51
|
Sentellas S, Morales-Ibanez O, Zanuy M, Albertí JJ. GSSG/GSH ratios in cryopreserved rat and human hepatocytes as a biomarker for drug induced oxidative stress. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1006-15. [PMID: 24809893 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2013] [Revised: 03/24/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) could cause cellular damage and eventually lead to apoptosis and necrosis. The ratio between oxidized glutathione and reduced glutathione (GSSG-to-GSH ratio) has been used as an important in vitro and in vivo biomarker of the redox balance in the cell and consequently of cellular oxidative stress. This paper optimizes a LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of GSH and GSSG. The proposed method is based on the derivatization of reduced GSH using iodoacetic acid (IAA) in order to prevent its rapid oxidation to GSSG during sample preparation. The optimized analytical method was applied to evaluate the effect of different pharmaceutical agents on GSSG-to-GSH ratio in cryopreserved rat and human hepatocytes in culture. Hepatocyte viabilities were also determined at the same time by using the WST-1 assay as a direct measurement of cell mitochondrial respiration. The results obtained demonstrate that cryopreserved rat and human hepatocytes in culture are reliable in vitro models for the evaluation of cellular oxidative stress. In addition, the GSSG-to-GSH ratio measurements could be a biomarker of hepatotoxicity providing similar results to those of cytotoxicity assay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Sentellas
- Preclinical Development, Almirall, S.A, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Oriol Morales-Ibanez
- Preclinical Development, Almirall, S.A, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miriam Zanuy
- Preclinical Development, Almirall, S.A, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan J Albertí
- Preclinical Development, Almirall, S.A, Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Moreno ML, Escobar J, Izquierdo-Álvarez A, Gil A, Pérez S, Pereda J, Zapico I, Vento M, Sabater L, Marina A, Martínez-Ruiz A, Sastre J. Disulfide stress: a novel type of oxidative stress in acute pancreatitis. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 70:265-77. [PMID: 24456905 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione oxidation and protein glutathionylation are considered hallmarks of oxidative stress in cells because they reflect thiol redox status in proteins. Our aims were to analyze the redox status of thiols and to identify mixed disulfides and targets of redox signaling in pancreas in experimental acute pancreatitis as a model of acute inflammation associated with glutathione depletion. Glutathione depletion in pancreas in acute pancreatitis is not associated with any increase in oxidized glutathione levels or protein glutathionylation. Cystine and homocystine levels as well as protein cysteinylation and γ-glutamyl cysteinylation markedly rose in pancreas after induction of pancreatitis. Protein cysteinylation was undetectable in pancreas under basal conditions. Targets of disulfide stress were identified by Western blotting, diagonal electrophoresis, and proteomic methods. Cysteinylated albumin was detected. Redox-sensitive PP2A and tyrosine protein phosphatase activities diminished in pancreatitis and this loss was abrogated by N-acetylcysteine. According to our findings, disulfide stress may be considered a specific type of oxidative stress in acute inflammation associated with protein cysteinylation and γ-glutamylcysteinylation and oxidation of the pair cysteine/cystine, but without glutathione oxidation or changes in protein glutathionylation. Two types of targets of disulfide stress were identified: redox buffers, such as ribonuclease inhibitor or albumin, and redox-signaling thiols, which include thioredoxin 1, APE1/Ref1, Keap1, tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphatases, and protein disulfide isomerase. These targets exhibit great relevance in DNA repair, cell proliferation, apoptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and inflammatory response. Disulfide stress would be a specific mechanism of redox signaling independent of glutathione redox status involved in inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mari-Luz Moreno
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Javier Escobar
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain; Division of Neonatology, University Hospital Materno-Infantil La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Alicia Izquierdo-Álvarez
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Anabel Gil
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Salvador Pérez
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Javier Pereda
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain
| | - Inés Zapico
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain; Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Máximo Vento
- Division of Neonatology, University Hospital Materno-Infantil La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Luis Sabater
- Department of Surgery, University Clinic Hospital, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Anabel Marina
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa, CSIC-Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Antonio Martínez-Ruiz
- Servicio de Inmunología, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IP), Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan Sastre
- Department of Physiology, School of Pharmacy, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjasot (Valencia), Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Amirshahrokhi K, Bohlooli S. Effect of methylsulfonylmethane on paraquat-induced acute lung and liver injury in mice. Inflammation 2014; 36:1111-21. [PMID: 23595869 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9645-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) is a natural organosulfur compound that exhibits antioxidative and anti-inflammatory effects. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of MSM on paraquat (PQ)-induced acute lung and liver injury in mice. A single dose of PQ (50 mg/kg, i.p.) induced acute lung and liver toxicity. Mice were treated with MSM (500 mg/kg/day, i.p.) for 5 days. At the end of the experiment, animals were euthanized, and lung and liver tissues were collected for histological and biochemical analysis. Tissue samples were used to determine malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels. Blood samples were used to measure plasma alanine transaminase (ALT), γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Histological examination indicated that MSM decreased lung and liver damage caused by PQ. Biochemical results showed that MSM treatment significantly reduced tissue levels of MDA, MPO, and TNF-α, while increased the levels of SOD, CAT, and GSH compared with PQ group. MSM treatment also significantly reduced plasma levels of ALT, GGT, and ALP. These findings suggest that MSM as a natural product attenuates PQ-induced pulmonary and hepatic oxidative injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keyvan Amirshahrokhi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 5618953141, Ardabil, Iran,
| | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Bayram B, Rimbach G, Frank J, Esatbeyoglu T. Rapid method for glutathione quantitation using high-performance liquid chromatography with coulometric electrochemical detection. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2014; 62:402-408. [PMID: 24328299 DOI: 10.1021/jf403857h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
A rapid, sensitive, and direct method (without derivatization) was developed for the detection of reduced glutathione (GSH) in cultured hepatocytes (HepG2 cells) using high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection (HPLC-ECD). The method was validated according to the guidelines of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in terms of linearity, lower limit of quantitation (LOQ), lower limit of detection (LOD), precision, accuracy, recovery, and stabilities of GSH standards and quality control samples. The total analysis time was 5 min, and the retention time of GSH was 1.78 min. Separation was carried out isocratically using 50 mM sodium phosphate (pH 3.0) as a mobile phase with a fused-core column. The detector response was linear between 0.01 and 80 μmol/L, and the regression coefficient (R(2)) was >0.99. The LOD for GSH was 15 fmol, and the intra- and interday recoveries ranged between 100.7 and 104.6%. This method also enabled the rapid detection (in 4 min) of other compounds involved in GSH metabolism such as uric acid, ascorbic acid, and glutathione disulfite. The optimized and validated HPLC-ECD method was successfully applied for the determination of GSH levels in HepG2 cells treated with buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), an inhibitor, and α-lipoic acid (α-LA), an inducer of GSH synthesis. As expected, the amount of GSH concentration-dependently decreased with BSO and increased with α-LA treatments in HepG2 cells. This method could also be useful for the quantitation of GSH, uric acid, ascorbic acid, and glutathione disulfide in other biological matrices such as tissue homogenates and blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Banu Bayram
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Christian-Albrechts-University , Hermann Rodewald Strasse 6, 24098 Kiel, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
55
|
Mohler ER, Hiatt WR, Gornik HL, Kevil CG, Quyyumi A, Haynes WG, Annex BH. Sodium nitrite in patients with peripheral artery disease and diabetes mellitus: safety, walking distance and endothelial function. Vasc Med 2013; 19:9-17. [PMID: 24363302 DOI: 10.1177/1358863x13515043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Nitrite stores decrease after exercise in patients with peripheral artery disease (PAD) and diabetes represents decreased nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability that may contribute to endothelial dysfunction and limit exercise duration. The primary objective of this placebo-controlled study was the safety and tolerability of multiple doses of oral sodium nitrite in patients with PAD, predominantly with diabetes, over a period of 10 weeks. The primary efficacy endpoint was endothelial flow-mediated dilatation (FMD) and secondary efficacy endpoints included a 6-minute walk test and quality of life assessment. Of the 55 subjects, the most common side effects attributed to sodium nitrite were a composite of headache and dizziness occurring in 21% with the 40 mg dose and 44% with the 80 mg dose. There was no clinically significant elevation of methemoglobin. FMD non-significantly worsened in the placebo and 40 mg groups, but was stable in the 80 mg group. Diabetic patients receiving 80 mg had significantly higher FMD compared with the placebo and 40 mg groups. There was no significant change in 6-minute walk test or quality of life parameters over time compared to placebo. In conclusion, sodium nitrite therapy is well tolerated in patients with PAD. The possible clinical benefit of sodium nitrite should be studied in a larger and fully powered trial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emile R Mohler
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Section of Vascular Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Panahpour H, Bohlooli S, Motavallibashi SE. Antioxidant Activity-Mediated Neuroprotective Effects of an Antagonist of AT1 Receptors, Candesartan, against Cerebral Ischemia and Edema in Rats. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-013-9391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
57
|
Kanďár R, Hájková N. Assay of total glutathione and glutathione disulphide in seminal plasma of male partners of couples presenting for a fertility evaluation. Andrologia 2013; 46:1079-88. [DOI: 10.1111/and.12176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R. Kanďár
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
| | - N. Hájková
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences; Faculty of Chemical Technology; University of Pardubice; Pardubice Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
58
|
Abstract
This protocol describes a procedure for determining glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) concentrations in blood and other tissues. Artifactual oxidation to GSSG of 5-15% of the GSH found in a sample can occur during deproteination of biological samples with any of the commonly used acids, with consequent marked overestimation of GSSG. This can be prevented by derivatizing GSH with the alkylating agent N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to form GS-NEM before acid deproteination, followed by back-extraction of excess NEM from the deproteinized samples with dichloromethane. GSSG concentration is then measured by spectrophotometry with the GSH recycling method, on the basis of conversion of GSSG to GSH by glutathione reductase and NADPH and reaction with 5,5'-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid). GSH concentration is instead measured by either of two methods: by analysis of GS-NEM conjugates by HPLC in the same sample that is used to measure GSSG or, alternatively, by analysis of GSH by spectrophotometry (GSH recycling method) on one additional sample aliquot that has not been derivatized with NEM. The procedure can assay GSH and GSSG in blood and other tissues in 30 min or less.
Collapse
|
59
|
Wang Y, Gao D, Chen Z, Li S, Gao C, Cao D, Liu F, Liu H, Jiang Y. Acridone derivative 8a induces oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in CCRF-CEM leukemia cells: application of metabolomics in mechanistic studies of antitumor agents. PLoS One 2013; 8:e63572. [PMID: 23667640 PMCID: PMC3646819 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0063572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A new acridone derivative, 2-aminoacetamido-10-(3, 5-dimethoxy)-benzyl-9(10H)-acridone hydrochloride (named 8a) synthesized in our lab shows potent antitumor activity, but the mechanism of action remains unclear. Herein, we report the use of an UPLC/Q-TOF MS metabolomic approach to study the effects of three compounds with structures optimized step-by-step, 9(10H)-acridone (A), 10-(3,5-dimethoxy)benzyl-9(10H)-acridone (I), and 8a, on CCRF-CEM leukemia cells and to shed new light on the probable antitumor mechanism of 8a. Acquired data were processed by principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) to identify potential biomarkers. Comparing 8a-treated CCRF-CEM leukemia cells with vehicle control (DMSO), 23 distinct metabolites involved in five metabolic pathways were identified. Metabolites from glutathione (GSH) and glycerophospholipid metabolism were investigated in detail, and results showed that GSH level and the reduced/oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) ratio were significantly decreased in 8a-treated cells, while L-cysteinyl-glycine (L-Cys-Gly) and glutamate were greatly increased. In glycerophospholipid metabolism, cell membrane components phosphatidylcholines (PCs) were decreased in 8a-treated cells, while the oxidative products lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) were significantly increased. We further found that in 8a-treated cells, the reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde (MDA) were notably increased, accompanied with decrease of mitochondrial transmembrane potential, release of cytochrome C and activation of caspase-3. Taken together our results suggest that the acridone derivative 8a induces oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis in CCRF-CEM leukemia cells. The UPLC/Q-TOF MS based metabolomic approach provides novel insights into the mechanistic studies of antitumor drugs from a point distinct from traditional biological investigations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yini Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Metabolomics at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Dan Gao
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Metabolomics at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Zhe Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shangfu Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunmei Gao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Deliang Cao
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Feng Liu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Tumor Metabolomics at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- * E-mail: (HXL); (YYJ)
| | - Yuyang Jiang
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base-Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, China
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (HXL); (YYJ)
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Liu X, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Su Y, Lv Y. Colorimetric detection of glutathione in human blood serum based on the reduction of oxidized TMB. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj40897c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
|
61
|
Cappiello M, Peroni E, Lepore A, Moschini R, Del Corso A, Balestri F, Mura U. Rapid colorimetric determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione using an end point coupled enzymatic assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
62
|
Suh JH, Kim RY, Lee DS. A new metabolomic assay to examine inflammation and redox pathways following LPS challenge. J Inflamm (Lond) 2012; 9:37. [PMID: 23036094 PMCID: PMC3507808 DOI: 10.1186/1476-9255-9-37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED BACKGROUND Shifts in intracellular arginine (Arg) and sulfur amino acid (SAA) redox metabolism modulate macrophage activation, polarization and phenotype. Despite their importance in inflammation and redox regulatory pathways, comprehensive analysis of these metabolic networks was not previously possible with existing analytical methods. METHODS The Arg/thiol redox LC-MS/MS metabolomics assay permits simultaneous assessment of amino acids and derivative products generated from Arg and SAA metabolism. Using this assay, LPS-induced changes in macrophage amino acid metabolism were monitored to identify pathway shifts during activation and their linkage to cellular redox regulation. RESULTS Metabolite concentrations most significantly changed after treatment of a macrophage-like cell line (RAW) with LPS for 24 hrs were citrulline (Cit) (48-fold increase), ornithine (Orn) (8.5-fold increase), arginine (Arg) (66% decrease), and aspartic acid (Asp) (73% decrease). The ratio Cit + Orn/Arg + Asp (CO/AA) was more sensitive to LPS stimulation than other amino acid ratios commonly used to measure LPS-dependent inflammation (e.g., SAM/SAH, GSH/GSSG) and total media NOx. The CO/AA ratio was also the first ratio to change significantly after LPS treatment (4 hrs). Changes in the overall metabolomic profile over time indicated that metabolic pathways shifted from Arg catabolism to thiol oxidation. CONCLUSIONS Simultaneous quantification of Arg and SAA metabolic pathway shifts following LPS challenge of macrophage indicate that, in this system, the Arg-Citrulline/NO cycle and arginase pathways are the amino acid metabolic pathways most sensitive to LPS-challenge. The cellular (Cit + Orn)/(Arg + Asp) ratio, which summarizes this pathway, was more responsive to lower concentrations of LPS and responded earlier than other metabolic biomarkers of macrophage activation including GSH redox. It is suggested that the CO/AA ratio is a redox- independent early biomarker of macrophage activation. The ability to measure both the CO/AA and GSH-redox ratios simultaneously permits quantification of the relative effects of LPS challenge on macrophage inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. The use of this assay in humans is discussed, as are clinical implications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung H Suh
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Robert Y Kim
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S Lee
- Nutrition and Metabolism Center, Children’s Hospital Oakland Research Institute, Oakland, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Wang X, Chi D, Song D, Su G, Li L, Shao L. Quantification of glutathione in plasma samples by HPLC using 4-fluoro-7-nitrobenzofurazan as a fluorescent labeling reagent. J Chromatogr Sci 2012; 50:119-22. [PMID: 22298761 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmr039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A rapid and highly sensitive high-performance liquid chromatograpy method with fluorescence detection has been developed for determination of glutathione (GSH) in human plasma. A simple pre-column derivatization procedure with 7-flouro-4-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-F) reagent was employed. The separation of the derivatized glutathione was performed using a mobile phase consisting of phosphate buffer (0.02 mol/L, pH 6.0)-acetonitrile (77:23, v/v) at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min with the column temperature 2°C. The eluted derivatives were fluorometrically detected at an excitation wavelength 470 nm and an emission wavelength 530 nm. Under the optimum chromatographic conditions, the calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.1 µmol/L to 10.0 µmol/L with the correlation coefficient of 0.9988. The precision of the method was satisfactory with the intra- and inter-day coefficient of variation being 6.3%, 6.9%, respectively. This method has been used to determine glutathione concentrations in plasma samples from healthy individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xifeng Wang
- Department of Hygiene Analytical Chemistry, School of Public Health, Shandong University, Jinan, PR China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
64
|
Tian D, Qian Z, Xia Y, Zhu C. Gold nanocluster-based fluorescent probes for near-infrared and turn-on sensing of glutathione in living cells. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3945-3951. [PMID: 22303958 DOI: 10.1021/la204380a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a novel Au nanocluster (NC)-based fluorescent sensor has been designed for near-infrared (NIR) and turn-on sensing of glutathione (GSH) in both living cells and human blood samples. The large Stokes-shifted (140 nm) fluorescent Au NCs with NIR emission and long-wavelength excitation have been rapidly synthesized for 2 h by means of a microwave-assisted method in aqueous solution. The addition of Hg(II) leads to an almost complete emission quenching (98%) of Au NCs because of the interaction of Hg(II) and Au(I) on the surface of Au NCs. After introducing GSH to the Au NC-Hg(II) system, a more than 20 times fluorescent enhancement is obtained because of the preferable affinity of GSH with Hg(II). Under optimum conditions, the fluorescence recovery is linearly proportional to the concentration of GSH between 0.04 and 16.0 μM and the detection limit is as low as 7.0 nM. This Au NC-based sensor with high sensitivity and low spectral interference has been proven to facilitate biosensing applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dahui Tian
- Anhui Key Laboratory of Chemo-Biosensing, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241000, People's Republic of China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Shuford CM, Poteat MD, Buchwalter DB, Muddiman DC. Absolute quantification of free glutathione and cysteine in aquatic insects using isotope dilution and selected reaction monitoring. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:357-66. [PMID: 21956263 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5416-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Revised: 09/08/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
A simple and robust isotope dilution mass spectrometry-based assay was developed for the determination of free cysteine and glutathione (GSH) in aquatic insects. Several experimental parameters were evaluated and optimized to provide specific and sensitive detection of both compounds by in situ derivatization with N-ethylmaleimide followed by acid alkylation quenching and reverse-phased liquid chromatography coupled with selected reaction monitoring. For both targets, the assay was evaluated over a concentration range of 0.313 to 320 μM and was demonstrated to have a quantitative dynamic range spanning nearly three orders of magnitude, with lower limits of quantification being 0.330 μM for GSH and 0.370 μM for cysteine. Additionally, measurements were observed to be highly reproducible over the course of several days. When applied to the analysis of four different species of insects, large biological variation between and within species was observed. Different feeding regimens were also tested within two species of insects but statistical comparisons revealed no significant difference in the levels of either compound.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Shuford
- WM Keck FT-ICR Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Nakhostin-Roohi B, Barmaki S, Khoshkhahesh F, Bohlooli S. Effect of chronic supplementation with methylsulfonylmethane on oxidative stress following acute exercise in untrained healthy men. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:1290-4. [PMID: 21899544 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2011.01314.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to assess the effects of chronic daily methylsulfonylmethane (MSM) supplementation on known markers of oxidative stress following acute bouts of exercise in untrained healthy young men. METHODS Eighteen untrained men volunteered for this study. Participants were randomized in a double-blind placebo-controlled fashion into two groups: MSM (n = 9) and placebo (n = 9). The participants took supplementation or placebo daily for 10 days before running. Participants ran 14 km. The MSM supplementation was prepared in water at 50 mg/kg body weight. The placebo group received water. Serum malondialdehyde (MDA), protein carbonyl (PC) and plasma oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured as markers of oxidative stress. The plasma-reduced glutathione (GSH) level and the GSH/GSSG ratio were determined as markers of plasma antioxidant capacity. KEY FINDINGS Acute exercise led to elevated levels of serum MDA, PC and plasma GSSG. MSM supplementation maintained PC, MDA and GSSG at lower levels after exercise than the placebo. The plasma level of GSH and the ratio of GSH/GSSG were significantly higher in the MSM supplemented group. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that chronic daily oral supplementation of MSM has alleviating effects on known markers of oxidative stress following acute bouts of exercise in healthy young men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Nakhostin-Roohi
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Rossi R. Detection of glutathione in whole blood after stabilization with N-ethylmaleimide. Anal Biochem 2011; 415:81-3. [PMID: 21545786 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2011.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 04/08/2011] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The measurement of glutathione is a challenging task in that, during sample manipulation, a large percentage of this compound can be artificially oxidized. Here a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to measure reduced glutathione in blood, based on the analysis of its conjugate with N-ethylmaleimide, has been developed and validated. The method is linear in the concentration range 0.1-2 mM, and the lower limit of quantification is 0.05 mM. Blood samples treated with N-ethylmaleimide are stable at -20°C for 90 days. This method has simplicity and rapidity as its main advantages; therefore, it is particularly suitable for large-scale clinical studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Amirshahrokhi K, Bohlooli S, Chinifroush MM. The effect of methylsulfonylmethane on the experimental colitis in the rat. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2011; 253:197-202. [PMID: 21463646 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM), naturally occurring in green plants, fruits and vegetables, has been shown to exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. MSM is an organosulfur compound and a normal oxidative metabolite of dimethyl sulfoxide. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of MSM in a rat model of experimental colitis. Colitis was induced by intracolonic instillation of 1 ml of 5% of acetic acid. Rats were treated with MSM (400 mg/kg/day, orally) for 4 days. Animals were euthanized and distal colon evaluated histologically and biochemically. Tissue samples were used to measurement of malondialdehyde (MDA), myeloperoxidase (MPO), catalase (CAT), glutathione (GSH) and proinflammatory cytokine (TNF-α and IL-1β) levels. Results showed that MSM decreased macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage scores caused by administration of acetic acid. MSM treatment also significantly reduced colonic levels of MDA, MPO and IL-1β, while increased the levels of GSH and CAT compared with acetic acid-induced colitis group. It seems that MSM as a natural product may have a protective effect in an experimental ulcerative colitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Amirshahrokhi
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Ardabil University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 56197, Ardabil, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Zakharchuk NF, Borisova NS, Titova TV. Study of thiol-disulfide equilibrium in the whole blood and its fractions by stripping voltammetric titration. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934808020123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
70
|
McDermott GP, Francis PS, Holt KJ, Scott KL, Martin SD, Stupka N, Barnett NW, Conlan XA. Determination of intracellular glutathione and glutathione disulfide using high performance liquid chromatography with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection. Analyst 2011; 136:2578-85. [PMID: 21394377 DOI: 10.1039/c1an00004g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is a crucial tool to assess cellular redox state. Herein we report a direct approach to determine intracellular GSH based on a rapid chromatographic separation coupled with acidic potassium permanganate chemiluminescence detection, which was extended to GSSG by incorporating thiol blocking and disulfide bond reduction. Importantly, this simple procedure avoids derivatisation of GSH (thus minimising auto-oxidation) and overcomes problems encountered when deriving the concentration of GSSG from 'total GSH'. The linear range and limit of detection for both analytes were 7.5 × 10(-7) to 1 × 10(-5) M, and 5 × 10(-7) M, respectively. GSH and GSSG were determined in cultured muscle cells treated for 24 h with glucose oxidase (0, 15, 30, 100, 250 and 500 mU mL(-1)), which exposed them to a continuous source of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Both analyte concentrations were greater in myotubes treated with 100 or 250 mU mL(-1) glucose oxidase (compared to untreated controls), but were significantly lower in myotubes treated with 500 mU mL(-1) (p < 0.05), which was rationalised by considering measurements of H(2)O(2) and cell viability. However, the GSH/GSSG ratio in myotubes treated with 100, 250 and 500 mU mL(-1) glucose oxidase exhibited a dose-dependent decrease that reflected the increase in intracellular ROS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey P McDermott
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Rossi R. Low molecular mass thiols, disulfides and protein mixed disulfides in rat tissues: influence of sample manipulation, oxidative stress and ageing. Mech Ageing Dev 2011; 132:141-8. [PMID: 21335026 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2011.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2010] [Revised: 12/21/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Most of the data in studies investigating the contribution of oxidative stress to some human diseases and to ageing derive from measurements carried out in blood, on the basis of the assumption that any alteration of the hematic thiol/disulfide balance should reflect a corresponding alteration in other less accessible tissues. But it is evident that the information that can be gleaned from a direct analysis in specific tissues is largely greater. Nevertheless, the accurate measurement of disulfides is frequently hampered by the artifactual oxidation occurring during sample manipulation as a consequence of the presence of heme-proteins. Therefore, the levels of disulfide forms of low molecular mass thiols in tissues are still poorly investigated, even if their measurements could represent a powerful index of the oxidative status. Here we have used an artifact-free procedure to measure low molecular mass thiols and their disulfides in different rat tissues. Our findings suggest that disulfides are a reliable biomarker of even slight oxidative damage. In tissues of aged rats we observed that either oxidative stress or glutathione depletion alone can occur in different tissues during ageing. Interestingly, among the investigated thiols, only homocysteine showed a tendency to increase in some organs with ageing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, via A. Moro 4, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Lin L, Gao H, Lin D, Gao M, Xiao M, Yang S, Li X. LC-ED with an Acetylene Black–Dihexadecyl Hydrogen Phosphate Composite Film-Modified Electrode for in Vivo Analysis of Thiols in Rat Striatal Microdialysate. Chromatographia 2010. [DOI: 10.1365/s10337-010-1682-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
73
|
Lee R, Britz-McKibbin P. Differential rates of glutathione oxidation for assessment of cellular redox status and antioxidant capacity by capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry: an elusive biomarker of oxidative stress. Anal Chem 2010; 81:7047-56. [PMID: 19610656 DOI: 10.1021/ac901174g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione metabolism plays a fundamental role in maintaining homeostasis and regulating the redox environment of a cell. Despite the widespread interest in quantifying glutathione metabolites in oxidative stress research, conventional techniques are hampered by complicated sample handling procedures to prevent significant oxidation artifacts generated during sample collection, sample pretreatment, and/or chemical analysis. In this report, a simple and validated method for glutathione analysis from filtered red blood cell (RBC) lysates was developed using capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-MS) in conjunction with fingerprick microsampling and ultrafiltration. About a 3-fold improvement in precision with nanomolar detection limits was achieved when using online sample preconcentration with CE-ESI-MS via a modified injection sequence, which permitted accurate determination of the intracellular reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG), as well as other glutathione species, including protein-bound glutathione mixed disulfide (PSSG), free glutathione mixed disulfides (GSSR) and glutathione thioether conjugates (GSX). In this work, the redox status of filtered hemolysates was determined by the equilibrium half-cell reduction potential for glutathione (E(GSSG/2GSH)), whereas its intrinsic antioxidant capacity was assessed by the apparent rate of metal-catalyzed oxidation of glutathione. In-vitro incubation studies of intact RBCs with 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) were found to significantly alter E(GSSG/2GSH) and/or glutathione oxidation kinetics (e.g., k(GSSG)) relative to normal controls based on their function as a toxic electrophilic compound and a competitive free radical scavenging/reducing agent, respectively. Differential rates of glutathione oxidation (DIRGO) using CE-ESI-MS offers a novel strategy for global assessment of the impact of intrinsic metabolite constituents (i.e., metabolome) and/or extrinsic perturbants on cellular redox status that is relevant to improved understanding of aging and the pathogenesis of acute or chronic disease states.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4M1, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
74
|
Zhang X, Bao Y, Ke L, Yu Y. Elevated circulating free fatty acids levels causing pancreatic islet cell dysfunction through oxidative stress. J Endocrinol Invest 2010; 33:388-94. [PMID: 19915385 DOI: 10.1007/bf03346609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elevated plasma free fatty acids (FFA) concentration is predictive of the conversion from normal glucose tolerance and impaired glucose tolerance to diabetes. AIMS To evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure to FFA on basal and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) of pancreatic beta-cell, and to investigate the role of oxidative stress in FFA-induced decrease in beta-cell function. METHODS Rats were assigned to 3 groups and underwent 96-h infusions of normal saline (NS), intralipid plus heparin (IH), or intralipid plus heparin and N-acetylcysteine (IH+NAC). The plasma insulin, malonyldialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) were measured. In vivo intravenous glucose tolerance test (IVGTT) and ex vivo isolated pancreatic tissues perfusion were performed. RESULTS In IH group GSIS both in IVGTT and perifused pancreatic tissues were impaired (p<0.05), the GSH/GSSG ratio was declined and MDA levels increased (p<0.05), the volume density score of nuclear factor kappaB and inducible nitric oxide synthase in pancreatic islets were increased compared to the NS group (p<0.01). In IH+NAC group, NAC intervention partly restored the GSH/GSSG ratio and MDA level, and improved FFA induced GSIS impairment. CONCLUSION Elevated circulating FFA levels may contribute to causing the abnormalities of pancreatic islet cell function through active oxidative stress and oxidative stress-sensitive signaling pathway, which may play a key role in the development of impaired insulin secretion seen in obese Type 2 diabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Sichuan University, West China Hospital, Cheng Du, China
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
75
|
Lee R, West D, Phillips SM, Britz-McKibbin P. Differential Metabolomics for Quantitative Assessment of Oxidative Stress with Strenuous Exercise and Nutritional Intervention: Thiol-Specific Regulation of Cellular Metabolism with N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine Pretreatment. Anal Chem 2010; 82:2959-68. [DOI: 10.1021/ac9029746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Daniel West
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Philip Britz-McKibbin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology and Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Cellular redox potential and hemoglobin S-glutathionylation in human and rat erythrocytes: A comparative study. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2009; 44:133-9. [PMID: 19963409 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2009.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2009] [Revised: 09/30/2009] [Accepted: 11/11/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The rat is commonly used to evaluate responses of red blood cells (RBCs) to oxidative stress. How closely the rat RBC model predicts the human RBC human response has not been well characterized. The objective of this study was to compare human and rat RBC responses to the thiol-specific oxidant tert-butylhydroperoxide by monitoring the intraerythrocyte glutathione redox potential and its correlation with hemoglobin S-glutathionylation. Changes in redox potential did not differ significantly between rat and human RBCs under the considered conditions, and both human and rat hemoglobins were apparently S-glutathionylated by a thiol-disulfide exchange mechanism with glutathione disulfide, though the extent of S-glutathionylation in rat erythrocytes was more than 10-fold higher than in human ones. On the contrary, human and rat hemoglobin S-glutathionylation differently correlated with redox potential for the glutathione redox couple, suggesting that the formation of S-glutathionylated hemoglobin was not simply a function of glutathione disulfide concentration or glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio and that the content of reactive cysteines in hemoglobin beta globin can strongly influence intraerythrocyte glutathione metabolism and distribution between free and hemoglobin-bound forms. This study reveals fundamental physiological differences in rat and human RBCs because of differences in rat and human beta globin cysteine and reactivity, which can have important implications for the study of rat biology as a whole and for the use of rats as models for human beings under physiological and pathological circumstances and, therefore, highlights the need for caution when extrapolating rat responses to humans.
Collapse
|
77
|
Astiz M, de Alaniz MJT, Marra CA. Antioxidant defense system in rats simultaneously intoxicated with agrochemicals. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2009; 28:465-473. [PMID: 21784044 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2009.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dimethoate, zineb and glyphosate administered alone or in combination on liver, kidney, brain and plasma antioxidant defense system was investigated. Lipid peroxidation, and RNS production were increased in all tissues studied, especially in those groups that received a combination of drugs. Intoxicated rats exhibited lower antioxidant ability, higher oxidized protein and glutathione levels in plasma with a decreased concentration of α-tocopherol in brain and liver, between 30% and 60% of control. Superoxide dismutase was decreased in liver and brain. Glutathione reductase was inhibited in liver while glutathione peroxidase and transferase were unaffected. Plasma lactate dehydrogenase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase activities were both increased. The associations of drugs produce more damage than individual administration being the effects observed strongly dependent on the kind of tissue analyzed. In conclusion, the present paper evidenced both the role of the oxidative stress as a mechanism of action of some pesticides and the potential additive effects of a simultaneous exposure to more than one compound. In addition, results suggest a potential contribution of pesticide mixtures to the aetiology of some neurodegenerative diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Astiz
- INIBIOLP (Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata), CCT La Plata, CONICET-UNLP, Cátedra de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calles 60 y 120, 1900 La Plata, Argentina
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Carlucci F, Tabucchi A. Capillary electrophoresis in the evaluation of aminothiols in body fluids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3347-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2009] [Revised: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 07/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
79
|
Determination of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in biological samples: An in-depth review. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3331-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2009] [Revised: 06/02/2009] [Accepted: 06/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
80
|
Rossi R, Giustarini D, Colombo G, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Evidence against a role of ketone bodies in the generation of oxidative stress in human erythrocytes by the application of reliable methods for thiol redox form detection. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3467-74. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2009] [Revised: 04/16/2009] [Accepted: 04/21/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
81
|
Izumo K, Horiuchi M, Komatsu M, Aoyama K, Bandow K, Matsuguchi T, Takeuchi M, Takeuchi T. Dehydroepiandrosterone increased oxidative stress in a human cell line during differentiation. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:922-31. [DOI: 10.1080/10715760903137093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
82
|
Rossi R, Giustarini D, Fineschi S, De Cunto G, Lungarella G, Cavarra E. Differential thiol status in blood of different mouse strains exposed to cigarette smoke. Free Radic Res 2009; 43:538-45. [PMID: 19370473 DOI: 10.1080/10715760902893332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
C57Bl/6J, DBA/2 and ICR mouse strains are known to possess different susceptibilities to developing emphysema after exposure to cigarette smoke with DBA/2 and C57Bl/6J strains being significantly more susceptible to pulmonary damage than the ICR strain. This study was aimed at analysing the occurrence of systemic oxidative stress in the blood of these different mouse strains after exposure to cigarette smoke. This study did not observe a significant decrease in glutathione in erythrocytes or in plasma cysteine, cysteinylglycine, homocysteine and glutathione in C57Bl/6J or DBA/2 mice, whereas a significant increase in the corresponding oxidized forms was observed in plasma. However, the ICR strain showed a significant increase in glutathione in erythrocytes and a significant decrease in most of the oxidized forms of cysteine, cysteinylglycine, homocysteine and glutathione in plasma after the same exposition. These experiments demonstrate that exposure to cigarette smoking induces systemic oxidative stress only in some mouse strains which are susceptible to developing emphysema.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Experimental Medicine & Public Health, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Rossi R. Oxidative stress induces a reversible flux of cysteine from tissues to blood in vivo in the rat. FEBS J 2009; 276:4946-58. [PMID: 19694807 DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2009.07197.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione (GSH) plays a key role in defense against oxidative stress. The availability of GSH is ensured in tissues by systems devoted to its maintenance in the reduced state and by the flux of GSH and cysteine between sites of biosynthesis and sites of utilization. Little is known about the effect of oxidative stress on the distribution of low-molecular-mass thiols and their exchange rate between tissues. In this study, we found that a slow infusion of diamide (a specific thiol-oxidizing compound) evoked a dramatic increase in blood cysteine in rats. Our data suggest that inter-organ exchange of cysteine occurs, that cysteine derives from both glutathione via gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase and methionine via homocysteine and the trans-sulfuration pathway, and that these pathways are considerably influenced by oxidative stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Laboratory of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Colombo R, Milzani A, Rossi R. Interference of Plasmatic Reduced Glutathione and Hemolysis on Glutathione Disulfide Levels in Human Blood. Free Radic Res 2009; 38:1101-6. [PMID: 15512798 DOI: 10.1080/10715760400008854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The blood reduced glutathione (GSH)/GSH disulfide (GSSG) ratio is an index of the oxidant/antioxidant balance of the whole body. Nevertheless, data indicating GSH and GSSG physiological levels are still widely divergent, especially those on GSSG, probably due to its low concentration. Standardization in methodological protocols and sample manipulation could help to minimize these discrepancies. Therefore, we have investigated how plasma reduced GSH, which is rapidly oxidized after blood withdrawal, could alter the blood GSSG measurement if the sample is not suitably processed. We have observed that an increase in plasma GSH concentration, due to red blood cell hemolysis, is responsible for a significant overestimation of blood GSSG level. Our results show that, before performing blood GSSG determination, thiols have to be rapidly blocked, to avoid possible pitfalls in GSSG measurement, in particular when hemolysis is present.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology Section, University of Siena, via A. Moro 4, I-53100, Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Iwasaki Y, Saito Y, Nakano Y, Mochizuki K, Sakata O, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Chromatographic and mass spectrometric analysis of glutathione in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3309-17. [PMID: 19620027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2009] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Biological thiol compounds are classified into high-molecular-mass protein thiols and low-molecular-mass free thiols. Endogenous low-molecular-mass thiol compounds, namely, reduced glutathione (GSH) and its corresponding disulfide, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), are very important molecules that participate in a variety of physiological and pathological processes. GSH plays an essential role in protecting cells from oxidative and nitrosative stress and GSSG can be converted into the reduced form by action of glutathione reductase. Measurement of GSH and GSSG is a useful indicator of oxidative stress and disease risk. Many publications have reported successful determination of GSH and GSSG in biological samples. In this article, we review newly developed techniques, such as liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry and tandem mass spectrometry, for identifying GSH bound to proteins, or for localizing GSH in bound or free forms at specific sites in organs and in cellular locations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
HPLC analysis of human erythrocytic glutathione forms using OPA and N-acetyl-cysteine ethyl ester: evidence for nitrite-induced GSH oxidation to GSSG. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:3405-17. [PMID: 19665947 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.06.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2009] [Revised: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Glutathione exists in biological samples in the reduced form (GSH), as its disulfide (GSSG) and as a mixed disulfide (GSSR) with thiols (RSH). GSH is the most abundant low-molecular-mass thiol and plays important roles as a cofactor and as a main constituent of the intracellular redox status. Due to its own sulfhydryl (SH) group, GSH reacts readily with o-phthaldialdehyde (OPA) to form a highly stable and fluorescent isoindole derivative (GSH-OPA), which allows for sensitive and specific quantitative determination of GSH in biological systems by HPLC with fluorescence (FL) detection. In the present article we report on the utility of the novel, strongly disulfide bond-reducing thiol N-acetyl-cysteine ethyl ester (NACET) for the specific quantitative analysis of GSH and GSSG in the cytosol of red blood cells (RBC) as GSH-OPA derivative with FL (excitation/emission 338/458nm) or UV absorbance (338nm) detection. Unlike in aqueous solution, the derivatization of GSH in RBC cytosol yielded two closely related derivatives in the absence of NACET and only the GSH-OPA derivative in the presence of NACET. The HPLC method was optimized and validated for human RBC and applied to measure GSH and GSSG in RBC of healthy subjects. Basal GSH and GSSG concentrations were determined to be 2340+/-350microM and 11.4+/-3.2microM, respectively, in RBC of 12 healthy young volunteers (aged 23-38 years). The method was also applied to study the effects of nitrite on the glutathione status in intact and lysed human RBC. Nitrite at mM-concentrations caused instantaneous and considerable GSSG formation in lysed but much less pronounced in intact RBC. GSH externally added to lysed RBC inhibited nitrite-induced methemoglobin formation. Our findings suggest that nitric oxide/nitrite-related consumption rate of GSH, and presumably that of NADH and NADPH, could be of the order of 600micromol/day in RBC of healthy subjects.
Collapse
|
87
|
Ziyatdinova G, Grigor’eva L, Morozov M, Gilmutdinov A, Budnikov H. Electrochemical oxidation of sulfur-containing amino acids on an electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Mikrochim Acta 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-009-0142-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
88
|
Žunić G, Spasić S. Capillary electrophoresis method optimized with a factorial design for the determination of glutathione and amino acid status using human capillary blood. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2008; 873:70-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
89
|
Rossi R, Giustarini D, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Cysteinylation and homocysteinylation of plasma protein thiols during ageing of healthy human beings. J Cell Mol Med 2008; 13:3131-40. [PMID: 18624771 PMCID: PMC4516472 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2008.00417.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to determine the relative amount of S-thiolated proteins (i.e. S-homocysteinylated, S-cysteinylglycinylated, S-glutathionylated and S-cysteinylated proteins) to the total protein thiols (i.e. the sum of reduced protein sulphydryl groups (PSHs) and protein mixed disulphides with homocysteine [HcySH], cysteinylglycine, cysteine [CysSH] and glutathione) in the plasma of healthy individuals aged 20 to 93. After plasma separation, total protein thiols, S-thiolated proteins, as well as CysSH, cystine, HcySH and homocystine were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence determination of the thiol-monobromobimane conjugate. Determination of plasma levels of protein thiols was performed by spectrophotometry with 5,5′-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) as a titrating agent. The present study demonstrates an age-dependent reduction in the amount of PSHs, and an age-dependent increase in cysteinylated and homocysteinylated plasma proteins in healthy human beings. This indicates that the efficiency of the reduced protein thiol pool as an antioxidant defence system decreases with age, possibly causing an increased risk of irreversible oxidation (i.e. further oxidation to sulphinic and sulphonic acids, which are usually not reducible by thiol reducing agents) of sulphydryl groups of plasma proteins. The drop in the plasma level of protein sulphydryl groups suggests depletion and/or impairment of the antioxidant capacity of plasma, likely related to an alteration of the delicate balance between the different redox forms of thiols.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Rossi
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Gagliano N, Colombo R, Giustarini D, Rossi R. Molecular mechanisms and potential clinical significance of S-glutathionylation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2008; 10:445-73. [PMID: 18092936 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.1716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 240] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Protein S-glutathionylation, the reversible binding of glutathione to protein thiols (PSH), is involved in protein redox regulation, storage of glutathione, and protection of PSH from irreversible oxidation. S-Glutathionylated protein (PSSG) can result from thiol/disulfide exchange between PSH and GSSG or PSSG; direct interaction between partially oxidized PSH and GSH; reactions between PSH and S-nitrosothiols, oxidized forms of GSH, or glutathione thiyl radical. Indeed, thiol/disulfide exchange is an unlikely intracellular mechanism for S-glutathionylation, because of the redox potential of most Cys residues and the GSSG export by most cells as a protective mechanism against oxidative stress. S-Glutathionylation can be reversed, following restoration of a reducing GSH/GSSG ratio, in an enzyme-dependent or -independent manner. Currently, definite evidence of protein S-glutathionylation has been clearly demonstrated in few human diseases. In aging human lenses, protein S-glutathionylation increases; during cataractogenesis, some of lens proteins, including alpha- and beta-crystallins, form both mixed disulfides and disulfide-cross-linked aggregates, which increase with cataract severity. The correlation of lens nuclear color and opalescence intensity with protein S-glutathionylation indicates that protein-thiol mixed disulfides may play an important role in cataractogenesis and development of brunescence in human lenses. Recently, specific PSSG have been identified in the inferior parietal lobule in Alzheimer's disease. However, much investigation is needed to clarify the actual involvement of protein S-glutathionylation in many human diseases.
Collapse
|
91
|
Wang T, An Y, He HB, Qian D, Cai RL. Simultaneous determination of oxidized and reduced glutathione in eel's (Monopterus albus) plasma by transient pseudoisotachophoresis coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:368-373. [PMID: 18092751 DOI: 10.1021/jf0721850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Both the reduced form of glutathione (GSH) and the oxidized form of glutathione (GSSG) in eel's ( Monopterus albus) plasma were for the first time determined by transient pseudoisotachophoresis coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis. The method of transient pseudoisotachophoresis coupled with capillary zone electrophoresis has been thoroughly optimized and adequately evaluated for the simultaneous determination of GSH and GSSG in eel's plasma. The detection limits (S/N = 3) of the method developed were 0.2 and 0.05 micromol/L for GSH and GSSG, respectively. The linearity of the calibration curves was valid in the range of 0-10 micromol/L GSH and 0-0.70 micromol/L GSSG. The method was simple, fast, and reproducible. It was found that the respective concentrations of GSH and GSSG were in the range of 9.1-14.5 and 0.31-0.58 micromol/L in the adult eel's plasma, and 10.8-17.9 and 0.49 - 0.68 micromol/L in the juvenile eel's plasma of the three populations determined. Each blood sample was a composite of five eels. For each of the three populations, the concentrations of GSH and GSSG in the adult eel's plasma were lower than those in the juvenile eel's plasma, and the concentrations of GSH and GSSG in the plasma of population 1 (deep yellow finless eels) were higher than those in populations 2 (light yellow finless eels) and 3 (green finless eels) for either the adult or the juvenile eels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianlin Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
92
|
Abstract
The consumption of garlic is inversely correlated with the progression of cardiovascular disease, although the responsible mechanisms remain unclear. Here we show that human RBCs convert garlic-derived organic polysulfides into hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S), an endogenous cardioprotective vascular cell signaling molecule. This H(2)S production, measured in real time by a novel polarographic H(2)S sensor, is supported by glucose-maintained cytosolic glutathione levels and is to a large extent reliant on reduced thiols in or on the RBC membrane. H(2)S production from organic polysulfides is facilitated by allyl substituents and by increasing numbers of tethering sulfur atoms. Allyl-substituted polysulfides undergo nucleophilic substitution at the alpha carbon of the allyl substituent, thereby forming a hydropolysulfide (RS(n)H), a key intermediate during the formation of H(2)S. Organic polysulfides (R-S(n)-R'; n > 2) also undergo nucleophilic substitution at a sulfur atom, yielding RS(n)H and H(2)S. Intact aorta rings, under physiologically relevant oxygen levels, also metabolize garlic-derived organic polysulfides to liberate H(2)S. The vasoactivity of garlic compounds is synchronous with H(2)S production, and their potency to mediate relaxation increases with H(2)S yield, strongly supporting our hypothesis that H(2)S mediates the vasoactivity of garlic. Our results also suggest that the capacity to produce H(2)S can be used to standardize garlic dietary supplements.
Collapse
|
93
|
Zakharchuk N, Borisova N, Guselnikova E, Brainina K. Determination of Thiols and Disulfides in Whole Blood and Its Fractions by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry and Anodic Stripping Voltammetric Titration. ELECTROANAL 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.200603670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
94
|
Rossi R, Giustarini D, Milzani A, Dalle-Donne I. Membrane skeletal protein S-glutathionylation and hemolysis in human red blood cells. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2006; 37:180-7. [PMID: 17059889 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcmd.2006.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2006] [Revised: 09/20/2006] [Accepted: 09/20/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, protein-glutathione mixed disulfide formation in human red blood cells (RBCs) was evaluated in vitro by using the thiol-specific reagent diamide. We investigated what mechanism could lead to S-glutathionylation of membrane skeletal proteins, what are the main target proteins, and the correlation between protein S-glutathionylation and RBC hemolysis. Diamide caused a decrease in the reduced form of glutathione (GSH), which was accompanied by an increase in the basal level of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and in S-glutathionylation of protein 4.2 and spectrin. The increase in membrane skeletal protein S-glutathionylation was correlated with a lower susceptibility of RBCs to osmotic hemolysis, suggesting that S-glutathionylation of protein 4.2 and spectrin could contribute to regulate RBC membrane stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Siena, I-53100 Siena, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Rossi R, Dalle-Donne I, Milzani A, Giustarini D. Oxidized Forms of Glutathione in Peripheral Blood as Biomarkers of Oxidative Stress. Clin Chem 2006; 52:1406-14. [PMID: 16690733 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2006.067793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Background: Reduced glutathione (GSH) and its redox forms, glutathione disulfide (GSSG) and glutathionylated proteins (PSSG), are biomarkers of oxidative stress, but methodologic artifacts can interfere with their measurement. We evaluated the importance of correct sample handling during the preanalytical phase for GSH, GSSG, and PSSG measurement.
Methods: We used human blood for in vitro experiments with oxidants [tert-butylhydroperoxide (t-BOOH), diamide, and menadione]. For in vivo experiments, we used rats in which we cannulated the jugular and femoral veins for both oxidant administration and blood collection. We measured GSH, GSSG, and PSSG with HPLC with or without sample pretreatment with N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) to prevent artifacts. We also measured malondialdehyde (MDA) with HPLC, and protein carbonyls (PCO) with spectrophotometric procedures.
Results: When methodologic artifacts were prevented by pretreatment with NEM, GSSG results increased up to 3-fold over the basal concentrations, even in the presence of 5 μmol/L t-BOOH or diamide and 20 μmol/L menadione. PSSG increased by ∼50% at 20 μmol/L t-BOOH or diamide and at 50 μmol/L menadione. PCO and MDA remained unchanged. In vivo oxidation treatments elicited immediate and significant increases in GSSG and PSSG over basal values (up to 200-fold), whereas PCO and MDA showed only slight variation 120 or 180 min after treatment.
Conclusions: With the use of artifact-free measurement methods, GSH, GSSG, and PSSG are potentially powerful and reliable biomarkers of oxidative stress status and can be used to evaluate whether, and to what extent, oxidative stress may be involved in various diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranieri Rossi
- Department of Neuroscience, Pharmacology Section, University of Siena, Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Iwasaki Y, Hoshi M, Ito R, Saito K, Nakazawa H. Analysis of glutathione and glutathione disulfide in human saliva using hydrophilic interaction chromatography with mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2006; 839:74-9. [PMID: 16621738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2006.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2005] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/16/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A sensitive method for the determination of glutathione (GSH) and glutathione disulfide (GSSG) in human saliva was developed and validated. GSH was captured and stabilized by the addition of N-ethylmaleimide (NEM). Solid-phase extraction (SPE) using an Oasis MAX extraction cartridge was employed for sample preparation and analysis was performed on a Shimadzu LCMS-2010 A that was operated in the single ion monitoring mode using positive ion electrospray ionization (ESI) as the interface. The monitored ion for GSH-NEM was m/z 433 and that for GSSG was m/z 613. Chromatography was carried out on an Atlantis HILIC silica column (150 mm x 2.1 mm, 5 microm) with acetonitrile and formate buffer as the mobile phase at the flow rate of 0.2 ml/min. The calibration curve was linear over the range of 0.1-100 microM for GSH-NEM. The extraction recoveries of GSH-NEM spiked at concentrations of 25 and 50 microM were 97.1 and 104.4%, respectively. Similar results were obtained for GSSG. The newly developed hydrophilic interaction chromatography with mass spectrometry (HILIC/MS) method showed superior sensitivity for the determination of GSH and GSSG in human saliva samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Iwasaki
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, 2-4-41 Ebara, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
|
98
|
Zinellu A, Sotgia S, Usai MF, Zinellu E, Deiana L, Carru C. GSH depletion after erythrocytes acidic treatment is related to intracellular hemoglobin levels. Clin Chim Acta 2006; 366:363. [PMID: 16368088 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2005.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2005] [Revised: 11/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/07/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
99
|
Giustarini D, Dalle-Donne I, Cavarra E, Fineschi S, Lungarella G, Milzani A, Rossi R. Metabolism of oxidants by blood from different mouse strains. Biochem Pharmacol 2006; 71:1753-64. [PMID: 16624256 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2006.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2006] [Revised: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 03/15/2006] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Haemoglobins bearing reactive sulfhydryl groups have been shown to be able to interplay with glutathione in some detoxification processes. Blood from different mouse strains commonly used as experimental animal models, i.e., C57, DBA and ICR, was treated with oxidants with the aim of evaluating: (i) the involvement of protein SH groups in oxido-reductive reactions that are commonly carried out by glutathione and (ii) the impact of this phenomenon on blood-mediated metabolism of thiol reactants. All the main forms of glutathione (reduced, disulfide, and mixed disulfide with haemoglobin) were measured after oxidant treatment. Significant differences were found among the studied strains: DBA mice formed preferably mixed disulfides instead of glutathione disulfide, whereas the opposite behaviour was shown by C57 mice. Unexpectedly, the ICR strain resulted to be composed of three different subgroups (ICRa, ICRb, and ICRc), with the ICRa behaving similarly to the DBA strain, ICRc to the C57 strain, and ICRc showing an intermediate behaviour. These results are due to the different number of haemoglobin SH groups in the studied mouse strains. In particular, additional fast-reacting SH groups were found in haemoglobin from DBA, ICRa, and ICRb mice, but not in the C57 and ICRc strain. These differences were also reflected in the susceptibility of haemoglobin to dimerize and in its ability to react with S-nitrosocysteine. Because of the widely different reactivity of haemoglobin cysteinyl residues, the mouse strains examined are an interesting but complicated model in which to study the pharmacological and toxicological action of some drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Giustarini
- Department of Neurosciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Siena, Via A. Moro 4, 53100 Siena, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Shaik IH, Mehvar R. Rapid determination of reduced and oxidized glutathione levels using a new thiol-masking reagent and the enzymatic recycling method: application to the rat liver and bile samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2006; 385:105-13. [PMID: 16547740 PMCID: PMC1483140 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-006-0375-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2006] [Revised: 02/13/2006] [Accepted: 02/17/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
A microtiter plate assay for quantitation of reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) glutathione in the rat liver tissue and bile is described. The assay is based on the established enzymatic recycling method and a new thiol-masking reagent, 1-methyl-4-vinyl-pyridinium trifluoromethane sulfonate (M4VP). Samples were first processed by homogenization with (liver) or addition of (bile) sulfosalicylic acid. The total glutathione and GSSG were then determined before and after rapid (< or = 2 min) and efficient (100%) masking of the GSH content of the samples with M4VP followed by the enzymatic recycling assay. The percentages of error and coefficient of variation of the assay were within the accepted guidelines, indicating the accuracy and precision of the assay in the range of 6.25-100 pmol GSH per microplate well and 2.17-140 pmol GSSG per well, with lower limit of quantitation of 6.25 and 2.17 pmol per well for GSH and GSSG, respectively. Furthermore, the recoveries of added GSH or GSSG from the liver and bile samples were accurate and precise. The assay was applied to measurement of GSH, GSSG, and GSH:GSSG ratio in the liver and serially collected bile samples in sham-operated and ischemic rat livers, demonstrating a depletion of glutathione and a decrease in the GSH:GSSG ratio as a result of ischemia. The developed assay is rapid, sensitive, accurate, and precise and is suitable for studies of the redox status of liver under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Reza Mehvar
- Address Correspondence to: Reza Mehvar, Ph.D., School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 1300 Coulter, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA; Phone: (806) 356-4015 Ext. 337; FAX: (806) 356-4034; e-mail:
| |
Collapse
|