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Lipids and Oxidative Stress Associated with Ethanol-Induced Neurological Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:1543809. [PMID: 26949445 PMCID: PMC4753689 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1543809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The excessive intake of alcohol is a serious public health problem, especially given the severe damage provoked by chronic or prenatal exposure to alcohol that affects many physiological processes, such as memory, motor function, and cognitive abilities. This damage is related to the ethanol oxidation in the brain. The metabolism of ethanol to acetaldehyde and then to acetate is associated with the production of reactive oxygen species that accentuate the oxidative state of cells. This metabolism of ethanol can induce the oxidation of the fatty acids in phospholipids, and the bioactive aldehydes produced are known to be associated with neurotoxicity and neurodegeneration. As such, here we will review the role of lipids in the neuronal damage induced by ethanol-related oxidative stress and the role that lipids play in the related compensatory or defense mechanisms.
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Beck G, Shinzawa K, Hayakawa H, Baba K, Yasuda T, Sumi-Akamaru H, Tsujimoto Y, Mochizuki H. Deficiency of Calcium-Independent Phospholipase A2 Beta Induces Brain Iron Accumulation through Upregulation of Divalent Metal Transporter 1. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141629. [PMID: 26506412 PMCID: PMC4624760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in PLA2G6 have been proposed to be the cause of neurodegeneration with brain iron accumulation type 2. The present study aimed to clarify the mechanism underlying brain iron accumulation during the deficiency of calcium-independent phospholipase A2 beta (iPLA2β), which is encoded by the PLA2G6 gene. Perl's staining with diaminobenzidine enhancement was used to visualize brain iron accumulation. Western blotting was used to investigate the expression of molecules involved in iron homeostasis, including divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and iron regulatory proteins (IRP1 and 2), in the brains of iPLA2β-knockout (KO) mice as well as in PLA2G6-knockdown (KD) SH-SY5Y human neuroblastoma cells. Furthermore, mitochondrial functions such as ATP production were examined. We have discovered for the first time that marked iron deposition was observed in the brains of iPLA2β-KO mice since the early clinical stages. DMT1 and IRP2 were markedly upregulated in all examined brain regions of aged iPLA2β-KO mice compared to age-matched wild-type control mice. Moreover, peroxidized lipids were increased in the brains of iPLA2β-KO mice. DMT1 and IRPs were significantly upregulated in PLA2G6-KD cells compared with cells treated with negative control siRNA. Degeneration of the mitochondrial inner membrane and decrease of ATP production were observed in PLA2G6-KD cells. These results suggest that the genetic ablation of iPLA2β increased iron uptake in the brain through the activation of IRP2 and upregulation of DMT1, which may be associated with mitochondrial dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Goichi Beck
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koei Shinzawa
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Hayakawa
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kousuke Baba
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toru Yasuda
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Human Genetics, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hisae Sumi-Akamaru
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Tsujimoto
- Department of Medical Genetics, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- Osaka Medical Center for Cancer and Cardiovascular Diseases, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Osaka, Japan
- * E-mail: (HM)
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Paradies G, Paradies V, Ruggiero FM, Petrosillo G. Cardiolipin alterations and mitochondrial dysfunction in heart ischemia/reperfusion injury. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/clp.15.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Spickett CM, Pitt AR. Oxidative lipidomics coming of age: advances in analysis of oxidized phospholipids in physiology and pathology. Antioxid Redox Signal 2015; 22:1646-66. [PMID: 25694038 PMCID: PMC4486145 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2014.6098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Oxidized phospholipids are now well recognized as markers of biological oxidative stress and bioactive molecules with both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory effects. While analytical methods continue to be developed for studies of generic lipid oxidation, mass spectrometry (MS) has underpinned the advances in knowledge of specific oxidized phospholipids by allowing their identification and characterization, and it is responsible for the expansion of oxidative lipidomics. RECENT ADVANCES Studies of oxidized phospholipids in biological samples, from both animal models and clinical samples, have been facilitated by the recent improvements in MS, especially targeted routines that depend on the fragmentation pattern of the parent molecular ion and improved resolution and mass accuracy. MS can be used to identify selectively individual compounds or groups of compounds with common features, which greatly improves the sensitivity and specificity of detection. Application of these methods has enabled important advances in understanding the mechanisms of inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, steatohepatitis, leprosy, and cystic fibrosis, and it offers potential for developing biomarkers of molecular aspects of the diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS The future in this field will depend on development of improved MS technologies, such as ion mobility, novel enrichment methods and databases, and software for data analysis, owing to the very large amount of data generated in these experiments. Imaging of oxidized phospholipids in tissue MS is an additional exciting direction emerging that can be expected to advance understanding of physiology and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne M. Spickett
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew R. Pitt
- School of Life & Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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55
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Wei X, Yin H. Covalent modification of DNA by α, β-unsaturated aldehydes derived from lipid peroxidation: Recent progress and challenges. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:905-17. [PMID: 25968945 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2015.1040009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation (LPO) has been associated with human physiology and pathophysiology. LPO generates an array of oxidation products and among them reactive lipid aldehydes have received intensive research attentions due to their roles in modulating functions of biomolecules through covalent modification. Thus, covalent modification of DNA by these reactive lipid electrophiles has been postulated to be partially responsible for the biological roles of LPO. In this review, we summarized recent progress and challenges in studying the roles of covalent modification of DNA including nuclear and mitochondrial DNA by reactive lipid metabolites from LPO. We focused on the novel mechanistic insights into generation of lipid aldehydes from cellular membranes especially mitochondria through LPO. Recent advances in the technological front using mass spectrometry have also been highlighted in the settings of studying DNA damage caused by LPO and its biological relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Wei
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) , Shanghai , China
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56
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Sumi-Akamaru H, Beck G, Kato S, Mochizuki H. Neuroaxonal dystrophy inPLA2G6knockout mice. Neuropathology 2015; 35:289-302. [DOI: 10.1111/neup.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisae Sumi-Akamaru
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita Japan
| | - Goichi Beck
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kato
- Division of Neuropathology; Department of Brain and Neurosciences; Tottori University Faculty of Medicine; Yonago Japan
| | - Hideki Mochizuki
- Department of Neurology; Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine; Suita Japan
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57
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Milkovic L, Cipak Gasparovic A, Zarkovic N. Overview on major lipid peroxidation bioactive factor 4-hydroxynonenal as pluripotent growth-regulating factor. Free Radic Res 2015; 49:850-60. [PMID: 25532703 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.999056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The reactive aldehyde 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) is major bioactive marker of lipid peroxidation generated under oxidative stress from polyunsaturated fatty acids. Biomedical significance of HNE was first revealed in pathogenesis of various degenerative and malignant diseases. Thus, HNE was considered for decades only as cytotoxic molecule, "second toxic messenger of free radicals" responsible for numerous undesirable consequences of oxidative stress. However, the increase of knowledge on physiology of redox signaling revealed also desirable, physiological roles of HNE, especially in the field of cellular signaling pathways regulating proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. These pluripotent effects of HNE can be explained by its concentration-dependent interactions with the cytokine networks and complex cellular antioxidant systems also showing cell and tissue specificities. Therefore, this paper gives a comprehensive, yet short overview on HNE as pluripotent growth-regulating factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Milkovic
- Laboratory for Oxidative Stress, Rudjer Boskovic Institute , Zagreb , Croatia
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58
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Pluskota-Karwatka D, Muńko M, Hoffmann M, Kuta M, Kronberg L. Studies on the reactions between the DNA bases and a model α,β-unsaturated oxoaldehyde. NEW J CHEM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5nj01149c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Two sets of adducts of 2′-dC with a model oxoenal were characterised based on 2D NMR spectroscopy. DFT calculations indicated that two mechanisms can be involved in these compounds formation. The instability of one of these products leads to deamination of 2′-dC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Malwina Muńko
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Marcin Hoffmann
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Martyna Kuta
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- Faculty of Chemistry
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - Leif Kronberg
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- Åbo Akademi University
- 20500 Turku/Åbo
- Finland
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59
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Zhong H, Yin H. Role of lipid peroxidation derived 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) in cancer: focusing on mitochondria. Redox Biol 2014; 4:193-9. [PMID: 25598486 PMCID: PMC4803793 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced lipid peroxidation has been associated with human physiology and diseases including cancer. Overwhelming data suggest that reactive lipid mediators generated from this process, such as 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), are biomarkers for oxidative stress and important players for mediating a number of signaling pathways. The biological effects of 4-HNE are primarily due to covalent modification of important biomolecules including proteins, DNA, and phospholipids containing amino group. In this review, we summarize recent progress on the role of 4-HNE in pathogenesis of cancer and focus on the involvement of mitochondria: generation of 4-HNE from oxidation of mitochondria-specific phospholipid cardiolipin; covalent modification of mitochondrial proteins, lipids, and DNA; potential therapeutic strategies for targeting mitochondrial ROS generation, lipid peroxidation, and 4-HNE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China; Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China; School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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60
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Lokhmatikov AV, Voskoboynikova NE, Cherepanov DA, Sumbatyan NV, Korshunova GA, Skulachev MV, Steinhoff HJ, Skulachev VP, Mulkidjanian AY. Prevention of peroxidation of cardiolipin liposomes by quinol-based antioxidants. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2014; 79:1081-100. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297914100101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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61
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Beavers W, Serwa R, Shimozu Y, Tallman KA, Vaught M, Dalvie ED, Marnett LJ, Porter NA. ω-Alkynyl lipid surrogates for polyunsaturated fatty acids: free radical and enzymatic oxidations. J Am Chem Soc 2014; 136:11529-39. [PMID: 25034362 PMCID: PMC4140476 DOI: 10.1021/ja506038v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipid and lipid metabolite profiling are important parameters in understanding the pathogenesis of many diseases. Alkynylated polyunsaturated fatty acids are potentially useful probes for tracking the fate of fatty acid metabolites. The nonenzymatic and enzymatic oxidations of ω-alkynyl linoleic acid and ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid were compared to that of linoleic and arachidonic acid. There was no detectable difference in the primary products of nonenzymatic oxidation, which comprised cis,trans-hydroxy fatty acids. Similar hydroxy fatty acid products were formed when ω-alkynyl linoleic acid and ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid were reacted with lipoxygenase enzymes that introduce oxygen at different positions in the carbon chains. The rates of oxidation of ω-alkynylated fatty acids were reduced compared to those of the natural fatty acids. Cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 did not oxidize alkynyl linoleic but efficiently oxidized alkynyl arachidonic acid. The products were identified as alkynyl 11-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid, alkynyl 11-hydroxy-8,9-epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid, and alkynyl prostaglandins. This deviation from the metabolic profile of arachidonic acid may limit the utility of alkynyl arachidonic acid in the tracking of cyclooxygenase-based lipid oxidation. The formation of alkynyl 11-hydroxy-8,9-epoxy-eicosatrienoic acid compared to alkynyl prostaglandins suggests that the ω-alkyne group causes a conformational change in the fatty acid bound to the enzyme, which reduces the efficiency of cyclization of dioxalanyl intermediates to endoperoxide intermediates. Overall, ω-alkynyl linoleic acid and ω-alkynyl arachidonic acid appear to be metabolically competent surrogates for tracking the fate of polyunsaturated fatty acids when looking at models involving autoxidation and oxidation by lipoxygenases.
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Affiliation(s)
- William
N. Beavers
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Remigiusz Serwa
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Yuki Shimozu
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Keri A. Tallman
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Melissa Vaught
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Esha D. Dalvie
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- A.B. Hancock Memorial Laboratory for
Cancer Research, Departments of Chemistry, Biochemistry, and Pharmacology, Vanderbilt Institute for Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt
Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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62
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Electron flow into cytochrome c coupled with reactive oxygen species from the electron transport chain converts cytochrome c to a cardiolipin peroxidase: role during ischemia-reperfusion. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2014; 1840:3199-207. [PMID: 25092652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 07/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytochrome c (Cyt c) is a mobile component of the electron transport chain (ETC.) which contains a tightly coordinated heme iron. In pathologic settings, a key ligand of the cyt c's heme iron, methionine (Met80), is oxidized allowing cyt c to participate in reactions as a peroxidase with cardiolipin as a target. Myocardial ischemia (ISC) results in ETC. blockade and increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We hypothesized that during ischemia-reperfusion (ISC-REP); ROS generation coupled with electron flow into cyt c would oxidize Met80 and contribute to mitochondrial-mediated ETC. damage. METHODS Mitochondria were incubated with specific substrates and inhibitors to test the contributions of ROS and electron flow into cyt c. Subsequently, cyt c and cardiolipin were analyzed. To test the pathophysiologic relevance, mouse hearts that underwent ISC-REP were tested for methionine oxidation in cyt c. RESULTS The combination of substrate/inhibitor showed that ROS production and electron flux through cyt c are essential for the oxidation of methionine residues that lead to cardiolipin depletion. The content of cyt c methionine oxidation increases following ISC-REP in the intact heart. CONCLUSIONS Increase in intra-mitochondrial ROS coupled with electron flow into cyt c, oxidizes cyt c followed by depletion of cardiolipin. ISC-REP increases methionine oxidation, supporting that cyt c peroxidase activity can form in the intact heart. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE This study identifies a new site in the ETC. that is damaged during cardiac ISC-REP. Generation of a neoperoxidase activity of cyt c favors the formation of a defective ETC. that activates signaling for cell death.
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63
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Indradas B, Hansen C, Palmer M, Womack GB. Autoxidation as a trigger for the slow release of volatile perfumery chemicals. FLAVOUR FRAG J 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ffj.3207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brinda Indradas
- Firmenich Inc.; Division of Research and Development; 250 Plainsboro Road Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA
| | - Christopher Hansen
- Firmenich Inc.; Division of Research and Development; 250 Plainsboro Road Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA
| | - Michael Palmer
- Firmenich Inc.; Division of Research and Development; 250 Plainsboro Road Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA
| | - Gary B. Womack
- Firmenich Inc.; Division of Research and Development; 250 Plainsboro Road Plainsboro NJ 08536 USA
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64
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Zhong H, Lu J, Xia L, Zhu M, Yin H. Formation of electrophilic oxidation products from mitochondrial cardiolipin in vitro and in vivo in the context of apoptosis and atherosclerosis. Redox Biol 2014; 2:878-83. [PMID: 25061570 PMCID: PMC4099507 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2014.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2014] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidence indicates that mitochondrial cardiolipins (CL) are prone to free radical oxidation and this process appears to be intimately associated with multiple biological functions of mitochondria. Our previous work demonstrated that a significant amount of potent lipid electrophiles including 4-hydroxy-nonenal (4-HNE) was generated from CL oxidation through a novel chemical mechanism. Here we provide further evidence that a characteristic class of CL oxidation products, epoxyalcohol-aldehyde-CL (EAA-CL), is formed through this novel mechanism in isolated mice liver mitochondria when treated with the pro-apoptotic protein t-Bid to induce cyt c release. Generation of these oxidation products are dose-dependently attenuated by a peroxidase inhibitor acetaminophen (ApAP). Using a mouse model of atherosclerosis, we detected significant amount of these CL oxidation products in liver tissue of low density lipoprotein receptor knockout (LDLR −/−) mice after Western diet feeding. Our studies highlight the importance of lipid electrophiles formation from CL oxidation in the settings of apoptosis and atherosclerosis as inhibition of CL oxidation and lipid electrophiles formation may have potential therapeutic value in diseases linked to oxidant stress and mitochondrial dysfunctions. 4-HNE and other electrophilic lipids are formed from mitochondrial cardiolipin. Novel electrophilic oxidation products EAA-CL were identified in vitro and in vivo. Level of EAA-CL in liver tissue of LDLR −/− mice is higher with Western diet feeding. ApAP dose-dependently inhibits EAA-CL formation during t-Bid induced cyt c release. CL electrophilic lipid formation is important in apoptosis and atherosclerosis.
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Key Words
- 4-HNE, 4-hydroxy-nonena
- 4-ONE, 4-oxo-2-nonenal
- 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE)
- ALDH2, aldehyde dehydrogenase-2
- ApAP, acetaminophen
- Apoptosis
- Atherosclerosis
- BHT, butylate hydroxytoluene
- CL, cardiolipin cyt c cytochrome c
- Cardiolipin
- EAA-CL, epoxyalcohol-aldehyde-CL
- ESI, electrospray
- ETC, electron transport chain
- Epoxyalcohol-aldehyde-CL (EAA-CL)
- H2O2, hydrogen peroxide
- HODE, hydroxyoctadienoic acid
- HpODE, hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid
- KODE, keto-octadecadienoic acid
- L3OCL, trilinoleoyl oleoyl cardiolipin
- L4CL, tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin
- LA, linoleic acid
- LC–MS, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry
- LDLR −/−, low density lipoprotein receptor knockout
- Lipid peroxidation
- Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS)
- M4CL, tetramyristeoyl cardiolipin
- MRM, multiple reaction monitoring
- Mitochondria
- PHGPX, hospholipid hydroperoxide glutathione peroxidase
- PUFAs, Polyunsaturated fatty acids
- Prdx3/Prx3, peroxiredoxin 3
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiqin Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhong Lu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Xia
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Mingjiang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
| | - Huiyong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences (INS), Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences (SIBS), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shanghai, China
- University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, CAS, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Ministry of Health, Beijing, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
- Correspondence to: Room 1826, New Life Science Building, 320 Yueyang Road, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.
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65
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Song H, Wohltmann M, Tan M, Ladenson JH, Turk J. Group VIA phospholipase A2 mitigates palmitate-induced β-cell mitochondrial injury and apoptosis. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:14194-210. [PMID: 24648512 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.561910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Palmitate (C16:0) induces apoptosis of insulin-secreting β-cells by processes that involve generation of reactive oxygen species, and chronically elevated blood long chain free fatty acid levels are thought to contribute to β-cell lipotoxicity and the development of diabetes mellitus. Group VIA phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) affects β-cell sensitivity to apoptosis, and here we examined iPLA2β effects on events that occur in β-cells incubated with C16:0. Such events in INS-1 insulinoma cells were found to include activation of caspase-3, expression of stress response genes (C/EBP homologous protein and activating transcription factor 4), accumulation of ceramide, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and apoptosis. All of these responses were blunted in INS-1 cells that overexpress iPLA2β, which has been proposed to facilitate repair of oxidized mitochondrial phospholipids, e.g. cardiolipin (CL), by excising oxidized polyunsaturated fatty acid residues, e.g. linoleate (C18:2), to yield lysophospholipids, e.g. monolysocardiolipin (MLCL), that can be reacylated to regenerate the native phospholipid structures. Here the MLCL content of mouse pancreatic islets was found to rise with increasing iPLA2β expression, and recombinant iPLA2β hydrolyzed CL to MLCL and released oxygenated C18:2 residues from oxidized CL in preference to native C18:2. C16:0 induced accumulation of oxidized CL species and of the oxidized phospholipid (C18:0/hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid)-glycerophosphoethanolamine, and these effects were blunted in INS-1 cells that overexpress iPLA2β, consistent with iPLA2β-mediated removal of oxidized phospholipids. C16:0 also induced iPLA2β association with INS-1 cell mitochondria, consistent with a role in mitochondrial repair. These findings indicate that iPLA2β confers significant protection of β-cells against C16:0-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowei Song
- From the Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine and
| | - Mary Wohltmann
- From the Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine and
| | - Min Tan
- From the Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine and
| | - Jack H Ladenson
- Division of Laboratory and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - John Turk
- From the Mass Spectrometry Resource, Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipid Research, Department of Medicine and
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66
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Mali VR, Palaniyandi SS. Regulation and therapeutic strategies of 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal metabolism in heart disease. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:251-63. [PMID: 24237196 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.864761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (4-HNE), a reactive aldehyde, is generated from polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in biological membranes. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated during oxidative stress react with PUFAs to form aldehydes like 4-HNE, which inactivates proteins and DNA by forming hybrid covalent chemical addition compounds called adducts. The ensuing chain reaction results in cellular dysfunction and tissue damage. It includes a wide spectrum of events ranging from electron transport chain dysfunction to apoptosis. In addition, 4-HNE directly depresses contractile function, enhances ROS formation, modulates cell signaling pathways, and can contribute to many cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury, heart failure, and cardiomyopathy. Therefore, targeting 4-HNE could help reverse these pathologies. This review will focus on 4-HNE generation, the role of 4-HNE in cardiovascular diseases, cellular targets (especially mitochondria), processes and mechanisms for 4-HNE-induced toxicity, regulation of 4-HNE metabolism, and finally strategies for developing potential therapies for cardiovascular disease by attenuating 4-HNEinduced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V R Mali
- Division of Hypertension and Vascular Research, Department of Internal Medicine, Henry Ford Health System , Detroit, MI , USA
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67
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Cell death and diseases related to oxidative stress: 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) in the balance. Cell Death Differ 2013; 20:1615-30. [PMID: 24096871 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2013.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 07/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last three decades, 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE), a major α,β-unsaturated aldehyde product of n-6 fatty acid oxidation, has been shown to be involved in a great number of pathologies such as metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and cancers. These multiple pathologies can be explained by the fact that HNE is a potent modulator of numerous cell processes such as oxidative stress signaling, cell proliferation, transformation or cell death. The main objective of this review is to focus on the different aspects of HNE-induced cell death, with a particular emphasis on apoptosis. HNE is a special apoptotic inducer because of its abilities to form protein adducts and to propagate oxidative stress. It can stimulate intrinsic and extrinsic apoptotic pathways and interact with typical actors such as tumor protein 53, JNK, Fas or mitochondrial regulators. At the same time, due to its oxidant status, it can also induce some cellular defense mechanisms against oxidative stress, thus being involved in its own detoxification. These processes in turn limit the apoptotic potential of HNE. These dualities can imbalance cell fate, either toward cell death or toward survival, depending on the cell type, the metabolic state and the ability to detoxify.
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68
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Shelat PB, Plant LD, Wang JC, Lee E, Marks JD. The membrane-active tri-block copolymer pluronic F-68 profoundly rescues rat hippocampal neurons from oxygen-glucose deprivation-induced death through early inhibition of apoptosis. J Neurosci 2013; 33:12287-99. [PMID: 23884935 PMCID: PMC3721839 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.5731-12.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Revised: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 06/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluronic F-68, an 80% hydrophilic member of the Pluronic family of polyethylene-polypropylene-polyethylene tri-block copolymers, protects non-neuronal cells from traumatic injuries and rescues hippocampal neurons from excitotoxic and oxidative insults. F-68 interacts directly with lipid membranes and restores membrane function after direct membrane damage. Here, we demonstrate the efficacy of Pluronic F-68 in rescuing rat hippocampal neurons from apoptosis after oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD). OGD progressively decreased neuronal survival over 48 h in a severity-dependent manner, the majority of cell death occurring after 12 h after OGD. Administration of F-68 for 48 h after OGD rescued neurons from death in a dose-dependent manner. At its optimal concentration (30 μm), F-68 rescued all neurons that would have died after the first hour after OGD. This level of rescue persisted when F-68 administration was delayed 12 h after OGD. F-68 did not alter electrophysiological parameters controlling excitability, NMDA receptor-activated currents, or NMDA-induced increases in cytosolic calcium concentrations. However, F-68 treatment prevented phosphatidylserine externalization, caspase activation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, and BAX translocation to mitochondria, indicating that F-68 alters apoptotic mechanisms early in the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis. The profound neuronal rescue provided by F-68 after OGD and the high level of efficacy with delayed administration indicate that Pluronic copolymers may provide a novel, membrane-targeted approach to rescuing neurons after brain ischemia. The ability of membrane-active agents to block apoptosis suggests that membranes or their lipid components play prominent roles in injury-induced apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phullara B. Shelat
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Leigh D. Plant
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Janice C. Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Elizabeth Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
| | - Jeremy D. Marks
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637
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69
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Gong HY, Sun MX, Hu S, Tao YY, Gao B, Li GD, Cai ZD, Yao JZ. Benzochloroporphyrin Derivative Induced Cytotoxicity and Inhibition of Tumor Recurrence During Photodynamic Therapy for Osteosarcoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 14:3351-5. [DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2013.14.5.3351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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Jin J, Zheng Y, Brash AR. Demonstration of HNE-related aldehyde formation via lipoxygenase-catalyzed synthesis of a bis-allylic dihydroperoxide intermediate. Chem Res Toxicol 2013; 26:896-903. [PMID: 23668325 DOI: 10.1021/tx4000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
One of the proposed pathways to the synthesis of 4-hydroxy-nonenal (HNE) and related aldehydes entails formation of an intermediate bis-allylic fatty acid dihydroperoxide. As a first direct demonstration of such a pathway and proof of principle, herein we show that 8R-lipoxygenase (8R-LOX) catalyzes the enzymatic production of the HNE-like product (11-oxo-8-hydroperoxy-undeca-5,9-dienoic acid) via synthesis of 8,11-dihydroperoxy-eicosa-5,9,12,14-tetraenoic acid intermediate. Incubation of arachidonic acid with 8R-LOX formed initially 8R-hydroperoxy-eicosatetraenoic acid (8R-HPETE), which was further converted to a mixture of products including a prominent HPNE-like enone. A new bis-allylic dihydroperoxide was trapped when the incubation was repeated on ice. Reincubation of this intermediate with 8R-LOX successfully demonstrated its conversion to the enone products, and this reaction was greatly accelerated by coincubation with NDGA, a reductant of the LOX iron. These findings identify a plausible mechanism that could contribute to the production of 4-hydroxy-alkenals in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jin
- Department of Pharmacology and the Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, USA
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71
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Spickett CM. The lipid peroxidation product 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal: Advances in chemistry and analysis. Redox Biol 2013; 1:145-52. [PMID: 24024147 PMCID: PMC3757682 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2013.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal (HNE) is one of the most studied products of phospholipid peroxidation, owing to its reactivity and cytotoxicity. It can be formed by several radical-dependent oxidative routes involving the formation of hydroperoxides, alkoxyl radicals, epoxides, and fatty acyl cross-linking reactions. Cleavage of the oxidized fatty acyl chain results in formation of HNE from the methyl end, and 9-oxo-nonanoic acid from the carboxylate or esterified end of the chain, although many other products are also possible. HNE can be metabolized in tissues by a variety of pathways, leading to detoxification and excretion. HNE-adducts to proteins have been detected in inflammatory situations such as atherosclerotic lesions using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, which have also been applied in ELISAs and western blotting. However, in order to identify the proteins modified and the exact sites and nature of the modifications, mass spectrometry approaches are required. Combinations of enrichment strategies with targetted mass spectrometry routines such as neutral loss scanning are now facilitating detection of HNE-modified proteins in complex biological samples. This is important for characterizing the interactions of HNE with redox sensitive cell signalling proteins and understanding how it may modulate their activities either physiologically or in disease.
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Key Words
- Anti-HNE antibodies
- DHN-MA, 1,4-Dihydroxynonane-mercapturic acid
- DNPH, 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine
- ESI, Electrospray ionization
- FT-ICR, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance
- HNE, 4-Hydroxy-2-nonenal
- HNE-protein adducts
- HODA, 9-Hydroxy-12-oxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid
- HPETE, Hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid
- HPODE, Hydroperoxyoctadecadienoic acid
- Hydroxyalkenal
- KODA, 9-Keto-12-oxo-10(E)-dodecenoic acid
- MALDI, Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization
- MDA, Malondialdehyde
- MS, Mass spectrometry
- Mab, Monoclonal antibody
- Mass spectrometry
- Neutral loss scanning
- ONA, 9-Oxo-nonanoic acid
- ONE, 9-Oxo-2-nonenal
- PETE, Peroxyeicosatetraenoate
- PODE, Peroxyoctadecadienoate
- Redox signalling
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinne M Spickett
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK
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72
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Cortie CH, Else PL. Dietary docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6) incorporates into cardiolipin at the expense of linoleic Acid (18:2): analysis and potential implications. Int J Mol Sci 2012. [PMID: 23203135 PMCID: PMC3509651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms131115447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiolipin is a signature phospholipid of major functional significance in mitochondria. In heart mitochondria the fatty acid composition of cardiolipin is commonly viewed as highly regulated due to its high levels of linoleic acid (18:2n − 6) and the dominant presence of a 4×18:2 molecular species. However, analysis of data from a comprehensive compilation of studies reporting changes in fatty acid composition of cardiolipin in heart and liver mitochondria in response to dietary fat shows that, in heart the accrual of 18:2 into cardiolipin conforms strongly to its dietary availability at up to 20% of total dietary fatty acid and thereafter is regulated. In liver, no dietary conformer trend is apparent for 18:2 with regulated lower levels across the dietary range for 18:2. When 18:2 and docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n − 3) are present in the same diet, 22:6 is incorporated into cardiolipin of heart and liver at the expense of 18:2 when 22:6 is up to ~20% and 10% of total dietary fatty acid respectively. Changes in fatty acid composition in response to dietary fat are also compared for the two other main mitochondrial phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine, and the potential consequences of replacement of 18:2 with 22:6 in cardiolipin are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin H Cortie
- Metabolic Research Centre (in IHMRI), School of Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia.
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73
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Samhan-Arias AK, Ji J, Demidova OM, Sparvero LJ, Feng W, Tyurin V, Tyurina YY, Epperly MW, Shvedova AA, Greenberger JS, Bayir H, Kagan VE, Amoscato AA. Oxidized phospholipids as biomarkers of tissue and cell damage with a focus on cardiolipin. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2012; 1818:2413-23. [PMID: 22200675 PMCID: PMC3398793 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Accepted: 03/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Oxidized phospholipid species are important, biologically relevant, lipid signaling molecules that usually exist in low abundance in biological tissues. Along with their inherent stability issues, these oxidized lipids present themselves as a challenge in their detection and identification. Often times, oxidized lipid species can co-chromatograph with non-oxidized species making the detection of the former extremely difficult, even with the use of mass spectrometry. In this study, a normal-phase and reverse-phase two dimensional high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)-mass spectrometric system was applied to separate oxidized phospholipids from their non-oxidized counterparts, allowing unambiguous detection in a total lipid extract. We have utilized bovine heart cardiolipin as well as commercially available tetralinoleoyl cardiolipin oxidized with cytochrome c (cyt c) and hydrogen peroxide as well as with lipoxygenase to test the separation power of the system. Our findings indicate that oxidized species of not only cardiolipin, but other phospholipid species, can be effectively separated from their non-oxidized counterparts in this two dimensional system. We utilized three types of biological tissues and oxidative insults, namely rotenone treatment of lymphocytes to induce mitochondrial damage and cell death, pulmonary inhalation exposure to single walled carbon nanotubes, as well as total body irradiation, in order to identify cardiolipin oxidation products, critical to the cell damage/cell death pathways in these tissues following cellular stress/injury. Our results indicate that selective cardiolipin (CL) oxidation is a result of a non-random free radical process. In addition, we assessed the ability of the system to identify CL oxidation products in the brain, a tissue known for its extreme complexity and diversity of CL species. The ability of the two dimensional HPLC-mass spectrometric system to detect and characterize oxidized lipid products will allow new studies to be formulated to probe the answers to biologically important questions with regard to oxidative lipidomics and cellular insult. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidized phospholipids - their properties and interactions with proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro K. Samhan-Arias
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Jing Ji
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Olga M. Demidova
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Louis J. Sparvero
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Weihong Feng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Vladimir Tyurin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Yulia Y. Tyurina
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Michael W. Epperly
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Anna A. Shvedova
- Pathology and Physiology Research Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Morgantown, WV
| | - Joel S. Greenberger
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Hülya Bayir
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Valerian E. Kagan
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Andrew A. Amoscato
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
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Zoeller M, Stingl N, Krischke M, Fekete A, Waller F, Berger S, Mueller MJ. Lipid profiling of the Arabidopsis hypersensitive response reveals specific lipid peroxidation and fragmentation processes: biogenesis of pimelic and azelaic acid. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 160:365-78. [PMID: 22822212 PMCID: PMC3440211 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.202846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation (LPO) is induced by a variety of abiotic and biotic stresses. Although LPO is involved in diverse signaling processes, little is known about the oxidation mechanisms and major lipid targets. A systematic lipidomics analysis of LPO in the interaction of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) with Pseudomonas syringae revealed that LPO is predominantly confined to plastid lipids comprising galactolipid and triacylglyceride species and precedes programmed cell death. Singlet oxygen was identified as the major cause of lipid oxidation under basal conditions, while a 13-lipoxygenase (LOX2) and free radical-catalyzed lipid oxidation substantially contribute to the increase upon pathogen infection. Analysis of lox2 mutants revealed that LOX2 is essential for enzymatic membrane peroxidation but not for the pathogen-induced free jasmonate production. Despite massive oxidative modification of plastid lipids, levels of nonoxidized lipids dramatically increased after infection. Pathogen infection also induced an accumulation of fragmented lipids. Analysis of mutants defective in 9-lipoxygenases and LOX2 showed that galactolipid fragmentation is independent of LOXs. We provide strong in vivo evidence for a free radical-catalyzed galactolipid fragmentation mechanism responsible for the formation of the essential biotin precursor pimelic acid as well as of azelaic acid, which was previously postulated to prime the immune response of Arabidopsis. Our results suggest that azelaic acid is a general marker for LPO rather than a general immune signal. The proposed fragmentation mechanism rationalizes the pathogen-induced radical amplification and formation of electrophile signals such as phytoprostanes, malondialdehyde, and hexenal in plastids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Zoeller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Nadja Stingl
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Markus Krischke
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Agnes Fekete
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Frank Waller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Berger
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - Martin J. Mueller
- Julius-von-Sachs-Institute of Biosciences, Biocenter, Pharmaceutical Biology, University of Wuerzburg, D–97082 Wuerzburg, Germany
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75
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Sparvero L, Amoscato A, Dixon C, Long J, Kochanek P, Pitt B, Bayir H, Kagan V. Mapping of phospholipids by MALDI imaging (MALDI-MSI): realities and expectations. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:545-62. [PMID: 22692104 PMCID: PMC3642772 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2012.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Revised: 05/30/2012] [Accepted: 06/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) has emerged as a novel powerful MS methodology that has the ability to generate both molecular and spatial information within a tissue section. Application of this technology as a new type of biochemical lipid microscopy may lead to new discoveries of the lipid metabolism and biomarkers associated with area-specific alterations or damage under stress/disease conditions such as traumatic brain injury or acute lung injury, among others. However there are limitations in the range of what it can detect as compared with liquid chromatography-MS (LC-MS) of a lipid extract from a tissue section. The goal of the current work was to critically consider remarkable new opportunities along with the limitations and approaches for further improvements of MALDI-MSI. Based on our experimental data and assessments, improvements of the spectral and spatial resolution, sensitivity and specificity towards low abundance species of lipids are proposed. This is followed by a review of the current literature, including methodologies that other laboratories have used to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- L.J. Sparvero
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - A.A. Amoscato
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - C.E. Dixon
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Neurosurgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - J.B. Long
- Center for Military Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 21910, USA
| | - P.M. Kochanek
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - B.R. Pitt
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - H. Bayir
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - V.E. Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Departments of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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76
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Mitochondrial DNA damage and its consequences for mitochondrial gene expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2012; 1819:979-91. [PMID: 22728831 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2012.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
How mitochondria process DNA damage and whether a change in the steady-state level of mitochondrial DNA damage (mtDNA) contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction are questions that fuel burgeoning areas of research into aging and disease pathogenesis. Over the past decade, researchers have identified and measured various forms of endogenous and environmental mtDNA damage and have elucidated mtDNA repair pathways. Interestingly, mitochondria do not appear to contain the full range of DNA repair mechanisms that operate in the nucleus, although mtDNA contains types of damage that are targets of each nuclear DNA repair pathway. The reduced repair capacity may, in part, explain the high mutation frequency of the mitochondrial chromosome. Since mtDNA replication is dependent on transcription, mtDNA damage may alter mitochondrial gene expression at three levels: by causing DNA polymerase γ nucleotide incorporation errors leading to mutations, by interfering with the priming of mtDNA replication by the mitochondrial RNA polymerase, or by inducing transcriptional mutagenesis or premature transcript termination. This review summarizes our current knowledge of mtDNA damage, its repair, and its effects on mtDNA integrity and gene expression. This article is part of a special issue entitled: Mitochondrial Gene Expression.
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77
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Acuña-Castroviejo D, Carretero M, Doerrier C, López LC, García-Corzo L, Tresguerres JA, Escames G. Melatonin protects lung mitochondria from aging. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 34:681-692. [PMID: 21614449 PMCID: PMC3337938 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-011-9267-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
We assessed whether melatonin administration would prevent the hyperoxidative status that occurs in lung mitochondria with age. Mitochondria from lungs of male and female senescent prone mice at 5 and 10 months of age were studied. Age-dependent mitochondrial oxidative stress was evaluated by measuring the levels of lipid peroxidation and nitrite, glutathione/glutathione disulfide ratio, and glutathione peroxidase and reductase activities. Mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation capability were also measured. Age induces a significant oxidative/nitrosative status in lung mitochondria, which exhibited a significantly reduced activity of the respiratory chain and ATP production. These manifestations of age were more pronounced in males than in females. After 9 months of melatonin administration in the drinking water, the hyperoxidative status and functional deficiency of aged lung mitochondria were totally counteracted, and had increased ATP production. The beneficial effects of melatonin were generally similar in both mice genders. Thus, melatonin administration, as a single therapy, maintained fully functioning lung mitochondria during aging, a finding with important consequences in the pathophysiology of lung aging. In view of these data melatonin, the production of which decreases with age, should be considered a preventive therapy against the hyperoxidative status of the aged lungs, and its use may lead to the avoidance of respiratory complications in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darío Acuña-Castroviejo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Laboratorio de Análisis Clínicos, Hospital Universitario San Cecilio, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Carretero
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Carolina Doerrier
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Luis C. López
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Laura García-Corzo
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jesús A. Tresguerres
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Germaine Escames
- Instituto de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Departamento de Fisiología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Avenida del Conocimiento s/n, 18100 Armilla, Granada, Spain
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78
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Yin H, Vergeade A, Shi Q, Zackert WE, Gruenberg KC, Bokiej M, Amin T, Ying W, Masterson TS, Zinkel SS, Oates JA, Boutaud O, Roberts LJ. Acetaminophen inhibits cytochrome c redox cycling induced lipid peroxidation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 423:224-8. [PMID: 22634010 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.05.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cytochrome (cyt) c can uncouple from the respiratory chain following mitochondrial stress and catalyze lipid peroxidation. Accumulating evidence shows that this phenomenon impairs mitochondrial respiratory function and also initiates the apoptotic cascade. Therefore, under certain conditions a pharmacological approach that can inhibit cyt c catalyzed lipid peroxidation may be beneficial. We recently showed that acetaminophen (ApAP) at normal pharmacologic concentrations can prevent hemoprotein-catalyzed lipid peroxidation in vitro and in vivo by reducing ferryl heme to its ferric state. We report here, for the first time, that ApAP inhibits cytochrome c-catalyzed oxidation of unsaturated free fatty acids and also the mitochondrial phospholipid, cardiolipin. Using isolated mitochondria, we also showed that ApAP inhibits cardiolipin oxidation induced by the pro-apoptotic protein, tBid. We found that the IC(50) of the inhibition of cardiolipin oxidation by ApAP is similar in both intact isolated mitochondria and cardiolipin liposomes, suggesting that ApAP penetrates well into the mitochondria. Together with our previous results, the findings presented herein suggest that ApAP is a pleiotropic inhibitor of peroxidase catalyzed lipid peroxidation. Our study also provides a potentially novel pharmacological approach for inhibiting the cascade of events that can result from redox cycling of cyt c.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Yin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, TN 37232, USA.
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79
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Yoo SE, Chen L, Na R, Liu Y, Rios C, Remmen HV, Richardson A, Ran Q. Gpx4 ablation in adult mice results in a lethal phenotype accompanied by neuronal loss in brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2012; 52:1820-7. [PMID: 22401858 PMCID: PMC3341497 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2012.02.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 02/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Glutathione peroxidase 4 (Gpx4) is an antioxidant defense enzyme important in reducing hydroperoxides in membrane lipids and lipoproteins. Gpx4 is essential for survival of embryos and neonatal mice; however, whether Gpx4 is required for adult animals remains unclear. In this study, we generated a floxed Gpx4 mouse (Gpx4(f/f)), in which exons 2-4 of Gpx4 gene are flanked by loxP sites. We then cross-bred the Gpx4(f/f) mice with a tamoxifen (tam)-inducible Cre transgenic mouse (R26CreER mice) to obtain mice in which the Gpx4 gene could be ablated by tam administration (Gpx4(f/f)/Cre mice). After treatment with tam, adult Gpx4(f/f)/Cre mice (6-9 months of age) showed a significant reduction of Gpx4 levels (a 75-85% decrease) in tissues such as brain, liver, lung, and kidney. Tam-treated Gpx4(f/f)/Cre mice lost body weight and died within 2 weeks, indicating that Gpx4 is essential for survival of adult animals. Tam-treated Gpx4(f/f)/Cre mice exhibited increased mitochondrial damage, as evidenced by the elevated 4-hydroxylnonenal (4-HNE) level, decreased activities of electron transport chain complexes I and IV, and reduced ATP production in liver. Tam treatment also significantly elevated apoptosis in Gpx4(f/f)/Cre mice. Moreover, tam-treated Gpx4(f/f)/Cre mice showed neuronal loss in the hippocampus region and had increased astrogliosis. These data indicate that Gpx4 is essential for mitochondria integrity and survival of neurons in adult animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si-Eun Yoo
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Liuji Chen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Ren Na
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Yuhong Liu
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Carmen Rios
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Holly Van Remmen
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Arlan Richardson
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
| | - Qitao Ran
- Barshop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, Texas 78229
- South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, Texas 78229
- Corresponding author contact: Qitao Ran, Ph.D. 15355 Lambda Drive San Antonio, TX 78245-3207 Phone: 210-562-6129 FAX: 210-562-6130
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80
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Yin H, Zhu M. Free radical oxidation of cardiolipin: chemical mechanisms, detection and implication in apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and human diseases. Free Radic Res 2012; 46:959-74. [PMID: 22468920 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2012.676642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin (CL) is a mitochondria-specific phospholipid and is critical for maintaining the integrity of mitochondrial membrane and mitochondrial function. CL also plays an active role in mitochondria-dependent apoptosis by interacting with cytochrome c (cyt c), tBid and other important Bcl-2 proteins. The unique structure of CL with four linoleic acid side chains in the same molecule and its cellular location make it extremely susceptible to free radical oxidation by reactive oxygen species including free radicals derived from peroxidase activity of cyt c/CL complex, singlet oxygen and hydroxyl radical. The free radical oxidation products of CL have been emerged as important mediators in apoptosis. In this review, we summarize the free radical chemical mechanisms that lead to CL oxidation, recent development in detection of oxidation products of CL by mass spectrometry and the implication of CL oxidation in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Yin
- Laboratory of Lipid Metabolism in Human Nutrition and Related Diseases, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
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81
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Hulsmans M, Van Dooren E, Holvoet P. Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species and Risk of Atherosclerosis. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2012; 14:264-76. [DOI: 10.1007/s11883-012-0237-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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82
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Reis A, Spickett CM. Chemistry of phospholipid oxidation. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2012; 1818:2374-87. [PMID: 22342938 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 436] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2011] [Revised: 01/14/2012] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation of lipids has long been a topic of interest in biological and food sciences, and the fundamental principles of non-enzymatic free radical attack on phospholipids are well established, although questions about detail of the mechanisms remain. The number of end products that are formed following the initiation of phospholipid peroxidation is large, and is continually growing as new structures of oxidized phospholipids are elucidated. Common products are phospholipids with esterified isoprostane-like structures and chain-shortened products containing hydroxy, carbonyl or carboxylic acid groups; the carbonyl-containing compounds are reactive and readily form adducts with proteins and other biomolecules. Phospholipids can also be attacked by reactive nitrogen and chlorine species, further expanding the range of products to nitrated and chlorinated phospholipids. Key to understanding the mechanisms of oxidation is the development of advanced and sensitive technologies that enable structural elucidation. Tandem mass spectrometry has proved invaluable in this respect and is generally the method of choice for structural work. A number of studies have investigated whether individual oxidized phospholipid products occur in vivo, and mass spectrometry techniques have been instrumental in detecting a variety of oxidation products in biological samples such as atherosclerotic plaque material, brain tissue, intestinal tissue and plasma, although relatively few have achieved an absolute quantitative analysis. The levels of oxidized phospholipids in vivo is a critical question, as there is now substantial evidence that many of these compounds are bioactive and could contribute to pathology. The challenges for the future will be to adopt lipidomic approaches to map the profile of oxidized phospholipid formation in different biological conditions, and relate this to their effects in vivo. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Oxidized phospholipids-their properties and interactions with proteins.
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83
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Ma ZA. The role of peroxidation of mitochondrial membrane phospholipids in pancreatic β -cell failure. Curr Diabetes Rev 2012; 8:69-75. [PMID: 22414059 PMCID: PMC4884441 DOI: 10.2174/157339912798829232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Revised: 08/15/2011] [Accepted: 09/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and pancreatic islet β-cell failure. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is a central contributor to β-cell failure in the pathogenesis of T2D. This review focuses on mechanisms whereby reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by β-cell in response to metabolic stress affect mitochondrial structure and function and lead to β-cell failure. Specifically, ROS oxidize mitochondrial membrane phospholipids such as cardiolipin, which impairs membrane integrity and leads to cytochrome c release and apoptosis. In addition, ROS activate UCP2 via peroxidation of the mitochondrial membrane phospholipids, which results in proton leak leading to reduced ATP synthesis and content in β-cells - critical parameters in the regulation of glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. Group VIA Phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) appears to be a component of a mechanism for repairing mitochondrial phospholipids that contain oxidized fatty acid substituents, and genetic or acquired iPLA2β-deficiency increases β-cell mitochondrial susceptibility to injury from ROS and predisposes to development of T2D. Interventions that attenuate the adverse effects of ROS on β-cell mitochondrial phospholipids may prevent or retard the development of T2D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongmin A Ma
- Division of Experimental Diabetes and Aging, Department of Geriatrics and Palliative Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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84
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Schneider L, Giordano S, Zelickson BR, Johnson M, Benavides G, Ouyang X, Fineberg N, Darley-Usmar VM, Zhang J. Differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells to a neuronal phenotype changes cellular bioenergetics and the response to oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2011; 51:2007-17. [PMID: 21945098 PMCID: PMC3208787 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2011.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cell differentiation is associated with changes in metabolism and function. Understanding these changes during differentiation is important in the context of stem cell research, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. An early event in neurodegenerative diseases is the alteration of mitochondrial function and increased oxidative stress. Studies using both undifferentiated and differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells have shown distinct responses to cellular stressors; however, the mechanisms remain unclear. We hypothesized that because the regulation of glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation is modulated during cellular differentiation, this would change bioenergetic function and the response to oxidative stress. To test this, we used retinoic acid (RA) to induce differentiation of SH-SY5Y cells and assessed changes in cellular bioenergetics using extracellular flux analysis. After exposure to RA, the SH-SY5Y cells had an increased mitochondrial membrane potential, without changing mitochondrial number. Differentiated cells exhibited greater stimulation of mitochondrial respiration with uncoupling and an increased bioenergetic reserve capacity. The increased reserve capacity in the differentiated cells was suppressed by the inhibitor of glycolysis 2-deoxy-d-glucose. Furthermore, we found that differentiated cells were substantially more resistant to cytotoxicity and mitochondrial dysfunction induced by the reactive lipid species 4-hydroxynonenal or the reactive oxygen species generator 2,3-dimethoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone. We then analyzed the levels of selected mitochondrial proteins and found an increase in complex IV subunits, which we propose contributes to the increase in reserve capacity in the differentiated cells. Furthermore, we found an increase in MnSOD that could, at least in part, account for the increased resistance to oxidative stress. Our findings suggest that profound changes in mitochondrial metabolism and antioxidant defenses occur upon differentiation of neuroblastoma cells to a neuron-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lonnie Schneider
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Samantha Giordano
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Blake R. Zelickson
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Michelle Johnson
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Gloria Benavides
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Xiaosen Ouyang
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
| | - Naomi Fineberg
- Department of Biostatistics, UAB School of Public Health
| | - Victor M. Darley-Usmar
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
| | - Jianhua Zhang
- Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Birmingham VA Medical Center
- Corresponding author: Jianhua Zhang, Ph.D., Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BMRII-534, 901 19 Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-0017, USA, Phone: 205-996-5153; Fax: 205-934-7447;
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85
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and β-cell failure in type 2 diabetes mellitus. EXPERIMENTAL DIABETES RESEARCH 2011; 2012:703538. [PMID: 22110477 PMCID: PMC3216264 DOI: 10.1155/2012/703538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 09/03/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is the most common human endocrine disease and is characterized by peripheral insulin resistance and pancreatic islet β-cell failure. Accumulating evidence indicates that mitochondrial dysfunction is a central contributor to β-cell failure in the evolution of T2DM. As reviewed elsewhere, reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by β-cell mitochondria as a result of metabolic stress activate several stress-response pathways. This paper focuses on mechanisms whereby ROS affect mitochondrial structure and function and lead to β-cell failure. ROS activate UCP2, which results in proton leak across the mitochondrial inner membrane, and this leads to reduced β-cell ATP synthesis and content, which is a critical parameter in regulating glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. In addition, ROS oxidize polyunsaturated fatty acids in mitochondrial cardiolipin and other phospholipids, and this impairs membrane integrity and leads to cytochrome c release into cytosol and apoptosis. Group VIA phospholipase A2 (iPLA2β) appears to be a component of a mechanism for repairing mitochondrial phospholipids that contain oxidized fatty acid substituents, and genetic or acquired iPLA2β-deficiency increases β-cell mitochondrial susceptibility to injury from ROS and predisposes to developing T2DM. Interventions that attenuate ROS effects on β-cell mitochondrial phospholipids might prevent or retard development of T2DM.
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86
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginger L Milne
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-6602, USA.
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87
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Neuroaxonal dystrophy in calcium-independent phospholipase A2β deficiency results from insufficient remodeling and degeneration of mitochondrial and presynaptic membranes. J Neurosci 2011; 31:11411-20. [PMID: 21813701 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0345-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infantile neuroaxonal dystrophy (INAD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease characterized by the widespread presence of axonal swellings (spheroids) in the CNS and PNS and is caused by gene abnormality in PLA2G6 [calcium-independent phospholipase A(2)β (iPLA(2)β)], which is essential for remodeling of membrane phospholipids. To clarify the pathomechanism of INAD, we pathologically analyzed the spinal cords and sciatic nerves of iPLA(2)β knock-out (KO) mice, a model of INAD. At 15 weeks (preclinical stage), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-positive granules were frequently observed in proximal axons and the perinuclear space of large neurons, and these were strongly positive for a marker of the mitochondrial outer membrane and negative for a marker of the inner membrane. By 100 weeks (late clinical stage), PAS-positive granules and spheroids had increased significantly in the distal parts of axons, and ultrastructural examination revealed that these granules were, in fact, mitochondria with degenerative inner membranes. Collapse of mitochondria in axons was accompanied by focal disappearance of the cytoskeleton. Partial membrane loss at axon terminals was also evident, accompanied by degenerative membranes in the same areas. Imaging mass spectrometry showed a prominent increase of docosahexaenoic acid-containing phosphatidylcholine in the gray matter, suggesting insufficient membrane remodeling in the presence of iPLA(2)β deficiency. Prominent axonal degeneration in neuroaxonal dystrophy might be explained by the collapse of abnormal mitochondria after axonal transportation. Insufficient remodeling and degeneration of mitochondrial inner membranes and presynaptic membranes appear to be the cause of the neuroaxonal dystrophy in iPLA(2)β-KO mice.
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88
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Yin H, Xu L, Porter NA. Free Radical Lipid Peroxidation: Mechanisms and Analysis. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5944-72. [DOI: 10.1021/cr200084z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1195] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Huiyong Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Vanderbilt School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
| | - Ned A. Porter
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37235, United States
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