cabbage plant in control soils, and two types of sewage sludge (nonspiked and spiked with heavy metals) were investigated. The novelty of this study is that the measured bio-concentration factor of heavy metals from soil to root and from soil to shoot and translocation of heavy metals from plant roots to shoots and correlations between these parameters and soil properties are reported for the first time in diverse calcareous soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohsen Jalali
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Abolfazle Imanifard
- Department of Soil Science, College of Agriculture, Bu Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
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100
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Sarikurkcu C, Yildiz D, Akata I, Tepe B. Evaluation of the metal concentrations of wild mushroom species with their health risk assessments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:21437-21454. [PMID: 33415633 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11685-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The ability of mushrooms to accumulate heavy metals has increased concerns over their toxic effects on human health in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the metal contents (Zn, Fe, Co, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Cd), daily intake of metal (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) values of nineteen different mushroom species (edible, inedible, and poisonous) collected from Uzungol, Trabzon (Turkey). Although the area where mushrooms were collected has the status of "Natural Park," there has been an excessive human settlement in recent years. Elemental analyses have shown that Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Co, Cd, Pb, and Ni concentrations in mushrooms were in the following ranges: 49.0-1713.0, 3.0-425.0, 3.0-154.0, 16.0-134.0, 0.17-1.79, 0.28-7.88, 0.07-5.68, and 0.24-6.82 mg/kg dry weight, respectively. As a result of DIM analysis, while it was determined that the daily consumption of Hygrophorus pudorinus, Meripilus giganteus, and Sarcodon imbricatus was safe for all the metals examined, HRI analysis showed that only M. giganteus and S. imbricatus can be consumed safely. The content of Cd was found to be above the legal limits determined by the competent authorities. According to Pearson correlation analysis, the correlations between Fe-Pb, Cu-Zn, Cd-Co, Pb-Co, Cd-Fe, Co-Fe, Cd-Pb, and Fe-Mn pairs were statistically significant (p < 0.01). Although the data obtained from this study did not provide clear data on environmental pollution in the area where the samples were collected, it was concluded that the competent authorities should take measures regarding possible environmental pollution at this location.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cengiz Sarikurkcu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Afyonkarahisar Health Sciences University, TR-03100, Afyonkarahisar, Turkey.
| | - Dilek Yildiz
- Environmental Problems Research and Application Center, Mugla Sıtkı Koçman University, TR-48000, Mugla, Turkey
| | - Ilgaz Akata
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Ankara University, TR-06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bektas Tepe
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Faculty of Science and Literature, Kilis 7 Aralik University, TR-79000, Kilis, Turkey
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