51
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Wiśniewski A, Jankowska R, Passowicz-Muszyńska E, Wiśniewska E, Majorczyk E, Nowak I, Frydecka I, Kuśnierczyk P. KIR2DL2/S2 and HLA-C C1C1 genotype is associated with better response to treatment and prolonged survival of patients with non-small cell lung cancer in a Polish Caucasian population. Hum Immunol 2012; 73:927-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.07.323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 07/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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52
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Augusto DG, Lobo-Alves SC, Melo MF, Pereira NF, Petzl-Erler ML. Activating KIR and HLA Bw4 ligands are associated to decreased susceptibility to pemphigus foliaceus, an autoimmune blistering skin disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e39991. [PMID: 22768326 PMCID: PMC3388041 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The KIR genes and their HLA class I ligands have thus far not been investigated in pemphigus foliaceus (PF) and related autoimmune diseases, such as pemphigus vulgaris. We genotyped 233 patients and 204 controls for KIR by PCR-SSP. HLA typing was performed by LABType SSO reagent kits. We estimated the odds ratio, 95% confidence interval and performed logistic regression analyses to test the hypothesis that KIR genes and their known ligands influence susceptibility to PF. We found significant negative association between activating genes and PF. The activating KIR genes may have an overlapping effect in the PF susceptibility and the presence of more than three activating genes was protective (OR = 0.49, p = 0.003). A strong protective association was found for higher ratios activating/inhibitory KIR (OR = 0.44, p = 0.001). KIR3DS1 and HLA-Bw4 were negatively associated to PF either isolated or combined, but higher significance was found for the presence of both together (OR = 0.34, p<10−3) suggesting that the activating function is the major factor to interfere in the PF pathogenesis. HLA-Bw4 (80I and 80T) was decreased in patients. There is evidence that HLA-Bw4(80T) may also be important as KIR3DS1 ligand, being the association of this pair (OR = 0.07, p = 0.001) stronger than KIR3DS1-Bw4(80I) (OR = 0.31, p = 0.002). Higher levels of activating KIR signals appeared protective to PF. The activating KIR genes have been commonly reported to increase the risk for autoimmunity, but particularities of endemic PF, like the well documented influence the environmental exposure in the pathogenesis of this disease, may be the reason why activated NK cells probably protect against pemphigus foliaceus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danillo G. Augusto
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Sara C. Lobo-Alves
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Marcia F. Melo
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Noemi F. Pereira
- Laboratório de Imunogenética, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - Maria Luiza Petzl-Erler
- Laboratório de Genética Molecular Humana, Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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53
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Hundhausen C, Bertoni A, Mak RK, Botti E, Di Meglio P, Clop A, Laggner U, Chimenti S, Hayday AC, Barker JN, Trembath RC, Capon F, Nestle FO. Allele-specific cytokine responses at the HLA-C locus: implications for psoriasis. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:635-41. [PMID: 22113476 PMCID: PMC3620929 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2011.378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis is an inflammatory skin disorder that is inherited as a complex trait. Genetic studies have repeatedly highlighted HLA-C as the major determinant for psoriasis susceptibility, with the Cw*0602 allele conferring significant disease risk in a wide range of populations. Despite the potential importance of HLA-C variation in psoriasis, either via an effect on peptide presentation or immuno-inhibitory activity, allele-specific expression patterns have not been investigated. Here, we used reporter assays to characterize two regulatory variants, which virtually abolished the response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α (rs2524094) and IFN-γ (rs10657191) in HLA-Cw*0602 and a cluster of related alleles. We validated these findings through the analysis of HLA-Cw*0602 expression in primary keratinocytes treated with TNF-α and IFN-γ. Finally, we showed that HLA-Cw*0602 transcripts are not increased in psoriatic skin lesions, despite highly elevated TNF-α levels. Thus, our findings demonstrate the presence of allele-specific differences in HLA-C expression and indicate that HLA-Cw*0602 is unresponsive to upregulation by key proinflammatory cytokines in psoriasis. These data pave the way for functional studies into the pathogenic role of the major psoriasis susceptibility allele.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Bertoni
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Rose K Mak
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Elisabetta Botti
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
- Department of Dermatology, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Di Meglio
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Alex Clop
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ute Laggner
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Sergio Chimenti
- Department of Dermatology, “Tor Vergata” University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Adrian C Hayday
- Division of Immunology, Infection and Inflammatory Disease, King’s College London, London, UK
- London Research Institute, Cancer Research UK
| | - Jonathan N Barker
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Richard C Trembath
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Francesca Capon
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Frank O Nestle
- Division of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, King’s College London, London, UK
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54
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Chen H, Hayashi G, Lai OY, Dilthey A, Kuebler PJ, Wong TV, Martin MP, Fernandez Vina MA, McVean G, Wabl M, Leslie KS, Maurer T, Martin JN, Deeks SG, Carrington M, Bowcock AM, Nixon DF, Liao W. Psoriasis patients are enriched for genetic variants that protect against HIV-1 disease. PLoS Genet 2012; 8:e1002514. [PMID: 22577363 PMCID: PMC3343879 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
An important paradigm in evolutionary genetics is that of a delicate balance between genetic variants that favorably boost host control of infection but which may unfavorably increase susceptibility to autoimmune disease. Here, we investigated whether patients with psoriasis, a common immune-mediated disease of the skin, are enriched for genetic variants that limit the ability of HIV-1 virus to replicate after infection. We analyzed the HLA class I and class II alleles of 1,727 Caucasian psoriasis cases and 3,581 controls and found that psoriasis patients are significantly more likely than controls to have gene variants that are protective against HIV-1 disease. This includes several HLA class I alleles associated with HIV-1 control; amino acid residues at HLA-B positions 67, 70, and 97 that mediate HIV-1 peptide binding; and the deletion polymorphism rs67384697 associated with high surface expression of HLA-C. We also found that the compound genotype KIR3DS1 plus HLA-B Bw4-80I, which respectively encode a natural killer cell activating receptor and its putative ligand, significantly increased psoriasis susceptibility. This compound genotype has also been associated with delay of progression to AIDS. Together, our results suggest that genetic variants that contribute to anti-viral immunity may predispose to the development of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Genki Hayashi
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Olivia Y. Lai
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Alexander Dilthey
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Kuebler
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Tami V. Wong
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Maureen P. Martin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Gil McVean
- Department of Statistics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Matthias Wabl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kieron S. Leslie
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Toby Maurer
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey N. Martin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Steven G. Deeks
- HIV/AIDS Program, Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Mary Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Anne M. Bowcock
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Douglas F. Nixon
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Wilson Liao
- Department of Dermatology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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55
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Rajalingam R. Human diversity of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors and disease. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF HEMATOLOGY 2011; 46:216-28. [PMID: 22259627 PMCID: PMC3259513 DOI: 10.5045/kjh.2011.46.4.216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Natural Killer (NK) cells are the third population of lymphocyte in the mononuclear cell compartment that triggers first-line of defense against viral infection and tumor transformation. Historically, NK cells were thought of as components of innate immunity based on their intrinsic ability to spontaneously kill target cells independent of HLA antigen restriction. However, it is now clear that NK cells are quite sophisticated and use a highly specific and complex target cell recognition receptor system arbitrated via a multitude of inhibitory and activating receptors. Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are the key receptors of human NK cells development and function. To date, fourteen distinct KIRs have been identified: eight are inhibitory types, and six are activating types. The number and type of KIR genes present varies substantially between individuals. Inhibitory KIRs recognize distinct motifs of polymorphic HLA class I molecules. Upon engagement of their specific HLA class I ligands, inhibitory KIR dampen NK cell reactivity. In contrast, activating KIRs are believed to stimulate NK cell reactivity when they sense their ligands (unknown). KIR and HLA gene families map to different human chromosomes (19 and 6, respectively), and their independent segregation produces a wide diversity in the number and type of inherited KIR-HLA combinations, likely contributing to overall immune competency. Consistent with this hypothesis, certain combinations of KIR-HLA variants have been correlated with susceptibility to diseases as diverse as autoimmunity, viral infections, and cancer. This review summarizes our emerging understanding of KIR-HLA diversity in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raja Rajalingam
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, UCLA Immunogenetics Center, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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56
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Ugolotti E, Vanni I, Raso A, Benzi F, Malnati M, Biassoni R. Human leukocyte antigen–B (-Bw6/-Bw4 I80, T80) and human leukocyte antigen–C (-C1/-C2) subgrouping using pyrosequence analysis. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:859-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Revised: 05/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/13/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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57
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Abstract
NK cell effector function is regulated by a range of activating and inhibitory receptors, and many of their known ligands are MHC class I molecules. Human NK receptors encoded by the Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) gene family recognize polymorphic HLA-C as well as some HLA-A and HLA-B molecules. KIRs are expressed by uterine NK (uNK) cells, which are distinctive NK cells directly in contact with the invading fetal placental cells that transform the uterine arteries during the first trimester. Trophoblast cells express both maternal and paternal HLA-C allotypes and can therefore potentially interact with KIRs expressed by uNK. Therefore, allorecognition of paternal HLA-C by maternal KIR might influence trophoblast invasion and vascular remodeling, with subsequent effects on placental development and the outcome of pregnancy. We discuss here the studies relating to KIR/HLA-C interactions with an emphasis on how these function during pregnancy to regulate placentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olympe Chazara
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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58
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Rempel JD, Hawkins K, Lande E, Nickerson P. The potential influence of KIR cluster profiles on disease patterns of Canadian Aboriginals and other indigenous peoples of the Americas. Eur J Hum Genet 2011; 19:1276-80. [PMID: 21731058 DOI: 10.1038/ejhg.2011.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic differences in immune regulators influence disease resistance and susceptibility patterns. There are major health discrepancies in immune-mediated diseases between Caucasians and Canadian Aboriginal people, as well as with other indigenous people of the Americas. Environmental factors offer a limited explanation as Aboriginal people also demonstrate a rare resistance to chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are known modulators of viral responses and autoimmune diseases. The possibility that variation in KIR cluster profiles contribute to the health outcomes of Aboriginal people was evaluated with Canadian Caucasian (n=93, population controls) and Aboriginal (n=86) individuals. Relative to Caucasians, the Aboriginal KIR cluster displayed a greater immune activating phenotype associated with genes of the B haplotype situated within the telomeric region. In conjunction, there was a decrease in the genes of the B haplotype from the centromeric region. Caucasian and Aboriginal cohorts further demonstrated distinct genotype and haplotype relationships enforcing the disconnect between the B haplotype centromeric and telomeric regions within the Aboriginal population. Moreover, Caucasian KIR cluster patterns reflected studies of Caucasians globally, as well as Asians. In contrast, the unique pattern of the Canadian Aboriginal cohort mirrored the phenotype of other indigenous peoples of the Americas, but not that of Caucasians or Asians. Taken together, these data suggest that historically indigenous peoples of the Americas were subject to immune selection processes that could be influencing the current disease resistance and susceptibility patterns of their descendents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia D Rempel
- Section of Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, 804D-715 McDermot Ave., Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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59
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Nowak I, Majorczyk E, Płoski R, Senitzer D, Sun JY, Kuśnierczyk P. Lack of KIR2DL4 gene in a fertile Caucasian woman. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 78:115-9. [PMID: 21623736 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2011.01711.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR2DL4) gene is present in virtually all humans. It encodes a receptor present on uterine and decidual natural killer (NK) cells and some peripheral blood NK cells. Its only known ligand is human leukocyte antigen-G molecule expressed on extravillous trophoblasts invading the decidua. Therefore, KIR2DL4 has been regarded as a molecule important for successful pregnancy. However, a multiparous woman from Africa, lacking KIR2DL4 gene, was described suggesting that this gene is not absolutely required for successful human reproduction. Here, we describe a Polish woman who delivered a child and who is not only lacking KIR2DL4 gene, but also possessing a KIR genotype virtually identical to that of the African woman mentioned above. Their genotypes are compared with few other KIR2DL4-negative genotypes and haplotypes described so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Nowak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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60
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NK cells and psoriasis. J Biomed Biotechnol 2011; 2011:248317. [PMID: 21687543 PMCID: PMC3114545 DOI: 10.1155/2011/248317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2011] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic condition of the skin characterised by distinctive scaly plaques. The immune system is now thought to play a major role in the development and pathogenesis of psoriasis with immune cells and cytokines influencing keratinocyte function. Keratinocytes in turn, can activate and recruit immune cells leading to a positive feedback loop in disease. Natural Killer (NK) cells are lymphocytes that are best known for killing virally infected and cancer cells. However, evidence is emerging to support a role for NK cells in psoriasis. NK cells are found in the inflammatory infiltrate in psoriatic skin lesions. They can produce a range of inflammatory cytokines, many of which are important in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. Recent genetic studies have identified a range of potential molecules relating to NK cell biology that are known to be important in psoriasis. This paper will discuss the evidence, both cellular and genetic, for NK cell involvement in psoriasis.
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61
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Pyo CW, Guethlein LA, Vu Q, Wang R, Abi-Rached L, Norman PJ, Marsh SGE, Miller JS, Parham P, Geraghty DE. Different patterns of evolution in the centromeric and telomeric regions of group A and B haplotypes of the human killer cell Ig-like receptor locus. PLoS One 2010; 5:e15115. [PMID: 21206914 PMCID: PMC3012066 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0015115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2010] [Accepted: 10/25/2010] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The fast evolving human KIR gene family encodes variable lymphocyte receptors specific for polymorphic HLA class I determinants. Nucleotide sequences for 24 representative human KIR haplotypes were determined. With three previously defined haplotypes, this gave a set of 12 group A and 15 group B haplotypes for assessment of KIR variation. The seven gene-content haplotypes are all combinations of four centromeric and two telomeric motifs. 2DL5, 2DS5 and 2DS3 can be present in centromeric and telomeric locations. With one exception, haplotypes having identical gene content differed in their combinations of KIR alleles. Sequence diversity varied between haplotype groups and between centromeric and telomeric halves of the KIR locus. The most variable A haplotype genes are in the telomeric half, whereas the most variable genes characterizing B haplotypes are in the centromeric half. Of the highly polymorphic genes, only the 3DL3 framework gene exhibits a similar diversity when carried by A and B haplotypes. Phylogenetic analysis and divergence time estimates, point to the centromeric gene-content motifs that distinguish A and B haplotypes having emerged ∼6 million years ago, contemporaneously with the separation of human and chimpanzee ancestors. In contrast, the telomeric motifs that distinguish A and B haplotypes emerged more recently, ∼1.7 million years ago, before the emergence of Homo sapiens. Thus the centromeric and telomeric motifs that typify A and B haplotypes have likely been present throughout human evolution. The results suggest the common ancestor of A and B haplotypes combined a B-like centromeric region with an A-like telomeric region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul-Woo Pyo
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Lisbeth A. Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Quyen Vu
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Ruihan Wang
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Laurent Abi-Rached
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Norman
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | | | - Jeffrey S. Miller
- University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Peter Parham
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Daniel E. Geraghty
- Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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62
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Wauquier N, Padilla C, Becquart P, Leroy E, Vieillard V. Association of KIR2DS1 and KIR2DS3 with fatal outcome in Ebola virus infection. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:767-71. [PMID: 20878400 PMCID: PMC2978320 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0480-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2010] [Accepted: 09/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Zaïre ebolavirus (ZEBOV) infection rapidly outruns the host's immunity and leads to death within a week. Fatal cases have been associated with an aberrant innate, proinflammatory immune response followed by a suppressed adaptive response leading to the rapid depletion of peripheral NK cells and lymphocytes. A critical role for NK cells has been suggested but not elucidated. In this genetic study, we investigated the association of KIR genotype with disease outcome by comparing genotypes of a Gabonese control population, IgG+ contacts, survivors, and fatalities of ZEBOV infection. We showed that the activating KIR2DS1 and KIR2DS3 genes associate with fatal outcome in Ebola virus infection. In addition, this study brings supplemental evidence in favor of the specificity of the IgG+ contact population. The outcome of fulminating Ebola virus infection could depend in part on the host's inherited KIR gene repertoire. This supports a key role for KIRs in disease susceptibility to infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Wauquier
- Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, Franceville, Gabon.
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63
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Gourraud PA, Meenagh A, Cambon-Thomsen A, Middleton D. Linkage disequilibrium organization of the human KIR superlocus: implications for KIR data analyses. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:729-40. [PMID: 20878401 PMCID: PMC2978314 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0478-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 09/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
An extensive family-based study of linkage disequilibrium (LD) in the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) cluster was performed. We aimed to describe the LD structure in the KIR gene cluster using a sample of 418 founder haplotypes identified by segregation in a group of 106 families from Northern Ireland. The LD was studied at two levels of polymorphism: the structural level (presence or absence of KIR genes) and the allelic level (between alleles of KIR genes). LD was further assessed using the predictive value of one KIR polymorphism for another one in order to provide an interpretative framework for the LD effect in association studies. In line with previous research, distinct patterns of KIR genetic diversity within the genomic region centromeric to KIR2DL4 (excluding KIR2DL4) and within the telomeric region including KIR2DL4 were found. In a comprehensive PPV/NPV-based LD analysis within the KIR cluster, robust tag markers were found that can be used to identify which genes are concomitantly present or absent and to further identify groups of associated KIR alleles. Several extended KIR haplotypes in the study population were identified (KIR2DS2*POS–KIR2DL2*001–KIR2DL5B*002–KIR2DS3*00103–KIR2DL1*00401; KIR2DL4*011–KIR3DL1/S1*005–KIR2DS4*003–KIR3DL2*003; KIR2DL4*00802–KIR3DL1/S1*004–KIR2DS4*006–KIR3DL2*005; KIR2DL4*00801–KIR3DL1/S1*00101–KIR2DS4*003–KIR3DL2*001; KIR2DL4*00103–KIR3DL1/S1*008–KIR2DS4*003–KIR3DL2*009; KIR2DL4*00102–KIR3DL1/S1*01502/*002–KIR2DS4*00101–KIR3DL2*002; KIR2DL4*00501–KIR3DL1/S1*013–KIR2DL5A*001–KIR2DS5*002–KIR2DS1*002–KIR3DL2*007). The present study provides a rationale for analyzing associations of KIR polymorphisms by taking into account the complex LD structure of the KIR region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pierre-Antoine Gourraud
- Department of Neurology, University of California, 513 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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64
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Nowak I, Majorczyk E, Wiśniewski A, Pawlik A, Magott-Procelewska M, Passowicz-Muszyńska E, Malejczyk J, Płoski R, Giebel S, Barcz E, Zoń-Giebel A, Malinowski A, Tchórzewski H, Chlebicki A, Łuszczek W, Kurpisz M, Gryboś M, Wilczyński J, Wiland P, Senitzer D, Sun JY, Jankowska R, Klinger M, Kuśnierczyk P. Does the KIR2DS5 gene protect from some human diseases? PLoS One 2010; 5:e12381. [PMID: 20865034 PMCID: PMC2928722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0012381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2010] [Accepted: 07/30/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background KIR2DS5 gene encodes an activating natural killer cell receptor whose ligand is not known. It was recently reported to affect the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Methodology/Principal Findings In our studies on KIR2DS5 gene associations with human diseases, we compared the frequencies of this gene in patients and relevant controls. Typing for KIR2DS5 gene was performed by either individual or multiplex polymerase chain reactions which, when compared in the same samples, gave concordant results. We noted an apparently protective effect of KIR2DS5 gene presence in several clinical conditions, but not in others. Namely, this effect was observed in ankylosing spondylitis (p = 0.003, odds ratio [OR] = 0.47, confidence interval [CI] = 0.28–0.79), endometriosis (p = 0.03, OR = 0.25, CI = 0.07–0.82) and acute rejection of kidney graft (p = 0.0056, OR = 0.44, CI = 0.24–0.80), but not in non-small-cell lung carcinoma, rheumatoid arthritis, spontaneous abortion, or leukemia (all p>0.05). In addition, the simultaneous presence of KIR2DS5 gene and HLA-C C1 allotype exhibited an even stronger protective effect on ankylosing spondylitis (p = 0.0003, OR = 0.35, CI = 0.19–0.65), whereas a lack of KIR2DS5 and the presence of the HLA-C C2 allotype was associated with ankylosing spondylitis (p = 0.0017, OR = 1.92, CI = 1.28–2.89), whereas a lack of KIR2DS5 and presence of C1 allotype was associated with rheumatoid arthritis (p = 0.005, OR = 1.47, CI = 1.13–1.92). The presence of both KIR2DS5 and C1 seemed to protect from acute kidney graft rejection (p = 0.017, OR = 0.47, CI = 0.25–0.89), whereas lack of KIR2DS5 and presence of C2 seemed to favor rejection (p = 0.0015, OR = 2.13, CI = 1.34–3.37). Conclusions/Significance Our results suggest that KIR2DS5 may protect from endometriosis, ankylosing spondylitis, and acute rejection of kidney graft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Nowak
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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van Bergen J, Koning F. The tortoise and the hare: slowly evolving T-cell responses take hastily evolving KIR. Immunology 2010; 131:301-9. [PMID: 20722764 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2567.2010.03337.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) locus comprises a variable and rapidly evolving set of genes encoding multiple inhibitory and activating receptors. The activating receptors recently evolved from the inhibitory receptors and both bind HLA class I and probably also class I-like structures induced by viral infection. Although generally considered natural killer (NK) cell receptors, KIR are also expressed by a large fraction of effector memory T cells, which slowly accumulate during human life. These effector memory cells are functionally similar to NK cells, as they are immediate effector cells that are cytotoxic and produce IFN-γ. However, different rules apply to NK and T cells with respect to KIR expression and function. For example, KIR tend to modulate signals driven by the T-cell receptor (TCR) rather than to act independently, and use different signal transduction pathways to modulate only a subset of effector functions. The most important difference may lie in the rules governing tolerance: while NK cells with activating KIR binding self-HLA are hyporesponsive, the same is unlikely to apply to T cells. We argue that the expression of activating KIR on virus-specific T cells carrying TCR that weakly cross-react with autoantigens can unleash the autoreactive potential of these cells. This may be the case in rheumatoid arthritis, where cytomegalovirus-specific KIR2DS2(+) T cells might cause vasculitis. Thus, the rapid evolution of activating KIR may have allowed for efficient NK-cell control of viruses, but may also have increased the risk that slowly evolving T-cell responses to persistent pathogens derail into autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen van Bergen
- Department of Immunohaematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Abstract
Adaptive immunity has traditionally been considered a unique feature of vertebrate physiology. Unlike innate immune responses, which remain essentially unchanged upon exposure to a recurrent challenge with the same stimulus, adaptive immune cells possess the ability to learn and remember. Thus, secondary adaptive responses to a previously encountered challenge are qualitatively and/or quantitatively distinct from those elicited by a primary encounter. Besides this capacity to acquire long-lived memory, the second cardinal feature of adaptive immunity is antigen specificity. It has been generally believed that only T and B cells can develop antigen-specific immunologic memory, because these lymphocytes uniquely express recombination-activating gene (RAG) proteins, which are necessary for somatic rearrangement of V(D)J gene segments to assemble diverse antigen-specific receptors. However, recent work has uncovered discrete subsets of murine natural killer (NK) cells capable of mediating long-lived, antigen-specific recall responses to a variety of hapten-based contact sensitizers. These NK cells appear to use distinct, RAG-independent mechanisms to generate antigen specificity. Murine NK cells have also recently been shown to develop memory upon viral infection. Here, we review recent evidence indicating that at least some NK cells are capable of mediating what appears to be adaptive immunity and discuss potential mechanisms that may contribute to RAG-independent generation of antigenic diversity and longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Paust
- Department of Pathology and Immune Disease Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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67
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Duffin KC, Woodcock J, Krueger GG. Genetic variations associated with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis found by genome-wide association. Dermatol Ther 2010; 23:101-13. [PMID: 20415816 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2010.01303.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis are immune disorders with a complex polygenic basis. HLA-Cw6, which lies in the major histocompatibility region on chromosome 6, is considered the major genetic determinant of psoriasis. Recent genome-wide association studies have identified new variants outside of the MHC with relevance to the immunology of psoriasis. Variants in or near genes that encode subunits of cytokines (IL12B, IL23A) or cytokine receptors (IL23R) are interesting given that the gene product of IL12B, p40, is the target of a recently approved monoclonal antibody therapy for psoriasis (ustekinumab). Association with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis has been found in TNFAIP3 and TNFIP1, ubiquitin ligases in the NF-kappaB pathway, and IL13, a Th2 cytokine. Copy number variation of human beta-defensin and late cornified envelope genes also associate with psoriasis. Many of these genetic variations also associate with immune disorders considered psoriatic co-morbidities, including Crohn's disease and diabetes.
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IBRAGIMOV SHI, MANSUROVA GT, MAMATKULOV UA, MAKHSUDOV MR. Studying of relationship of Histocompatibility antigens and N-acetylation phenotype in patients of Uzbek populations with psoriasis. VESTNIK DERMATOLOGII I VENEROLOGII 2010. [DOI: 10.25208/vdv834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
There studied the distribution of Histocompatibility antigens and N-acetylation phenotype in patients of Uzbek populations with psoriasis and it has been revealed, that HLA antigenes A11, A28, В5, В13 and Cw3 are antigenes of predisposition to presented disease and the individuals with slow N-acetylation phenotype prevail among them. The relationship of more frequent associated Histocompatibility antigens and N-acetylation phenotype marked by the prevalence of patients with a slow phenotype in the dermatosis has been revealed in patients of Uzbek populations with psoriasis.
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Cognet C, Farnarier C, Gauthier L, Frassati C, André P, Magérus-Chatinet A, Anfossi N, Rieux-Laucat F, Vivier E, Schleinitz N. Expression of the HLA-C2-specific activating killer-cell Ig-like receptor KIR2DS1 on NK and T cells. Clin Immunol 2010; 135:26-32. [PMID: 20093094 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2009.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 12/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Killer Ig-like receptors (KIRs) are MHC class I-specific receptors expressed by Natural Killer (NK) and T cell subsets. KIRs either inhibit (KIR-L) or activate (KIR-S) lymphocyte functions. Inhibitory KIR2DL1 and activating KIR2DS1 share ligand specificity for the HLA-C2 group, consistent with their almost identical extracytoplasmic domain. This homology hampered the distinction between KIR2DL1 and KIR2DS1. We report here the characterization of the KIR2DS1(+) subsets among primary human NK and T cells. Regardless of the host HLA-C genotype, around 10% of circulating NK cells expressed KIR2DS1 in absence of KIR2DL1. In HLA-C2 individuals, KIR2DS1 was not able to induce NK cell education (i.e., the acquisition of NK cell competence) nor to interfere with KIR2DL1-induced NK cell education. KIR2DS1 was also present on rare oligoclonal TCRalphabeta(+)CD8alpha(+) and TCRalphabeta(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) subsets. As KIR2DS1 has been associated with autoimmunity and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation, these results pave the way to dissect the function of KIR2DS1 in these clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Cognet
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Université de la Méditerranée, case 906, Campus de Luminy, 13288 Marseille, France
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71
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Djulejic E, Petlichkovski A, Trajkov D, Hristomanova S, Middleton D, Spiroski M. Distribution of killer cell immunoglobulinlike receptors in the Macedonian population. Hum Immunol 2009; 71:281-8. [PMID: 20004695 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2009] [Revised: 11/16/2009] [Accepted: 12/01/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze killer immunoglobulinlike receptor (KIR) gene polymorphism in the Macedonian population. The study sample consists of 214 healthy unrelated individuals, aged 20-35 years. All individuals are of Macedonian origin and nationality, and residents of different geographic regions. The population genetics analysis package, Arlequin, was used for analysis of the data. We found that all 16 KIR genes were observed in the Macedonian population and framework genes KIR3DL3, KIR2DL4, and KIR3DL2 were present in all individuals. A total of 56 different KIR genotypes were found in the Macedonian population, based on the presence of 16 KIR genes. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree, constructed on the basis of standard genetic distances of KIR genes, shows that Macedonian population is in the same cluster with England West Midlands Indian Asian, Brazil SouthEast Caucasian, Romania Caucasians, Spain Basque, England West Midlands Caucasian, France Reunion, and Spain Granada populations. The frequency of KIR loci in Macedonian population shares several general features with other Caucasoid populations studied before.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli Djulejic
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Immunobiology and Human Genetics, University Ss. Kiril and Metodij, Skopje, Republic of Macedonia
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Hou YF, Zhang YC, Jiao YL, Wang LC, Li JF, Pan ZL, Yang QR, Sun HS, Zhao YR. Disparate distribution of activating and inhibitory killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus. Lupus 2009; 19:20-6. [PMID: 19926642 DOI: 10.1177/0961203309345779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The genes of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), which are involved in the activation of T cells and natural killer cells, are highly variable. In recent years, the role of KIRs in autoimmune diseases has received increasing attention. The present study was undertaken to determine the association of the polymorphism of KIR genes with the susceptibility to systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). The polymorphism of KIR genes of 93 patients with SLE together with 123 healthy donors as the control group was determined by polymerase chain reaction with sequence-specific primers. Twenty-seven novel gene combinations were found. Genotypic frequencies of KIR2DL2 (p < 0.001) and KIR2DS1 (p < 0.001) were much higher in patients with SLE than in control subjects. Individuals with two and more than two activating KIR genes were found more frequently in patients than in control subjects (80.7% versus 66.7%, p = 0.022). The results suggest that a genetic disturbance between activating and inhibitory KIR genes may be one of the key factors underlying the pathogenesis of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y-F. Hou
- Department of Rheumatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji-nan 250021, China
| | - Y-C. Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji-nan 250021, China
| | - Y-L. Jiao
- Department of Center Laboratory, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji-nan 250021, China
| | - L-C. Wang
- Department of Center Laboratory, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji-nan 250021, China
| | - J-F. Li
- Department of Center Laboratory, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji-nan 250021, China
| | - Z-L. Pan
- Department of Rheumatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji-nan 250021, China
| | - Q-R. Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji-nan 250021, China
| | - H-S. Sun
- Department of Rheumatology, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji-nan 250021, China
| | - Y-R. Zhao
- Department of Center Laboratory, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Ji-nan 250021, China
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73
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Zúñiga J, Romero V, Azocar J, Terreros D, Vargas-Rojas MI, Torres-García D, Jiménez-Alvarez L, Vargas-Alarcón G, Granados-Montiel J, Husain Z, Chung RT, Alper CA, Yunis EJ. Protective KIR-HLA interactions for HCV infection in intravenous drug users. Mol Immunol 2009; 46:2723-7. [PMID: 19552960 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2009.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2009] [Revised: 05/06/2009] [Accepted: 05/14/2009] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Intravenous drug use has become the principal route of hepatitis C virus (HCV) transmission due to the sharing of infected needles. In this study, we analyzed the distribution of HLA-KIR genotypes among 160 Puerto Rican intravenous drug users (IDUs) with HCV infection and 92 HCV-negative Puerto Rican IDUs. We found a significant association between the presence of different combinations of KIR inhibitory receptor genes (KIR2DL2 and/or KIR2DL3, pC=0.01, OR=0.07; KIR2DL2 and/or KIR2DL3+KIR2DS4, pC=0.01, OR=0.39) and HLA-C1 homozygous genotypes (HLA-C1+KIR2DS4, pC=0.02, OR=0.43; HLA-C1+KIR2DL2+KIR2DS4, pC=0.02, OR=0.40) together with the activating receptor KIR2DS4 (HLA-C1+KIR2DS4+KIR2DL3 and/or KIR2DL2, pC=0.004, OR=0.38) with protection from HCV infection. Our findings in HCV-infected and non-infected IDUs suggest an important role for KIRs (KIR2DL2 and KIR2DL3) with group HLA-C1 molecules, in the presence of activating KIR2DS4, in protection from HCV infection. These results support the hypothesis that activator signaling, mediated by KIR2DS4, plays a determinant role in the regulation of NK cell antiviral-activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joaquín Zúñiga
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias Ismael Cosio Villegas, Mexico City, Mexico
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74
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Mahfouz RA, Sabbagh AS, Shamseddine W, Bazarbachi A, Ibrahim G, Arayssi T, Hajj NE, Rayes R, Zaatari GS, Khazen G, Khalaf RA. Distribution of Killer Cell Immunoglobulin–like Receptor (KIR) Genotypes in Patients with Familial Mediterranean Fever. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers 2009; 13:91-5. [DOI: 10.1089/gtmb.2008.0081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rami A.R. Mahfouz
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amira S. Sabbagh
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
- Natural Sciences Division, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Wael Shamseddine
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Ibrahim
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Thourayya Arayssi
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nady El Hajj
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Roni Rayes
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghazi S. Zaatari
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Khazen
- Department of Bioinformatics, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Roy A. Khalaf
- Natural Sciences Division, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
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75
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Biassoni R. Human natural killer receptors, co-receptors, and their ligands. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN IMMUNOLOGY 2009; Chapter 14:14.10.1-14.10.40. [PMID: 19235767 DOI: 10.1002/0471142735.im1410s84] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, the study of human natural killer (NK) cells has moved from the first molecular characterizations of very few receptor molecules to the identification of a plethora of receptors displaying surprisingly divergent functions. Our laboratory has contributed to the description of inhibitory receptors and their signaling pathways, important in fine regulation in many cell types, but unknown until their discovery in the NK cells. Inhibitory function is central to regulating NK-mediated cytolysis, with different molecular structures evolving during speciation to assure its persistence. Only in the last ten years has it become possible to characterize the NK triggering receptors mediating natural cytotoxicity, leading to an appreciation of the existence of a cellular interaction network between effectors of both natural and adaptive immunity. This report reviews the contemporary history of molecular studies of receptors and ligands involved in NK cell function, characterizing the ligands of the triggering receptor and the mechanisms for finely regulating their expression in pathogen-infected or tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Biassoni
- Instituto Giannina Gaslini, Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Genova, Italy
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76
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KIR genes and their role in spondyloarthropathies. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2009; 649:286-99. [PMID: 19731638 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-0298-6_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Cellular activity of natural killer cells (NK cells) is defined by the balance between activating and inhibitory signals coming from their receptors. With respect to this response, killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are unique because of their diversity and capacity to recognize specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I allotypes. Up to the present few studies have experimentally been developed concerning the role of KIR genes in spondyloarthropathies (SpA) and its clear relationship with HLA-B27. However, the role of the HLA-B27 heavy chain homodimers and their possible recognition by KIR receptors in the pathogenesis of spondylarthritides has been studied. Moreover, it has been suggested that NK cells and their receptors could play a role in ankylosing spondylitis (AS) development. Several association studies based on a model in which KIRs synergize with HLAs have also been published. This interaction may generate compound genotypes which provide different levels of activation or inhibition. Furthermore, some of these have been associated with certain SpA, such as ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriatic arthritis (PsA).
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77
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Kulkarni S, Martin MP, Carrington M. The Yin and Yang of HLA and KIR in human disease. Semin Immunol 2008; 20:343-52. [PMID: 18635379 PMCID: PMC3501819 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2008] [Accepted: 06/06/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are expressed on natural killer (NK) cells and subsets of T cells. The KIR genes are polymorphic and the KIR gene complex is polygenic with varying numbers of inhibitory and activating receptors. HLA class I molecules serve as ligands for the KIR. Interactions of the independently segregating KIR and HLA loci are important for recognition of targets by NK cells as well as NK cell 'licensing'. Several disease association studies indicate a role for interactions between these loci in infectious diseases, autoimmune/inflammatory disorders, cancer and reproduction. Emerging functional data supports a mechanism based on a continuum of inhibition to activation through various compound KIR-HLA genotypes in diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smita Kulkarni
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
| | - Maureen P. Martin
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, SAIC-Frederick, Frederick, Maryland 21702, USA
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78
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Bitar M, Khalaf R, Shamseddeen W, El Hajj N, Ibrahim G, Greige L, Zaatari G, Fuleihan N, Sabbagh A, Mahfouz R. Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-Like Receptor (KIR) Genotypes in Patients with Recurrent Tonsillitis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 12:517-21. [DOI: 10.1089/gte.2008.0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Bitar
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, AUBMC, Beirut, Lebanon
- Department of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Roy Khalaf
- Department of Biology, LAU, Byblos, Lebanon
| | | | - Nady El Hajj
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, AUBMC, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Georges Ibrahim
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, AUBMC, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Layal Greige
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, AUBMC, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghazi Zaatari
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, AUBMC, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nabil Fuleihan
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, AUBMC, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Amira Sabbagh
- Department of Biology, LAU, Byblos, Lebanon
- Department of Internal Medicine, AUBMC, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Rami Mahfouz
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, AUBMC, Beirut, Lebanon
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Nowak RM, Płoski R. NullHap--a versatile application to estimate haplotype frequencies from unphased genotypes in the presence of null alleles. BMC Bioinformatics 2008; 9:330. [PMID: 18681957 PMCID: PMC2526998 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2105-9-330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2008] [Accepted: 08/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Laboratory techniques used to determine haplotypes are often too expensive for large-scale studies and lack of phase information is commonly overcome using likelihood-based calculations. Whereas a number of programs are available for that purpose, none of them can handle loci with both multiple and null alleles. RESULTS Here we present a description of a modified Expectation - Maximization algorithm as well as its implementation (NullHap) which allow to effectively overcome these limitations. As an example of application we used Nullhap to reanalyze published data on distribution of KIR genotypes in Polish psoriasis patients and controls showing that the KIR2DS4/1D locus may be a marker of KIR2DS1 haplotypes with different effects on disease susceptibility. CONCLUSION The developed application can estimate haplotype frequencies for every type of polymorphism and can effectively be used in genetic research as illustrated by a novel finding regarding the genetic susceptibility to psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Nowak
- Department of Electronics and Information Technology, Institute of Electronic Systems, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland.
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80
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Majorczyk E, Łuszczek W, Nowak I, Pawlik A, Wiśniewski A, Jasek M, Kuśnierczyk P. Distribution of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes in Poles. Int J Immunogenet 2008; 35:405-7. [PMID: 18976447 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2008.00792.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Majorczyk
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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81
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Jobim M, Jobim LFJ, Salim PH, Cestari TF, Toresan R, Gil BC, Jobim MR, Wilson TJ, Kruger M, Schlottfeldt J, Schwartsmann G. A study of the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor gene KIR2DS1 in a Caucasoid Brazilian population with psoriasis vulgaris. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 72:392-6. [PMID: 18643961 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2008.01096.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease whose pathogenesis and genetic background remain unclear. Considering that previous studies have suggested an association of psoriasis vulgaris (PV) and killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs), we typed 15 KIR genes and human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-Cw in 79 Brazilian Caucasoid patients with PV and 110 healthy controls by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using sequence-specific oligonucleotides and sequence-specific primers. We did not observe a relevant increase in the frequency of the activating KIR2DS1 gene in the PV group [KIR2DS1, 46 of 79 cases (58.2%) vs 40 of 110 controls (36.4%)]. However, an association of KIR2DS1 with Cw*0602+ in 26.5% of PV patients was observed, while it was present in only 5.4% of controls. These results suggest that activating KIR2DS1 gene may not confer susceptibility to PV, and an association of KIR2DS1 gene with the HLA-Cw*0602+ was observed in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jobim
- Department of Immunology, Hospital de Clínicas, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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82
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Goverdhan SV, Khakoo SI, Gaston H, Chen X, Lotery AJ. Age-related macular degeneration is associated with the HLA-Cw*0701 Genotype and the natural killer cell receptor AA haplotype. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2008; 49:5077-82. [PMID: 18515573 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.08-1837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the association of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) C and its cognate killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) ligands with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS HLA class I allele groups including the HLA-C principal alleles were genotyped in a cohort of 104 AMD cases and 93 controls by using the PCR-SSP (sequence-specific primers) METHOD This cohort was then genotyped for 16 KIR genes by PCR-SSP. Frequencies of the tested HLA/KIR alleles were then compared between patients with AMD and normal control subjects. HLA-C1, -Cw*07, and -Cw*0701 genotypes and their combinations with KIR genotypes/haplotypes were tested for association with AMD. Probabilities were obtained with a two-tailed chi(2) test and Bonferroni correction applied for multiple testing (P(c)). RESULTS The HLA-Cw*0701 allele, in combination with the inhibitory KIR AA haplotype was associated with AMD after logistic regression analysis (P = 0.006, P(c) = 0.036, OR = 4.35, 95% CI = 1.41-13.44). CONCLUSIONS The HLA-Cw*0701 allele and KIR haplotype AA are associated with AMD. This genotype combination suggests that natural killer cells have a role in the pathogenesis of AMD. Replication studies are needed to confirm these novel HLA-KIR associations with AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas V Goverdhan
- Division of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
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83
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Ahlenstiel G, Martin MP, Gao X, Carrington M, Rehermann B. Distinct KIR/HLA compound genotypes affect the kinetics of human antiviral natural killer cell responses. J Clin Invest 2008; 118:1017-26. [PMID: 18246204 DOI: 10.1172/jci32400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic studies suggest a role for killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor/HLA (KIR/HLA) compound genotypes in the outcome of viral infections, but functional data to explain these epidemiological observations have not been reported. Using an in vitro model of infection with influenza A virus (IAV), we attribute functional differences in human NK cell activity to distinct KIR/HLA genotypes. Multicolor flow cytometry revealed that the HLA-C-inhibited NK cell subset in HLA-C1 homozygous subjects was larger and responded more rapidly in IFN-gamma secretion and CD107a degranulation assays than its counterpart in HLA-C2 homozygous subjects. The differential IFN-gamma response was also observed at the level of bulk NK cells and was independent of KIR3DL1/HLA-Bw4 interactions. Moreover, the differential response was not caused by differences in NK cell maturation status and phenotype, nor by differences in the type I IFN response of IAV-infected accessory cells between HLA-C1 and HLA-C2 homozygous subjects. These results provide functional evidence for differential NK cell responsiveness depending on KIR/HLA genotype and may provide useful insights into differential innate immune responsiveness to viral infections such as IAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Golo Ahlenstiel
- Immunology Section, Liver Diseases Branch, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-1800, USA
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84
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Abstract
Investigations into the cause and treatment of psoriasis remain at the forefront of basic and applied clinical research efforts around the world. The purpose for this review is to provide an up-to-date synopsis of recent progress in ten sections exploring the immunological and inflammatory basis for psoriasis. Given the breadth of this topic in investigative skin biology and frequent paradigm shifts, it should not be surprising that the bibliography contains more than 150 references; many of which have been published in the last 5 years. Whereas considerable progress has been made into the immunopathogenesis of psoriasis, many fundamentally important questions remain regarding the role of cells located in both epidermal and dermal compartments. Attempts to characterize various animal models of psoriasis, delineation of the mechanism of action for biological agents, and consideration of molecular links between skin inflammation and various extracutaneous comorbidities are likely to continue challenging investigators and clinicians for many years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Nickoloff
- Department of Pathology, Loyola University Medical Center, Maywood, IL 60153, USA.
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85
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Abstract
The genes encoding the killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR) are situated within a segment of DNA that has undergone expansion and contraction over time due in large part to unequal crossing over. Consequently, individuals exhibit considerable haplotypic variation in terms of gene content. The highly polymorphic human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I loci encode ligands for the KIR; thus, it is not surprising that KIR genes also show significant allelic polymorphism. As a result of the receptor-ligand relationship between KIR and HLA, functionally relevant KIR-HLA combinations need to be considered in the analysis of these genes as they relate to disease outcomes. This chapter will describe a genotyping method for identifying the presence/absence of the KIR genes and general approaches to data analysis in disease association studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen P Martin
- Laboratory of Genomic Diversity, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., NCI-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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86
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Majorczyk E, Pawlik A, Łuszczek W, Nowak I, Wiśniewski A, Jasek M, Kuśnierczyk P. Associations of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor genes with complications of rheumatoid arthritis. Genes Immun 2007; 8:678-83. [PMID: 17882223 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
We investigated whether killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes are risk factor(s) for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and its clinical manifestations. One hundred and seventy-seven RA patients and 243 healthy individuals were tested for the presence of 11 KIR genes using PCR-SSP method. The frequencies of KIRs in patients with RA were similar to the frequencies in controls. However, RA patients positive for KIR2DL3 and negative for KIR2DS3 had earlier disease diagnosis. Additionally, KIR2DL2 and KIR2DS2 were significantly more frequent among RA patients with extra-articular manifestations and in its subgroup with vasculitis than in controls and in patients without these complications. Furthermore, the frequencies of KIR2DS1 and KIR3DS1 were lower in patients without bone erosions compared with healthy individuals. Relationships between the presence or absence of autoantibodies (rheumatoid factor and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide) and KIR frequencies were also evaluated, but no significant differences were observed. These results suggest that particular clinical manifestations of RA may have different genetic backgrounds with respect to KIR genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Majorczyk
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wrocław, Poland
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87
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Guethlein LA, Older Aguilar AM, Abi-Rached L, Parham P. Evolution of killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) genes: definition of an orangutan KIR haplotype reveals expansion of lineage III KIR associated with the emergence of MHC-C. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2007; 179:491-504. [PMID: 17579070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.179.1.491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) MHC-C appears less evolved than human HLA-C: Popy-C is not fixed and its alleles encode only one (C1) of the two motifs for killer cell Ig-like receptor (KIR) ligands. To assess the structure and complexity of the orangutan KIR locus, the complete nucleotide sequence of an orangutan KIR haplotype was determined. The PopyKIR locus is flanked by LILR and FCAR and consists of seven genes and pseudogenes, two novel and five corresponding to known cDNA. Distinguishing all KIRs in this rapidly evolving KIR locus from the KIR3DX1 gene is an LTR33A/MLT1D element in intron 3. These two forms of KIR represent lineages that originated by duplication of a common ancestor. The conserved, framework regions of primate KIR loci comprise the 5' part of a lineage V KIR, the 3' part of a pseudogene, the complete 2DL4 gene, and the 3' part of a lineage II KIR. Although previously defined PopyKIR2DL4 alleles contain premature termination codons, the sequenced haplotype's PopyKIR2DL4 allele encodes a full-length protein. A model for KIR evolution is proposed. Distinguishing the orangutan KIR haplotype from the proposed common ancestor of primate KIR haplotypes is an increased number to give three lineage III KIR genes in the centromeric part of the locus, the site for most human lineage III genes encoding HLA-C specific KIR. Thus, expansion of lineage III KIR is associated with emergence of MHC-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbeth A Guethlein
- Department of Structural Biology, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, 299 Campus Drive West, Stanford, CA 94305
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88
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Middleton D, Meenagh A, Wright GD. No association in frequency of KIR receptors in patients with rheumatoid arthritis from Northern Ireland. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 69:577-82. [PMID: 17498267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2007.00828.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The frequency of inhibiting and activating killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors was similar in 331 patients with rheumatoid arthritis and in 354 controls. Patients and controls came from a relatively homogeneous Caucasian population from Northern Ireland, thus limiting population stratification. Furthermore, no differences were found when the patients were sub-divided according to gender or shared epitope and when the presence of the human leucocyte antigen ligand was taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Middleton
- Northern Ireland Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, City Hospital, Belfast, Northern Ireland.
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89
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Ewerton PD, Leite MDM, Magalhães M, Sena L, Melo dos Santos EJ. Amazonian Amerindians exhibit high variability of KIR profiles. Immunogenetics 2007; 59:625-30. [PMID: 17551723 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-007-0229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2007] [Accepted: 05/01/2007] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Natural killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) mediate cell lysis through the recognition of human leukocyte antigen class I complexes in target cells, playing an important role in innate immune response. In this context, disease-based selective pressures could be relevant, leaving signatures detected by population studies. However, most population studies on KIR variability have focused on Europe and Asia, while Americas, Oceania, and Africa remain poorly studied. The aim of this study was to analyze the variability of KIR genes in Amerindian tribes from the Amazon region to infer about their evolutionary history. KIR profiles were estimated in 40 individuals from six Amazonian Amerindian tribes using single specific primer polymerase chain reaction. Twenty-five different profiles were identified, and surprisingly, the haplogroup A frequency was the lowest observed in human populations (16%). Results showed also that KIR variability was higher in this group in contrast to Venezuelan Amerindians. Principal components analysis evidenced that Amerindians formed a separated group from other worldwide populations and showed a higher intraethnic differentiation in comparison to other ethnic groups. Such pattern may reflect small effective size and intense genetic drift. However, because of the role of KIR in immune response, selective pressures cannot be entirely ruled out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Daguer Ewerton
- Laboratório de Genética Humana e Médica, Departamento de Patologia, Centro de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Caixa Postal 8615, 66075-900 Belém, Pará, Brazil
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90
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Chang YT, Chou CT, Yu CW, Lin MW, Shiao YM, Chen CC, Huang CH, Lee DD, Liu HN, Wang WJ, Tsai SF. Cytokine gene polymorphisms in Chinese patients with psoriasis. Br J Dermatol 2007; 156:899-905. [PMID: 17388919 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2007.07820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have shown that cytokine gene polymorphisms may confer susceptibility to psoriasis. OBJECTIVES To determine whether genetic polymorphisms of the cytokine genes might influence the development of psoriasis in Chinese patients in Taiwan. METHODS DNA samples were obtained from 170 patients with psoriasis vulgaris (PV), 102 patients with psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and 210 control subjects. Using direct sequencing and microsatellite genotyping, we examined 28 polymorphisms in 11 cytokine genes including the interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-1beta, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-4, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12B, IL-13, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, TNF-beta and interferon-gamma genes. Genotypes of HLA-Cw*0602, killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes and major histocompatibility complex class I chain-related gene A (MICA) were also determined in patients with PsA. RESULTS The patients with PV were more likely to carry the +4496G allele of the IL-12B gene (59.4% vs. 49.3%, P = 0.0067, P(c) = 0.033). However, no significantly different allelic and genotypic distributions of the other analysed genes including IL-1beta, TNF-alpha, TNF-beta, KIR genes and MICA were found between the PV/PsA patients and controls. Moreover, no association was observed with disease onset, gender, peripheral arthritis or joint erosion. With regards to HLA-Cw*0602, its allele frequency was significantly increased in patients with early-onset PV (25.3% vs. 4.8%, P < 10(-7)), but not in patients with PsA. CONCLUSIONS The IL-12B gene polymorphism conferred a risk for PV in our Chinese population, although the effect was more minor than that of HLA-Cw*0602. Cw*0602, KIR2DS1/S2 and MICA-A9 were unlikely to be risk alleles in our patients with PsA. The other analysed genetic polymorphisms of cytokine genes do not appear to be associated with susceptibility to PV and PsA in Chinese patients in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y T Chang
- Department of Dermatology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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91
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Rayes R, Bazarbachi A, Khazen G, Sabbagh A, Zaatari G, Mahfouz R. Natural Killer Cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) Genotypes in two Arab Populations: Will KIR become a genetic landmark between nations? Mol Biol Rep 2007; 35:225-9. [PMID: 17385087 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-007-9074-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2006] [Accepted: 02/26/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genotypic profiles of the Natural killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) have been reported to vary among different ethnic groups and this study represents a comparative report on its distribution between two Arabic populations in the Middle East: Lebanese and Palestinians. Our compared population samples included 120 unrelated healthy Lebanese (as per Mahfouz et al.) and a Palestinian population of 105 individuals (as per Norman et al.). All had their DNA typed using Sequence Specific Primer (SSP) technique for the presence of the different KIR loci. Similar to most published data, we observed that the two framework genes 2DL4 and 3DL2 are present in 100% of individuals from both communities, while 2DL2, 2DL3, 2DS1, 2DS2, 2DS3, 2DS5, 3DL1, and 3DS1 were very similar in frequency. However, significant differences were noted in the frequencies of 2DL1 and 2DS4. This report is comparing KIR genotyping distribution in two Arab populations that sheds additional light on the importance of this gene in delineating a possible geographic genetic demarcation among different ethnicities or even different communities among the same or close ethnic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Rayes
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center (AUBMC), P.O. BOX 11-0236, Riad El Solh 1107 2020, Beirut, Lebanon
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92
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Abstract
The discovery of an unexpected level of diversity among the killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors has led to a search for their role in human disease. Due to their polymorphism and also that of their human leukocyte antigen class I ligands, these studies are difficult to perform and complex to interpret. Nevertheless, as the number of data sets increase, consistent trends and themes are beginning to emerge in both viral and inflammatory disorders. In this review, we summarize the findings from a number of disease association studies and discuss these in the context of the activating and inhibitory roles of the members of this gene family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim I Khakoo
- Cancer Sciences Division, University of Southampton, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
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93
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Santin I, Castellanos-Rubio A, Perez de Nanclares G, Vitoria JC, Castaño L, Bilbao JR. Association of KIR2DL5B gene with celiac disease supports the susceptibility locus on 19q13.4. Genes Immun 2007; 8:171-6. [PMID: 17215859 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide scans have detected linkage to celiac disease (CD) in several genomic locations, including 19q13.4. Killer immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) genes map to the region and encode receptors of natural killer (NK) cells and certain T cells that modulate cytolitic activity through interactions with HLA class I ligands, participating in the innate immune response. We performed KIR genotyping in a group of 70 CD patients of Basque origin and compared gene content, genotype and haplotype frequencies to ethnically matched blood-donors. The frequency of gene combination KIR2DL5B(+)/KIR2DL5A(-) was significantly higher in the disease group, and this result was confirmed in a second group of 343 CD patients and 160 controls of Spanish origin, suggesting an implication of this 'unexpressed' gene with increased susceptibility to CD (combined OR of 3.63 (95% CI: 1.76-7.51; P=0.0004)), possibly due to the lack of an efficient inhibitory signal. Our results support the role of the KIR gene cluster in celiac disease and replicate the CD-susceptibility locus at 19q13.4.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Santin
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Research Group, Hospital de Cruces, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
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94
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Carlén L, Sakuraba K, Ståhle M, Sánchez F. HLA-C expression pattern is spatially different between psoriasis and eczema skin lesions. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 127:342-8. [PMID: 17008885 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Interactions between genetic and environmental factors underlie the immune dysregulation and keratinocyte abnormalities that characterize psoriasis. Among known psoriasis susceptibility loci (PSORS), PSORS1 on chromosome 6 has the strongest association to disease. Altered expression of some PSORS1 candidate genes has been reported but little is known about HLA-C expression in psoriasis. This study compared expression of major histocompatibility complex class Ia and HLA-C in psoriasis, allergic contact eczema, and normal skin. Although HLA-C was abundant in protein extracts from both eczema and psoriasis, a consistent and intriguing difference in the expression pattern was observed; strong immunoreactivity in the basal cell layer, polarized towards the basement membrane in psoriasis, whereas in eczema lesions HLA-C immunostaining was present mostly in suprabasal cells. Inflammatory cells in the dermis were strongly stained in both diseases. Normal skin epithelium showed less intense but similar HLA-C staining as eczema lesions. HLA class Ia expression overall resembled that of HLA-C in all samples. The distinct HLA-C expression patterns in psoriasis and eczema suggest a functional role in the specific psoriasis immune response and not only a general feature of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Carlén
- Dermatology and Venereology Unit, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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95
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Mahfouz R, Rayes R, Mahfoud Z, Bazarbachi A, Zaatari G. Distribution of killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptors genotypes in the Lebanese population. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 68:66-71. [PMID: 16774542 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00605.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This study represents the first report on the distribution of 16 Killer cell Immunoglobulin-like Receptors (KIR) genes in 120 unrelated healthy Lebanese individuals. We observed that 2DL2 frequency (61%) comes second highest after South Asians (64%) and 2DL5 frequency (58.3%) is the second highest reported so far after the South Asians (74%). Interestingly, a large number of AA1 genotype individuals with no loci for activating KIR and three completely new BB profiles not previously reported were found in our population with a group A : group B haplotypes ratio of 1.3:1. The frequency of the KIR loci suggests that the Lebanese population shares common general features with the Caucasoid populations studied before, but still has its own unique decreased or increased frequencies of several loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Mahfouz
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Riad El Solh 1107, 2020 Beirut, Lebanon.
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96
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Jones DC, Edgar RS, Ahmad T, Cummings JRF, Jewell DP, Trowsdale J, Young NT. Killer Ig-like receptor (KIR) genotype and HLA ligand combinations in ulcerative colitis susceptibility. Genes Immun 2006; 7:576-82. [PMID: 16929347 DOI: 10.1038/sj.gene.6364333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are expressed on natural killer cells and some T-cell subsets and produce either activation or inhibitory signals upon binding with the appropriate human leucocyte antigen (HLA) ligand on target cells. Recent genetic association studies have implicated KIR genotype in the development of several inflammatory conditions. Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory disorder of the colonic mucosa that results from an inappropriate activation of the immune system driven by host bacterial flora. We developed a polymerase chain reaction-sequence specific primer (SSP)-based assay to genotype 194 UC patients and 216 control individuals for 14 KIR genes, the HLA-Cw ligand epitopes of the KIR2D receptors and a polymorphism of the lectin-like-activating receptor NKG2D. Initial analysis found the phenotype frequency of KIR2DL2 and -2DS2 to be significantly increased in the UC cohort (P=0.030 and 0.038, respectively). Logistic regression analysis revealed a protective effect conferred by KIR2DL3 in the presence of its ligand HLA-Cw group 1 (P=0.019). These results suggest that KIR genotype and HLA ligand interaction may contribute to the genetic susceptibility of UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- D C Jones
- Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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97
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Luszczek W, Kubicka W, Jasek M, Baran E, Cisło M, Nockowski P, Luczywo-Rudy M, Wiśniewski A, Nowak I, Kuśnierczyk P. CTLA-4 gene polymorphisms and natural soluble CTLA-4 protein in psoriasis vulgaris. Int J Immunogenet 2006; 33:217-24. [PMID: 16712655 DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-313x.2006.00600.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
CTLA-4 molecule is an important inhibitor of T-lymphocyte activation. Several single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the CTLA-4 gene were found, and their associations with many human diseases were described. So far, however, such studies have not been performed in psoriasis vulgaris in Caucasoids. Therefore, we examined the distribution of three CTLA-4 SNPs: -1147C/T, -318C/T and +49 A/G in 116 patients with psoriasis vulgaris and 123 healthy blood donors using the polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method. For all three SNPs, the frequencies of alleles, genotypes and three-point haplotypes were very similar in patients and controls, suggesting no contribution of these genetic variants to psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W Luszczek
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics, Department of Clinical Immunology, Ludwik Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw
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98
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Bashirova AA, Martin MP, McVicar DW, Carrington M. The killer immunoglobulin-like receptor gene cluster: tuning the genome for defense. Annu Rev Genomics Hum Genet 2006; 7:277-300. [PMID: 16824023 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.genom.7.080505.115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Killer immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIRs) are molecules expressed on the surface of natural killer (NK) cells, which play an important role in innate immunity. KIR recognition of major histocompatability complex (MHC) class I allotypes represents one component of the complex interactions between NK cells and their targets in determining NK cell reactivity. KIRs are encoded by a gene cluster at human chromosome 19q13.4. Despite their high degree of sequence identity, KIR genes encode proteins that have diverse recognition patterns (specific HLA class I allotypes) and confer opposing signals (activating or inhibitory) to the NK cell. The KIR gene cluster is highly polymorphic, with individual genes exhibiting allelic variability and individual haplotypes differing in gene content. The polymorphism of the KIR locus parallels that of the MHC, facilitating the adaptation of the immune system to a dynamic, challenging environment. This variation is associated with a growing number of human diseases, which is likely to extend to levels observed for the HLA loci. Here we review current progress in understanding KIR biology and genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman A Bashirova
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21231, USA
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99
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Abstract
Previous studies have localized the psoriasis susceptibility 1 (PSORS1) locus to the proximal major histocompatibility complex class I region, but approximately a dozen genes in the candidate region have thus far been genetically inseparable. According to a team of researchers in the United States and Germany, the primary genetic association has now been worked out, implicating HLA-Cw6 "after all." The results integrate genetics and immunology, further reinforcing our emerging understanding of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- James T Elder
- University of Michigan Medical Center, Department of Dermatology, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.
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Murdoch S, Seoud M, Kircheisen R, Mazhar B, Slim R. Detailed gene and allele content analysis of three homozygous KIR haplotypes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 68:72-7. [PMID: 16774543 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-0039.2006.00606.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The killer immunoglobulin-like receptors are a highly polymorphic family of receptors encoded by 15 genes clustered on 19q13.4. Because of the complexity of the genetic analysis of the KIR cluster, much of the data regarding KIR sequences and alleles has been generated by cDNA typing and partial sequencing. Here we report the genomic sequencing of the KIR genes in individuals with three different haplotypes homozygous by descent. We provide a detailed analysis of their haplotypes and identify new alleles for KIR3DL3 and KIR2DL1. The primers we describe will be a valuable tool for studying the involvement of the KIR genes in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Murdoch
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University Health Center, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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