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Gleeson TA, Nordling E, Kaiser C, Lawrence CB, Brough D, Green JP, Allan SM. Looking into the IL-1 of the storm: are inflammasomes the link between immunothrombosis and hyperinflammation in cytokine storm syndromes? DISCOVERY IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 1:kyac005. [PMID: 38566906 PMCID: PMC10917224 DOI: 10.1093/discim/kyac005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Inflammasomes and the interleukin (IL)-1 family of cytokines are key mediators of both inflammation and immunothrombosis. Inflammasomes are responsible for the release of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-18, as well as releasing tissue factor (TF), a pivotal initiator of the extrinsic coagulation cascade. Uncontrolled production of inflammatory cytokines results in what is known as a "cytokine storm" leading to hyperinflammatory disease. Cytokine storms can complicate a variety of diseases and results in hypercytokinemia, coagulopathies, tissue damage, multiorgan failure, and death. Patients presenting with cytokine storm syndromes have a high mortality rate, driven in part by disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). While our knowledge on the factors propagating cytokine storms is increasing, how cytokine storm influences DIC remains unknown, and therefore treatments for diseases, where these aspects are a key feature are limited, with most targeting specific cytokines. Currently, no therapies target the immunothrombosis aspect of hyperinflammatory syndromes. Here we discuss how targeting the inflammasome and pyroptosis may be a novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of hyperinflammation and its associated pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara A Gleeson
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Erik Nordling
- Swedish Orphan Biovitrum AB, Stockholm 112 76, Sweden
| | | | - Catherine B Lawrence
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - David Brough
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Jack P Green
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Stuart M Allan
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Geoffrey Jefferson Brain Research Centre, The Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Northern Care Alliance NHS Group, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
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52
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Targeting innate immunity-driven inflammation in CKD and cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:762-778. [PMID: 36064794 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-022-00621-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD) is largely a consequence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and is a particular concern given the increasing prevalence of CKD. Sterile inflammation triggered by activation of the innate immune system is an important driver of both CKD and associated CVD. Several endogenous mediators, including lipoproteins, crystals such as silica, urate and cholesterol crystals, or compounds released from dying cells interact with pattern recognition receptors expressed on a variety of different cell types, leading to the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Disturbed regulation of the haematopoietic system by damage-associated molecular patterns, or as a consequence of clonal haematopoiesis or trained innate immunity, also contributes to the development of inflammation. In observational and genetic association studies, inflammation is linked to the progression of CKD and cardiovascular events. In 2017, the CANTOS trial of canakinumab provided evidence that inhibiting inflammation driven by NLRP3-IL-1-IL-6-mediated signalling significantly reduced cardiovascular event rates in individuals with and without CKD. Other approaches to target innate immune pathways are now under investigation for their ability to reduce cardiovascular events and slow disease progression among patients with atherosclerosis and stage 3 and 4 CKD. This Review summarizes current understanding of the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of CKD and its associated CVD, and how this knowledge may translate into novel therapeutics.
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Evolutionary Insight into Immunothrombosis as a Healing Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158346. [PMID: 35955499 PMCID: PMC9368803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Both invertebrates and vertebrates possess a cluster of immediate and local wound-sealing, pathogen-killing, and tissue healing responses known as immunoclotting and immunothrombosis, respectively, to cope with two life-threatening emergencies, namely, bleeding and microbial invasion. Despite their convergence in function, immunoclotting and immunothrombosis are deployed by different blood cells and intravascular multidomain proteins. In vertebrates, these proteins share some domains with intrinsic chemical affinities useful in generating cooperative networks such as pathogen and damage pattern recognition molecules. Moreover, many of the proteins involved in coagulation and fibrinolysis in humans are multifunctional molecules playing roles in other processes from inflammation to healing and beyond. In our modern society, however, the interaction of activated intravascular allosteric proteins with one another and with blood cells entails vulnerabilities posing a biological paradox: intravascular proteins that locally operate as tissue repair enhancers can nevertheless generate pathogenic processes by acting systemically. In this manuscript, we contextualize and frame the coagulation system and hemostasis through an evolutionary time scale, illustrating their role as dual players in the defense against exsanguination and pathogens while significantly influencing wound healing.
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54
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He Q, Yang J, Jin Y. Immune infiltration and clinical significance analyses of the coagulation-related genes in hepatocellular carcinoma. Brief Bioinform 2022; 23:6645203. [PMID: 35849048 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbac291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common types of cancers and a global health challenge with a low early diagnosis rate and high mortality. The coagulation cascade plays an important role in the tumor immune microenvironment (TME) of HCC. In this study, based on the coagulation pathways collected from the KEGG database, two coagulation-related subtypes were distinguished in HCC patients. We demonstrated the distinct differences in immune characteristics and prognostic stratification between two coagulation-related subtypes. A coagulation-related risk score prognostic model was developed in the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) cohort for risk stratification and prognosis prediction. The predictive values of the coagulation-related risk score in prognosis and immunotherapy were also verified in the TCGA and International Cancer Genome Consortium cohorts. A nomogram was also established to facilitate the clinical use of this risk score and verified its effectiveness using different approaches. Based on these results, we can conclude that there is an obvious correlation between the coagulation and the TME in HCC, and the risk score could serve as a robust prognostic biomarker, provide therapeutic benefits for chemotherapy and immunotherapy and may be helpful for clinical decision making in HCC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qifan He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jian Yang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Yonghai Jin
- Department of Interventional Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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55
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Ryan TAJ, O'Neill LAJ. Innate immune signaling and immunothrombosis: New insights and therapeutic opportunities. Eur J Immunol 2022; 52:1024-1034. [PMID: 35569038 PMCID: PMC9543829 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Activation of the coagulation cascade is a critical, evolutionarily conserved mechanism that maintains hemostasis by rapidly forming blood clots in response to blood-borne infections and damaged blood vessels. Coagulation is a key component of innate immunity since it prevents bacterial dissemination and can provoke inflammation. The term immunothrombosis describes the process by which the innate immune response drives aberrant coagulation, which can result in a lethal condition termed disseminated intravascular coagulation, often seen in sepsis. In this review, we describe the recently uncovered molecular mechanisms underlying inflammasome- and STING-driven immunothrombosis induced by bacterial and viral infections, culminating in tissue factor (TF) activation and release. Current anticoagulant therapeutics, while effective, are associated with a life-threatening bleeding risk, requiring the urgent development of new treatments. Targeting immunothrombosis may provide a safer option. Thus, we highlight preclinical tools which target TF and/or block canonical (NLRP3) or noncanonical (caspase-11) inflammasome activation as well as STING-driven TF release and discuss clinically approved drugs which block key immunothrombotic processes and, therefore, may be redeployed as safer anticoagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristram A. J. Ryan
- School of Biochemistry and ImmunologyTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
| | - Luke A. J. O'Neill
- School of Biochemistry and ImmunologyTrinity Biomedical Sciences InstituteTrinity College DublinDublin 2Ireland
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56
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Yuan Y, Wang G, Chen X, Ye XL, Li XK, Li R, Jiang WL, Zeng HL, Du J, Zhang XA, Li H, Fang LQ, Lu QB, Liu W. Thrombocytopenia and increased risk of adverse outcome in COVID-19 patients. PeerJ 2022; 10:e13608. [PMID: 35791362 PMCID: PMC9250762 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.13608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Thrombocytopenia was common in the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients during the infection, while the role of thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 pathogenesis and its relationship with systemic host response remained obscure. The study aimed to systematically evaluate the relationship between thrombocytopenia in COVID-19 patients and clinical, haematological and biochemical markers of the disease as well as adverse outcomes. Methods To assess the relationship between abnormal platelet levels and disease progression, a multi-center retrospective cohort study was conducted. COVID-19 patients with thrombocytopenia and a sub-cohort of matched patients without thrombocytopenia were compared for their clinical manifestations, haematological disorders, biochemical parameters, inflammatory markers and clinical outcome. Results Thrombocytopenia was present in 127 of 2,209 analyzed patients on admission. Compared with the control group, thrombocytopenia patients developed significantly higher frequency of respiratory failure (41.9% vs. 22.6%, P = 0.020), intensive care unit entrance (25.6% vs. 11.5%, P = 0.012), disseminated intravascular coagulation (45.2% vs. 10.6%, P < 0.001), more altered platelet morphology indexes and coagulation perturbation, higher levels of inflammatory markers. In addition, a significantly increased all-cause mortality (hazard ratio 3.08, 95% confidence interval 2.26-4.18, P < 0.001) was also observed in the patients with thrombocytopenia. Late development of thrombocytopenia beyond 14 days post-symptom was observed in 61 patients, from whom a comparable mortality rate yet longer duration to death was observed compared to those with early thrombocytopenia. Conclusions Our finding from this study adds to previous evidence that thrombocytopenia is associated with adverse outcome of the disease and recommend that platelet count and indices be included alongside other haematological, biochemical and inflammatory markers in COVID-19 patients' assessment during the hospital stay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, Wuhan First Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Kun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Healthcare, School of Health Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, Wuhan, China,Global Health Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, Wuhan, China
| | - Wan-Li Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao-Long Zeng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Ai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Li-Qun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China,Department of Laboratorial Science and Technology, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
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57
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Evavold CL, Kagan JC. Diverse Control Mechanisms of the Interleukin-1 Cytokine Family. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:910983. [PMID: 35832789 PMCID: PMC9272893 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.910983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of interleukin-1 (IL-1) family cytokines lack amino terminal secretion signals or transmembrane domains for secretion along the conventional biosynthetic pathway. Yet, these factors must be translocated from the cytoplasm across the plasma membrane into the extracellular space in order to regulate inflammation. Recent work has identified an array of mechanisms by which IL-1 family cytokines can be released into the extracellular space, with supramolecular organizing centers known as inflammasomes serving as dominant drivers of this process. In this review, we discuss current knowledge of the mechanisms of IL-1 family cytokine synthesis, processing, and release from cells. Using this knowledge, we propose a model whereby host metabolic state dictates the route of IL-1β secretion, with implications for microbial infection and sterile inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles L. Evavold
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Charles L. Evavold, ; Jonathan C. Kagan,
| | - Jonathan C. Kagan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Boston Children’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Charles L. Evavold, ; Jonathan C. Kagan,
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58
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Martin SJ, Frezza V, Davidovich P, Najda Z, Clancy DM. IL-1 family cytokines serve as 'activity recognition receptors' for aberrant protease activity indicative of danger. Cytokine 2022; 157:155935. [PMID: 35759924 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Members of the extended IL-1 cytokine family play key roles as instigators of inflammation in numerous infectious and sterile injury contexts and are highly enriched at barrier surfaces such as the skin, lungs and intestinal mucosa. Because IL-1 family cytokines do not possess conventional ER-golgi trafficking and secretory signals, these cytokines are typically released into the extracellular space due to tissue damage resulting in necrosis, or pathogen detection resulting in pyroptosis. The latter feature, in combination with other factors, suggests that IL-1 family cytokines serve as canonical damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which instigate inflammation in response to tissue damage. However, IL-1 family cytokines also require a proteolytic activation step and diverse intracellular, extracellular and non-self proteases have been identified that are capable of processing and activating members of this family. This suggests that IL-1 family members function as sentinels for aberrant protease activity, which is frequently associated with infection or tissue damage. Here, we overview the diversity of proteases implicated in the activation of IL-1 family cytokines and suggest that this ancient cytokine family may have evolved to complement 'pattern recognition receptors', by serving as 'activity recognition receptors' enabling the detection of aberrant enzyme activity indicative of 'danger'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seamus J Martin
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Dept. of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Valentina Frezza
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Dept. of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Pavel Davidovich
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Dept. of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Zaneta Najda
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Dept. of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Danielle M Clancy
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Dept. of Genetics, The Smurfit Institute, Trinity College, Dublin 2, Ireland
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Marchetti M, Gomez-Rosas P, Russo L, Gamba S, Sanga E, Verzeroli C, Ambaglio C, Schieppati F, Restuccia F, Bonanomi E, Rizzi M, Fagiuoli S, D’Alessio A, Gerotziafas GT, Lorini L, Falanga A. Fibrinolytic Proteins and Factor XIII as Predictors of Thrombotic and Hemorrhagic Complications in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:896362. [PMID: 35757331 PMCID: PMC9226333 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.896362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction In a prospective cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients, an extensive characterization of hemostatic alterations by both global and specific assays was performed to clarify mechanisms underlying the coagulopathy and identify predictive factors for thrombotic and hemorrhagic events during hospitalization. Materials and Methods Intensive care unit (ICU; n = 46) and non-ICU (n = 55) patients were enrolled, and the occurrence of thrombotic and hemorrhagic events was prospectively monitored. At study inclusion, thromboelastometry together with the measurement of specific coagulation proteins and hypercoagulation markers was performed. Results Patients (median age 67 years) showed significantly shorter clot formation time together with greater maximum clot firmness by thromboelastometry, increased levels of F1 + 2 and D-dimer, as biomarkers of hypercoagulability, and of procoagulant factors V, VIII, IX, XI, and fibrinogen, while FXIII was significantly reduced. The concentration of fibrinolytic proteins, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) were elevated in the overall cohort of patients. Many of these hemostatic alterations were significantly greater in ICU compared to non-ICU subjects and, furthermore, they were associated with inflammatory biomarker elevation [i.e., interleukin 6 (IL-6), C-reactive protein (CRP), neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and procalcitonin]. After enrollment, 7 thrombosis and 14 major bleedings occurred. Analysis of clinical and biological data identified increased t-PA, PAI-1, and NLR values as independent predictive factors for thrombosis, while lower FXIII levels were associated with bleeding. Conclusion This study demonstrates alterations in all different hemostatic compartments analyzed, particularly in severe COVID-19 conditions, that strongly correlated with the inflammatory status. A potential role of fibrinolytic proteins together with NLR and of FXIII as predictors of thrombotic and hemorrhagic complications, respectively, is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Marchetti
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- *Correspondence: Marina Marchetti,
| | - Patricia Gomez-Rosas
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- Hematology Service, Hospital General Regional Tecamac Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Mexico, Mexico
| | - Laura Russo
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Sara Gamba
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Eleonora Sanga
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Cristina Verzeroli
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Chiara Ambaglio
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesca Schieppati
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Francesco Restuccia
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Ezio Bonanomi
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Marco Rizzi
- Unit of Infectious Diseases, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Stefano Fagiuoli
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Andrea D’Alessio
- Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine, Policlinico San Marco – Gruppo San Donato, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Grigorios T. Gerotziafas
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR_S938, Research Group “Cancer-Hemostasis-Angiogenesis”, Centre de Recherche Saint-Antoine, Institut Universitaire de Cancérologie, Paris, France
| | - Luca Lorini
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Anna Falanga
- Department of Immunohematology and Transfusion Medicine, Hospital Papa Giovanni XXIII, Bergamo, Italy
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano Bicocca, Milan, Italy
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Montazersaheb S, Hosseiniyan Khatibi SM, Hejazi MS, Tarhriz V, Farjami A, Ghasemian Sorbeni F, Farahzadi R, Ghasemnejad T. COVID-19 infection: an overview on cytokine storm and related interventions. Virol J 2022; 19:92. [PMID: 35619180 PMCID: PMC9134144 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-022-01814-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 249] [Impact Index Per Article: 124.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a significant threat to global health. This virus affects the respiratory tract and usually leads to pneumonia in most patients and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) in 15% of cases. ARDS is one of the leading causes of death in patients with COVID-19 and is mainly triggered by elevated levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, referred to as cytokine storm. Interleukins, such as interleukin-6 (1L-6), interleukin-1 (IL-1), interleukin-17 (IL-17), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) play a very significant role in lung damage in ARDS patients through the impairments of the respiratory epithelium. Cytokine storm is defined as acute overproduction and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory markers, both locally and systemically. The eradication of COVID-19 is currently practically impossible, and there is no specific treatment for critically ill patients with COVID-19; however, suppressing the inflammatory response may be a possible strategy. In light of this, we review the efficacy of specific inhibitors of IL6, IL1, IL-17, and TNF-α for treating COVID-19-related infections to manage COVID-19 and improve the survival rate for patients suffering from severe conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soheila Montazersaheb
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | | | - Mohammad Saeid Hejazi
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Vahideh Tarhriz
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran
| | - Afsaneh Farjami
- Food and Drug Safety Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Science, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Raheleh Farahzadi
- Hematology and Oncology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran.
| | - Tohid Ghasemnejad
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, 5166614731, Iran.
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61
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Luo G, Wang C, Li J, Zhang X, Sun Z, Song S, Fan C. Thrombin improves diabetic wound healing by ERK dependent and independent Smad2/3 linker region phosphorylation. Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1433-1443. [PMID: 35546767 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220511125237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired wound healing is one of the most noteworthy features and troublesome complications of diabetes mellitus, which arouse a rising global health concern but without potent remedies. Thrombin is the major hemostatic agent applied at wound healing initiation and recently gained therapeutic credits in later phases. However, a rare investigation achieved prolonged use of thrombin and probed the detailed mechanism. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects and mechanism of thrombin on diabetic skin wound healing. METHODS The effect of thrombin on fibroblast proliferation, α-SMA, and Collagen I expression was firstly studied in vitro by Cell Counting Kit 8 (CCK8) and western blotting. Then, the specific phosphorylation site of SMAD2/3 and their ERK1/2 dependence during thrombin treatment were assessed by western blotting for mechanism exploration. After that, full-thickness wound defects were established in diabetic male SD rats and treated with thrombin in the presence or absence of PD98059 to observe the in vivo effects of thrombin and to confirm its ERK dependence. RESULTS We found that thrombin promoted fibroblast proliferation and their α-SMA and Collagen I production. Mechanistically, thrombin induced phosphorylation of Smad2 linker region (Ser245/250/255) through ERK1/2 phosphorylation but promoted phosphorylation of Smad3 linker region (Ser204) independent of ERK1/2. Histological results showed that thrombin facilitated wound healing by promoting α-SMA and Collagen I expression, which was not abolished by inhibiting ERK phosphorylation. CONCLUSION Collectively, this study validated the therapeutic efficacy of thrombin on diabetic wound healing and identified both ERK-dependent and -independent Smad2/3 linker region phosphorylation as the essential signaling events in this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Luo
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\'s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\'s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Juehong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\'s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Xuancheng Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\'s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Ziyang Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\'s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Sa Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\'s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People\'s Hospital, 600 Yishan Rd, Shanghai 200233, PR China.,Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Building 3, Langu Science and Technology Park, Lane 70, Haiji 6th Road, Shanghai, China
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Frisch SM. Interleukin-1α: Novel functions in cell senescence and antiviral response. Cytokine 2022; 154:155875. [PMID: 35447531 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2022.155875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The interleukin-1 proteins are a hub of innate inflammatory signaling that activates diverse aspects of adaptive immunity. Until recently, the IL-1α isoform was relatively incompletely understood compared with IL-1β. This review briefly summarizes novel and surprising aspects of IL-1α biology. IL-1α localizes to the nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria, cell membrane or extracellular space in various contexts, with corresponding distinct functions. In particular, we focus on multiple pathways by which IL-1α promotes the senescent cell phenotype, unexpectedly involving signaling molecules including mTOR, GATA4, mitochondrial cardiolipin and caspases-4/5. Finally, I review a novel pathway by which IL-1α promotes antiviral immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Frisch
- Department of Biochemistry and WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, United States.
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63
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Gupta R. Could anakinra outmatch dexamethasone/tocilizumab in COVID-19? BULLETIN OF THE NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 2022; 46:100. [PMID: 35431536 PMCID: PMC9006204 DOI: 10.1186/s42269-022-00781-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hyperinflammatory state leading to an aberrant cytokine production, culminating in acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis and multi-organ dysfunction contribute much to the pathophysiologies of severe COVID-19. These severe patients have similar clinical manifestations with patients suffering from certain auto-inflammatory disorders and cytokine storm syndromes. Interestingly, anakinra (blocking both IL-1α and IL-1β) has shown promises in treating these patients with hyperinflammatory disorders, sepsis with multiorgan failures. Another inflammasome, AIM2, involved in production of IL-1 has also been found to be implicated in COVID-19. IL-1β, a known procoagulant, causes induction of tissue factor with increasing vascular endothelial permeability loss ensuing in hypercoagulability-one of the cardinal features of the disease. Hence, anakinra a 17kD recombinant human IL-1 receptor antagonist, used widely in Rheumatoid Arthritis treatments might prove efficacious in attenuating the hyperinflammatory state of the disease. Indeed, some of the controlled clinical trials have shown anakinra to effectively decrease mortality and hospital stay. Targeted cytokine blocking are always preferable in comparison with non-specific blocking (steroids) as it is more restrained with the chances of dampening of systemic immune system being much less. Early cell death and neutrophil migration have been one of the pivotal events in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Hence, suPAR levels which measures IL-1α (necroptosis) and S100A8/A9 (neutrophil migration) can perhaps be a good early biomarker predicting the disease progression. Lastly and importantly, as the vaccines are raised against spike protein and the different variants of concern are known to evade the neutralizing antibodies by varying degrees, it will be deserving to assess anakinra, against the variants of concern as an immunomodulatory drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Gupta
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY USA
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64
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Navrazhina K, Renert-Yuval Y, Frew JW, Grand D, Gonzalez J, Williams SC, Garcet S, Krueger JG. Large-scale serum analysis identifies unique systemic biomarkers in psoriasis and hidradenitis suppurativa. Br J Dermatol 2022; 186:684-693. [PMID: 34254293 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.20642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is now recognized as a systemic inflammatory disease, sharing molecular similarities with psoriasis. Direct comparison of the systemic inflammation in HS with psoriasis is lacking. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the serum proteome of HS and psoriasis, and to identify biomarkers associated with disease severity. METHODS In this cross-sectional study, 1536 serum proteins were assessed using the Olink Explore (Proximity Extension Assay) high-throughput panel in patients with moderate-to-severe HS (n = 11), patients with psoriasis (n = 10) and age- and body mass index-matched healthy controls (n = 10). RESULTS HS displayed an overall greater dysregulation of circulating proteins, with 434 differentially expressed proteins (absolute fold change ≥ 1·2; P ≤ 0·05) in patients with HS vs. controls, 138 in patients with psoriasis vs. controls and 503 between patients with HS and patients with psoriasis. Interleukin (IL)-17A levels and T helper (Th)1/Th17 pathway enrichment were comparable between diseases, while HS presented greater tumour necrosis factor- and IL-1β-related signalling. The Th17-associated markers peptidase inhibitor 3 (PI3) and lipocalin 2 (LCN2) were able to differentiate psoriasis from HS accurately. Both diseases presented increases of atherosclerosis-related proteins. Robust correlations between clinical severity scores and immune and atherosclerosis-related proteins were observed across both diseases. CONCLUSIONS HS and psoriasis share significant Th1/Th17 enrichment and upregulation of atherosclerosis-related proteins. Despite the greater body surface area involved in psoriasis, HS presents a greater serum inflammatory burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Navrazhina
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD program, New York, NY, USA
| | - Y Renert-Yuval
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J W Frew
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - D Grand
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J Gonzalez
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - S C Williams
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD program, New York, NY, USA
| | - S Garcet
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - J G Krueger
- Laboratory for Investigative Dermatology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
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65
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Dukhin OA, Kalinsaya AI, Shpektor AV, Vasilieva EY. [The role of thrombin in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and its complications]. KARDIOLOGIIA 2022; 62:73-81. [PMID: 35414364 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2022.3.n1968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Thrombin is a key regulator of the homeostasis system. Also, it actively participates in progression of various systemic diseases, including atherosclerosis. There is a large amount of experimental and clinical data on the involvement of thrombin in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease (IHD). Thus, studying thrombin activity regulation is promising. Also, the question whether it is possible to use biomarkers of thrombin activity as predictors of cardiovascular complications in IHD patients is relevant. The present review focuses on major mechanisms of thrombin functioning, its role in development and progression of atherosclerosis, and available tests for evaluation of thrombin functional activity. Major clinical studies are discussed that evaluated the efficacy of thrombin inhibitors and protease-activated receptor antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Dukhin
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry; Moscow Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky
| | - A I Kalinsaya
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry; Moscow Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky
| | - A V Shpektor
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry
| | - E Yu Vasilieva
- A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry; Moscow Clinical City Hospital named after I.V. Davydovsky
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66
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The Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Superfamily Cytokines and Their Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:2054431. [PMID: 35378905 PMCID: PMC8976653 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2054431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukins (ILs)—which are important members of cytokines—consist of a vast group of molecules, including a wide range of immune mediators that contribute to the immunological responses of many cells and tissues. ILs are immune-glycoproteins, which directly contribute to the growth, activation, adhesion, differentiation, migration, proliferation, and maturation of immune cells; and subsequently, they are involved in the pro and anti-inflammatory responses of the body, by their interaction with a wide range of receptors. Due to the importance of immune system in different organisms, the genes belonging to immune elements, such as ILs, have been studied vigorously. The results of recent investigations showed that the genes pertaining to the immune system undergo progressive evolution with a constant rate. The occurrence of any mutation or polymorphism in IL genes may result in substantial changes in their biology and function and may be associated with a wide range of diseases and disorders. Among these abnormalities, single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) can represent as important disruptive factors. The present review aims at concisely summarizing the current knowledge available on the occurrence, properties, role, and biological consequences of SNPs within the IL-1 family members.
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67
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Will B. Effects of eltrombopag on mesenchymal stem cells in immune thrombocytopenia purpura. Br J Haematol 2022; 197:137-138. [PMID: 35245400 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.18101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Britta Will
- Department of Medicine (Oncology), Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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68
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Kudo Y, Tamagawa T, Nishio K, Kaneko T, Yonehara Y, Tsunoda M. Nuclear localization of propiece IL-1α in HeLa cells. J Oral Sci 2022; 64:151-155. [PMID: 35236814 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.21-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The study aimed to examine the nuclear localization of propiece interleukin (IL)-1α (ppIL-1α) and extracellular release rates of ppIL-1α, pIL-1α, and mIL-1α. METHODS The subcellular localization of IL-1α molecules was observed in HeLa cells transfected with green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged IL-1α. Extracellular release efficiency was examined using N-terminal HiBiT-tagged IL-1α. The nuclear localization status of ppIL-1α was examined by incubating ppIL-1α transfectants with 0.1% Triton X-100 solution or with complete medium on ice. RESULTS The results indicated the diffuse cytoplasmic and nuclear localization for m and p and ppIL-1, respectively. All IL-1α forms were released from the cells even in the steady state, and the release efficiency was 25%, 13%, and 8% for mIL-1α, pIL-1α, and ppIL-1α, respectively. Under oxidative stress condition, GFP-mIL-1α was totally diminished, but weak staining of GFP-pIL-1α and GFP-ppIL-1α was detected; nuclear localization of GFP-ppIL-1α was completely abolished by 0.1% Triton X-100 treatment, however, it remained in the nucleus after culture in complete medium on ice. CONCLUSION The results of this study showed that ppIL-1α was localized in the nucleus and released extracellularly even in the steady state. Moreover, its cellular localization is not firm, and it is presumed to be floating in the nucleoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiro Kudo
- Division of Oral Structural and Functional Biology, Nihon University Graduate School of Dentistry.,Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Takaaki Tamagawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Kensuke Nishio
- Department of Complete Denture Prosthodontics, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Tadayoshi Kaneko
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Yoshiyuki Yonehara
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery II, Nihon University School of Dentistry
| | - Mariko Tsunoda
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry.,Division of Immunology and Pathobiology, Dental Research Center, Nihon University School of Dentistry
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69
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Galmiche A, Saidak Z, Ghiringhelli F. Targeting coagulation to unlock antitumor immunity? Oncoimmunology 2022; 11:2045696. [PMID: 35251772 PMCID: PMC8890431 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2022.2045696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Galmiche
- EA7516 Chimere, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Human Biology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - Zuzana Saidak
- EA7516 Chimere, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, Amiens, France
- Department of Biochemistry, Center for Human Biology, Amiens University Hospital, Amiens, France
| | - François Ghiringhelli
- Platform of Transfer in Cancer Biology, Centre Georges François Leclerc, INSERM LNC UMR1231, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Dijon, France
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70
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Supino D, Minute L, Mariancini A, Riva F, Magrini E, Garlanda C. Negative Regulation of the IL-1 System by IL-1R2 and IL-1R8: Relevance in Pathophysiology and Disease. Front Immunol 2022; 13:804641. [PMID: 35211118 PMCID: PMC8861086 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.804641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin-1 (IL-1) is a primary cytokine of innate immunity and inflammation. IL-1 belongs to a complex family including ligands with agonist activity, receptor antagonists, and an anti-inflammatory cytokine. The receptors for these ligands, the IL-1 Receptor (IL-1R) family, include signaling receptor complexes, decoy receptors, and negative regulators. Agonists and regulatory molecules co-evolved, suggesting the evolutionary relevance of a tight control of inflammatory responses, which ensures a balance between amplification of innate immunity and uncontrolled inflammation. IL-1 family members interact with innate immunity cells promoting innate immunity, as well as with innate and adaptive lymphoid cells, contributing to their differentiation and functional polarization and plasticity. Here we will review the properties of two key regulatory receptors of the IL-1 system, IL-1R2, the first decoy receptor identified, and IL-1R8, a pleiotropic regulator of different IL-1 family members and co-receptor for IL-37, the anti-inflammatory member of the IL-1 family. Their complex impact in pathology, ranging from infections and inflammatory responses, to cancer and neurologic disorders, as well as clinical implications and potential therapeutic exploitation will be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenico Supino
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Luna Minute
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Andrea Mariancini
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
| | - Federica Riva
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Magrini
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
| | - Cecilia Garlanda
- Department of Immunology and Inflammation, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Rozzano, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, Humanitas University, Pieve Emanuele, Italy
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71
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Ahmad F, Kannan M, Ansari AW. Role of SARS-CoV-2 -induced cytokines and growth factors in coagulopathy and thromboembolism. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2022; 63:58-68. [PMID: 34750061 PMCID: PMC8541834 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2021.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Severe COVID-19 patients frequently present thrombotic complications which commonly lead to multiorgan failure and increase the risk of death. Severe SARS-CoV-2 infection induces the cytokine storm and is often associated with coagulation dysfunction. D-dimer, a hallmark of venous thromboembolism (VTE), is observed at a higher level in the majority of hospitalized COVID-19 patients. The precise molecular mechanism of the disproportionate effect of SARS-CoV-2 infection on the coagulation system is largely undefined. SARS-CoV-2 -induced endotheliopathy and, induction of cytokines and growth factors (GFs) most likely play important roles in platelet activation, coagulopathy, and VTE. Generally, viral infections lead to systemic inflammation and induction of numerous cytokines and GFs and many of them are reported to be associated with increased VTE. Most importantly, platelets play key thromboinflammatory roles linking coagulation to immune mediators in a variety of infections including response to viral infection. Since the pathomechanism of coagulopathy and VTE in COVID-19 is largely undefined, herein we highlight the association of dysregulated inflammatory cytokines and GFs with thrombotic complications and coagulopathy in COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Firdos Ahmad
- College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research, University of Sharjah, Sharjah 27272, UAE.
| | - Meganathan Kannan
- Blood and Vascular Biology Research Lab, Department of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, India
| | - Abdul W Ansari
- Dermatology Institute, Translational Research Institute, Academic Health Systems, Hamad Medical Corporation, PO Box 3050, Doha, Qatar
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72
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall, characterized by the formation of plaques containing lipid, connective tissue and immune cells in the intima of large and medium-sized arteries. Over the past three decades, a substantial reduction in cardiovascular mortality has been achieved largely through LDL-cholesterol-lowering regimes and therapies targeting other traditional risk factors for cardiovascular disease, such as hypertension, smoking, diabetes mellitus and obesity. However, the overall benefits of targeting these risk factors have stagnated, and a huge global burden of cardiovascular disease remains. The indispensable role of immunological components in the establishment and chronicity of atherosclerosis has come to the forefront as a clinical target, with proof-of-principle studies demonstrating the benefit and challenges of targeting inflammation and the immune system in cardiovascular disease. In this Review, we provide an overview of the role of the immune system in atherosclerosis by discussing findings from preclinical research and clinical trials. We also identify important challenges that need to be addressed to advance the field and for successful clinical translation, including patient selection, identification of responders and non-responders to immunotherapies, implementation of patient immunophenotyping and potential surrogate end points for vascular inflammation. Finally, we provide strategic guidance for the translation of novel targets of immunotherapy into improvements in patient outcomes. In this Review, the authors provide an overview of the immune cells involved in atherosclerosis, discuss preclinical research and published and ongoing clinical trials assessing the therapeutic potential of targeting the immune system in atherosclerosis, highlight emerging therapeutic targets from preclinical studies and identify challenges for successful clinical translation. Inflammation is an important component of the pathophysiology of cardiovascular disease; an imbalance between pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory processes drives chronic inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessel wall. Clinical trials assessing canakinumab and colchicine therapies in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease have provided proof-of-principle of the benefits associated with therapeutic targeting of the immune system in atherosclerosis. The immunosuppressive adverse effects associated with the systemic use of anti-inflammatory drugs can be minimized through targeted delivery of anti-inflammatory drugs to the atherosclerotic plaque, defining the window of opportunity for treatment and identifying more specific targets for cardiovascular inflammation. Implementing immunophenotyping in clinical trials in patients with atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease will allow the identification of immune signatures and the selection of patients with the highest probability of deriving benefit from a specific therapy. Clinical stratification via novel risk factors and discovery of new surrogate markers of vascular inflammation are crucial for identifying new immunotherapeutic targets and their successful translation into the clinic.
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73
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Macleod T, Berekmeri A, Bridgewood C, Stacey M, McGonagle D, Wittmann M. The Immunological Impact of IL-1 Family Cytokines on the Epidermal Barrier. Front Immunol 2022; 12:808012. [PMID: 35003136 PMCID: PMC8733307 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.808012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The skin barrier would not function without IL-1 family members, but their physiological role in the immunological aspects of skin barrier function are often overlooked. This review summarises the role of IL-1 family cytokines (IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-18, IL-33, IL-36α, IL-36β, IL-36γ, IL-36Ra, IL-37 and IL-38) in the skin. We focus on novel aspects of their interaction with commensals and pathogens, the important impact of proteases on cytokine activity, on healing responses and inflammation limiting mechanisms. We discuss IL-1 family cytokines in the context of IL-4/IL-13 and IL-23/IL-17 axis-driven diseases and highlight consequences of human loss/gain of function mutations in activating or inhibitory pathway molecules. This review highlights recent findings that emphasize the importance of IL-1 family cytokines in both physiological and pathological cutaneous inflammation and emergent translational therapeutics that are helping further elucidate these cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Macleod
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anna Berekmeri
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Charlie Bridgewood
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Stacey
- School of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Dennis McGonagle
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), The Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Miriam Wittmann
- Leeds Institute of Rheumatic and Musculoskeletal Medicine (LIRMM), University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom.,National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Leeds Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), The Leeds Teaching Hospitals, Leeds, United Kingdom
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74
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Coagulome and the tumor microenvironment: an actionable interplay. Trends Cancer 2022; 8:369-383. [PMID: 35027336 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Human tumors often trigger a hypercoagulable state that promotes hemostatic complications, including venous thromboembolism. The recent application of systems biology to the study of the coagulome highlighted its link to shaping the tumor microenvironment (TME), both within and outside of the vascular space. Addressing this link provides the opportunity to revisit the significance of biomarkers of hemostasis and assess the communication between vasculature and tumor parenchyma, an important topic considering the advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors and vascular normalization strategies. Understanding how the coagulome and TME influence each other offers exciting new prospects for predicting hemostatic complications and boosting the effectiveness of cancer treatment.
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75
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Huang Y, Li X, Zhu L, Huang C, Chen W, Ling Z, Zhu S, Feng X, Yi C, Gu W, Yan C, Wang J, Ma L, Su X, Dai R, Shi G, Sun B, Zhang Y. Thrombin cleaves IL-33 and modulates IL-33-activated allergic lung inflammation. Allergy 2022; 77:2104-2120. [PMID: 34995358 DOI: 10.1111/all.15210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organisms have orchestrated coagulation and immune systems. Although a link between inflammation and haemostasis has been reported in asthma, the interaction mechanism has not been completely elucidated. Here, we investigated the direct link between the mammalian immune and coagulation systems. METHODS Mice were administered protease or antigens intranasally to induce airway inflammation with or without thrombin inhibitors treatment. The effects of thrombin and its inhibitors on interleukin (IL)-33 were investigated both in vivo and in vitro. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and plasma from asthma patients are collected to verify the correlation between thrombin and group 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s). RESULTS Low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH, an indirect inhibitor of thrombin) restrained both papain- and fungus-induced type 2 immune responses in mice by inhibiting IL-33 cleavage. Upon examining the potential thrombin protease consensus sites, we found that IL-33 was directly cleaved by thrombin at specific amino acids (R48 and R106) to generate a mature form of IL-33 with potent biological activity. In addition, we found that bivalirudin TFA (a direct inhibitor of thrombin) inhibited a variety of type 2 inflammatory responses, such as those in house dust mite (HDM)- and ovalbumin (OVA)-mediated pulmonary inflammation models. We found that plasma thrombin-antithrombin complex (TATc) levels in asthma patients were positively associated with the number and function of IL-33-responder group 2 innate lymphocytes (ILC2s) among peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from asthma patients. CONCLUSION The data suggested that thrombin inhibitors administration could be effective in treating lung inflammation by regulating ILC2s via IL-33 maturation, indicating that targeting thrombin is a potential way to treat allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuying Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Xuezhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Chunrong Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Wen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Zhiyang Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - SongLing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Xintong Feng
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute Pasteur of Shanghai Shanghai China
| | - Chunyan Yi
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Wangpeng Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Chenghua Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University Wulumuqi China
| | - Liyan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Xiao Su
- Unit of Respiratory Infection and Immunity Chinese Academy of Sciences Institute Pasteur of Shanghai Shanghai China
| | - Ranran Dai
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Guochao Shi
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine Ruijin HospitalShanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine Shanghai China
| | - Bing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
| | - Yaguang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cell Biology CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology Chinese Academy of Sciences University of Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai China
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76
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Aronowski J, Sansing LH, Xi G, Zhang JH. Mechanisms of Damage After Cerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-69424-7.00008-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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77
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Page MJ, Kell DB, Pretorius E. The Role of Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Cell Signalling in Chronic Inflammation. CHRONIC STRESS (THOUSAND OAKS, CALIF.) 2022; 6:24705470221076390. [PMID: 35155966 PMCID: PMC8829728 DOI: 10.1177/24705470221076390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is the main structural component of the outer membrane of most Gram-negative bacteria and has diverse immunostimulatory and procoagulant effects. Even though LPS is well described for its role in the pathology of sepsis, considerable evidence demonstrates that LPS-induced signalling and immune dysregulation are also relevant in the pathophysiology of many diseases, characteristically where endotoxaemia is less severe. These diseases are typically chronic and progressive in nature and span broad classifications, including neurodegenerative, metabolic, and cardiovascular diseases. This Review reappraises the mechanisms of LPS-induced signalling and emphasises the crucial contribution of LPS to the pathology of multiple chronic diseases, beyond conventional sepsis. This perspective asserts that new ways of approaching chronic diseases by targeting LPS-driven pathways may be of therapeutic benefit in a wide range of chronic inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,The Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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78
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Brain D, Plant-Hately A, Heaton B, Arshad U, David C, Hedrich C, Owen A, Liptrott NJ. Drug delivery systems as immunomodulators for therapy of infectious disease: Relevance to COVID-19. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 178:113848. [PMID: 34182016 PMCID: PMC8233062 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.113848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, and the ensuing global pandemic, has resulted in an unprecedented response to identify therapies that can limit uncontrolled inflammation observed in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. The immune pathology behind COVID-19 is complex and involves the activation and interaction of multiple systems including, but not limited to, complement, inflammasomes, endothelial as well as innate and adaptive immune cells to bring about a convoluted profile of inflammation, coagulation and tissue damage. To date, therapeutic approaches have focussed on inhibition of coagulation, untargeted immune suppression and/or cytokine-directed blocking agents. Regardless of recently achieved improvements in individual patient outcomes and survival rates, improved and focussed approaches targeting individual systems involved is needed to further improve prognosis and wellbeing. This review summarizes the current understanding of molecular and cellular systems involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, and their contribution to pathogen clearance and damage to then discuss possible therapeutic options involving immunomodulatory drug delivery systems as well as summarising the complex interplay between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Brain
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Alex Plant-Hately
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Bethany Heaton
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Usman Arshad
- Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christopher David
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Christian Hedrich
- Department of Women's & Children's Health, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Department of Rheumatology, Alder Hey Children's NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Andrew Owen
- Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Neill J Liptrott
- Immunocompatibility Group, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK; Centre of Excellence for Long-acting Therapeutics (CELT), Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.
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79
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Fibronectin Molecular Status in Plasma of Women with Endometriosis and Fertility Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111410. [PMID: 34768846 PMCID: PMC8583846 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of endometriosis and fertility disorders is difficult; therefore, it is necessary to look for reliable biomarkers. Analysis of the molecular status of fibronectin as a key player in repair and wound healing processes, as well as in coagulation and fibrinolysis pathways, is justified. ELISA and SDS-agarose immunoblotting were applied to determine the fibronectin concentration and presence and occurrence of soluble FN-fibrin complexes in the blood plasma of women with endometriosis (n = 38), fertility disorders (n = 28) and the healthy group (n = 25). The concentration of fibronectin in the blood plasma of women with endometriosis (292.61 ± 96.17 mg/L) and fertility disorders (287.53 ± 122.68 mg/L) was significantly higher than in the normal group (226.55 ± 91.98 mg/L). The presence of FN-fibrin complexes of 750, 1000, 1300, 1600 and 1900 kDa in the plasma of women with endometriosis and fertility disorders was shown. The presence of FN-fibrin complexes with a molecular mass of more than 1300 kDa in women with endometriosis and infertility and the complete absence of these complexes in healthy women may indicate an increased and chronic activation of coagulation mechanisms in these patients. The presence of complexes of high molecular mass may be one of the biomarkers of fertility disorders in women.
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80
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Padilla S, Nurden AT, Prado R, Nurden P, Anitua E. Healing through the lens of immunothrombosis: Biology-inspired, evolution-tailored, and human-engineered biomimetic therapies. Biomaterials 2021; 279:121205. [PMID: 34710794 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evolution, from invertebrates to mammals, has yielded and shaped immunoclotting as a defense and repair response against trauma and infection. This mosaic of immediate and local wound-sealing and pathogen-killing mechanisms results in survival, restoration of homeostasis, and tissue repair. In mammals, immunoclotting has been complemented with the neuroendocrine system, platelets, and contact system among other embellishments, adding layers of complexity through interconnecting blood-born proteolytic cascades, blood cells, and the neuroendocrine system. In doing so, immunothrombosis endows humans with survival advantages, but entails vulnerabilities in the current unprecedented and increasingly challenging environment. Immunothrombosis and tissue repair appear to go hand in hand with common mechanisms mediating both processes, a fact that is underlined by recent advances that are deciphering the mechanisms of the repair process and of the biochemical pathways that underpins coagulation, hemostasis and thrombosis. This review is intended to frame both the universal aspects of tissue repair and the therapeutic use of autologous fibrin matrix as a biology-as-a-drug approach in the context of the evolutionary changes in coagulation and hemostasis. In addition, we will try to shed some light on the molecular mechanisms underlying the use of the autologous fibrin matrix as a biology-inspired, evolution-tailored, and human-engineered biomimetic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabino Padilla
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain.
| | - Alan T Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Roberto Prado
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain
| | - Paquita Nurden
- Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire LIRYC, Hôpital Xavier Arnozan, Pessac, France
| | - Eduardo Anitua
- Eduardo Anitua Foundation for Biomedical Research, Vitoria, Spain; BTI-Biotechnology Institute ImasD, Vitoria, Spain; University Institute for Regenerative Medicine & Oral Implantology - UIRMI (UPV/EHU-Fundación Eduardo Anitua), Vitoria, Spain.
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81
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Association of COVID-19 infection with large thrombi in left and right atrial appendages. Egypt Heart J 2021; 73:81. [PMID: 34529187 PMCID: PMC8443918 DOI: 10.1186/s43044-021-00207-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Multiple intra-atrial thrombi are found rarely except in the presence of prosthetic valves, intra-cardiac devices, structural connections like foramen ovale and thrombophilia. Case presentation We reported acute thrombosis formation in right and left atrial appendages of a 66-year old man admitted due to progressive dyspnea since 7 days earlier. He had a history of prior laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma, apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), and atrial fibrillation (AF). Infection with COVID-19 was confirmed thereafter. Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging (CMR) suggested the diagnosis of atrial clot superior to neoplasm. After surgical removal of the thrombi, symptoms as well as imaging features of pneumonia were resolved. Conclusions We should focus on different presentations and complications of systemic inflammation especially in the setting of COVID-19 infection. Although risk factors of thrombosis are present in some of these patients, rapid progression as well as unusual types of involvement may indicate to a new trigger.
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82
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Li Z, Li Y, Han J, Zhu Z, Li M, Liu Q, Wang Y, Shi FD. Formyl peptide receptor 1 signaling potentiates inflammatory brain injury. Sci Transl Med 2021; 13:13/605/eabe9890. [PMID: 34349037 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.abe9890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Acute brain insults elicit pronounced inflammation that amplifies brain damage in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). We profiled perihematomal tissue from patients with ICH, generating a molecular landscape of the injured brain, and identified formyl peptide receptor 1 (FPR1) as the most abundantly increased damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) receptor, predominantly expressed by microglia. Circulating mitochondrial N-formyl peptides, endogenous ligands of FPR1, were augmented and correlated with the magnitude of brain edema in patients with ICH. Interactions of formyl peptides with FPR1 activated microglia, boosted neutrophil recruitment, and aggravated neurological deficits in two mouse models of ICH. We created an FPR1 antagonist T-0080 that can penetrate the brain and bind both human and murine FPR1. T-0080 attenuated brain edema and improved neurological outcomes in ICH models. Thus, FPR1 orchestrates brain inflammation after ICH and could be targeted to improve clinical outcome in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiguo Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yulin Li
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Jinrui Han
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Zilong Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Minshu Li
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China.,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Yongjun Wang
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China.
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Advanced Innovation Center for Human Brain Protection, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100070, China. .,Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
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83
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Biomaterial and cellular implants:foreign surfaces where immunity and coagulation meet. Blood 2021; 139:1987-1998. [PMID: 34415324 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2020007209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure of blood to a foreign surface in the form of a diagnostic or therapeutic biomaterial device or implanted cells or tissues, elicits an immediate, evolutionarily conserved thrombo-inflammatory response by the host. Primarily designed to protect against invading organisms following an injury, this innate response features instantaneous activation of several blood-borne, highly interactive and well-orchestrated cascades and cellular events that limit bleeding, destroy and eliminate the foreign substance/cells, and promote healing and a return to homeostasis via delicately balanced regenerative processes. In the setting of blood-contacting synthetic or natural biomaterials and implantation of foreign cells/tissues, innate responses are robust, albeit highly context-specific. Unfortunately, they tend to be less than adequately regulated by the host's natural anti-coagulant/anti-inflammatory pathways, thereby jeopardizing the functional integrity of the device, as well as the health of the host. Strategies to achieve biocompatibility with a sustained return to homeostasis, particularly while the device remains in situ and functional, continue to elude scientists and clinicians. In this review, some of the complex mechanisms by which biomaterials and cellular transplants provide a "hub" for activation and amplification of coagulation and immunity - thrombo-inflammation - will be discussed, with a view toward the development of innovative means of overcoming the innate challenges.
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84
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Xue L, Tao L, Li X, Wang Y, Wang B, Zhang Y, Gao N, Dong Y, Xu N, Xiong C, Zhou T, Liu Z, Liu H, He J, Li K, Geng Y, Li M. Plasma fibrinogen, D-dimer, and fibrin degradation product as biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16903. [PMID: 34413382 PMCID: PMC8377052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-96349-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the association of coagulation-related indicators such as plasma fibrinogen (FIB), D-dimer, and fibrin degradation product (FDP) in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) with the disease activity. Data from 105 RA patients and 102 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were collected in the retrospective study. Disease activity score in 28 joints based on C-reactive protein (DAS28-CRP) was used to divide RA patients into low activity group (DAS28-CRP ≤ 2.7) and active group (DAS28-CRP > 2.7). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was applied to determine area under the curve (AUC). The association between plasma FIB, D-dimer, and FDP and DAS28-CRP was evaluated by spearman correlation. Logistical regression analysis was used to identify the independent variables associated with RA disease activity. RA patients showed higher levels of plasma FIB, D-dimer, and FDP than the controls (P < 0.01). Plasma FIB, D-dimer, and FDP were also increased in active groups of RA patients than those in inactive groups (P < 0.001). ROC curve analyses revealed that the AUC of D-dimer was higher than erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) and rheumatoid factor (RF), and that of FDP was higher than RF in RA patients. In addition, the optimal cut-off value of plasma FIB, D-dimer, and FDP for RA diagnosis was 286 mg/dL, 470 μg/L, and 1.45 mg/L, respectively. Spearman analysis showed that plasma FIB, D-dimer, and FDP were positively related with DAS28-CRP (P < 0.001) in RA patients. Logistical regression analysis showed that D-dimer (odds ratio 2.862, 95% confidence interval 1.851-5.426, P < 0.001) was an independent variable associated with RA disease activity. FIB, D-dimer, and FDP were increased in RA patients and positively correlated with the disease activity of RA. D-dimer may act as a novel inflammatory indice for indicating disease activity in RA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xue
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xueyi Li
- Department of Rheumatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Biao Wang
- Department of Immunology and Pathogenic Biology, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yanying Dong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Chaoliang Xiong
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Ting Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Zeshi Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Hailong Liu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Juntao He
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Ke Li
- Core Research Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
- National Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Biodiagnostics and Biotherapy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yan Geng
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710004, China.
| | - Ming Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710061, China.
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85
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Veluswamy P, Wacker M, Stavridis D, Reichel T, Schmidt H, Scherner M, Wippermann J, Michels G. The SARS-CoV-2/Receptor Axis in Heart and Blood Vessels: A Crisp Update on COVID-19 Disease with Cardiovascular Complications. Viruses 2021; 13:1346. [PMID: 34372552 PMCID: PMC8310117 DOI: 10.3390/v13071346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Revised: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus causing COVID-19 disease has emerged expeditiously in the world and has been declared pandemic since March 2020, by World Health Organization (WHO). The destructive effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection are increased among the patients with pre-existing chronic conditions and, in particular, this review focuses on patients with underlying cardiovascular complications. The expression pattern and potential functions of SARS-CoV-2 binding receptors and the attributes of SARS-CoV-2 virus tropism in a physio-pathological state of heart and blood vessel are precisely described. Of note, the atheroprotective role of ACE2 receptors is reviewed. A detailed description of the possible detrimental role of SARS-CoV-2 infection in terms of vascular leakage, including endothelial glycocalyx dysfunction and bradykinin 1 receptor stimulation is concisely stated. Furthermore, the potential molecular mechanisms underlying SARS-CoV-2 induced clot formation in association with host defense components, including activation of FXIIa, complements and platelets, endothelial dysfunction, immune cell responses with cytokine-mediated action are well elaborated. Moreover, a brief clinical update on patient with COVID-19 disease with underlying cardiovascular complications and those who had new onset of cardiovascular complications post-COVID-19 disease was also discussed. Taken together, this review provides an overview of the mechanistic aspects of SARS-CoV-2 induced devastating effects, in vital organs such as the heart and vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priya Veluswamy
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (D.S.); (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Max Wacker
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (D.S.); (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Dimitrios Stavridis
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (D.S.); (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Thomas Reichel
- Department of Cardiology, Diabetology and Infectiology, Klinikum Magdeburg, 39130 Magdeburg, Germany; (T.R.); (H.S.)
| | - Hendrik Schmidt
- Department of Cardiology, Diabetology and Infectiology, Klinikum Magdeburg, 39130 Magdeburg, Germany; (T.R.); (H.S.)
| | - Maximilian Scherner
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (D.S.); (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Jens Wippermann
- Heart Surgery Research, Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Otto-von-Guericke University, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany; (M.W.); (D.S.); (M.S.); (J.W.)
| | - Guido Michels
- Department of Acute and Emergency Care, Sankt Antonius-Hospital Eschweiler, 52249 Eschweiler, Germany;
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86
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Patil G. Evolution of fibrinogen domain related proteins in Aedes aegypti: Their expression during Arbovirus infections. GENE REPORTS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.genrep.2021.101030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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87
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Rolfes V, Ribeiro LS, Hawwari I, Böttcher L, Rosero N, Maasewerd S, Santos MLS, Próchnicki T, Silva CMDS, Wanderley CWDS, Rothe M, Schmidt SV, Stunden HJ, Bertheloot D, Rivas MN, Fontes CJ, Carvalho LH, Cunha FQ, Latz E, Arditi M, Franklin BS. Platelets Fuel the Inflammasome Activation of Innate Immune Cells. Cell Rep 2021; 31:107615. [PMID: 32402278 PMCID: PMC7225754 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2019] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The inflammasomes control the bioactivity of pro-inflammatory cytokines of the interleukin (IL)-1 family. The inflammasome assembled by NLRP3 has been predominantly studied in homogeneous cell populations in vitro, neglecting the influence of cellular interactions that occur in vivo. Here, we show that platelets boost the inflammasome capacity of human macrophages and neutrophils and are critical for IL-1 production by monocytes. Platelets license NLRP3 transcription, thereby enhancing ASC oligomerization, caspase-1 activity, and IL-1β secretion. Platelets influence IL-1β production in vivo, and blood platelet counts correlate with plasmatic IL-1β levels in malaria. Furthermore, we reveal an enriched platelet gene signature among the highest-expressed transcripts in IL-1β-driven autoinflammatory diseases. The platelet effect is independent of cell-to-cell contact, platelet-derived lipid mediators, purines, nucleic acids, and a host of platelet cytokines, and it involves the triggering of calcium-sensing receptors on macrophages. Hence, platelets provide an additional layer of regulation of inflammasomes and IL-1-driven inflammation. Platelets license NLRP3 for inflammasome activattion in innate immune cells Platelets are required for optimal monocyte inflammasome activation Platelets shape IL-1β in vivo, and platelet counts correlate with IL-1β in plasma A constitutive, heat-sensitive soluble platelet-factor boost IL-1β in macrophages
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Rolfes
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Lucas Secchim Ribeiro
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany.
| | - Ibrahim Hawwari
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Lisa Böttcher
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Nathalia Rosero
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Salie Maasewerd
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Marina Lima Silva Santos
- Laboratório de Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Tomasz Próchnicki
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Camila Meirelles de Souza Silva
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos Wagner de Souza Wanderley
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Maximilian Rothe
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Susanne V Schmidt
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - H James Stunden
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Damien Bertheloot
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Magali Noval Rivas
- Departments of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Cor Jesus Fontes
- Departamento de Clínica Médica, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, 78060-900 Cuiabá, MT, Brazil
| | - Luzia Helena Carvalho
- Laboratório de Malária, Instituto René Rachou, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, 30190-002 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Fernando Queiroz Cunha
- Center for Research in Inflammatory Diseases, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of Sao Paulo, 14049-900 Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Eicke Latz
- Institute of Innate Immunity, Medical Faculty, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany; Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53127 Bonn, NRW, Germany
| | - Moshe Arditi
- Departments of Pediatrics, Division of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, and Infectious and Immunologic Diseases Research Center (IIDRC), Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA.
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88
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Tang D, Wang H, Billiar TR, Kroemer G, Kang R. Emerging mechanisms of immunocoagulation in sepsis and septic shock. Trends Immunol 2021; 42:508-522. [PMID: 33906793 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Sepsis and septic shock driven by microbial infections are still among the most challenging health problems, causing 11 million deaths worldwide every year. How does the host's response to pathogen infections effectively restore homeostasis instead of precipitating pathogenic and potentially fatal feedforward reactions? Recently, there have been significant new advances in our understanding of the interface between mammalian immunity and coagulation ('immunocoagulation') and its impact on sepsis. In particular, the release and activation of F3 (the main initiator of coagulation) from and on myeloid or epithelial cells is facilitated by activating inflammasomes and consequent gasdermin D (GSDMD)-mediated pyroptosis, coupled to signaling via high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), stimulator of interferon response CGAMP interactor 1 (STING1), or sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1). Pharmacological modulation of the immunocoagulation pathways emerge as novel and potential therapeutic strategies for sepsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daolin Tang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, China; Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
| | - Haichao Wang
- Laboratory of Emergency Medicine, North Shore University Hospital and the Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY 11030, USA
| | - Timothy R Billiar
- Department of Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15219, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe Labellisée par la Ligue Contre le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM U1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus; 94800 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-, HP; 75015 Paris, France; Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA.
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89
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Savla SR, Prabhavalkar KS, Bhatt LK. Cytokine storm associated coagulation complications in COVID-19 patients: Pathogenesis and Management. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 19:1397-1413. [PMID: 33832398 PMCID: PMC8074652 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1915129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2, the causative agent of COVID-19, attacks the immune system causing an exaggerated and uncontrolled release of pro-inflammatory mediators (cytokine storm). Recent studies propose an active role of coagulation disorders in disease progression. This hypercoagulability has been displayed by marked increase in D-dimer in hospitalized patients. Areas Covered This review summarizes the pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 infection, generation of cytokine storm, the interdependence between inflammation and coagulation, its consequences and the possible management options for coagulation complications like venous thromboembolism (VTE), microthrombosis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), and systemic and local coagulopathy. We searched PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar for relevant reports using COVID-19, cytokine storm, and coagulation as keywords. Expert Opinion A prophylactic dose of 5000–7500 units of low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) has been recommended for hospitalized COVID-19 patients in order to prevent VTE. Treatment dose of LMWH, based on disease severity, is being contemplated for patients showing a marked rise in levels of D-dimer due to possible pulmonary thrombi. Additionally, targeting PAR-1, thrombin, coagulation factor Xa and the complement system may be potentially useful in reducing SARS-CoV-2 infection induced lung injury, microvascular thrombosis, VTE and related outcomes like DIC and multi-organ failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreya R Savla
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Kedar S Prabhavalkar
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
| | - Lokesh K Bhatt
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Vile Parle (West), Mumbai, 400056, India
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90
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Catelli LF, Saad STO. Ex Vivo Manufacture of Megakaryocytes and Platelets from Stem Cells: Recent Advances Toward Transfusion in Humans. Stem Cells Dev 2021; 30:351-362. [PMID: 33622080 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2020.0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The generation of ex vivo functional megakaryocytes (MK) and platelets is an important issue in transfusion medicine as donor dependence implies in limitations, such as shortage of eligible volunteers. Indeed, platelet transfusion is still a procedure that saves the lives of patients with defective platelet production. Recent technological development has enabled the isolation and expansion of stem cells that can be used as a source for the production of functional platelets for transfusion. In this review, we discuss recent approaches of in vitro or ex vivo production of MK and platelets, suggesting that, in the near future, donor-independent sources may become a possibility. The feasibility of using these cells in the clinic may be safer, and in vitro manipulation could generate universally compatible products, solving problems related to platelet refractoriness. However, functionality and survival testing of these products in human beings are scarce; therefore, additional studies are needed to consolidate this purpose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Ferioli Catelli
- Hematology and Transfusion Medicine Center, University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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91
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Zamora C, Cantó E, Vidal S. The Dual Role of Platelets in the Cardiovascular Risk of Chronic Inflammation. Front Immunol 2021; 12:625181. [PMID: 33868242 PMCID: PMC8046936 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.625181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Patients with chronic inflammatory diseases often exhibit cardiovascular risk. This risk is associated with the systemic inflammation that persists in these patients, causing a sustained endothelial activation. Different mechanisms have been considered responsible for this systemic inflammation, among which activated platelets have been regarded as a major player. However, in recent years, the role of platelets has become controversial. Not only can this subcellular component release pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators, but it can also bind to different subsets of circulating lymphocytes, monocytes and neutrophils modulating their function in either direction. How platelets exert this dual role is not yet fully understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Zamora
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cantó
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Vidal
- Inflammatory Diseases, Institut de Recerca de l'Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Biomedical Research Institute Sant Pau (IIB Sant Pau), Barcelona, Spain
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92
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Khalirakhmanov AF, Idrisova KF, Gaifullina RF, Zinchenko SV, Litvinov RI, Sharafeev AZ, Kiyasov AP, Rizvanov AA. Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Hemostatic Disorders in COVID-19 Patients. Acta Naturae 2021; 13:79-84. [PMID: 34377558 PMCID: PMC8327143 DOI: 10.32607/actanaturae.11182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus infection named COVID-19 was first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, and it has been responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in scores of countries. At the time this article was being written, the number of infected and deceased patients continued to grow worldwide. Most patients with severe forms of the disease suffer from pneumonia and pulmonary insufficiency; in many cases, the disease is generalized and causes multiple organ failures and a dysfunction of physiological systems. One of the most serious and prognostically ominous complications from COVID-19 is coagulopathy, in particular, decompensated hypercoagulability with the risk of developing disseminated intravascular coagulation. In most cases, local and diffuse macro- and microthromboses are present, a condition which causes multiple-organ failure and thromboembolic complications. The causes and pathogenic mechanisms of coagulopathy in COVID-19 remain largely unclear, but they are associated with systemic inflammation, including the so-called cytokine storm. Despite the relatively short period of the ongoing pandemic, laboratory signs of serious hemostatic disorders have been identified and measures for specific prevention and correction of thrombosis have been developed. This review discusses the causes of COVID-19 coagulopathies and the associated complications, as well as possible approaches to their early diagnosis, prevention, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. F. Khalirakhmanov
- University Hospital “Kazan Federal University”, Kazan, 420043 Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420012 Russia
| | | | - R. F. Gaifullina
- University Hospital “Kazan Federal University”, Kazan, 420043 Russia
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420012 Russia
| | | | - R. I. Litvinov
- Kazan Federal University, Kazan, 420012 Russia
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6058 USA
| | - A. Z. Sharafeev
- Republican Clinical Hospital named after Sh.Sh. Ependiev, Grozniy, 364030 Russia
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93
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Iba T, Warkentin TE, Connors JM, Levy JH. Therapeutic strategies in patients with coagulopathy and disseminated intravascular coagulation: awareness of the phase-dependent characteristics. Minerva Med 2021; 112:701-712. [PMID: 33709675 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4806.21.07469-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) has long been understood as a condition where both thrombotic and hemostatic abnormalities coexist. DIC is a difficult complication for clinicians to manage as it is due to multiple underlying complications of pathophysiologic abnormalities in diverse disease states. Ongoing research continues to define the meaning of DIC, evaluate therapeutic options, and how it presents with the complex paradigm of systemic activation of coagulation. In this review we introduce the current topis regarding this tough situation. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Online search of published medical literature through MEDLINE and Web of Sience using the term "disseminated intravascular coagulation", "coagulopathy", "coagulation disorder", "hemostasis", "fibrinolysis", "thrombus" and "anticoagulants". EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Articles were chosen for inclusion based on their relevance to disseminated intravascular coagulation, coagulopathy, hemostasis and thrombosis in sepsis, COVID-19, trauma, and obstetrics. Reference lists were reviewed to identify additional relevant articles. CONCLUSIONS DIC is recognized as a pathologically triggered and dysregulated systemic activation of coagulation in response to various noxious stimuli. DIC's phenotype and clinical manifestations can vary from prothrombotic to hemorrhagic, depending on the underlying diseases. However, the fundamental mechanisms of systemic and vascular endothelial dysfunction can be explained as different phases of the acute response, with an initial prothrombotic phase that can commonly change to hemostatic insufficiency. Thrombin is the key initiator of the pathophysiologic process along with endothelial injury and initially fibrinolysis activation followed by fibrinolysis suppression. There is no established approach for managing DIC beyond initially treating the underlying disease and replacement therapy for the management of coagulopathy. Targeting anticoagulation therapy with antithrombin concentrates and recombinant thrombomodulin for the prevention of microthrombus formation, and antifibrinolytic therapy using tranexamic acid for the coagulopathy after massive bleeding, continue to be studied as therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Iba
- Department of Emergency and Disaster Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan -
| | - Theodore E Warkentin
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
| | - Jean Marie Connors
- Hematology Division Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jerrold H Levy
- Department of Anesthesiology, Critical Care, and Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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94
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Thwaites RS, Sanchez Sevilla Uruchurtu A, Siggins MK, Liew F, Russell CD, Moore SC, Fairfield C, Carter E, Abrams S, Short CE, Thaventhiran T, Bergstrom E, Gardener Z, Ascough S, Chiu C, Docherty AB, Hunt D, Crow YJ, Solomon T, Taylor GP, Turtle L, Harrison EM, Dunning J, Semple MG, Baillie JK, Openshaw PJ. Inflammatory profiles across the spectrum of disease reveal a distinct role for GM-CSF in severe COVID-19. Sci Immunol 2021; 6:eabg9873. [PMID: 33692097 PMCID: PMC8128298 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abg9873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While it is now widely accepted that host inflammatory responses contribute to lung injury, the pathways that drive severity and distinguish coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) from other viral lung diseases remain poorly characterized. We analyzed plasma samples from 471 hospitalized patients recruited through the prospective multicenter ISARIC4C study and 39 outpatients with mild disease, enabling extensive characterization of responses across a full spectrum of COVID-19 severity. Progressive elevation of levels of numerous inflammatory cytokines and chemokines (including IL-6, CXCL10, and GM-CSF) were associated with severity and accompanied by elevated markers of endothelial injury and thrombosis. Principal component and network analyses demonstrated central roles for IL-6 and GM-CSF in COVID-19 pathogenesis. Comparing these profiles to archived samples from patients with fatal influenza, IL-6 was equally elevated in both conditions whereas GM-CSF was prominent only in COVID-19. These findings further identify the key inflammatory, thrombotic, and vascular factors that characterize and distinguish severe and fatal COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan S Thwaites
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, U.K
| | | | | | - Felicity Liew
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Clark D Russell
- University of Edinburgh Centre for Inflammation Research, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Shona C Moore
- Dept of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, U.K
| | - Cameron Fairfield
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Edwin Carter
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Simon Abrams
- Dept of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, U.K
| | - Charlotte-Eve Short
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, U.K
| | | | - Emma Bergstrom
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Zoe Gardener
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Stephanie Ascough
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Christopher Chiu
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Annemarie B Docherty
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - David Hunt
- Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Yanick J Crow
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, MRC Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Tom Solomon
- Dept of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, U.K
| | - Graham P Taylor
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, U.K
| | - Lance Turtle
- Dept of Clinical Infection, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Liverpool, U.K
- Tropical and infectious disease unit, Liverpool University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust (member of Liverpool Health Partners), U.K
| | - Ewen M Harrison
- Centre for Medical Informatics, Usher Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
| | - Jake Dunning
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, London, UK
| | - Malcolm G Semple
- NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Emerging and Zoonotic Infections, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, U.K.
- Respiratory Medicine, Alder Hey Children's Hospital, Liverpool, U.K
| | - J Kenneth Baillie
- Intensive Care Unit, Royal Infirmary Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K.
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, U.K
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95
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Jordan KR, Parra-Izquierdo I, Gruber A, Shatzel JJ, Pham P, Sherman LS, McCarty OJT, Verbout NG. Thrombin generation and activity in multiple sclerosis. Metab Brain Dis 2021; 36:407-420. [PMID: 33411219 PMCID: PMC7864536 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-020-00652-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The coagulation cascade and immune system are intricately linked, highly regulated and respond cooperatively in response to injury and infection. Increasingly, evidence of hyper-coagulation has been associated with autoimmune disorders, including multiple sclerosis (MS). The pathophysiology of MS includes immune cell activation and recruitment to the central nervous system (CNS) where they degrade myelin sheaths, leaving neuronal axons exposed to damaging inflammatory mediators. Breakdown of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) facilitates the entry of peripheral immune cells. Evidence of thrombin activity has been identified within the CNS of MS patients and studies using animal models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), suggest increased thrombin generation and activity may play a role in the pathogenesis of MS as well as inhibit remyelination processes. Thrombin is a serine protease capable of cleaving multiple substrates, including protease activated receptors (PARs), fibrinogen, and protein C. Cleavage of all three of these substrates represent pathways through which thrombin activity may exert immuno-regulatory effects and regulate permeability of the BBB during MS and EAE. In this review, we summarize evidence that thrombin activity directly, through PARs, and indirectly, through fibrin formation and activation of protein C influences neuro-immune responses associated with MS and EAE pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelley R Jordan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA.
| | - Ivan Parra-Izquierdo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - András Gruber
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
- Aronora Inc, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Joseph J Shatzel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Peter Pham
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Larry S Sherman
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Owen J T McCarty
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Oregon Health and Science University, Knight Cancer Institute, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Norah G Verbout
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, School of Medicine, 3303 SW Bond Avenue, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
- Aronora Inc, Portland, OR, USA
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96
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Tsuchiya K, Hosojima S, Hara H, Kushiyama H, Mahib MR, Kinoshita T, Suda T. Gasdermin D mediates the maturation and release of IL-1α downstream of inflammasomes. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108887. [PMID: 33761363 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-1α serves as a pro-inflammatory cytokine. Although pro-IL-1α has cytokine activity, proteolytic maturation increases its potency and release from cells. IL-1α maturation occurs in a caspase-1-dependent manner following inflammasome activation. However, pro-IL-1α is not a substrate of caspase-1, and it remains unclear what mediates the maturation of this cytokine downstream of inflammasomes. Here, we show that gasdermin D (GSDMD), an executor of pyroptosis, is required for the rapid induction of IL-1α maturation by non-particulate inflammasome activators. Ablation of GSDMD abrogates the maturation of IL-1α, but not of IL-1β. Inflammasome-induced maturation of IL-1α relies on extracellular Ca2+ and calpains. Ca2+ influx and calpain activation are induced in a GSDMD-dependent manner. Glycine, which inhibits cell lysis, but not GSDMD pore formation, does not affect IL-1α maturation. These results suggest that during inflammasome activation, GSDMD processed by caspase-1 forms plasma membrane pores that mediate Ca2+ influx, resulting in the calpain-dependent maturation of IL-1α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohsuke Tsuchiya
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Institute for Frontier Science Initiative (InFiniti), Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
| | - Shoko Hosojima
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hideki Hara
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Kushiyama
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mamunur Rashid Mahib
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chittagong, Chittagong-4331, Bangladesh
| | - Takeshi Kinoshita
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takashi Suda
- Division of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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97
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Song M, Fitch ZW, Samy KP, Martin BM, Gao Q, Patrick Davis R, Leopardi FV, Huffman N, Schmitz R, Devi GR, Collins BH, Kirk AD. Coagulation, inflammation, and CD46 transgene expression in neonatal porcine islet xenotransplantation. Xenotransplantation 2021; 28:e12680. [PMID: 33619844 DOI: 10.1111/xen.12680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thrombosis is a known consequence of intraportal islet transplantation, particularly for xenogeneic islets. To define the origins of thrombosis after islet xenotransplantation and relate it to early inflammation, we examined porcine islets transplanted into non-human primates using a dual-transplant model to directly compare islet characteristics. METHODS α1,3-Galactosyltransferase gene-knockout (GTKO) islets with and without expression of the human complement regulatory transgene CD46 (hCD46) were studied. Biologically inert polyethylene microspheres were used to examine the generic pro-thrombotic effects of particle embolization. Immunohistochemistry was performed 1 and 24 hours after transplantation. RESULTS Xeno-islet transplantation activated both extrinsic and intrinsic coagulation pathways. The intrinsic pathway was also initiated by microsphere embolization, while extrinsic pathway tissue factor (TF) and platelet aggregation were more specific to engrafted islets. hCD46 expression significantly reduced TF, platelet, fibrin, and factor XIIIa accumulation in and around islets but did not alter intrinsic factor activation. Layers of TF+ cells emerged around islets within 24 hours, particularly co-localized with vimentin, and identified as CD3+ and CD68+ cells inflammatory cells. CONCLUSIONS These findings detail the origins of thrombosis following islet xenotransplantation, relate it to early immune activation, and suggest a role for transgenic hCD46 expression in its mitigation. Layers of TF-positive inflammatory cells and fibroblasts around islets at 24 hours may have important roles in the progressive events of thrombosis, inflammatory cell recruitment, rejection, and the ultimate outcome of transplanted grafts. These suggest that the strategies targeting these elements could yield more progress toward successful xenogeneic islet engraftment and survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqing Song
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zachary W Fitch
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Kannan P Samy
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Benjamin M Martin
- Department of Surgery, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Qimeng Gao
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Francis V Leopardi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Niki Huffman
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robin Schmitz
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Gayathri R Devi
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Bradley H Collins
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Allan D Kirk
- Department of Surgery, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, USA
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The revisited role of interleukin-1 alpha and beta in autoimmune and inflammatory disorders and in comorbidities. Autoimmun Rev 2021; 20:102785. [PMID: 33621698 DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2021.102785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL) 1 family of cytokines is noteworthy to have pleiotropic functions in inflammation and acquired immunity. Over the last decades, several progresses have been made in understanding the function and regulation of the prototypical inflammatory cytokine (IL-1) in human diseases. IL-1α and IL-1β deregulated signaling causes devastating diseases manifested by severe acute or chronic inflammation. In this review, we examine and compare the key aspects of IL-1α and IL-1β biology and regulation and discuss their importance in the initiation and maintenance of inflammation that underlie the pathology of many human diseases. We also report the current and ongoing inhibitors of IL-1 signaling, targeting IL-1α, IL-1β, their receptor or other molecular compounds as effective strategies to prevent or treat the onset and progression of various inflammatory disorders.
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Feng P, Luo Y, Ke C, Qiu H, Wang W, Zhu Y, Hou R, Xu L, Wu S. Chitosan-Based Functional Materials for Skin Wound Repair: Mechanisms and Applications. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:650598. [PMID: 33681176 PMCID: PMC7931995 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.650598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin wounds not only cause physical pain for patients but also are an economic burden for society. It is necessary to seek out an efficient approach to promote skin repair. Hydrogels are considered effective wound dressings. They possess many unique properties like biocompatibility, biodegradability, high water uptake and retention etc., so that they are promising candidate materials for wound healing. Chitosan is a polymeric biomaterial obtained by the deacetylation of chitin. With the properties of easy acquisition, antibacterial and hemostatic activity, and the ability to promote skin regeneration, hydrogel-like functional wound dressings (represented by chitosan and its derivatives) have received extensive attentions for their effectiveness and mechanisms in promoting skin wound repair. In this review, we extensively discussed the mechanisms with which chitosan-based functional materials promote hemostasis, anti-inflammation, proliferation of granulation in wound repair. We also provided the latest information about the applications of such materials in wound treatment. In addition, we summarized the methods to enhance the advantages and maintain the intrinsic nature of chitosan via incorporating other chemical components, active biomolecules and other substances into the hydrogels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Feng
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yang Luo
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Chunhai Ke
- Lihuili Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Haofeng Qiu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Yabin Zhu
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Ruixia Hou
- School of Medicine, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Long Xu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China
| | - Songze Wu
- Ningbo Baoting Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Ningbo, China
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100
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Behmoaras J, Gil J. Similarities and interplay between senescent cells and macrophages. J Cell Biol 2021; 220:e202010162. [PMID: 33355620 PMCID: PMC7769159 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202010162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Senescence is a cellular program that prevents the replication of old, damaged, or cancerous cells. Senescent cells become growth arrested and undergo changes in their morphology, chromatin organization, and metabolism, and produce a bioactive secretome. This secretome, the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), mediates many of the pathophysiological effects associated with senescent cells, for example, recruiting and activating immune cells such as macrophages. The relation between senescent cells and macrophages is intriguing: senescent cells recruit macrophages, can induce them to undergo senescence, or can influence their polarization. Senescent cells and macrophages share multiple phenotypic characteristics; both have a high secretory status, increased lysosome numbers, or the ability to activate the inflammasome. Senescent cells accumulate during aging and disease, and killing them results in widespread benefits. Here we discuss similarities between senescent cells and macrophages and interpret the latest developments in macrophage biology to understand the molecular mechanisms of cellular senescence. We describe evidence and effects of senescence in macrophages and speculate on the ontogeny of the senescent-like state in macrophages. Finally, we examine the macrophage-senescent cell interplay and its impact on macrophage effector functions during inflammatory conditions and in the tumor microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques Behmoaras
- Centre for Inflammatory Disease, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jesús Gil
- Medical Research Council London Institute of Medical Sciences, London, UK
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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