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Yaribeygi H, Maleki M, Sathyapalan T, Jamialahmadi T, Sahebkar A. Pathophysiology of Physical Inactivity-Dependent Insulin Resistance: A Theoretical Mechanistic Review Emphasizing Clinical Evidence. J Diabetes Res 2021; 2021:7796727. [PMID: 34660812 PMCID: PMC8516544 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7796727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The modern lifestyle has a negative impact on health. It is usually accompanied by increased stress levels and lower physical activity, which interferes with body homeostasis. Diabetes mellitus is a relatively common metabolic disorder with increasing prevalence globally, associated with various risk factors, including lower physical activity and a sedentary lifestyle. It has been shown that sedentary behavior increases the risk of insulin resistance, but the intermediate molecular mechanisms are not fully understood. In this mechanistic review, we explore the possible interactions between physical inactivity and insulin resistance to help better understand the pathophysiology of physical inactivity-dependent insulin resistance and finding novel interventions against these deleterious pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Yaribeygi
- Research Center of Physiology, Semnan University of Medical Sciences, Semnan, Iran
| | - Mina Maleki
- Urology and Nephrology Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Thozhukat Sathyapalan
- Academic Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hull York Medical School, University of Hull, UK
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Satoh T. Bird evolution by insulin resistance. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:803-813. [PMID: 34446347 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Drift of oxygen concentrations in the atmosphere was one of the main drivers of the evolution of vertebrates. The drop in oxygen concentrations at the Permian-Triassic (PT) boundary may have been the biggest challenge to vertebrates. This hypoxic condition forced theropods to lose certain genes to maximize their efficiency of oxygen usage. Recent studies show that omentin and insulin-sensitive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) are missing in the bird genome. Since these gene products play essential roles in maintaining insulin sensitivity, this loss forced theropods to become insulin resistant. Insulin resistance may have been the key to allowing theropods to become hyperathletic under hypoxic conditions and to outcompete mammals during the Triassic period. A second challenge was the gradual increase in oxygen concentrations during the late Jurassic, Cretaceous, and Tertiary periods when reactive oxygen species (ROS) leakage from mitochondria became a problem. Since the simplest solution was the expansion of body size, some theropods became bigger to reduce ROS leakage per volume. Another solution was the development of a constitutively active countermeasure against ROS. A recent study shows that Neoaves have constitutively active nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) due to deletion of the C-terminal part of the KEAP1 protein, thus allowing Neoaves to express antioxidant enzymes to overcome ROS leakage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Satoh
- Department of Anti-Aging Food Research, School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1404-1 Katakura, Hachioji 192-0982, Japan.
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Zhou L, Han X, Li W, Wang N, Yao L, Zhao Y, Zhang L. N6-methyladenosine Demethylase FTO Induces the Dysfunctions of Ovarian Granulosa Cells by Upregulating Flotillin 2. Reprod Sci 2021; 29:1305-1315. [PMID: 34254281 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-021-00664-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is often accompanied by overweight/obesity and insulin resistance. The dysfunctions of ovarian granulosa cells (GCs) are closely linked with the pathogenesis of PCOS. Fat mass and obesity-associated gene (FTO), an N6-methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase, has been reported to be implicated in the risks and insulin resistance of PCOS. However, the roles of FTO in the development of GCs along with its m6A-related regulatory mechanisms are poorly defined. Cell proliferative ability was detected by MTT assay. Cell apoptotic rate was measured via flow cytometry. Insulin resistance was assessed by GLUT4 transport potential. The mRNA and protein levels of FTO and flotillin 2 (FLOT2) were determined by RT-qPCR and western blot assays, respectively. FLOT2 was screened out to be a potential FTO target through differential expression analysis for the GSE95728 dataset and target prediction analysis by POSTAR2 and STARBASE databases. The interaction between FTO and FLOT2 was analyzed by RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay. The effect of FTO upregulation on FLOT2 m6A level was measured by methylated RIP (meRIP) assay. FLOT2 mRNA stability was examined by actinomycin D assay. FTO overexpression facilitated cell proliferation, hindered cell apoptosis, and induced insulin resistance in GCs. FTO promoted FLOT2 expression by reducing m6A level on FLOT2 mRNA and increasing FLOT2 mRNA stability. FLOT2 loss weakened the effects of FTO overexpression on cell proliferation/apoptosis and insulin resistance in GCs. FTO induced the dysfunctions of GCs by upregulating FLOT2, suggesting that FTO/FLOT2 might play a role in the pathophysiology of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhou
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Lan Yao
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Yunhe Zhao
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Xiangyang Central Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang, 441000, China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- Department of Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, No. 71, Xinmin Street, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Saleh RA, Eissa TF, Abdallah DM, Saad MA, El-Abhar HS. Peganum harmala enhanced GLP-1 and restored insulin signaling to alleviate AlCl 3-induced Alzheimer-like pathology model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12040. [PMID: 34103557 PMCID: PMC8187628 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90545-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Peganum harmala (P. harmala) is a folk medicinal herb used in the Sinai Peninsula (Egypt) as a remedy for central disorders. The main constituents, harmine and harmaline, have displayed therapeutic efficacy against Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the P. harmala potential on sensitizing central insulin to combat AD remains to be clarified. An AD-like rat model was induced by aluminum chloride (AlCl3; 50 mg/kg/day for six consecutive weeks; i.p), whereas a methanolic standardized P. harmala seed extract (187.5 mg/kg; p.o) was given to AD rats starting 2 weeks post AlCl3 exposure. Two additional groups of rats were administered either the vehicle to serve as the normal control or the vehicle + P. harmala seed extract to serve as the P. harmala control group. P. harmala enhanced cognition appraised by Y-maze and Morris water maze tests and improved histopathological structures altered by AlCl3. Additionally, it heightened the hippocampal contents of glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 and insulin, but abated insulin receptor substrate-1 phosphorylation at serine 307 (pS307-IRS-1). Besides, P. harmala increased phosphorylated Akt at serine 473 (pS473-Akt) and glucose transporter type (GLUT)4. The extract also curtailed the hippocampal content of beta amyloid (Aβ)42, glycogen synthase (GSK)-3β and phosphorylated tau. It also enhanced Nrf2, while reduced lipid peroxides and replenished glutathione. In conclusion, combating insulin resistance by P. harmala is a novel machinery in attenuating the insidious progression of AD by enhancing both insulin and GLP-1 trajectories in the hippocampus favoring GLUT4 production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rofida A Saleh
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Tarek F Eissa
- Faculty of Biotechnology, October University for Modern Sciences and Arts (MSA), Giza, Egypt
| | - Dalaal M Abdallah
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | - Muhammed A Saad
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Newgiza University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan S El-Abhar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Pharmaceutical Industries, Future University in Egypt, Cairo, Egypt
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Activation of Hippocampal IR/IRS-1 Signaling Contributes to the Treatment with Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu Decoction on the Diabetes-Related Depression. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2021; 2021:6688723. [PMID: 34149862 PMCID: PMC8195672 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6688723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Zuogui Jiangtang Jieyu decoction (ZJJ) is mainly used for the treatment of diabetes-related depression in current clinical applications and research. This study aims to investigate whether the brain IR/IRS-1 signaling pathway is involved in the therapeutic effect of ZJJ on depression-like behavior in diabetic rats. Methods Sprague–Dawley rats were fed with high-fat diet and subjected to streptozotocin injection to establish the diabetes animal model. After treatment with different doses of ZJJ (20.530 g/kg or 10.265 g/kg) for 4 weeks, the blood glucose level and peripheral insulin resistance were measured. The forced-swimming test (FST) and Morris water maze test (MWMT) were applied for the mood and cognitive function assessment. Then, the Western blot method was used to analyze the protein levels of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1), phosphatidylonositol-3-kinase (PI3K), and protein kinase B (PKB, also as known as AKT) in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Meanwhile, the immunofluorescence method was performed to analyze the above proteins' expression in the neuron and astrocyte. At last, the levels of glycogen, lactate, and ATP were tested by the ELISA method. Additionally, the insulin-sensitive glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and the lactate transporter monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4) were analyzed by the Western blot method. Results ZJJ administration significantly decreased the level of blood glucose and improved the peripheral insulin resistance in diabetic rats. Besides, ZJJ attenuated the depression-like behavior and the cognitive dysfunction in rats with diabetes. Furthermore, we found the upregulation of protein expression of phospho-IR, phospho-IRS-1, phospho-PI3K, and phospho-AKT in the hippocampus of diabetic rats after being treated with ZJJ. Moreover, the above proteins are increased not only in the neuron but also in the astrocyte after ZJJ administration. In addition, ZJJ increased the content of ATP, glycogen, and lactate, as well as the expression of GLUT4 and MCT4 in the hippocampus of diabetic rats. Conclusions These findings suggest that ZJJ improves the depression-like behavior of diabetic rats by activating the IR/IRS-1 signaling pathway in both hippocampal neuron and astrocyte. And the brain IR/IRS-1 signaling pathway plays an important role in astrocyte-neuron metabolic coupling, providing a potential mechanism by which the IR/IRS-1 signaling pathway may contribute to the treatment of ZJJ on diabetes-related depression.
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Tyagi A, Pugazhenthi S. Targeting Insulin Resistance to Treat Cognitive Dysfunction. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2672-2691. [PMID: 33483903 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Dementia is a devastating disease associated with aging. Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia, followed by vascular dementia. In addition to clinically diagnosed dementia, cognitive dysfunction has been reported in diabetic patients. Recent studies are now beginning to recognize type 2 diabetes mellitus, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and insulin resistance, as a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and other cognitive disorders. While studies on insulin action have remained traditionally in the domain of peripheral tissues, the detrimental effects of insulin resistance in the central nervous system on cognitive dysfunction are increasingly being reported by recent clinical and preclinical studies. The findings from these studies suggest that antidiabetic drugs have the potential to be used to treat dementia. In this review, we discuss the physiological functions of insulin in the brain, studies on the evaluation of cognitive function under conditions of insulin resistance, and reports on the beneficial actions of antidiabetic drugs in the brain. This review covers clinical studies as well as investigations in animal models and will further highlight the emerging link between insulin resistance and neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anit Tyagi
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.,University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Subbiah Pugazhenthi
- Rocky Mountain Regional VA Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA. .,Department of Medicine, University of Colorado-Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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57
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Cho S, Lee H, Seo J. Impact of Genetic Risk Factors for Alzheimer's Disease on Brain Glucose Metabolism. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2608-2619. [PMID: 33479841 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02297-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease that affects more than 30 million people worldwide. Despite growing knowledge of AD pathophysiology, a complete understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms underpinning AD is lacking, and there is currently no cure for AD. Extant literature suggests that AD is a polygenic and multifactorial disease underscored by complex and dynamic pathogenic mechanisms. Despite extensive research and clinical trials, there has been a dearth of novel drugs for AD treatment on the market since memantine in 2003. This lack of therapeutic success has directed the entire research community to approach the disease from a different angle. In this review, we discuss growing evidence for the close link between altered glucose metabolism and AD pathogenesis by exploring how genetic risk factors for AD are associated with dysfunctional glucose metabolism. We also discuss modification of genes responsible for metabolic pathways implicated in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukhee Cho
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Hyein Lee
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Jinsoo Seo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea.
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Chen M, Huang N, Liu J, Huang J, Shi J, Jin F. AMPK: A bridge between diabetes mellitus and Alzheimer's disease. Behav Brain Res 2020; 400:113043. [PMID: 33307136 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2020.113043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and etiology of diabetes mellitus (DM) and Alzheimer's disease (AD) share many common cellular and molecular themes. Recently, a growing body of research has shown that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a biomolecule that regulates energy balance and glucose and lipid metabolism, plays key roles in DM and AD. In this review, we summarize the relevant research on the roles of AMPK in DM and AD, including its functions in gluconeogenesis and insulin resistance (IR) and its relationships with amyloid β-protein (Aβ), Tau and AMPK activators. In DM, AMPK is involved in the regulation of glucose metabolism and IR. AMPK is closely related to gluconeogenesis, which can not only be activated by the upstream kinases liver kinase B1 (LKB1), transforming growth factor β-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase β (CaMKKβ) but also regulate the downstream kinases glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxy kinase (PEPCK), thereby affecting gluconeogenesis and ameliorating DM. Moreover, AMPK can regulate glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and free fatty acids to improve IR. In AD, AMPK can ameliorate abnormal brain energy metabolism, not only by reduces Aβ deposition through β-secretase but also reduces tau hyperphosphorylation through sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A). Therefore, AMPK is a bridge between DM and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixiang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Nanqu Huang
- National Drug Clinical Trial Institution, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University (The First People's Hospital of Zunyi), Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Ju Liu
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Juan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Jingshan Shi
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Key Laboratory of Basic Pharmacology and Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of the Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou, China.
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Chen J, Gao L, Zhang Y, Su Y, Kong Z, Wang D, Yan M. Acteoside-improved streptozotocin-induced learning and memory impairment by upregulating hippocampal insulin, glucose transport, and energy metabolism. Phytother Res 2020; 35:392-403. [PMID: 33029835 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disease, has been, by and large, correlated to insulin pathway, glucose level, and energy metabolism in the brain. Intracerebroventricular administration of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ) leads to glucose and energy metabolism dysfunction, cognitive impairment, and increased oxidative stress in the brain. Acteoside has a myriad of pharmacological effects on the brain, namely, neuroprotection and recuperation of cognitive functions. The primary focus of the current study was to examine the effect of acteoside on insulin, glucose transport, and energy metabolism in the hippocampal area of the brain. The behavioral experiments such as spatial memory, active learning, and passive memory suggested that acetoside ameliorated the ICV-STZ-induced learning and cognitive impairment. The acteoside induced increase in the protein expression of glucose transporters (Glu T1, Glu T3, and Glu T4), glucose, and insulin levels in the hippocampus for maintaining normal learning and memory function were demonstrated by Western blot. In addition, acteoside's long-term oral administration increased the the ratio of ATP content divided by ADP content (ATP/ADP) ratio, which, in turn, reduced the reactiveoxygen species (ROS) level and improved the cellular oxidative stress response. Compared with the model group, the above results show significant differences in different degrees (p < .05 or p < .01). This study suggests that acteoside can ameliorate the ICV-STZ-induced learning and memory impairment caused due to insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate 1, Glu T1, Glu T3, and Glu T4 pathways by triggering intracerebral metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Li Gao
- Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Medicine, Institute of Uygur Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China
| | - Ya Su
- Institute of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Zheng Kong
- Institute of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Dongqing Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy, Xinjiang Medical University, Xinjiang, China
| | - Ming Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Shihezi University, Shihezi, China.,Key Laboratory of Xinjiang Uygur Medicine, Institute of Uygur Medicine, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China
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Chiba Y, Murakami R, Matsumoto K, Wakamatsu K, Nonaka W, Uemura N, Yanase K, Kamada M, Ueno M. Glucose, Fructose, and Urate Transporters in the Choroid Plexus Epithelium. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7230. [PMID: 33008107 PMCID: PMC7582461 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The choroid plexus plays a central role in the regulation of the microenvironment of the central nervous system by secreting the majority of the cerebrospinal fluid and controlling its composition, despite that it only represents approximately 1% of the total brain weight. In addition to a variety of transporter and channel proteins for solutes and water, the choroid plexus epithelial cells are equipped with glucose, fructose, and urate transporters that are used as energy sources or antioxidative neuroprotective substrates. This review focuses on the recent advances in the understanding of the transporters of the SLC2A and SLC5A families (GLUT1, SGLT2, GLUT5, GLUT8, and GLUT9), as well as on the urate-transporting URAT1 and BCRP/ABCG2, which are expressed in choroid plexus epithelial cells. The glucose, fructose, and urate transporters repertoire in the choroid plexus epithelium share similar features with the renal proximal tubular epithelium, although some of these transporters exhibit inversely polarized submembrane localization. Since choroid plexus epithelial cells have high energy demands for proper functioning, a decline in the expression and function of these transporters can contribute to the process of age-associated brain impairment and pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoichi Chiba
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Ryuta Murakami
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Koichi Matsumoto
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Keiji Wakamatsu
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
| | - Wakako Nonaka
- Department of Supportive and Promotive Medicine of the Municipal Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
- Department of Gastroenterology and Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan
| | - Naoya Uemura
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.)
| | - Ken Yanase
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (N.U.); (K.Y.)
| | - Masaki Kamada
- Department of Neurological Intractable Disease Research, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan;
| | - Masaki Ueno
- Department of Pathology and Host Defense, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, 1750-1 Ikenobe, Miki-cho, Kita-gun, Kagawa 761-0793, Japan; (Y.C.); (R.M.); (K.M.); (K.W.)
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Wawrzkiewicz-Jałowiecka A, Kowalczyk K, Trybek P, Jarosz T, Radosz P, Setlak M, Madej P. In Search of New Therapeutics-Molecular Aspects of the PCOS Pathophysiology: Genetics, Hormones, Metabolism and Beyond. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21197054. [PMID: 32992734 PMCID: PMC7582580 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21197054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In a healthy female reproductive system, a subtle hormonal and metabolic dance leads to repetitive cyclic changes in the ovaries and uterus, which make an effective ovulation and potential implantation of an embryo possible. However, that is not so in the case of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), in which case the central mechanism responsible for entraining hormonal and metabolic rhythms during the menstrual cycle is notably disrupted. In this review we provide a detailed description of the possible scenario of PCOS pathogenesis. We begin from the analysis of how a set of genetic disorders related to PCOS leads to particular malfunctions at a molecular level (e.g., increased enzyme activities of cytochrome P450 (CYP) type 17A1 (17α-hydroxylase), 3β-HSD type II and CYP type 11A1 (side-chain cleavage enzyme) in theca cells, or changes in the expression of aquaporins in granulosa cells) and discuss further cellular- and tissue-level consequences (e.g., anovulation, elevated levels of the advanced glycation end products in ovaries), which in turn lead to the observed subsequent systemic symptoms. Since gene-editing therapy is currently out of reach, herein special emphasis is placed on discussing what kinds of drug targets and which potentially active substances seem promising for an effective medication, acting on the primary causes of PCOS on a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Wawrzkiewicz-Jałowiecka
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-32-237-12-85
| | - Karolina Kowalczyk
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (P.R.); (P.M.)
| | - Paulina Trybek
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland;
| | - Tomasz Jarosz
- Department of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland;
| | - Patrycja Radosz
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (P.R.); (P.M.)
| | - Marcin Setlak
- Department of Neurosurgery, Medical University of Silesia, 40-752 Katowice, Poland;
| | - Paweł Madej
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-752 Katowice, Poland; (K.K.); (P.R.); (P.M.)
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Sharma VK, Singh TG. Insulin resistance and bioenergetic manifestations: Targets and approaches in Alzheimer's disease. Life Sci 2020; 262:118401. [PMID: 32926928 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Insulin has a well-established role in cognition, neuronal detoxification and synaptic plasticity. Insulin transduction affect neurotransmitter functions, influence bioenergetics and regulate neuronal survival through regulating glucose energy metabolism and downward pathways. METHODS A systematic literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out with the help of the keywords like "Alzheimer's disease; Hypometabolism; Oxidative stress; energy failure in AD, Insulin; Insulin resistance; Bioenergetics" till June 2020. The review was conducted using the above keywords to collect the latest articles and to understand the nature of the extensive work carried out on insulin resistance and bioenergetic manifestations in Alzheimer's disease. KEY FINDINGS The article sheds light on insulin resistance mediated hypometabolic state on pathological progression of AD. The disrupted insulin signaling has pathological outcome in form of disturbed glucose homeostasis, altered bioenergetic state which increases build-up of senile plaques (Aβ), neurofibrillary tangles (τ), decline in transportation of glucose and activation of inflammatory pathways. The mechanistic link of insulin resistant state with therapeutically explorable potential transduction pathways is the focus of the reviewed work. SIGNIFICANCE The present work opines that the mechanism by which the insulin resistance mediates dysregulation of bioenergetics and progresses to neurodegenerative state holds the tangible potential to succeed in the development of novel dementia therapies. Further, hypometabolic complications and altered insulin signaling may be explored as a mechanistic relation between bioenergetic deficits and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Kumar Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India; Govt. College of Pharmacy, Rohru, District Shimla, Himachal Pradesh 171207, India
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Yuliani T, Lobentanzer S, Klein J. Central cholinergic function and metabolic changes in streptozotocin-induced rat brain injury. J Neurochem 2020; 158:1307-1319. [PMID: 33448390 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
As glucose hypometabolism in the brain is an early sign of Alzheimer´s dementia (AD), the diabetogenic drug streptozotocin (STZ) has been used to induce Alzheimer-like pathology in rat brain by intracereboventricular injection (icv-STZ). However, many details of the pathological mechanism of STZ in this AD model remain unclear. Here, we report metabolic and cholinergic effects of icv-STZ using microdialysis in freely moving animals. We found that icv-STZ at a dose of 3 mg/kg (2 × 1.5 mg/kg) causes overt toxicity reflected in body weight loss. Three weeks after STZ administration, histological examination revealed a high number of glial fibrillary acidic protein reactive cells in the hippocampus, accompanied by Fluoro-Jade C-positive cells in the CA1 region. Glucose and lactate levels in microdialysates were unchanged, but mitochondrial respiration measured ex vivo was reduced by 9%-15%. High-affinity choline uptake, choline acetyltransferase, and acetylcholine esterase (AChE) activities in the hippocampus were reduced by 16%, 28%, and 30%, respectively. Importantly, extracellular acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the hippocampus were unchanged and responded to behavioral and pharmacological challenges. In comparison, extracellular ACh levels and cholinergic parameters in the striatum were unchanged or slightly increased. We conclude that the icv-STZ model poorly reflects central cholinergic dysfunction, an important characteristic of dementia. The icv-STZ model may be more aptly described as an animal model of hippocampal gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tri Yuliani
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Research Center for Chemistry, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Tangerang Selatan, Banten, Indonesia
| | - Sebastian Lobentanzer
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jochen Klein
- Institute of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Baron DC, Marko DM, Tsiani E, MacPherson REK. Rosemary extract increases neuronal cell glucose uptake and activates AMPK. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:141-147. [PMID: 32791009 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is the primary metabolic substrate of neurons and is responsible for supporting many vital functions including neuronal signalling. Decreases in glucose uptake and utilization are common characteristics of dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease, and thus agents that can restore neuronal glucose availability may be especially valuable to the field. Diets rich in antioxidants and polyphenols have been associated with reductions in the risk of chronic disease that are associated with aging. In previous studies, rosemary extract (RE) has been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and antidiabetic properties. The purpose of the present study was to explore the effects of RE on neuronal glucose uptake. Human SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells exposed to varied concentrations of RE showed a dose-dependent increase in glucose uptake, with a significant increase observed following treatment with 5 µg/mL RE for 2 h (159% ± 20.81% of control) that was comparable to maximum insulin stimulation (135.6% ± 3.2% of control). This increase in glucose uptake was paralleled by increases in AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), but not Akt, phosphorylation/activation. The present study is the first to report that treatment with rosemary extract can stimulate glucose uptake in a neuronal cell line. These results demonstrate the potential of RE to be used as an agent to regulate neuronal glucose homeostasis. Novelty: RE increases neuronal glucose uptake. RE activates AMPK in neurons. RE increases neuronal glucose uptake independently of insulin signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Baron
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Daniel M Marko
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Evangelia Tsiani
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.,Centre for Bone and Muscle Health, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada.,Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, ON L2S 3A1, Canada
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Picone P, Di Carlo M, Nuzzo D. Obesity and Alzheimer’s disease: Molecular bases. Eur J Neurosci 2020; 52:3944-3950. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Picone
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica (CNR‐IRIB) Palermo Italy
| | - Marta Di Carlo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica (CNR‐IRIB) Palermo Italy
| | - Domenico Nuzzo
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche Istituto per la Ricerca e l’Innovazione Biomedica (CNR‐IRIB) Palermo Italy
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Rhea EM, Raber J, Banks WA. ApoE and cerebral insulin: Trafficking, receptors, and resistance. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 137:104755. [PMID: 31978603 PMCID: PMC7050417 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) insulin resistance is associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). In addition, the apolipoprotein E4 (apoE4) isoform is a risk factor for AD. The connection between these two factors in relation to AD is being actively explored. We summarize this literature with a focus on the transport of insulin and apoE across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and into the CNS, the impact of apoE and insulin on the BBB, and the interactions between apoE, insulin, and the insulin receptor once present in the CNS. We highlight how CNS insulin resistance is apparent in AD and potential ways to overcome this resistance by repurposing currently approved drugs, with apoE genotype taken into consideration as the treatment response following most interventions is apoE isoform-dependent. This review is part of a special issue focusing on apoE in AD and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Rhea
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
| | - Jacob Raber
- Department of Behavioral Neuroscience, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America; Departments of Neurology and Radiation Medicine, Division of Neuroscience, ONPRC, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239, United States of America
| | - William A Banks
- Research and Development, Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, United States of America; Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America
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Oxidative-Antioxidant Imbalance and Impaired Glucose Metabolism in Schizophrenia. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10030384. [PMID: 32121669 PMCID: PMC7175146 DOI: 10.3390/biom10030384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a neurodevelopmental disorder featuring chronic, complex neuropsychiatric features. The etiology and pathogenesis of schizophrenia are not fully understood. Oxidative-antioxidant imbalance is a potential determinant of schizophrenia. Oxidative, nitrosative, or sulfuric damage to enzymes of glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle, as well as calcium transport and ATP biosynthesis might cause impaired bioenergetics function in the brain. This could explain the initial symptoms, such as the first psychotic episode and mild cognitive impairment. Another concept of the etiopathogenesis of schizophrenia is associated with impaired glucose metabolism and insulin resistance with the activation of the mTOR mitochondrial pathway, which may contribute to impaired neuronal development. Consequently, cognitive processes requiring ATP are compromised and dysfunctions in synaptic transmission lead to neuronal death, preceding changes in key brain areas. This review summarizes the role and mutual interactions of oxidative damage and impaired glucose metabolism as key factors affecting metabolic complications in schizophrenia. These observations may be a premise for novel potential therapeutic targets that will delay not only the onset of first symptoms but also the progression of schizophrenia and its complications.
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