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Bioaccumulation and Phytotoxicity and Human Health Risk from Microcystin-LR under Various Treatments: A Pot Study. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12080523. [PMID: 32823916 PMCID: PMC7472386 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12080523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is prevalent in water and can be translocated into soil-crop ecosystem via irrigation, overflow (pollution accident), and cyanobacterial manure applications, threatening agricultural production and human health. However, the effects of various input pathways on the bioaccumulation and toxicity of MCs in terrestrial plants have been hardly reported so far. In the present study, pot experiments were performed to compare the bioaccumulation, toxicity, and health risk of MC-LR as well as its degradation in soils among various treatments with the same total amount of added MC-LR (150 μg/kg). The treatments included irrigation with polluted water (IPW), cultivation with polluted soil (CPS), and application of cyanobacterial manure (ACM). Three common leaf-vegetables in southern China were used in the pot experiments, including Ipomoea batatas L., Brassica juncea L., and Brassica alboglabra L. All leaf vegetables could bioaccumulate MC-LR under the three treatments, with much higher MC-LR bioaccumulation, especially root bioconcentration observed in ACM treatment than IPW and CPS treatments. An opposite trend in MC-LR degradation in soils of these treatments indicated that ACM could limit MC-LR degradation in soils and thus promote its bioaccumulation in the vegetables. MC-LR bioaccumulation could cause toxicity to the vegetables, with the highest toxic effects observed in ACM treatment. Similarly, bioaccumulation of MC-LR in the edible parts of the leaf-vegetables posed 1.1~4.8 fold higher human health risks in ACM treatment than in IPW and CPS treatments. The findings of this study highlighted a great concern on applications of cyanobacterial manure.
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Díez-Quijada Jiménez L, Guzmán-Guillén R, Cătunescu GM, Campos A, Vasconcelos V, Jos Á, Cameán AM. A new method for the simultaneous determination of cyanotoxins (Microcystins and Cylindrospermopsin) in mussels using SPE-UPLC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 185:109284. [PMID: 32244106 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to optimize the extraction conditions of Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), Microcystin-RR (MC-RR), Microcystin-YR (MC-YR) and Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) simultaneously from mussels by using response surface methodology (RSM) and to validate the method by a dual solid phase extraction (SPE) system combined with ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). The optimal parameters were: 90% MeOH (% v/v) for the extraction, a solvent/sample ratio of 75 and 15% MeOH in the extract before loading onto SPE. Mussels were spiked at 10; 37.5 and 75 ng g-1 fresh weight (f.w) of the 4 toxins, showing linear ranges of 0.5-75 ng g-1 f.w; low values for the limits of detection (0.01-0.39 ng g-1 f.w.) and quantification (0.23-0.40 ng g-1 f.w.); acceptable recoveries (70.37-114.03%) and relative standard deviation (%RSDIP) values (2.61-13.73%). The method was successfully applied to edible mussels exposed to cyanobacterial extracts under laboratory conditions, and it could allow the monitoring of these cyanotoxins in environmental mussel samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Giorgiana M Cătunescu
- University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, Calea Mănăștur 3-5, 400372, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
| | - Alexandre Campos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Porto, Portugal.
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Ana M Cameán
- Area of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain.
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Gu Y, Liang C. Responses of antioxidative enzymes and gene expression in Oryza sativa L and Cucumis sativus L seedlings to microcystins stress. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 193:110351. [PMID: 32109583 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) have become an important global environmental issue, causing oxidative stress, which is an important toxic mechanism for MCs in plants. However, the regulating mechanism of antioxidative enzymes in plants in adapting to MCs stress remains unclear. We studied the dynamic effects of MCs at different concentrations (5, 10, 50 and 100 μg/L) in rice and cucumber seedlings on relative growth rate (RGR), and reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and antioxidative enzyme activities, during a stress period (MCs exposed for 1, 3, 5 and 7 d) and recovery period (7 d). During the stress period, MCs at 5 μg/L inhibited RGR in cucumber and promoted RGR in rice. The contents of superoxide anion (O2·-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MDA increased and RGR declined in both crops with time and intensity of MCs stress. For cucumber, all these parameters responded earlier to MCs stress, and O2·-, MDA and RGR were more responsive to MCs stress than in rice. Moreover, catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD), and the relative expressions of CAT genes increased in both crops at 5-100 μg/L MCs, whereas relative expression of POD genes increased only in cucumber. Diversely, superoxide dismutase (SOD) response to MCs in cucumber leaves was later than for rice. MCs at 100 μg/L decreased the relative expression of SOD genes in cucumber but did not change SOD activity. During the recovery period, all the above indicators in both crops were higher than the control and lower than in the stress period. Conversely, RGR was lower than in the control and higher than in the stress period, except for cucumber which was lower, and MDA content higher than the stress period at 100 μg/L MCs. Overall, these results indicated that cucumber was more sensitive to MCs than rice, and SOD, CAT and POD play an important role in plant response to MCs stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanfang Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Chanjuan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environmental and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China; Jiangsu Cooperative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
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54
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Wei H, Wang S, Xu EG, Liu J, Li X, Wang Z. Synergistic toxicity of microcystin-LR and Cu to zebrafish (Danio rerio). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 713:136393. [PMID: 31955075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Toxic cyanobacterial blooms often coincide with metal pollution in a freshwater environment because of surface run-off enriched with nutrients and metals. However, the joint toxic effects of cyanobacterial toxins and metals on aquatic animals remain unknown. In this study, single and joint toxic effects and mechanisms of microcystin-LR (MCLR) and copper (Cu) were investigated in the early development of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The LC5072-h values were 2.79 mg/L for MCLR and 3.23 mg/L for Cu. The sublethal concentrations of MCLR (≤600 μg/L) did not affect the normal development of zebrafish but increased its hatchability. Strong synergistic toxic effects were observed after co-exposure to MCLR and Cu at environmental concentrations (≤60 μg/L). The synergistic toxic effects of these two compounds could be attributed to the increased bioaccumulation of MCLR and Cu, which was mediated by MCLR transporters (e.g., oatp1d1 and oatp2b1) and Cu transporters (e.g., ctr1 and atp7a), in zebrafish. Such bioaccumulation caused oxidative stress, as suggested by the disrupted gene expression of anti-oxidative enzymes (e.g., Cu/Zn-SOD, Mn-SOD, and CAT). Our results revealed for the first time the synergistic toxic effects and potential toxic mechanism of MCLR-Cu in aquatic animals. These synergistic effects should be considered when assessing the ecological risk of toxic cyanobacterial blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Wei
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation Hubei, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shao Wang
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
| | - Elvis Genbo Xu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University, 3610 University Street, Montréal, Québec H3A 0C5, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Southern Denmark, Odense DK-5230, Denmark
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Xi Li
- The Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China.
| | - Zhi Wang
- Key Laboratory for Environment and Disaster Monitoring and Evaluation Hubei, Institute of Geodesy and Geophysics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430077, China.
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Ballot A, Swe T, Mjelde M, Cerasino L, Hostyeva V, Miles CO. Cylindrospermopsin- and Deoxycylindrospermopsin-Producing Raphidiopsis raciborskii and Microcystin-Producing Microcystis spp. in Meiktila Lake, Myanmar. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040232. [PMID: 32272622 PMCID: PMC7232193 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiktila Lake is a shallow reservoir located close to Meiktila city in central Myanmar. Its water is used for irrigation, domestic purposes and drinking water. No detailed study of the presence of cyanobacteria and their potential toxin production has been conducted so far. To ascertain the cyanobacterial composition and presence of cyanobacterial toxins in Meiktila Lake, water samples were collected in March and November 2017 and investigated for physico-chemical and biological parameters. Phytoplankton composition and biomass determination revealed that most of the samples were dominated by the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii. In a polyphasic approach, seven isolated cyanobacterial strains were classified morphologically and phylogenetically as R. raciborskii, and Microcystis spp. and tested for microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsins (CYNs), saxitoxins and anatoxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). ELISA and LC–MS analyses confirmed CYNs in three of the five Raphidiopsis strains between 1.8 and 9.8 μg mg−1 fresh weight. Both Microcystis strains produced MCs, one strain 52 congeners and the other strain 20 congeners, including 22 previously unreported variants. Due to the presence of CYN- and MC-producing cyanobacteria, harmful effects on humans, domestic and wild animals cannot be excluded in Meiktila Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ballot
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thida Swe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
- Forest Research Institute, 15013 Yezin, Myanmar
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South- Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, N-3800 Bø, Norway
| | - Marit Mjelde
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Leonardo Cerasino
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystem and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy;
| | - Vladyslava Hostyeva
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
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56
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Hinojosa MG, Prieto AI, Gutiérrez-Praena D, Moreno FJ, Cameán AM, Jos A. In vitro assessment of the combination of cylindrospermopsin and the organophosphate chlorpyrifos on the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cell line. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 191:110222. [PMID: 31982683 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) is a cyanotoxicant which occurrence is increasing due to climate change. Cylindrospermopsin is able to exert damage in the organism at several levels, among them, in the nervous system. Moreover, it is important to take into account that it is not usually present isolated in nature, but in combination with some other pollutants, being the case of the pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF). Thus, the aim of the present work was to assess the effects of the interaction of CYN in combination with CPF in the human neuroblastoma cell line SH-SY5Y by evaluating cytotoxicity and mechanistic endpoints. The mixtures 0.25 + 21, 0.5 + 42, 1 + 84 μg/mL of CYN + CPF based on cytotoxicity results, were evaluated, and the isobologram method detected an antagonistic effect after 24 and 48 h of exposure. Moreover, although no alterations of reactive oxygen species were detected, a significant decrease of glutathione levels was observed after exposure to both, CPF alone and the combination, at all the concentrations and times of exposure assayed. In addition, CYN + CPF caused a marked decrease in the acetylcholinesterase activity, providing similar values to CPF alone. However, these effects were less severe than expected. All these findings, together with the morphological study results, point out that it is important to take into account the interaction of CYN with other pollutants. Further research is required to contribute to the risk assessment of CYN and other contaminants considering more realistic exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- M G Hinojosa
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A I Prieto
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - D Gutiérrez-Praena
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - F J Moreno
- Área de Biología Celular, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes s/n, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A M Cameán
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
| | - A Jos
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, C/Profesor García González 2, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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Spoof L, Jaakkola S, Važić T, Häggqvist K, Kirkkala T, Ventelä AM, Kirkkala T, Svirčev Z, Meriluoto J. Elimination of cyanobacteria and microcystins in irrigation water-effects of hydrogen peroxide treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:8638-8652. [PMID: 31907814 PMCID: PMC7048868 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07476-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms pose a risk to wild and domestic animals as well as humans due to the toxins they may produce. Humans may be subjected to cyanobacterial toxins through many routes, e.g., by consuming contaminated drinking water, fish, and crop plants or through recreational activities. In earlier studies, cyanobacterial cells have been shown to accumulate on leafy plants after spray irrigation with cyanobacteria-containing water, and microcystin (MC) has been detected in the plant root system after irrigation with MC-containing water. This paper reports a series of experiments where lysis of cyanobacteria in abstracted lake water was induced by the use of hydrogen peroxide and the fate of released MCs was followed. The hydrogen peroxide-treated water was then used for spray irrigation of cultivated spinach and possible toxin accumulation in the plants was monitored. The water abstracted from Lake Köyliönjärvi, SW Finland, contained fairly low concentrations of intracellular MC prior to the hydrogen peroxide treatment (0.04 μg L-1 in July to 2.4 μg L-1 in September 2014). Hydrogen peroxide at sufficient doses was able to lyse cyanobacteria efficiently but released MCs were still present even after the application of the highest hydrogen peroxide dose of 20 mg L-1. No traces of MC were detected in the spinach leaves. The viability of moving phytoplankton and zooplankton was also monitored after the application of hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide at 10 mg L-1 or higher had a detrimental effect on the moving phytoplankton and zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Spoof
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Sauli Jaakkola
- Pyhäjärvi Institute, Sepäntie 7, 27500, Kauttua, Finland
| | - Tamara Važić
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Kerstin Häggqvist
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Terhi Kirkkala
- Department of Chemistry, University of Jyväskylä, P.O. Box 35, 40014, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | | | - Teija Kirkkala
- Pyhäjärvi Institute, Sepäntie 7, 27500, Kauttua, Finland
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Åbo Akademi University, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Tykistökatu 6A, 20520, Turku, Finland.
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia.
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58
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Assessment of Constructed Wetlands’ Potential for the Removal of Cyanobacteria and Microcystins (MC-LR). WATER 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/w12010010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis blooms and the subsequent release of hepatotoxic microcystins (MCs) pose a serious threat to the safety of water for human and livestock consumption, agriculture irrigation, and aquaculture worldwide. Microcystin-LR (MC-LR), the most toxic variant of MCs, has been widely detected in a variety of environments such as water, sediments, plants, and many aquatic organisms. Conventional solutions of water treatment are costly, requiring specific infrastructure, as well as specialized personnel and equipment. Therefore, these solutions are not feasible in many rural areas or in the treatment of large reservoirs. In this regard, low-cost and low-technology solutions, such as constructed wetlands (CWs), are attractive solutions to treat surface waters contaminated with toxic cyanobacteria blooms from lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and irrigation systems. In line with this, the main aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of CWs for the treatment of water contaminated with MC-LR produced by Microcystis aeruginosa—LEGE 91094. For that, microcosms (0.4 × 0.3 × 0.3 m) simulating CWs were assembled with Phragmites australis to treat lake water contaminated with Microcystis aeruginosa cells and MCs. Results showed removal percentages of M. aeruginosa cells above 94% and about 99% removal of MC-LR during 1 week treatment cycles. CWs maintained their functions, regardless the presence of MC-LR in the system, and also showed significant removal of nutrients (ammonium ion removal up to 86%) and organic matter (removal reaching 98%). The present work indicates that CWs have the potential for removal of cyanobacterial cells and cyanotoxins, which can be useful for the treatment of eutrophic waters and provide water of sufficient quality to be used, for instance, in agriculture.
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Xiang L, Li YW, Liu BL, Zhao HM, Li H, Cai QY, Mo CH, Wong MH, Li QX. High ecological and human health risks from microcystins in vegetable fields in southern China. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105142. [PMID: 31513927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Frequent cyanobacterial blooms in the eutrophic waters produce a variety of toxins such as the monocyclic heptapeptide microcystins, greatly harming aquatic ecosystems and human health. However, little information of microcystins in agricultural fields is known. This field study of three common microcystin variants (MC-LR, MC-RR, and MC-YR) in vegetables (n = 161), soils (n = 161) and irrigation water samples (n = 23) collected from southern China regions affected by cyanobacteria blooms, shows their prevalence with total concentrations up to 514 μg/L water, 187 μg/kg soil (dry weight) and 382 μg/kg vegetable (fresh weight). MC-RR was the primary variant in all types of samples, accounting for 51.3-100% of total microcystin concentrations. Significant concentration-dependent correlations (p < 0.05) demonstrated that microcystin-contained irrigation waters were the major source of microcystin accumulation in both vegetables and soils. Meanwhile, intracellular-microcystins in irrigation water was found to play an important role in microcystins bioaccumulation in vegetables for the first time. Most vegetable samples (≥60%), particularly celery posed moderate or high human health risk via diet based on toxicity equivalents of the microcystins and reference dose for MC-LR (0.04 μg/kg/d), showing high food safety hidden dangers. Soil microcystins, especially MC-RR in 46.4-88.3% of soils could pose high ecological risks. This study highlights the potential high ecological and human health risks of microcystins in the real soil-vegetable systems of areas affected by cyanobacteria blooms, implying the profound significance and urgent need of investigation on microcystins in terrestrial ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Xiang
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA
| | - Yan-Wen Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Bai-Lin Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hai-Ming Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hui Li
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Quan-Ying Cai
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ce-Hui Mo
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Ming-Hung Wong
- Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Environment Pollution Control and Remediation Materials, College of Life Science and Technology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Consortium on Health, Environment, Education and Research (CHEER), Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The University of Hong Kong, Tai Po, Hong Kong, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.
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60
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Cao Q, Liu W, Jiang W, Shu X, Xie L. Glutathione biosynthesis plays an important role in microcystin-LR depuration in lettuce and spinach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:599-605. [PMID: 31330351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Irrigation of crop plants with microcystins (MCs) contaminated water could be a threat to human health via bioaccumulation. Despite the fact MCs bioaccumulation in crop plants is well documented, MCs depuration, as well as the mechanism involved remains unclear. The objectives of the present study were to investigate the bioaccumulation and depuration of microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) and spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), as well as to explore the role of glutathione (GSH) biosynthesis in MC-LR depuration. The tested plants were irrigated with deionized water containing 10 μg L-1 MC-LR for 12 days (bioaccumulation), and subsequently, with either deionized water only or deionized water containing 0.5 mM buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, a specific inhibitor of GSH biosynthesis) for 12 days (depuration). After bioaccumulation period, highest concentrations of MC-LR found in lettuce and spinach were 114.4 and 138.5 μg kg-1 dry weight (DW) respectively. Depuration rates of MC-LR in lettuce and spinach were 9.5 and 8.1 μg kg-1 DW d-1, which deceased to 3.7 and 4.6 μg kg-1 DW d-1 in treatments with BSO application. GSH content in both lettuce and spinach were not significantly affected during depuration without BSO; whereas after treatment with BSO, GSH content significantly decreased by 36.0% and 24.7% in lettuce and spinach on 15 d, and the decrease remained on 18 d and 21 d in lettuce. Moreover, during the bioaccumulation period, activities of glutathione reductase (GR) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) were enhanced in both plants. Our results suggested that GSH biosynthesis played an important role in MC-LR depuration in the tested plants. Concerning human health risk, most of the estimated daily intake (EDI) values during the bioaccumulation period exceeded the tolerable daily intake (TDI) guideline. However, the risk could be alleviated by irrigating with MCs-free water for a certain amount of time before harvest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China; State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Weijing Liu
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Weili Jiang
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Xiubo Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Zhang H, Gonzales GB, Beloglazova NV, De Saeger S, Shen J, Zhang S, Yang S, Wang Z. Development of a validated direct injection-liquid chromatographic tandem mass spectrometric method under negative electrospray ionization for quantitation of nine microcystins and nodularin-R in lake water. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1609:460432. [PMID: 31431355 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are cyclic heptapeptide toxins produced by various cyanobacterial genera that are toxic to both animals and humans. In this study, a novel strategy was proposed for the quantitation of nine MCs and Nodularin-R (NOD) in lake water using UHPLC-MS/MS under negative ionization mode, in which only centrifugation was employed during sample preparation. As a result, limits of quantification (LOQ) ranging from 0.05 to 0.1 μg/L for all studied compounds were obtained in water samples, which were lower than the results obtained using positive ionization mode. Additionally, validation was performed by spiking three different levels of MCs at 0.05 or 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 μg/L (n = 6). Recoveries ranged from 88.6% to 101.8%, and intraday and interday variability were lower than 12% and 14%, respectively, for all targeted compounds. Furthermore, the proposed method was applied to investigate microcystins contamination in fifty lake water samples collected in different regions in China. As a result, MC-LR, MC-RR, MC-YR, MC-WR, MC-LW, MC-LA, MC-LY, and MC-HilR were detected in lake water samples at trace level ranging from 0.06 to 0.37 μg/L. The obtained results indicated that it was necessary to monitor the presence of MCs in lake water, especially during regular cyanobacterial blooms during warmer months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyan Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China; Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China; Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Institute of Animal Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Gerard Bryan Gonzales
- Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Department of Gastroenterology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, C Heymanslaan 10, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Natalia V Beloglazova
- Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sarah De Saeger
- Centre for Excellence in Mycotoxicology and Public Health, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Suxia Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shupeng Yang
- Institute of Apicultural Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bee Products for Quality and Safety Control, Laboratory of Risk Assessment for Quality and Safety of Bee Products, Bee Product Quality Supervision and Testing Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100093, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory of Food Quality and Safety, 100193 Beijing, People's Republic of China.
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Characterization of Cyanophages in Lake Erie: Interaction Mechanisms and Structural Damage of Toxic Cyanobacteria. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11080444. [PMID: 31357465 PMCID: PMC6722964 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11080444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanophages are abundant in aquatic environments and play a critical role in bloom dynamics, including regulation of cyanobacteria growth and photosynthesis. In this study, cyanophages from western Lake Erie water samples were screened for lytic activity against the host cell (Microcystis aeruginosa), which also originated from Lake Erie, and identified with real-time sequencing (Nanopore sequencing). M. aeruginosa was mixed with the cyanophages and their dynamic interactions were examined over two weeks using atomic force microscopy (AFM) as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), qPCR, phycocyanin and chlorophyll-a production, and optical absorbance measurements. The TEM images revealed a short-tailed virus (Podoviridae) in 300 nm size with unique capsid, knob-like proteins. The psbA gene and one knob-like protein gene, gp58, were identified by PCR. The AFM showed a reduction of mechanical stiffness in the host cell membranes over time after infection, before structural damage became visible. Significant inhibition of the host growth and photosynthesis was observed from the measurements of phycocyanin and chlorophyll-a concentrations. The results provide an insight into cyanobacteria–cyanophage interactions in bloom dynamics and a potential application of cyanophages for bloom control in specific situations.
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Amorim J, Abreu I, Rodrigues P, Peixoto D, Pinheiro C, Saraiva A, Carvalho AP, Guimarães L, Oliva-Teles L. Lymnaea stagnalis as a freshwater model invertebrate for ecotoxicological studies. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:11-28. [PMID: 30877957 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Lymnaea stagnalis, also referred to as great or common pond snail, is an abundant and widespread invertebrate species colonizing temperate limnic systems. Given the species importance, studies involving L. stagnalis have the potential to produce scientifically relevant information, leading to a better understanding of the damage caused by aquatic contamination, as well as the modes of action of toxicants. Lymnaea stagnalis individuals are easily maintained in laboratory conditions, with a lifespan of about two years. The snails are hermaphrodites and sexual maturity occurs about three months after egg laying. Importantly, they can produce a high number of offspring all year round and are considered well suited for use in investigations targeting the identification of developmental and reproductive impairments. The primary aims of this review were two-fold: i) to provide an updated and insightful compilation of established toxicological measures determined in both chronic and acute toxicity assays, as useful tool to the design and development of future research; and ii) to provide a state of the art related to direct toxicant exposure and its potentially negative effects on this species. Relevant and informative studies were analysed and discussed. Knowledge gaps in need to be addressed in the near future were further identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Amorim
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) da Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Abreu
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) da Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Pedro Rodrigues
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) da Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Diogo Peixoto
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Carlos Pinheiro
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Aurélia Saraiva
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) da Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - António Paulo Carvalho
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) da Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Laura Guimarães
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) da Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Luis Oliva-Teles
- Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade do Porto, Departamento de Biologia, Rua do Campo Alegre, s/n, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal; Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental (CIIMAR) da Universidade do Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos, s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal.
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Redouane EM, El Amrani Zerrifi S, El Khalloufi F, Oufdou K, Oudra B, Lahrouni M, Campos A, Vasconcelos V. Mode of action and fate of microcystins in the complex soil-plant ecosystems. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:270-281. [PMID: 30877921 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, global warming has increasingly stimulated the expansion of cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater ecosystems worldwide, in which toxic cyanobacteria produce various congeners of cyanotoxins, mainly dominated by microcystins (MCs). MCs introduced into agricultural soils have deleterious effects on the germination, growth and development of plants and their associated microbiota, leading to remarkable yield losses. Phytotoxicity of MCs may refer to the inhibition of phosphatases activity, generating deleterious reactive oxygen species, altering gene functioning and phytohormones translocation within the plant. It is also known that MCs can pass through the root membrane barrier, translocate within plant tissues and accumulate into different organs, including edible ones. Also, MCs impact the microbial activity in soil via altering plant-bacterial symbioses and decreasing bacterial growth rate of rhizospheric microbiota. Moreover, MCs can persist in agricultural soils through adsorption to clay-humic acid particles and results in a long-term contact with the plant-microflora complex. However, their bioavailability to plants and half-life in soil seem to be influenced by biodegradation process and soil physicochemical properties. This review reports the latest and most relevant information regarding MCs-phytotoxicity and impact on soil microbiota, the persistence in soil, the degradation by native microflora and the bioaccumulation within plant tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mahdi Redouane
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Soukaina El Amrani Zerrifi
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Fatima El Khalloufi
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga (FPK), Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP. 145 Khouribga, 25000, Morocco
| | - Khalid Oufdou
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Brahim Oudra
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco
| | - Majida Lahrouni
- Laboratory of Biology and Biotechnology of Microorganisms, Faculty of Sciences Semlalia Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, Av. Prince My Abdellah P.O. Box 2390, Marrakech, 40000, Morocco; Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Techniques, BP. 509, 52000, Boutalamine, Errachidia, Morocco
| | - Alexandre Campos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, Terminal de Cruzeiros Do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos, S/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua Do Campo Alegre, 4169-007, Porto, Portugal.
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Gutiérrez-Praena D, Guzmán-Guillén R, Pichardo S, Moreno FJ, Vasconcelos V, Jos Á, Cameán AM. Cytotoxic and morphological effects of microcystin-LR, cylindrospermopsin, and their combinations on the human hepatic cell line HepG2. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2019; 34:240-251. [PMID: 30461177 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cylindrospermopsin (CYN) and Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) are toxins produced by different cyanobacterial species, which are found mainly in freshwater reservoirs. Both of them can induce, separately, toxic effects in humans and wildlife. However, little is known about the toxic effects of the combined exposure, which could likely happen, taking into account the concomitant occurrence of the producers. As both cyanotoxins are well known to induce hepatic damage, the human hepatocellular HepG2 cell line was selected for the present study. Thus, the cytotoxicity of both pure cyanotoxins alone (0-5 μg/mL CYN and 0-120 μg/mL MC-LR) and in combination for 24 and 48 h was assayed, as long as the cytotoxicity of extracts from CYN-producing and nonproducing cyanobacterial species. The potential interaction of the combination was evaluated by the isobologram or Chou-Talalay's method, which provides a combination index as a quantitative measure of the two cyanotoxins interaction's degree. Moreover, a morphological study of the individual pure toxins and their combinations was also performed. Results showed that CYN was the most toxic pure cyanotoxin, being the mean effective concentrations obtained ≈4 and 90 μg/mL for CYN and MC-LR, respectively after 24 h. However, the simultaneous exposure showed an antagonistic effect. Morphologically, autophagy, at low concentrations, and apoptosis, at high concentrations were observed, with affectation of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. These effects were more pronounced with the combination. Therefore, it is important to assess the toxicological profile of cyanotoxins combinations in order to perform more realistic risk evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Silvia Pichardo
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | | | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Matosinhos, Portugal
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ángeles Jos
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Ana María Cameán
- Área de Toxicología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
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Cao Q, Steinman AD, Wan X, Xie L. Bioaccumulation of microcystin congeners in soil-plant system and human health risk assessment: A field study from Lake Taihu region of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 240:44-50. [PMID: 29729568 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A 120-day field study was carried out near Lake Taihu to evaluate the bioaccumulation of microcystin (MC) congeners in a soil-plant system, as well as to assess human health risk when consuming edible plants irrigated with MCs-contaminated water. Natural cyanobacteria bloom-containing lake water (lake water) and half-diluted natural cyanobacteria bloom-containing lake water with tap water (half-lake water) were used to irrigate lettuce and rice. An additional treatment involving fertilization with a cyanobacteria bloom was applied just to the lettuce experiment. MCs in soils, roots, leaves and grains (rice) were detected. In the soil-lettuce system, the three MC congeners in soils fertilized with a cyanobacteria bloom were not detected. The highest concentrations of MCs detected in soils, lettuce roots and leaves were 24.8 (MC-LR 10.1, MC-RR 10.5, MC-YR 4.2) μg kg-1, 424 (MC-LR 168, MC-RR 194, MC-YR 61.5) μg kg-1 and 183 (MC-LR 78.0, MC-RR 76.8, MC-YR 28.1) μg kg-1, respectively, in the lake water treatment. In the soil-rice system, the highest concentration of MCs was accumulated in roots 1504 (MC-LR 634, MC-RR 573, MC-YR 297) μg kg-1, in the lake water treatment. However, the concentration of MCs that accumulated in grains was extremely low with a total MCs concentration of 5.2 (MC-LR 2.1, MC-RR 2.0, MC-YR 1.1) μg kg-1 in the lake water treatment. According to the estimated daily intake (EDI) value, fertilizing with an appropriate amount (0.2% or less, w/w, dry weight (DW)) of a cyanobacteria bloom, as well as consuming rice irrigated with lake water would not pose a threat to human health. However, the EDI values for both adults and children reached tolerable daily intake (TDI) value, assuming they consumed lettuce irrigated with lake water. Results obtained from the growth and yield indicators suggest that MCs bioaccumulation in edible plants is not necessarily coupled with phytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Xiang Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Cao Q, Steinman AD, Yao L, Xie L. Effects of light, microorganisms, farming chemicals and water content on the degradation of microcystin-LR in agricultural soils. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 156:141-147. [PMID: 29549737 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of farming activities on microcystin-LR (MC-LR) degradation in soils. Three farming activities were assessed: 1) fertilization via addition of different nitrogen sources and organic matter; 2) pesticide application by addition of different commercial pesticides; and 3) irrigation by addition of different amount of water. The contribution of the two major degradation processes of MC-LR in soils, photodegradation and biodegradation, were also evaluated. MC-LR was added into the soil samples to create a concentration of 500 μg kg-1 for each treatment. Results showed that natural degradation of MC-LR in soils was mainly by biodegradation rather than photodegradation. MC-degradation was stimulated by the addition of NaNO3 and humic acid, whereas degradation was inhibited by addition of NH4Cl, glucose, and glycine. Application of high concentrations of glyphosate and chlorothalonil significantly inhibited the degradation of MC-LR in soils and the half-life was almost twice as long as the control. No significant effect was found by addition of CO(NH2)2 and dimethoate. Both low (10%) and high water content (60%) could lead to inhibition of MC-LR degradation. Results from our study help to inform farm practices that could alleviate contamination by MC-LR in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Alan D Steinman
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Lei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Pham TL, Utsumi M. An overview of the accumulation of microcystins in aquatic ecosystems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 213:520-529. [PMID: 29472035 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.01.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins produced by toxic cyanobacteria pose a major, worldwide environmental threat to freshwater ecosystems. Microcystins (MCs) are considered to be the most hazardous groups. Indeed, some of the largest aquatic ecosystems on the earth are being contaminated with MCs. Questions have arisen regarding their transfer and bioaccumulation in natural environment. This review summarizes the present state of knowledge regarding toxic cyanobacteria and MCs, with a specific focus on their distribution in different components of aquatic ecosystems. Their accumulation in water columns, aquatic animals, plants, and sediments is summarized. MCs have been contaminating all areas of the aquatic ecosystems. Of these, the water column was the most contaminated with MCs and served as an intermediate transmission substation. Via this route, MCs could enter to other stations such as sediment, animals, aquatic and terrestrial plants. Therefore, the use of water contaminated with MCs may induce food chain contaminations with considerable health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Luu Pham
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Viet Nam; Institute of Tropical Biology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 85 Tran Quoc Toan Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Motoo Utsumi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8572, Japan
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69
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Cao Q, Rediske RR, Yao L, Xie L. Effect of microcystins on root growth, oxidative response, and exudation of rice (Oryza sativa). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 149:143-149. [PMID: 29156306 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
A 30 days indoor hydroponic experiment was carried out to evaluate the effect of microcystins (MCs) on rice root morphology and exudation, as well as bioaccumulation of MCs in rice. MCs were bioaccumulated in rice with the greatest concentrations being observed in the leaves (113.68μgg-1 Fresh weight (FW)) when exposed to 500μgL-1 MCs. Root activity at 500μgL-1 decreased 37%, compared to the control. MCs also induced disruption of the antioxidant system and lipid peroxidation in rice roots. Root growth was significantly inhibited by MCs. Root weight, length; surface area and volume were significantly decreased, as well as crown root number and lateral root number. After 30 days exposure to MCs, an increase was found in tartaric acid and malic acid while the other organic acids were not affected. Glycine, tyrosine, and glutamate were the only amino acids stimulated at MCs concentrations of 500μgL-1. Similarly, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and carbohydrate at 50 and 500μgL-1 treatments were significantly increased. The increase of DOC and carbohydrate in root exudates was due to rice root membrane permeability changes induced by MCs. Overall, this study indicated that MCs significantly inhibited rice root growth and affected root exudation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Richard R Rediske
- Annis Water Resources Institute, Grand Valley State University, 740 West Shoreline Drive, Muskegon, MI 49441, USA
| | - Lei Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Liqiang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 73 East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China.
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Jia R, Qu Z, You P, Qu D. Effect of biochar on photosynthetic microorganism growth and iron cycling in paddy soil under different phosphate levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:223-230. [PMID: 28850841 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 08/12/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The surplus of exogenous and endogenous phosphate in submerged paddy fields could increase the risk of algal blooms, the photosynthesis of which might further influence the redox processes of iron. This work investigated the effects of biochar on photosynthetic microorganism growth and iron redox under different phosphate (P) levels to understand the dynamics of P and thereby control non-point source pollution by biochar addition. Paddy soils were incubated anaerobically with phosphate and biochar addition under controlled illumination conditions to determine the variation in chlorophyll a (Chl a), ferrous iron [Fe(II)], soil pH and water-soluble phosphate (W-P) with incubation time. Biochar addition significantly inhibited the photosynthetic microorganism growth, with Chl a decreased by 4.74-15.78mg·g-1 when compared with the control. Fe(III) reduction was significantly stimulated in response to biochar addition, while Fe(II) oxidation was inhibited because of the suppression of photosynthetic microorganism growth. The enhanced Fe(III) reduction and suppressed Fe(II) oxidation decreased the P solubility in the tested soils. These findings provide a cost-effective approach for inhibiting photosynthetic microorganism growth in paddy field and valuable insight into the effect of iron cycling on P retention for further management of eutrophication from exogenous and endogenous P loading.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Jia
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Zhi Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Ping You
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China.
| | - Dong Qu
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi Province, China.
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Maisanaba S, Saladino F, Font G, Jos Á, Cameán AM, Meca G. Bioaccesibility of Cylindrospermopsin from cooked fish muscle after the application of an in vitro digestion model and its bioavailability. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 110:360-370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.10.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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73
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Oliveira VR, Carvalho GMC, Casquilho NV, Moreira-Gomes MD, Soares RM, Azevedo SMFO, Lima LM, Barreiro EJ, Takiya CM, Zin WA. Lung and liver responses to 1- and 7-day treatments with LASSBio-596 in mice subchronically intoxicated by microcystin-LR. Toxicon 2017; 141:1-8. [PMID: 29097245 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2017.10.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-LR (MC-LR) can cause serious injuries upon short- and long-term exposures that can be prevented by LASSBio-596 (LB-596), an anti-inflammatory compound. We aimed to test LB-596 following subchronic exposure to MC-LR. Swiss mice received 10 intraperitoneal injections of distilled water (DW) or MC-LR (20 μg/kg bw) every 2 days. On the 10th injection animals receiving DW were gavaged with DW or 50 mg/kg bw of LB-596 for 1 or 7 days (C1D, C7D, CL1D and CL7D groups), whereas those exposed to MC-LR received either DW or 50 mg/kg of LB-596 for 1 or 7 days (T1D, T7D, TL1D and TL7D groups). Twelve hours after the last gavage we assessed respiratory mechanics, and extracted lung and liver for histology, apoptosis, inflammatory biomarkers and MC-LR content. C1D, C7D, CL1D and CL7D were all similar. Mechanical parameters were significantly higher in T1D and T7D compared to the other groups. LB-596 reversed these changes on day 1 of administration. LB-596 reduced inflammatory mediators in lung and liver on day 1 of treatment. On day 7 apoptosis in liver and lung fell even more. Briefly, 7-day administration completely reversed lung and liver changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Rosa Oliveira
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Natália Vasconcelos Casquilho
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Maria Diana Moreira-Gomes
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; Superior Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Estadual do Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Raquel Moraes Soares
- NUMPEX-BIO - Multidisciplinar Center of Biological Research, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - Polo Xerém, Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Sandra Maria F O Azevedo
- Laboratory of Ecophysiology and Toxicology of Cyanobacteria, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lidia Moreira Lima
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio(®)), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliezer Jesus Barreiro
- Laboratory of Evaluation and Synthesis of Bioactive Substances (LASSBio(®)), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Laboratory of Immunopathology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Walter Araujo Zin
- Laboratory of Respiration Physiology, Carlos Chagas Filho Institute of Biophysics, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Amorim CA, Ulisses C, Moura AN. Biometric and physiological responses of Egeria densa Planch. cultivated with toxic and non-toxic strains of Microcystis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2017; 191:201-208. [PMID: 28846860 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms are becoming increasingly common in aquatic environments around the world, mainly due to eutrophication and climate change. Cyanotoxin-producing strains (e.g., microcystins (MC) producers) may be present in these blooms, affecting the growth of other aquatic organisms, such as aquatic macrophytes. In this study, we evaluated the morphometric and physiological responses of the aquatic macrophyte Egeria densa to the exposure to a toxic strain of Microcystis aeruginosa (MCs producer) and a non-toxic Microcystis panniformis (non-MC producer). The effects of Microcystis strains on E. densa growth and biomass were verified for five weeks (Experiment 1) and physiological responses were evaluated for 14days (Experiment 2). Prolonged exposure of E. densa to the MC producing strain reduced growth, accompanied by the inhibition of shoot and root emission. Both Microcystis strains caused a decrease in the content of photosynthetic pigments, like total chlorophyll and chlorophyll a and b, accompanied by an increase of carotenoids. At the beginning of the MC-producing strain exposure, E. densa showed an increase in the activity of the anti-oxidative enzymes superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), accompanied by an increase in the levels of malondialdehyde, indicating lipid peroxidation. During the 14th day of exposure, the activity of antioxidant enzymes remained similar to the control, suggesting that E. densa has an efficient anti-oxidative system to control the reactive oxygen species produced in response to the stress caused by microcystins. However, when prolonged exposure occurred, possible damage to proteins may have affected the growth and development of E. densa. No changes were observed in the enzymatic activity of the plants exposed to the non-MC producing strain, suggesting that this cyanobacterial strain do not cause significant damage to the development of E. densa. These results are important for understanding the anti-oxidative defense mechanisms of aquatic macrophytes when coexisting with an MC producing strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihelio A Amorim
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Av. Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Ulisses
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Av. Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, Brazil
| | - Ariadne Nascimento Moura
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Botânica, Departamento de Biologia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco - UFRPE, Av. Manoel de Medeiros, s/n, Dois Irmãos, CEP 52171-900, Recife, PE, Brasil, Brazil.
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Levizou E, Statiris G, Papadimitriou T, Laspidou CS, Kormas KA. Lettuce facing microcystins-rich irrigation water at different developmental stages: Effects on plant performance and microcystins bioaccumulation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 143:193-200. [PMID: 28550806 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the microcystins (MCs)-rich irrigation water effect on lettuce of different developmental stages, i.e. during a two months period, covering the whole period from seed germination to harvest at marketable size of the plant. We followed four lettuce plant groups receiving MCs-rich water (1.81μgl-1 of dissolved MCs), originating from the Karla Reservoir, central Greece: 1) from seeds, 2) the cotyledon, 3) two true leaves and 4) four true leaves stages, all of which were compared to control plants that received tap water. Lettuce growth, photosynthetic performance, biochemical and mineral characteristics, as well as MCs accumulation in leaves, roots and soil were measured. The overall performance of lettuce at various developmental stages pointed to increased tolerance since growth showed minor alterations and non-enzymatic antioxidants remained unaffected. Plants receiving MCs-rich water from the seed stage exhibited higher photosynthetic capacity, chlorophylls and leaf nitrogen content. Nevertheless, considerable MCs accumulation in various plant tissues occurred. The earlier in their development lettuce plants started receiving MCs-rich water, the more MCs they accumulated: roots and leaves of plants exposed to MCs-rich water from seeds and cotyledons stage exhibited doubled MCs concentrations compared to respective tissues of the 4 Leaves group. Furthermore, roots accumulated significantly higher MCs amounts than leaves of the same plant group. Concerning human health risk, the Estimated Daily Intake values (EDI) of Seed and Cotyledon groups leaves exceeded Tolerable Daily Intake (TDI) by a factor of 6, while 2 Leaves and 4 Leaves groups exceeded TDI by a factor of 4.4 and 2.4 respectively. Our results indicate that irrigation of lettuce with MCs-rich water may constitute a serious public health risk, especially when contaminated water is received from the very early developmental stages (seed and cotyledon). Finally, results obtained for the tolerant lettuce indicate that MCs bioaccumulation in edible tissues is not necessarily coupled with phytotoxic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efi Levizou
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 384 46 Volos, Greece.
| | - George Statiris
- Department of Agriculture Crop Production and Rural Environment, University of Thessaly, 384 46 Volos, Greece
| | - Theodoti Papadimitriou
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 383 33 Volos, Greece
| | - Chrysi S Laspidou
- Civil Engineering Department, University of Thessaly, Pedion Areos, 383 33 Volos, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Ar Kormas
- Department of Ichthyology and Aquatic Environment, University of Thessaly, 384 46 Volos, Greece
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Miller A, Russell C. Food crops irrigated with cyanobacteria-contaminated water: an emerging public health issue in Canada. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.5864/d2017-021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aroha Miller
- British Columbia Centre for Disease Control/National Collaboration Centre for Environmental Health, Vancouver, BC
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