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Körber N, Holzmann-Littig C, Wilkens G, Liao BH, Werz ML, Platen L, Cheng CC, Tellenbach M, Kappler V, Lehner V, Mijočević H, Christa C, Assfalg V, Heemann U, Schmaderer C, Protzer U, Braunisch MC, Bauer T, Renders L. Comparable cellular and humoral immunity upon homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens in kidney transplant recipients. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1172477. [PMID: 37063863 PMCID: PMC10102365 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1172477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BackgroundKidney transplant recipients (KTRs) are at high risk for a severe course of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); thus, effective vaccination is critical. However, the achievement of protective immunogenicity is hampered by immunosuppressive therapies. We assessed cellular and humoral immunity and breakthrough infection rates in KTRs vaccinated with homologous and heterologous COVID-19 vaccination regimens.MethodWe performed a comparative in-depth analysis of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–specific T-cell responses using multiplex Fluorospot assays and SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) between three-times homologously (n = 18) and heterologously (n = 8) vaccinated KTRs.ResultsWe detected SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in 100% of KTRs upon third vaccination, with comparable frequencies, T-cell expression profiles, and relative interferon γ and interleukin 2 production per single cell between homologously and heterologously vaccinated KTRs. SARS-CoV-2-specific NAb positivity rates were significantly higher in heterologously (87.5%) compared to homologously vaccinated (50.0%) KTRs (P < 0.0001), whereas the magnitudes of NAb titers were comparable between both subcohorts after third vaccination. SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections occurred in equal numbers in homologously (38.9%) and heterologously (37.5%) vaccinated KTRs with mild-to-moderate courses of COVID-19.ConclusionOur data support a more comprehensive assessment of not only humoral but also cellular SARS-CoV-2-specific immunity in KTRs to provide an in-depth understanding about the COVID-19 vaccine–induced immune response in a transplant setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Körber
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nina Körber,
| | - Christopher Holzmann-Littig
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- Technical University of Munich (TUM) Medical Education Center, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gesa Wilkens
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bo-Hung Liao
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Maia L. Werz
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Louise Platen
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Cho-Chin Cheng
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Myriam Tellenbach
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Kappler
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Viktor Lehner
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Hrvoje Mijočević
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Christa
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Volker Assfalg
- Department of Surgery, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Heemann
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Matthias C. Braunisch
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Bauer
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Renders
- Department of Nephrology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Munich, Munich, Germany
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Harne R, Williams B, Abdelaal HFM, Baldwin SL, Coler RN. SARS-CoV-2 infection and immune responses. AIMS Microbiol 2023; 9:245-276. [PMID: 37091818 PMCID: PMC10113164 DOI: 10.3934/microbiol.2023015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The recent pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus continues to be an enormous global challenge faced by the healthcare sector. Availability of new vaccines and drugs targeting SARS-CoV-2 and sequelae of COVID-19 has given the world hope in ending the pandemic. However, the emergence of mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 viral genome every couple of months in different parts of world is a persistent danger to public health. Currently there is no single treatment to eradicate the risk of COVID-19. The widespread transmission of SARS-CoV-2 due to the Omicron variant necessitates continued work on the development and implementation of effective vaccines. Moreover, there is evidence that mutations in the receptor domain of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein led to the decrease in current vaccine efficacy by escaping antibody recognition. Therefore, it is essential to actively identify the mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 evades the host immune system, study the long-lasting effects of COVID-19 and develop therapeutics targeting SARS-CoV-2 infections in humans and preclinical models. In this review, we describe the pathogenic mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as the innate and adaptive host immune responses to infection. We address the ongoing need to develop effective vaccines that provide protection against different variants of SARS-CoV-2, as well as validated endpoint assays to evaluate the immunogenicity of vaccines in the pipeline, medications, anti-viral drug therapies and public health measures, that will be required to successfully end the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakhi Harne
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brittany Williams
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Hazem F. M. Abdelaal
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Susan L. Baldwin
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rhea N. Coler
- Seattle Children's Research Institute, Center for Global Infectious Disease Research, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Determinants of COVID-19 vaccine acceptance in Mozambique: The role of institutional trust. Vaccine 2023; 41:2846-2852. [PMID: 37003911 PMCID: PMC10040345 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Background Vaccination plays an imperative role in protecting public health and preventing avoidable mortality. Yet, the reasons for vaccine hesitancy in African countries are not well understood. This study investigates the factors associated with the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccine in Mozambique, with a focus on the role of institutional trust. Methods The data came from the three waves of the COVID-19 Knowledge, Attitudes and Practices (KAP) survey which followed a cohort of 1,371 adults in Mozambique over six months (N=3,809). We examined vaccine acceptance based on three measurements: willingness to take vaccine, perceived vaccine efficacy, and perceived vaccine safety. We conducted multilevel regression analysis to investigate the trajectories of, and the association between institutional trust and vaccine acceptance. Results One third of the survey participants (37%) would definitely take the vaccine. Meanwhile, 31% believed the vaccine would prevent the COVID-19 infection, and 27% believed the vaccine would be safe. There was a significant decrease in COVID-19 vaccine acceptance between waves 1 and 3 of the survey. Institutional trust was consistently and strongly correlated with different measures of vaccine acceptance. There was a greater decline in vaccine acceptance in people with lower institutional trust. The positive correlation between institutional trust and vaccine acceptance was stronger in younger than older adults. Vaccine acceptance also varied by gender and marital status. Conclusions Vaccine acceptance can be volatile even over short periods of time. Institutional trust is a central driver of vaccine acceptance and contributes to the resilience of the health system. Our study highlights the importance of health communication and building a trustful relationship between the general public and the institutions in the context of a global pandemic.
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de Sousa Neto AR, de Carvalho ARB, Ferreira da Silva MD, Rêgo Neta MM, Sena IVDO, Almeida RN, Filha FSSC, Lima e Silva LL, da Costa GR, Lira IMDS, Portela DMMC, Oliveira e Silva AT, Rabêlo CBDM, Valle ARMDC, Moura MEB, de Freitas DRJ. Bibliometric Analysis of Global Scientific Production on COVID-19 and Vaccines. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:4796. [PMID: 36981704 PMCID: PMC10049169 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20064796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This bibliometric analysis aims to analyze the global scientific production of COVID-19 and vaccines. First, a search for scientific articles was performed using the advanced query in the Web of Science™ database, more precisely in its core collection, on 18 February 2023. Data from 7754 articles were analyzed using the Bibliometrix R package and the Biblioshiny application. The evaluated articles were published mainly in 2022 (60%). The scientific journals that published the most about COVID-19 and vaccines were "Vaccines", "Vaccine" and "Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics". The University of Oxford was the most productive institution, with the authors of the articles mainly originating from the United States, China and the United Kingdom. The United States, despite having carried out the most significant number of collaborations, published mainly with local researchers. The 15 most cited articles and the KeyWords Plus™ evidenced the focus of the published articles on the safety and efficacy of vaccines against COVID-19, as well as on the evaluation of vaccine acceptance, more specifically on vaccine hesitancy. Research funding came primarily from US government agencies.
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Treating COVID-19: Targeting the Host Response, Not the Virus. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13030712. [PMID: 36983871 PMCID: PMC10054780 DOI: 10.3390/life13030712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), inexpensive generic drugs like statins, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs, especially if used in combination, might be the only practical way to save the lives of patients with severe COVID-19. These drugs will already be available in all countries on the first pandemic day. Because they target the host response to infection instead of the virus, they could be used to save lives during any pandemic. Observational studies show that inpatient statin treatment reduces 28–30-day mortality but randomized controlled trials have failed to show this benefit. Combination treatment has been tested for antivirals and dexamethasone but, with the exception of one observational study in Belgium, not for inexpensive generic drugs. Future pandemic research must include testing combination generic drug treatments that could be used in LMICs.
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Baek YJ, Kim WJ, Ko JH, Lee YJ, Ahn JY, Kim JH, Jang HC, Jeong HW, Kim YC, Park YS, Kim SH, Peck KR, Shin EC, Choi JY. A heterologous AZD1222 priming and BNT162b2 boosting regimen more efficiently elicits neutralizing antibodies, but not memory T cells, than the homologous BNT162b2 regimen. Vaccine 2023; 41:1694-1702. [PMID: 36754764 PMCID: PMC9901539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative analyses of SARS-CoV-2-specific immune responses elicited by diverse prime-boost regimens are required to establish efficient regimens for the control of COVID-19. METHOD In this prospective observational cohort study, spike-specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) and neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) alongside spike-specific T-cell responses in age-matched groups of homologous BNT162b2/BNT162b2 or AZD1222/AZD1222 vaccination, heterologous AZD1222/BNT162b2 vaccination, and prior wild-type SARS-CoV-2 infection/vaccination were evaluated. RESULTS Peak immune responses were achieved after the second vaccine dose in the naïve vaccinated groups and after the first dose in the prior infection/vaccination group. Peak titers of anti-spike IgG and nAb were significantly higher in the AZD1222/BNT162b2 vaccination and prior infection/vaccination groups than in the BNT162b2/BNT162b2 or AZD1222/AZD1222 groups. However, the frequency of interferon-γ-producing CD4+ T cells was highest in the BNT162b2/BNT162b2 vaccination group. Similar results were observed in the analysis of polyfunctional T cells. When nAb and CD4+T-cell responses against the Delta variant were analyzed, the prior infection/vaccination group exhibited higher responses than the groups of other homologous or heterologous vaccination regimens. CONCLUSION nAbs are efficiently elicited by heterologous AZD1222/BNT162b2 vaccination, as well as prior infection/vaccination, whereas spike-specific CD4+T-cell responses are efficiently elicited by homologous BNT162b2 vaccination. Variant-recognizing immunity is more efficiently generated by prior infection/vaccination than the other homologous or heterologous vaccination regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yae Jee Baek
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul 04401, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo-Joong Kim
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ko
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Jung Lee
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Ahn
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Cheol Jang
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Won Jeong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungbuk National University College of Medicine, Cheongju 28644, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Chan Kim
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin 16995, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Soo Park
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin 16995, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Han Kim
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyong Ran Peck
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul 06351, Republic of Korea
| | - Eui-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea; The Center for Viral Immunology, Korea Virus Research Institute, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34126, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jun Yong Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Mamani-Benito O, Farfán-Solís R, Huayta-Meza M, Tito-Betancur M, Morales-García WC, Tarqui EEA. Effect of religious fatalism and concern about new variants on the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1071543. [PMID: 36937730 PMCID: PMC10017722 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1071543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction To protect public health, it is important that the population be vaccinated against COVID-19; however, certain factors can affect vaccine acceptance. Objective The objective of this study was to determine whether religious fatalism and concern about new variants have a significant effect on the acceptance of COVID-19 vaccines. Methodology An explanatory study was conducted with 403 adults of legal age captured through non-probabilistic convenience sampling in vaccination centers in the 13 health networks of the Regional Health Directorate of Puno, Peru. Data were collected through a brief scale of religious fatalism, a scale of acceptance of vaccines against COVID-19 and a scale of concern about a new variant of COVID-19. Results The proposed model obtained an adequate fit. There was a negative effect of religious fatalism on vaccine acceptance, a positive effect of fatalism on vaccine rejection, a positive effect of concern about new variants on the acceptance of vaccines, and a positive effect of concern about new variants on vaccine rejection. Conclusion These findings provide evidence for the usefulness of considering both religious fatalism and concern about new variants affect the intention to receive the COVID-19 vaccine in adults in southern Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Mamani-Benito
- Facultad de Derecho y Humanidades, Universidad Señor de Sipán, Chiclayo, Peru
| | - Rosa Farfán-Solís
- Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad Nacional del Altiplano, Puno, Peru
| | - Mariné Huayta-Meza
- Facultad de Ciencias Empresariales, Universidad Peruana Unión, Juliaca, Peru
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Wen Y, Zhang RY, Wang J, Zhou SH, Peng XQ, Ding D, Zhang ZM, Wei HW, Guo J. Novel sialoglycan linkage for constructing adjuvant-protein conjugate as potent vaccine for COVID-19. J Control Release 2023; 355:238-247. [PMID: 36716860 PMCID: PMC9907060 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.01.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Self-adjuvanting protein vaccines have been proved to be highly immunogenic with efficient codelivery of adjuvant and antigen. Current protein vaccines with built-in adjuvants are all modified at the peptide backbone of antigen protein, which could not achieve minor epitope interference and adjuvant multivalency at the same time. Herein, we developed a new conjugate strategy to construct effective adjuvant-protein vaccine with adjuvant cluster effect and minimal epitope interference. The toll-like receptor 7 agonist (TLR7a) is covalently conjugated on the terminal sialoglycans of SARS-CoV-2-S1 protein, leading to intracellular release of the small-molecule stimulators with greatly reduced risks of systemic toxicity. The resulting TLR7a-S1 conjugate elicited strong activation of immune cells in vitro, and potent antibody and cellular responses with a significantly enhanced Th1-bias in vivo. TLR7a-S1-induced antibody also effectively cross-neutralized all variants of concern. This sialoglycoconjugation approach to construct protein conjugate vaccines will have more applications to combat SARS-CoV-2 and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Ru-Yan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Shi-Hao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiao-Qian Peng
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hua-Wei Wei
- Jiangsu East-Mab Biomedical Technology Co. Ltd, Nantong 226499, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, China.
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A Heterologous Challenge Rescues the Attenuated Immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 Variant in Syrian Hamster Model. J Virol 2023; 97:e0168422. [PMID: 36651747 PMCID: PMC9972947 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01684-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant is becoming a dominant circulator and has several mutations in the spike glycoprotein, which may cause shifts of immunogenicity, so as to result in immune escape and breakthrough infection among the already infected or vaccinated populations. It is unclear whether infection with Omicron could generate adequate cross-variant protection. To investigate this possibility, we used Syrian hamsters as an animal model for infection of SARS-CoV-2. The serum from Omicron BA.1 variant-infected hamsters showed a significantly lower neutralization effect against infection of the same or different SARS-CoV-2 variants than the serum from Beta variant-infected hamsters. Furthermore, the serum from Omicron BA.1 variant-infected hamsters were insufficient to protect against rechallenge of SARS-CoV-2 Prototype, Beta and Delta variants and itself. Importantly, we found that rechallenge with different SARS-CoV-2 lineages elevated cross-variant serum neutralization titers. Overall, our findings indicate a weakened immunogenicity feature of Omicron BA.1 variant that can be overcome by rechallenge of a different SARS-CoV-2 lineages. Our results may lead to a new guideline in generation and use of the vaccinations to combat the pandemic of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant and possible new variants. IMPORTANCE The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron variant causes breakthrough infections among convalescent patients and vaccinated populations. However, Omicron does not generate robust cross-protective responses. Here, we investigate whether heterologous SARS-CoV-2 challenge is able to enhance antibody response in a sensitive animal model, namely, Syrian hamster. Of note, a heterologous challenge of Beta and Omicron BA.1 variant significantly broadens the breadth of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing responses against the prototype, Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 variants. Our findings confirm that vaccination strategy with heterologous antigens might be a good option to protect against the evolving SARS-CoV-2.
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Efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and the dose-response relationship with three major antibodies: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. THE LANCET. MICROBE 2023; 4:e236-e246. [PMID: 36868258 PMCID: PMC9974155 DOI: 10.1016/s2666-5247(22)00390-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 54.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in preventing severe COVID-19 illness and death is uncertain due to the rarity of data in individual trials. How well the antibody concentrations can predict the efficacy is also uncertain. We aimed to assess the efficacy of these vaccines in preventing SARS-CoV-2 infections of different severities and the dose-response relationship between the antibody concentrations and efficacy. METHODS We did a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials (RCTs). We searched PubMed, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, WHO, bioRxiv, and medRxiv for papers published between Jan 1, 2020 and Sep 12, 2022. RCTs on the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were eligible. Risk of bias was assessed using the Cochrane tool. A frequentist, random-effects model was used to combine efficacy for common outcomes (ie, symptomatic and asymptomatic infections) and a Bayesian random-effects model was used for rare outcomes (ie, hospital admission, severe infection, and death). Potential sources of heterogeneity were investigated. The dose-response relationships of neutralising, spike-specific IgG and receptor binding domain-specific IgG antibody titres with efficacy in preventing SARS-CoV-2 symptomatic and severe infections were examined by meta-regression. This systematic review is registered with PROSPERO, CRD42021287238. FINDINGS 28 RCTs (n=286 915 in vaccination groups and n=233 236 in placebo groups; median follow-up 1-6 months after last vaccination) across 32 publications were included in this review. The combined efficacy of full vaccination was 44·5% (95% CI 27·8-57·4) for preventing asymptomatic infections, 76·5% (69·8-81·7) for preventing symptomatic infections, 95·4% (95% credible interval 88·0-98·7) for preventing hospitalisation, 90·8% (85·5-95·1) for preventing severe infection, and 85·8% (68·7-94·6) for preventing death. There was heterogeneity in the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against asymptomatic and symptomatic infections but insufficient evidence to suggest whether the efficacy could differ according to the type of vaccine, age of the vaccinated individual, and between-dose interval (p>0·05 for all). Vaccine efficacy against symptomatic infection waned over time after full vaccination, with an average decrease of 13·6% (95% CI 5·5-22·3; p=0·0007) per month but can be enhanced by a booster. We found a significant non-linear relationship between each type of antibody and efficacy against symptomatic and severe infections (p<0·0001 for all), but there remained considerable heterogeneity in the efficacy, which cannot be explained by antibody concentrations. The risk of bias was low in most studies. INTERPRETATION The efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines is higher for preventing severe infection and death than for preventing milder infection. Vaccine efficacy wanes over time but can be enhanced by a booster. Higher antibody titres are associated with higher estimates of efficacy but precise predictions are difficult due to large unexplained heterogeneity. These findings provide an important knowledge base for interpretation and application of future studies on these issues. FUNDING Shenzhen Science and Technology Programs.
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In Silico Studies to Support Vaccine Development. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15020654. [PMID: 36839975 PMCID: PMC9963741 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15020654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The progress that has been made in computer science positioned in silico studies as an important and well-recognized methodology in the drug discovery and development process. It has numerous advantages in terms of costs and also plays a huge impact on the way the research is conducted since it can limit the use of animal models leading to more sustainable research. Currently, human trials are already being partly replaced by in silico trials. EMA and FDA are both endorsing these studies and have been providing webinars and guidance to support them. For instance, PBPK modeling studies are being used to gather data on drug interactions with other drugs and are also being used to support clinical and regulatory requirements for the pediatric population, pregnant women, and personalized medicine. This trend evokes the need to understand the role of in silico studies in vaccines, considering the importance that these products achieved during the pandemic and their promising hope in oncology. Vaccines are safer than other current oncology treatments. There is a huge variety of strategies for developing a cancer vaccine, and some of the points that should be considered when designing the vaccine technology are the following: delivery platforms (peptides, lipid-based carriers, polymers, dendritic cells, viral vectors, etc.), adjuvants (to boost and promote inflammation at the delivery site, facilitating immune cell recruitment and activation), choice of the targeted antigen, the timing of vaccination, the manipulation of the tumor environment, and the combination with other treatments that might cause additive or even synergistic anti-tumor effects. These and many other points should be put together to outline the best vaccine design. The aim of this article is to perform a review and comprehensive analysis of the role of in silico studies to support the development of and design of vaccines in the field of oncology and infectious diseases. The authors intend to perform a literature review of all the studies that have been conducted so far in preparing in silico models and methods to support the development of vaccines. From this point, it was possible to conclude that there are few in silico studies on vaccines. Despite this, an overview of how the existing work could support the design of vaccines is described.
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Zhou SH, Zhang RY, You ZW, Zou YK, Wen Y, Wang J, Ding D, Bian MM, Zhang ZM, Yuan H, Yang GF, Guo J. pH-Sensitive and Biodegradable Mn 3(PO 4) 2·3H 2O Nanoparticles as an Adjuvant of Protein-Based Bivalent COVID-19 Vaccine to Induce Potent and Broad-Spectrum Immunity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:acsami.2c19736. [PMID: 36748861 PMCID: PMC9924082 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c19736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Developing a novel and potent adjuvant with great biocompatibility for immune response augmentation is of great significance to enhance vaccine efficacy. In this work, we prepared a long-term stable, pH-sensitive, and biodegradable Mn3(PO4)2·3H2O nanoparticle (nano-MnP) by simply mixing MnCl2/NaH2PO4/Na2HPO4 solution for the first time and employed it as an immune stimulant in the bivalent COVID-19 protein vaccine comprised of wild-type S1 (S1-WT) and Omicron S1 (S1-Omicron) proteins as antigens to elicit a broad-spectrum immunity. The biological experiments indicated that the nano-MnP could effectively activate antigen-presenting cells through the cGAS-STING pathway. Compared with the conventional Alum-adjuvanted group, the nano-MnP-adjuvanted bivalent vaccine elicited approximately 7- and 8-fold increases in IgG antibody titers and antigen-specific IFN-γ secreting T cells, respectively. Importantly, antisera of the nano-MnP-adjuvanted group could effectively cross-neutralize the SARS-CoV-2 and its five variants of concern (VOCs) including Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, demonstrating that this bivalent vaccine based on S1-WT and S1-Omicron proteins is an effective vaccine design strategy to induce broad-spectrum immune responses. Collectively, this nano-MnP material may provide a novel and efficient adjuvant platform for various prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines and provide insights for the development of the next-generation manganese adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zi-Wei You
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yong-Ke Zou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Yu Wen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Dong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Miao-Miao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education,
International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensing Technology and Health,
Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Pesticide and Green
Synthesis, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal
University, Wuhan 430079, China
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Jeong Y, Min J. Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tuberculosis Preventive Services and Their Post-Pandemic Recovery Strategies: A Rapid Review of Literature. J Korean Med Sci 2023; 38:e43. [PMID: 36747365 PMCID: PMC9902666 DOI: 10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted tuberculosis (TB) care and prevention around the world. The aim of this study is to review literature on the impact of COVID-19 on TB preventive services and discuss their policy options during and after the pandemic. METHODS We conducted a rapid review of scientific literature on the impact of COVID-19 on TB preventive services and their recovery strategies. After conducting a line-by-line open coding, their codes were applied in the descriptive theme building process, which was guided by the End TB strategy. TB preventive measures were selected and classified into five analytical categories: 1) vaccination against TB, 2) detection and treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI), 3) screening and diagnostics, 4) active case finding and contact tracing, and 5) surveillance. RESULTS We identified 93 articles, of which 65 were research articles. During the pandemic, we observed decrease in Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) coverage, TB diagnostic services, case finding activities, and LTBI management. TB case detection was declined, which was not resumed to the pre-pandemic level after loosening the lock-down. Several recommendations were highlighted: 1) secure BCG stocks and its supply chains, 2) consider catch-up activities of routine immunization and LTBI screening, 3) maintain minimal TB health services, infection prevention and control, and surveillance, 4) leverage laboratory capacity and contact tracing mechanisms, 5) consider simultaneous testing for TB and COVID-19, and 6) Incorporate digital health technologies. CONCLUSIONS Our findings and lessons learnt from the pandemic can aid in the development of future national TB control program.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinsoo Min
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Korea.
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64
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Miao G, Chen Z, Cao H, Wu W, Chu X, Liu H, Zhang L, Zhu H, Cai H, Lu X, Shi J, Liu Y, Feng T. From Immunogen to COVID-19 vaccines: Prospects for the post-pandemic era. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 158:114208. [PMID: 36800265 PMCID: PMC9805901 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.114208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has affected millions of people and posed an unprecedented burden on healthcare systems and economies worldwide since the outbreak of the COVID-19. A considerable number of nations have investigated COVID-19 and proposed a series of prevention and treatment strategies thus far. The pandemic prevention strategies implemented in China have suggested that the spread of COVID-19 can be effectively reduced by restricting large-scale gathering, developing community-scale nucleic acid testing, and conducting epidemiological investigations, whereas sporadic cases have always been identified in numerous places. Currently, there is still no decisive therapy for COVID-19 or related complications. The development of COVID-19 vaccines has raised the hope for mitigating this pandemic based on the intercross immunity induced by COVID-19. Thus far, several types of COVID-19 vaccines have been developed and released to into financial markets. From the perspective of vaccine use in globe, COVID-19 vaccines are beneficial to mitigate the pandemic, whereas the relative adverse events have been reported progressively. This is a review about the development, challenges and prospects of COVID-19 vaccines, and it can provide more insights into all aspects of the vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Miao
- Department of General Surgery, The People’s Hospital of Danyang, Affiliated Danyang Hospital of Nantong University, Danyang, China,Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhiqiang Chen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Suzhou University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hengsong Cao
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenhao Wu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Xi Chu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Medical University The Fourth School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hanyuan Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leyao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongfei Zhu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongzhou Cai
- Department of Urology, Jiangsu Cancer Hospital &The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University & Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research, Nanjing, China.
| | - Xiaolan Lu
- Department of Clinical laboratory, Canglang Hospital of Suzhou, Suzhou, China.
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Oncology, Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Department of Molecular and Celluar Biochemistry, Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Infectious Disease,The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Tingting Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institute of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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65
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Chung YH, Volckaert BA, Steinmetz NF. Development of a Modular NTA:His Tag Viral Vaccine for Co-delivery of Antigen and Adjuvant. Bioconjug Chem 2023; 34:269-278. [PMID: 36608270 PMCID: PMC10545220 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.2c00601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has highlighted the need for vaccines that are effective, but quickly produced. Of note, vaccines with plug-and-play capabilities that co-deliver antigen and adjuvant to the same cell have shown remarkable success. Our approach of utilizing a nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) histidine (His)-tag chemistry with viral adjuvants incorporates both of these characteristics: plug-and-play and co-delivery. We specifically utilize the cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) and the virus-like particles from bacteriophage Qβ as adjuvants and bind the model antigen ovalbumin (OVA). Successful binding of the antigen to the adjuvant/carrier was verified by SDS-PAGE, western blot, and ELISA. Immunization in C57BL/6J mice demonstrates that with Qβ - but not CPMV - there is an improved antibody response against the target antigen using the Qβ-NiNTA:His-OVA versus a simple admixture of antigen and adjuvant. Antibody isotyping also shows that formulation of the vaccines can alter T helper biases; while the Qβ-NiNTA:His-OVA particle produces a balanced Th1/Th2 bias the admixture was strongly Th2. In a mouse model of B16F10-OVA, we further demonstrate improved survival and slower tumor growth in the vaccine groups compared to controls. The NiNTA:His chemistry demonstrates potential for rapid development of future generation vaccines enabling plug-and-play capabilities with effectiveness boosted by co-delivery to the same cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Hun Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Britney A Volckaert
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of NanoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Department of Radiology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Center for Engineering in Cancer, Institute for Engineering in Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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Pivniouk V, Vercelli D. The OM-85 bacterial lysate: a new tool against SARS-CoV-2? Multidiscip Respir Med 2023; 18:906. [PMID: 36798954 PMCID: PMC9926922 DOI: 10.4081/mrm.2023.906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, a novel coronavirus, caused the global Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Because SARS-CoV-2 mutates rapidly, vaccines that induce immune responses against viral components critical for target cell infection strongly mitigate but do not abrogate viral spread, and disease rates remain high worldwide. Complementary treatments are therefore needed to reduce the frequency and/or severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. OM-85, a standardized lysate of 21 bacterial strains often found in the human airways, has immuno-modulatory properties and is widely used empirically in Europe, South America and Asia for the prophylaxis of recurrent upper airway infections in adults and children, with excellent safety profiles. In vitro studies from our laboratory recently demonstrated that OM-85 inhibits SARS-CoV-2 epithelial cell infection by downregulating SARS-CoV-2 receptor expression, raising the possibility that this bacterial extract might eventually complement the current COVID-19 therapeutic toolkit. Here we discuss how our results and those from other groups are fostering progress in this emerging field of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vadim Pivniouk
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center
| | - Donata Vercelli
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine
- Asthma and Airway Disease Research Center
- The BIO5 Institute
- Arizona Center for the Biology of Complex Diseases, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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67
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Banu S, Nagaraj R, Idris MM. A proteomic perspective and involvement of cytokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279998. [PMID: 36608055 PMCID: PMC9821788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus results in manifestation of several clinical observations from asymptomatic to multi-organ failure. Biochemically, the serious effects are due to what is described as cytokine storm. The initial infection region for COVID-19 is the nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal region which is the site where samples are taken to examine the presence of virus. We have now carried out detailed proteomic analysis of the nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal swab samples collected from normal individuals and those tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, in India, during the early days of the pandemic in 2020, by RTPCR, involving high throughput quantitative proteomics analysis. Several proteins like annexins, cytokines and histones were found differentially regulated in the host human cells following SARS-CoV-2 infection. Genes for these proteins were also observed to be differentially regulated when their expression was analyzed. Majority of the cytokine proteins were found to be up regulated in the infected individuals. Cell to Cell signaling interaction, Immune cell trafficking and inflammatory response pathways were found associated with the differentially regulated proteins based on network pathway analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarena Banu
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Nagaraj
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (RN); (MMI)
| | - Mohammed M. Idris
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
- * E-mail: (RN); (MMI)
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68
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Messan KS, Sulima PP, Ghosh D, Nye J. The research foundation for COVID-19 vaccine development. Front Res Metr Anal 2023; 8:1078971. [PMID: 37034419 PMCID: PMC10080055 DOI: 10.3389/frma.2023.1078971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of effective vaccines in <1 year to combat the spread of coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19) is an example of particularly rapid progress in biomedicine. However, this was only made possible by decades of investment in scientific research. Many important research commentaries and reviews have been provided to describe the various contributions and scientific breakthroughs that led to the development of COVID-19 vaccines. In this work, we sought to complement those efforts by adding a systematic and quantitative study of the research foundations that led to these vaccines. Here, we analyzed citations from COVID-19 vaccine research articles to determine which scientific areas of study contributed the most to this research. Our findings revealed that coronavirus research was cited most often, and by a large margin. However, significant contributions were also seen from a diverse set of fields such as cancer, diabetes, and HIV/AIDS. In addition, we examined the publication history of the most prolific authors of COVID-19 vaccine research to determine their research expertise prior to the pandemic. Interestingly, although COVID-19 vaccine research relied most heavily on previous coronavirus work, we find that the most prolific authors on these publications most often had expertise in other areas including influenza, cancer, and HIV/AIDS. Finally, we used machine learning to identify and group together publications based on their major topic areas. This allowed us to elucidate the differences in citations between research areas. These findings highlight and quantify the relevance of prior research from a variety of scientific fields to the rapid development of a COVID-19 vaccine. This study also illustrates the importance of funding and sustaining a diverse research enterprise to facilitate a rapid response to future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Komi S. Messan
- Data Analytics and Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Office of Strategic Planning Initiative Development and Analysis, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Pawel P. Sulima
- Data Analytics and Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Office of Strategic Planning Initiative Development and Analysis, Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Dolan Ghosh
- National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director, NIH Office of Extramural Research, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Jonathan Nye
- Data Analytics and Research Branch, National Institutes of Health, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Office of Strategic Planning Initiative Development and Analysis, Rockville, MD, United States
- *Correspondence: Jonathan Nye
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Deepanshi, Budhiraja I, Garg D, Kumar N, Sharma R. A comprehensive review on variants of SARS-CoVs-2: Challenges, solutions and open issues. COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 197:34-51. [PMID: 36313592 PMCID: PMC9598046 DOI: 10.1016/j.comcom.2022.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is an infected disease caused by one of the variants of Coronavirus which emerged in December 2019. It is declared a pandemic by WHO in March 2020. COVID-19 outbreak has put the world on a halt and is a major threat to the public health system. It has shattered the world with its effects on different areas as the pandemic hit the world in a number of waves with different variants and mutations. Each variant and mutation have different transmission and infection rates in the human population. More than 609 million people have tested positive and more than 6.5 million people have died due to this disease as per 14th September 2022. Despite of numerous efforts, precautions and vaccination the infection has grown rapidly in the world. In this paper, we aim to give a holistic overview of COVID-19 its variants, game theory perspective, effects on the different social and economic areas, diagnostic advancements, treatment methods. A taxonomy is made for the proper insight of the work demonstrated in the paper. Finally, we discuss the open issues associated with COVID-19 in different fields and futuristic research trends in the area. The main aim of the paper is to provide comprehensive literature that covers all the areas and provide an expert understanding of the COVID-19 techniques and potentially be further utilized to combat the outbreak of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepanshi
- School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology, Bennett University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ishan Budhiraja
- School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology, Bennett University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepak Garg
- School of Computer Science Engineering and Technology, Bennett University, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Neeraj Kumar
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, Punjab, India
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Lebanon
- School of Computer Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand
- Faculty of Computing and IT, King Abdul Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rohit Sharma
- Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, NCR Campus, Modinagar, Ghaziabad, UP, India
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Li D, Zhang Y, Li S, Zheng B. A novel Toxoplasma gondii TGGT1_316290 mRNA-LNP vaccine elicits protective immune response against toxoplasmosis in mice. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1145114. [PMID: 37025641 PMCID: PMC10070739 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1145114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) can infect almost all warm-blooded animals and is a major threat to global public health. Currently, there is no effective drug or vaccine for T. gondii. In this study, bioinformatics analysis on B and T cell epitopes revealed that TGGT1_316290 (TG290) had superior effects compared with the surface antigen 1 (SAG1). TG290 mRNA-LNP was constructed through the Lipid Nanoparticle (LNP) technology and intramuscularly injected into the BALB/c mice, and its immunogenicity and efficacy were explored. Analysis of antibodies, cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-12, IL-4, and IL-10), lymphocytes proliferation, cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, dendritic cell (DC) maturation, as well as CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes revealed that TG290 mRNA-LNP induced humoral and cellular immune responses in vaccinated mice. Furthermore, T-Box 21 (T-bet), nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB) p65, and interferon regulatory factor 8 (IRF8) subunit were over-expressed in the TG290 mRNA-LNP-immunized group. The survival time of mice injected with TG290 mRNA-LNP was significantly longer (18.7 ± 3 days) compared with the survival of mice of the control groups (p < 0.0001). In addition, adoptive immunization using 300 μl serum and lymphocytes (5*107) of mice immunized with TG290 mRNA-LNP significantly prolonged the survival time of these mice. This study demonstrates that TG290 mRNA-LNP induces specific immune response against T. gondii and may be a potential toxoplasmosis vaccine candidate for this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yizhuo Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Shiyu Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Bin Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Engineering Research Center of Novel Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-tech Vaccine of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Bin Zheng,
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Health-Promoting Behaviors among Older Adults with Noncommunicable Diseases in Rural and Urban Areas during the New Normal Post-COVID-19 Era: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010101. [PMID: 36615759 PMCID: PMC9824811 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and test a causal relationship among perceived self-efficacy (PSE), health literacy (HL), access to COVID-19 preventive material (ACPM), social networks (SN), and health-promoting behaviors (HPBs). Multistage stratified random sampling was used to recruit 250 older adults with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) from Thai urban and rural communities. The data were collected with self-reported questionnaires. Data analyses used descriptive statistics and structural equation modeling. The results indicated that participants in urban communities had higher PSE, ACPM, HL, SN, and HPBs than rural participants. The fitness parameters of the modified model (χ2 = 71.936, df = 58, p-value = 0.103, χ2/df = 1.240; root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.031; standardized root mean square residual (SRMR) = 0.042; goodness of fit index (GFI) = 0.964; normed-fit index (NFI) = 0.964; comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.993) indicated its suitability as the research model. HPBs were directly positively influenced by PSE (β = 0.40, p < 0.001), ACPM (β = 0.24, p < 0.001), HL (β = 0.19, p < 0.01), and SN (β = 0.01, p < 0.05). Therefore, taking all predicting variables together could explain 81.0% of the variance in HPBs. Multidisciplinary healthcare teams could use these findings to establish proper interventions or healthcare activities to increase HPBs among older adults, particularly in this era of the “new normal”.
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Kardava L, Buckner CM, Moir S. B-Cell Responses to Sars-Cov-2 mRNA Vaccines. Pathog Immun 2022; 7:93-119. [PMID: 36655200 PMCID: PMC9836209 DOI: 10.20411/pai.v7i2.550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Most vaccines against viral pathogens protect through the acquisition of immunological memory from long-lived plasma cells that produce antibodies and memory B cells that can rapidly respond upon an encounter with the pathogen or its variants. The COVID-19 pandemic and rapid deployment of effective vaccines have provided an unprecedented opportunity to study the immune response to a new yet rapidly evolving pathogen. Here we review the scientific literature and our efforts to understand antibody and B-cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines, the effect of SARSCoV-2 infection on both primary and secondary immune responses, and how repeated exposures may impact outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lela Kardava
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD
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Stimulation of the immune system by a tumor antigen-bearing adenovirus-inspired VLP allows control of melanoma growth. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2022; 28:76-89. [PMID: 36620074 PMCID: PMC9798141 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2022.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are versatile protein-based platforms that can be used as a vaccine platform mainly in infectiology. In the present work, we compared a previously designed, non-infectious, adenovirus-inspired 60-mer dodecahedric VLP to display short epitopes or a large tumor model antigen. To validate these two kinds of platforms as a potential immuno-stimulating approach, we evaluated their ability to control melanoma B16-ovalbumin (OVA) growth in mice. A set of adjuvants was screened, showing that polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) was well suited to generate a homogeneous cellular and humoral response against the desired epitopes. In a prophylactic setting, vaccination with the VLP displaying these epitopes resulted in total inhibition of tumor growth 1 month after vaccination. A therapeutic vaccination strategy showed a delay in grafted tumor growth or its total rejection. If the "simple" epitope display on the VLP is sufficient to prevent tumor growth, then an improved engineered platform enabling display of a large antigen is a tool to overcome the barrier of immune allele restriction, broadening the immune response, and paving the way for its potential utilization in humans as an off-the-shelf vaccine.
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Apio C, Han K, Heo G, Park T. A statistical look at the COVID-19 vaccine development and vaccine policies. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1048062. [PMID: 36544793 PMCID: PMC9760853 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1048062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The global outbreak of COVID-19 caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus elicited immense global interest in the development and distribution of safe COVID-19 vaccines by various governments and researchers, capable of stopping the spread of COVID-19 disease. After COVID-19 was declared a global pandemic, several vaccines have been developed for emergency use authorization. The accelerated development of the vaccines was attributed to many factors but mainly by capitalizing on years of research and technology development. Although several countries tried to develop COVID-19 vaccines only a few countries succeeded. Therefore, we applied statistical methods to find factors that have contributed to the fast development of COVID-19 vaccines. All 11 countries that developed vaccines were considered and chose other 24 countries for comparison purposes according to different criteria of their R&D. Fourteen R&D indicator variables that are a measure of the R&D for all countries [World Development Indicators (WDI)] were obtained from the World Bank DataBank and data on the COVID-19 vaccine R&D were obtained from The Knowledge Portal of the Graduate Institute Geneva and Global Health Center. The World Bank records WDI yearly, and 2019 was chosen because of a few missing values. Also, different vaccine policies were adopted by different countries during the COVID-19 vaccination period, producing different impacts of vaccinations on the population. So, we applied the generalized estimating equations (GEE) approach to find policies that contributed greatly to decreasing the spread of COVID-19 using data from the Oxford COVID-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT) and age-specific vaccination data from the European Center for Disease and Prevention and Control. Logistic regression, two-sample t-test, and Wilcoxon rank-sum test found scientific and technical journals, liability, and COVID-19 Vaccine R&D Funding (investment in pharmaceutical industry US$) are significantly associated with fast COVID-19 vaccine development. Vaccine prioritization and government vaccine financial support were significantly associated with COVID-19 daily cases. The impact of vaccination on lowering the rate of new cases is greatly observed among the mid-aged populations (25-64 years) and lower or non-significant among the younger (<25 years) and (>65 years) older populations. Therefore, these age-groups especially > 79 can be prioritized during vaccine roll-out.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Apio
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kyulhee Han
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Gyujin Heo
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Taesung Park
- Department of Statistics, Seoul National University, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea,*Correspondence: Taesung Park
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Siani A, Tranter A. Is vaccine confidence an unexpected victim of the COVID-19 pandemic? Vaccine 2022; 40:7262-7269. [PMID: 36333226 PMCID: PMC9618445 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.10.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Vaccines are among the safest and most effective primary prevention measures. Thanks to the synergistic global efforts of research institutions, pharmaceutical companies and national health services, COVID-19 vaccination campaigns were successfully rolled out less than a year after the start of the pandemic. While the unprecedented speed of development and approval of COVID-19 vaccines has been applauded as a public health success story, it also spurred considerable controversy and hesitancy even amongst individuals that did not previously hold anti-vaccination stances. This study aimed to compare pre- and post-pandemic vaccine confidence trends in different demographic groups by analysing the outcomes of two online surveys run respectively in November 2019 and January 2022 involving a total of 1009 participants. Non-parametric tests highlighted a statistically significant decline in vaccine confidence in the 2022 cohort compared to the 2019 cohort, with median Vaccine Confidence Score dropping from 22 to 20 and 23.8% of participants reporting that their confidence in vaccines had declined since the onset of the pandemic. While the majority of internal trends were comparable between the two surveys with regards to gender, graduate status and religious belief, vaccine confidence patterns showed considerable alterations with regards to age and ethnicity. Middle-aged participants were considerably more hesitant than younger groups in the 2019 cohort, however this was not the case in the 2022 survey. In both surveys White participants showed significantly higher vaccine confidence than those from Black backgrounds; in the 2022 cohort, unlike the pre-pandemic group, Asian participants showed significantly lower confidence than White ones. This study suggests that paradoxically, despite the success of COVID-19 vaccination campaigns, vaccine confidence has significantly declined since the onset of the pandemic; the comparison of a pre- and post-pandemic cohort sheds light on the differential effect that the pandemic had on vaccine confidence in different demographic groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Siani
- Corresponding author at: University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry 1st Street, PO1 2DY Portsmouth, UK
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Ait Hamdan Y, El Amerany F, Desbrières J, Aghrinane A, Oudadesse H, Rhazi M. The evolution of the global COVID-19 epidemic in Morocco and understanding the different therapeutic approaches of chitosan in the control of the pandemic. Polym Bull (Berl) 2022; 80:1-27. [PMID: 36466080 PMCID: PMC9685138 DOI: 10.1007/s00289-022-04579-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In 2020, Coronavirus disease (COVID-19), a new viral respiratory disease caused by a virus that belongs to Coronaviridae family, has been identified. It is a very severe flu that negatively affects the functions of the lung and other respiratory organs. COVID-19 virus can be transmitted between people either by touching an infected person or by direct contact with their respiratory droplets. Therefore, the COVID-19 virus has become a global concern due to its rapid spread and severity. Based on the World Health Organization report from 2 March 2020 to 24 October 2022, the total infected cases and deaths in Morocco are around 1,265,389 (3.46%) and 16,280 (0.04%), respectively. Recently, some scientists have found that chitosan, a polymer existed in nature, can inhibit COVID-19 infection and repair damaged tissue. Therefore, understanding chitosan mechanisms in controlling COVID-19, might lead to innovative strategies in the medical field, such as developing drugs against SARS-CoV-2, and replacing vaccines, which have negative side effects. This review aims to show the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, specifically in Morocco, its pathophysiology, and its ability to silence the immune system. This review also provides an overview of the treatments and measures applied to protect human beings and how chitosan acts and controls COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youssef Ait Hamdan
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Bio-Resources, Environment and Materials, Higher Normal School, Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Fatima El Amerany
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Bio-Resources, Environment and Materials, Higher Normal School, Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
- Laboratory of Sustainable Development and Health Research, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology of Marrakech, Cadi Ayyad University, PO Box 549, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
| | - Jacques Desbrières
- IPREM, University of Pau and Adour Countries (UPPA), Hélioparc Pau Pyrénées, 2 Avenue P. Angot, 64053 PAU Cedex 09, France
| | - Abdessadek Aghrinane
- Laboratory of Plant Biotechnology, Ecology and Ecosystem Valorization, Faculty of Sciences, University Chouaib Doukkali, 24000 El Jadida, Morocco
| | | | - Mohammed Rhazi
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory in Bio-Resources, Environment and Materials, Higher Normal School, Department of Biology, Cadi Ayyad University, 40000 Marrakech, Morocco
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Kareem R, Sethi MR, Inayat S, Irfan M. The effect of COVID-19 vaccination on the menstrual pattern and mental health of the medical students: A mixed-methods study from a low and middle-income country. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0277288. [PMID: 36355919 PMCID: PMC9648815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0277288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on menstrual patterns and mental health of medical students and to explore the students' perspective regarding this effect. MATERIALS AND METHODS This mixed-method study was conducted on the medical and dental students of the private and public sector institutions of Peshawar from September 2021 to March 2022. A Menstrual symptom questionnaire (MSQ) and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) were used. This was followed by qualitative interviews with the students who faced problems in their menstruation after the COVID-19 vaccination. RESULTS A total of 953 students were included, with a mean age of 20.67±1. 56 years. More than half (n = 512, 53.7%) experienced menstrual cycle abnormalities post-vaccination. The majority having disturbances in their menstrual cycle had significantly higher levels of anxiety (p = 0.000). Results on the menstrual symptom questionnaire, anxiety, and depression subtype of HADS showed a negative and statistically significant relationship with changes after COVID-19 vaccination (p<0.05). In the qualitative interviews, 10 (58.8%) students each had problems with frequency and flow, followed by 7 (41.2%) students, who had dysmenorrhea. Seven (41.2%) consulted a gynecologist for management. The majority (n = 14, 82.4%) stated that these issues had an adverse impact on their mental health and almost half (n = 8, 47.1%) suggested consulting a gynecologist while facing such situations. CONCLUSION This study showed the impact of the COVID-19 vaccine on women`s menstrual patterns and subsequent mental health status. Although the majority of the students experienced menstrual cycle abnormalities and subsequent mental health adversities post COVID-19 vaccination but these were temporary and self-limiting and were attributed to the psychological impact of the vaccination. Therefore, it is imperative to alert health care professionals about possible side effects and prior counseling is expected to play an important role in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Kareem
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Mifrah Rauf Sethi
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sumaira Inayat
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwest General Hospital and Research Center, Peshawar, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Irfan
- Department of Mental Health, Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Peshawar Medical College, Riphah International University, Islamabad, Pakistan
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Yan MM, Zhao H, Li ZR, Chow JW, Zhang Q, Qi YP, Wu SS, Zhong MK, Qiu XY. Serious adverse reaction associated with the COVID-19 vaccines of BNT162b2, Ad26.COV2.S, and mRNA-1273: Gaining insight through the VAERS. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:921760. [PMID: 36419624 PMCID: PMC9676979 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.921760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose: Serious adverse events following immunization (AEFI) associated with the COVID-19 vaccines, including BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech), Ad26.COV2.S (Janssen), and mRNA-1273 (Moderna), have not yet been fully investigated. This study was designed to evaluate the serious AEFI associated with these three vaccines. Methods: A disproportionality study was performed to analyze data acquired from the Vaccine Adverse Event-Reporting System (VAERS) between 1 January 2010 and 30 April 2021. The reporting odds ratio (ROR) method was used to identify the association between the COVID-19 vaccines BNT162b2, Ad26.COV2.S, and mRNA-1273 and each adverse event reported. Moreover, the ratio of the ROR value to the 95% CI span was applied to improve the credibility of the ROR. The median values of time from vaccination to onset (TTO) for the three vaccines were analyzed. Results: Compared with BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, Ad26.COV2.S vaccination was associated with a lower death frequency (p < 0.05). Ad26.COV2.S vaccination was associated with a lower birth defect and emergency room visit frequency than BNT162b2 (p < 0.05). There were 6,605, 830, and 2,292 vaccine recipients who suffered from COVID-19-related symptoms after vaccination with BNT162b2, Ad26.COV2.S, and mRNA-1273, respectively, including people who were infected by COVID-19, demonstrated a positive SARS-CoV-2 test, and were asymptomatic. Serious AEFI, including thromboembolism, hemorrhage, thrombocytopenia, cardiac arrhythmia, hypertension, and hepatotoxicity, were associated with all three vaccines. Cardiac failure and acute renal impairment events were associated with BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, while seizure events were associated with BNT162b2 and Ad26.COV2.S. The median values of TTO associated with the three vaccinations were similar. Conclusion: These findings may be useful for health workers and the general public prior to inoculation, especially for patients with underlying diseases; however, the risk/benefit profile of these vaccines remains unchanged. The exact mechanism of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine-induced AEFI remains unknown, and further studies are required to explore these phenomena.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Ming Yan
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Ran Li
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun-Wei Chow
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu-Peng Qi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Shan Wu
- University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Pharmacy, Omaha, United States
| | - Ming-Kang Zhong
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Qiu
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Gao RY, Riley CM, Toth E, Blair RH, Gerold MN, McCormick C, Taylor AW, Hu T, Rowlen KL, Dawson ED. Rapid Identity and Quantity CQA Test for Multivalent mRNA Drug Product Formulations. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101704. [PMID: 36298569 PMCID: PMC9612012 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted mRNA as a promising platform for vaccines and therapeutics. Many of the analytical tools used to characterize the critical quality attributes of mRNA are inherently singleplex and are not necessarily optimal from a labor and cost perspective. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of a multiplexed platform (VaxArray) for efficient identity verification and concentration determination for both monovalent and multivalent mRNA formulations. A model system comprising mRNA constructs for influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase was used to characterize the analytical performance metrics for a VaxArray mRNA assay. The assay presented herein had a time to result of less than 2 h, required no PCR-based amplification nor extraction of mRNA from lipid nanoparticles, and exhibited high construct specificity that enabled application to the bivalent mixture. The sensitivity for influenza hemagglutinin and neuraminidase mRNA was sub-µg/mL, which is vaccine-relevant, and the average accuracy (%recovery of a check standard) and precision were 104 ± 2% and 9 ± 2%, respectively.
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80
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Islamuddin M, Mustfa SA, Ullah SNMN, Omer U, Kato K, Parveen S. Innate Immune Response and Inflammasome Activation During SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Inflammation 2022; 45:1849-1863. [PMID: 35953688 PMCID: PMC9371632 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-022-01651-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 02/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2, responsible for the COVID-19 outbreak, has become a pandemic threatening millions of lives worldwide. Recently, several vaccine candidates and drugs have shown promising effects in preventing or treating COVID-19, but due to the development of mutant strains through rapid viral evolution, urgent investigations are warranted in order to develop preventive measures and further improve current vaccine candidates. Positive-sense-single-stranded RNA viruses comprise many (re)emerging human pathogens that pose a public health problem. Our innate immune system and, in particular, the interferon response form an important first line of defense against these viruses. Flexibility in the genome aids the virus to develop multiple strategies to evade the innate immune response and efficiently promotes their replication and infective capacity. This review will focus on the innate immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and the virus' evasion of the innate immune system by escaping recognition or inhibiting the production of an antiviral state. Since interferons have been implicated in inflammatory diseases and immunopathology along with their protective role in infection, antagonizing the immune response may have an ambiguous effect on the clinical outcome of the viral disease. This pathology is characterized by intense, rapid stimulation of the innate immune response that triggers activation of the Nod-like receptor family, pyrin-domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome pathway, and release of its products including the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-18, and IL-1β. This predictive view may aid in designing an immune intervention or preventive vaccine for COVID-19 in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Islamuddin
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India.
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan.
| | - Salman Ahmad Mustfa
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King's College London, Strand, London, UK
| | | | - Usmaan Omer
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Kentaro Kato
- Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Environment, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Shama Parveen
- Molecular Virology Laboratory, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Basic Sciences, Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi, India
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Dimeglio C, Migueres M, Bouzid N, Chapuy-Regaud S, Gernigon C, Da-Silva I, Porcheron M, Martin-Blondel G, Herin F, Izopet J. Antibody Titers and Protection against Omicron (BA.1 and BA.2) SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1548. [PMID: 36146626 PMCID: PMC9506424 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern has greatly influenced the immune correlates of protection, and there are little data about the antibody threshold concentrations to protect against infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 or BA.2. We analyzed the antibody responses of 259 vaccinated healthcare workers, some of whom had been previously infected by SARS-CoV-2. The median follow-up was 179 days (IQR: 171-182) after blood collection. We detected 88 SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infections during the follow-up period, 55 (62.5%) with SARS-CoV-2 BA.1, and 33 (37.5%) with SARS-CoV-2 BA.2. A neutralizing antibody titer below 8 provided no protection against a BA.1 infection, a titer of 16 or 32 gave 73.2% protection, and a titer of 64 or 128 provided 78.4% protection. Conversely, the BA.2 infection rate did not vary as a function of anti-BA.2 neutralizing antibody titers. Binding antibody concentrations below 6000 BAU/mL provided no protection against Omicron BA.1 infection, 6000-20,000 BAU/mL provided 55.6% protection, and 20,000 or more provided 87.7% protection. There was no difference in BA.2 infection depending on the binding antibody concentration. Further studies are needed to investigate the relationship between antibody concentrations and infection with the Omicron BA.4/5 variants that are becoming predominant worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Dimeglio
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Migueres
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Naémie Bouzid
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Sabine Chapuy-Regaud
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Caroline Gernigon
- Occupational Diseases Department, Toulouse University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France
- UMR1295, Unité Mixte INSERM—Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in Population Health Unit (CERPOP), 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Isabelle Da-Silva
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Marion Porcheron
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Guillaume Martin-Blondel
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), 31300 Toulouse, France
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Department, Toulouse University Hospital, 31300 Toulouse, France
| | - Fabrice Herin
- Occupational Diseases Department, Toulouse University Hospital, 31000 Toulouse, France
- UMR1295, Unité Mixte INSERM—Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Centre for Epidemiology and Research in Population Health Unit (CERPOP), 31000 Toulouse, France
| | - Jacques Izopet
- CHU Toulouse, Hôpital Purpan, Virology Laboratory, 31300 Toulouse, France
- Toulouse Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases (INFINITy), 31300 Toulouse, France
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Zuluaga JDH, Santos-Barbosa JC, Cuellar A, Puerta CJ, Gonzalez JM. False positive serology of prepandemic chagasic samples with SARS-CoV-2 antigen. Trop Med Int Health 2022; 27:1009-1012. [PMID: 36101498 DOI: 10.1111/tmi.13818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine whether prepandemic sera from patients with Chagas disease recognize SARS-CoV-2 antigens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty sera from patients with Chagas disease were tested for the presence of IgG cross-reactivity against the nucleocapsid protein (NP) and spike (S) SARS-CoV-2 proteins by ELISA. Positive samples were tested again using a different ELISA and CLIA, both against NP. RESULTS None of the sera from patients with Chagas disease, previously confirmed as positive for the presence of anti-T. cruzi antibodies reacted against the SARS-CoV-2 S protein, and 6 samples tested positive for the NP antigen (15%). The 6 positive samples were re-tested, 5 remained positive by ELISA and all were negative by CLIA. CONCLUSION According to our data, false-positive results might be a concern in the detection of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in patients with Chagas disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Diego H Zuluaga
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Juan C Santos-Barbosa
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Adriana Cuellar
- Grupo en Ciencias de Laboratorio Clínico, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - Concepción J Puerta
- Laboratorio de Parasitología Molecular, Grupo de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Microbiology Department, School of Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
| | - John M Gonzalez
- Laboratorio de Ciencias Básicas Médicas, School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, DC, Colombia
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83
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Lai G, Liu H, Deng J, Li K, Xie B. A Novel 3-Gene Signature for Identifying COVID-19 Patients Based on Bioinformatics and Machine Learning. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:genes13091602. [PMID: 36140771 PMCID: PMC9498787 DOI: 10.3390/genes13091602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many biomarkers associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) were found, a novel signature relevant to immune cells has not been developed. In this work, the “CIBERSORT” algorithm was used to assess the fraction of immune infiltrating cells in GSE152641 and GSE171110. Key modules associated with important immune cells were selected by the “WGCNA” package. The “GO” enrichment analysis was used to reveal the biological function associated with COVID-19. The “Boruta” algorithm was used to screen candidate genes, and the “LASSO” algorithm was used for collinearity reduction. A novel gene signature was developed based on multivariate logistic regression analysis. Subsequently, M0 macrophages (PRAUC = 0.948 in GSE152641 and PRAUC = 0.981 in GSE171110) and neutrophils (PRAUC = 0.892 in GSE152641 and PRAUC = 0.960 in GSE171110) were considered as important immune cells. Forty-three intersected genes from two modules were selected, which mainly participated in some immune-related activities. Finally, a three-gene signature comprising CLEC4D, DUSP13, and UNC5A that can accurately distinguish COVID-19 patients and healthy controls in three datasets was constructed. The ROCAUC was 0.974 in the training set, 0.946 in the internal test set, and 0.709 in the external test set. In conclusion, we constructed a three-gene signature to identify COVID-19, and CLEC4D, DUSP13, and UNC5A may be potential biomarkers for COVID-19 patients.
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84
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Rudolph A, Mitchell J, Barrett J, Sköld H, Taavola H, Erlanson N, Melgarejo-González C, Yue QY. Global safety monitoring of COVID-19 vaccines: how pharmacovigilance rose to the challenge. Ther Adv Drug Saf 2022; 13:20420986221118972. [PMID: 36052399 PMCID: PMC9424876 DOI: 10.1177/20420986221118972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacovigilance (PV) came suddenly into the spotlight when several new
vaccines, developed as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic, received emergency
authorisation and were rolled out on a large scale in late 2020. The vaccines
underwent stringent clinical trials and evaluation from regulatory authorities,
but with the use of novel technology and an anticipated rapid and vast
deployment of the vaccines, the importance of a well-functioning international
post marketing safety surveillance system was stressed. International PV
stakeholders were faced with several challenges due to the extent of the global
vaccination campaign. The unprecedented volume of reports of suspected adverse
events following immunization has led to the development and use of new tools.
Furthermore, the collaboration between various PV stakeholders was encouraged
and strengthened. PV rose to the challenges posed by the currently ongoing
global COVID-19 vaccination campaign and successful adaptations were made in a
short period of time. However, the pandemic has not ended yet, the vaccination
campaign is far from being completed, and further challenges are anticipated.
Advances made during the pandemic will be important to strengthen PV in future
and ensure to advance medicines’ safety together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Rudolph
- WHO CC, Signal Management, Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Bredgränd 7B, Uppsala 753 20, Sweden
| | - Joseph Mitchell
- WHO CC, Signal Management, Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jim Barrett
- Research, Data Science, Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Helena Sköld
- Operations, PV Portfolio, Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Henric Taavola
- Research, Data Science, Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Nils Erlanson
- Research, Data Science, Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Qun-Ying Yue
- WHO CC, Signal Management, Uppsala Monitoring Centre, Uppsala, Sweden
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85
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Calder T, Tong T, Hu DJ, Kim JH, Kotloff KL, Koup RA, Marovich MA, McElrath MJ, Read SW, Robb ML, Renzullo PO, D’Souza MP. Leveraging lessons learned from the COVID-19 pandemic for HIV. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2022; 2:110. [PMID: 36045906 PMCID: PMC9423691 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-022-00175-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines and their deployment in less than a year is an unprecedented scientific, medical, and public health achievement. This rapid development leveraged knowledge from decades of HIV/AIDS research and advances. However, the search for an HIV vaccine that would contribute to a durable end to the HIV pandemic remains elusive. Here, we draw from the US government experience and highlight lessons learned from COVID-19 vaccine development, which include the importance of public-private partnerships, equitable inclusion of populations impacted by the infectious pathogen, and continued investment in basic research. We summarize key considerations for an accelerated and re-energized framework for developing a safe and efficacious HIV vaccine. Calder, Tong et al. discuss how the rapid development of COVID-19 vaccines benefited from HIV/AIDS research. They highlight lessons learned from the COVID-19 vaccine development experience that could accelerate and re-energize the development of a safe and efficacious HIV vaccine.
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86
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Scaria PV, Rowe CG, Chen BB, Dickey TH, Renn JP, Lambert LE, Barnafo EK, Rausch KM, Tolia NH, Duffy PE. Protein-protein conjugation enhances the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) vaccines. iScience 2022; 25:104739. [PMID: 35846379 PMCID: PMC9270177 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.104739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several effective SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have been developed using different technologies. Although these vaccines target the isolates collected early in the pandemic, many have protected against serious illness from newer variants. Nevertheless, efficacy has diminished against successive variants and the need for effective and affordable vaccines persists especially in the developing world. Here, we adapted our protein-protein conjugate vaccine technology to generate a vaccine based on receptor-binding domain (RBD) antigen. RBD was conjugated to a carrier protein, EcoCRM®, to generate two types of conjugates: crosslinked and radial conjugates. In the crosslinked conjugate, antigen and carrier are chemically crosslinked; in the radial conjugate, the antigen is conjugated to the carrier by site-specific conjugation. With AS01 adjuvant, both conjugates showed enhanced immunogenicity in mice compared to RBD, with a Th1 bias. In hACE2 binding inhibition and pseudovirus neutralization assays, sera from mice vaccinated with the radial conjugate demonstrated strong functional activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puthupparampil V. Scaria
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903, USA
| | - Chris G. Rowe
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903, USA
| | - Beth B. Chen
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903, USA
| | - Thayne H. Dickey
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Renn
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903, USA
| | - Lynn E. Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903, USA
| | - Emma K. Barnafo
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903, USA
| | - Kelly M. Rausch
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903, USA
| | - Niraj H. Tolia
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903, USA
| | - Patrick E. Duffy
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, NIAID/NIH, 29 Lincoln Drive, Building 29B, Bethesda, MD 20892-2903, USA
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87
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Palomares F, Paris JL, Labella M, Doña I, Mayorga C, Torres MJ. Drug hypersensitivity, in vitro tools, biomarkers, and burden with COVID-19 vaccines. Allergy 2022; 77:3527-3537. [PMID: 35912413 PMCID: PMC9537799 DOI: 10.1111/all.15461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Hypersensitivity reactions to drugs are increasing worldwide. They display a large degree of variability in the immunological mechanisms involved, which impacts both disease severity and the optimal diagnostic procedure. Therefore, drug hypersensitivity diagnosis relies on both in vitro and in vivo assessments, although most of the methods are not well standardized. Moreover, several biomarkers can be used as valuable parameters for precision medicine that provide information on the endotypes, diagnosis, prognosis, and prediction of drug hypersensitivity development, as well on the identification of therapeutic targets and treatment efficacy monitoring. Furthermore, in the last 2 years, the SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus) pandemic has had an important impact on health system, leading us to update approaches on how to manage hypersensitivity reactions to drugs used for its treatment and on COVID-19 (Coronavirus disease) vaccines used for its prevention. This article reviews recent advances in these 3 areas regarding drug hypersensitivity: in vitro tools for drug hypersensitivity diagnosis, recently identified biomarkers that could guide clinical decision making and management of hypersensitivity reactions to drugs and vaccines used for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Palomares
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA‐ARADyALMálagaSpain
| | - Juan L. Paris
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA‐ARADyALMálagaSpain,Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology‐BIONANDMálagaSpain
| | - Marina Labella
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA‐ARADyALMálagaSpain,Allergy UnitHospital Regional Universitario de Málaga‐ARADyALMálagaSpain
| | - Inmaculada Doña
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA‐ARADyALMálagaSpain,Allergy UnitHospital Regional Universitario de Málaga‐ARADyALMálagaSpain
| | - Cristobalina Mayorga
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA‐ARADyALMálagaSpain,Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology‐BIONANDMálagaSpain,Allergy UnitHospital Regional Universitario de Málaga‐ARADyALMálagaSpain
| | - María José Torres
- Allergy Research GroupInstituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga‐IBIMA‐ARADyALMálagaSpain,Andalusian Center for Nanomedicine and Biotechnology‐BIONANDMálagaSpain,Allergy UnitHospital Regional Universitario de Málaga‐ARADyALMálagaSpain,Departamento de MedicinaUniversidad de MálagaMálagaSpain
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88
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Huang Y, Chen X, Wang Q, Lei X, Zhang L. Case report: subacute thyroiditis after receiving SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, maybe not only adjuvants. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:856572. [PMID: 35991637 PMCID: PMC9388854 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.856572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are designed to control the transmission of the disease. However, post-vaccination subacute thyroiditis (SAT) also appears with increase vaccination rate. Three cases of SAT after SARS-CoV-2 vaccines are described in this study. We have reported the patients’ clinical symptoms, laboratory tests, and thyroid imaging. Tests for COVID-19 were all negative, and the patients did not report thyroid-related diseases, autoimmune diseases, or preceding upper respiratory system infections in their medical history. Three female patients showed neck pain on physical examination. The laboratory test results and imaging findings were consistent with the diagnostic criteria of SAT. The patients were carried out a standardized treatment according to their symptoms, and we closely followed up their response to the treatment. Clinicians must be aware of the possibility of SAT after receiving the vaccines and make timely therapy.
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89
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Zoaib Habib T. Double trouble: COVID-19 vaccine misinformation amidst conflict in Ukraine. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2022; 80:104127. [PMID: 35845861 PMCID: PMC9270185 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2022.104127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tharwani Zoaib Habib
- Faculty of Medicine, Dow Medical College, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
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90
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Kim WJ, Choi SH, Park JY, Song JS, Chung JW, Choi ST. SARS-CoV-2 Omicron escapes mRNA vaccine booster-induced antibody neutralisation in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases: an observational cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis 2022; 81:1585-1593. [PMID: 35878999 DOI: 10.1136/ard-2022-222689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study investigates whether COVID-19 vaccines can elicit cross-reactive antibody responses against the Omicron variant in patients with autoimmune rheumatic diseases (ARDs). METHODS This observational cohort study comprised 149 patients with ARDs and 94 healthcare workers (HCWs). Blood samples were obtained at enrolment, a median of 15 weeks after the second vaccine dose or 8 weeks after the third dose. The functional cross-neutralisation capacity of sera was measured using the Omicron variant receptor-binding domain-ACE2 binding inhibition assay. We assessed the incidence of breakthrough infections and the potential correlation with neutralising responses in participants after receiving third doses. The association of time-from-vaccine and neutralising responses in sera was predicted using linear regression analysis. RESULTS The mean cross-neutralising responses against the Omicron variant developed after the second dose was 11.5% in patients with ARDs and 18.1% in HCWs (p=0.007). These responses were significantly lower in patients with ARDs than in HCWs after the third dose (26.8% vs 50.3%, p<0.0001). Only 39.2% of the patient sera showed functional neutralisation capacity to the Omicron variant and cross-neutralising responses were shown to be poorly correlated with anti-spike immunoglobulin G titres. Within 6 weeks of immunological assessments, significantly lower Omicron-neutralising responses were detected in sera from patients with ARDs who developed breakthrough infections compared with those who did not (p=0.018). Additionally, a relative decline was implied in neutralising responses against the Omicron variant as a reference to the wild-type virus during 120 days since the third vaccination, with a predicted decay rate of -0.351%/day (95% CI, -0.559 to -0.144, p=0.001). CONCLUSIONS Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant in patients with ARDs and current vaccine-induced immunity may not confer broad protection from Omicron breakthrough infection, highlighting the need for further research on vaccine effectiveness in patients with immune dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Joong Kim
- Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Seong-Ho Choi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Ji Young Park
- Department of Pediatrics, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jung Soo Song
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Jin-Won Chung
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
| | - Sang Tae Choi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea (the Republic of)
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91
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Peixoto RS, Voolstra CR, Sweet M, Duarte CM, Carvalho S, Villela H, Lunshof JE, Gram L, Woodhams DC, Walter J, Roik A, Hentschel U, Thurber RV, Daisley B, Ushijima B, Daffonchio D, Costa R, Keller-Costa T, Bowman JS, Rosado AS, Reid G, Mason CE, Walke JB, Thomas T, Berg G. Harnessing the microbiome to prevent global biodiversity loss. Nat Microbiol 2022; 7:1726-1735. [PMID: 35864220 DOI: 10.1038/s41564-022-01173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Global biodiversity loss and mass extinction of species are two of the most critical environmental issues the world is currently facing, resulting in the disruption of various ecosystems central to environmental functions and human health. Microbiome-targeted interventions, such as probiotics and microbiome transplants, are emerging as potential options to reverse deterioration of biodiversity and increase the resilience of wildlife and ecosystems. However, the implementation of these interventions is urgently needed. We summarize the current concepts, bottlenecks and ethical aspects encompassing the careful and responsible management of ecosystem resources using the microbiome (termed microbiome stewardship) to rehabilitate organisms and ecosystem functions. We propose a real-world application framework to guide environmental and wildlife probiotic applications. This framework details steps that must be taken in the upscaling process while weighing risks against the high toll of inaction. In doing so, we draw parallels with other aspects of contemporary science moving swiftly in the face of urgent global challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel S Peixoto
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Christian R Voolstra
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Michael Sweet
- Aquatic Research Facility, Environmental Sustainability Research Centre, University of Derby, Derby, UK
| | - Carlos M Duarte
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia.,Computational Bioscience Research Center (CBRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Susana Carvalho
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Helena Villela
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jeantine E Lunshof
- Department of Global Health and Social Medicine, Center for Bioethics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.,Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Douglas C Woodhams
- Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.,Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, Panama City, Panama
| | - Jens Walter
- APC Microbiome Ireland, School of Microbiology, and Department of Medicine, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Anna Roik
- Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB), Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Ute Hentschel
- RD3 Marine Symbioses, GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | | | - Brendan Daisley
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blake Ushijima
- Department of Biology and Marine Biology, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, USA
| | - Daniele Daffonchio
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Rodrigo Costa
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tina Keller-Costa
- Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Instituto Superior Técnico, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jeff S Bowman
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Alexandre S Rosado
- Red Sea Research Center (RSRC), Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering (BESE), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gregor Reid
- Lawson Health Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Jenifer B Walke
- Department of Biology, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, WA, USA
| | - Torsten Thomas
- Centre for Marine Science and Innovation and School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Gabriele Berg
- Institute of Environmental Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria.,University of Postdam and Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy (ATB), Potsdam, Germany
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92
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Yang L, Tang L, Zhang M, Liu C. Recent Advances in the Molecular Design and Delivery Technology of mRNA for Vaccination Against Infectious Diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:896958. [PMID: 35928814 PMCID: PMC9345514 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.896958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines can prevent many millions of illnesses against infectious diseases and save numerous lives every year. However, traditional vaccines such as inactivated viral and live attenuated vaccines cannot adapt to emerging pandemics due to their time-consuming development. With the global outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, the virus continues to evolve and mutate, producing mutants with enhanced transmissibility and virulence; the rapid development of vaccines against such emerging global pandemics becomes more and more critical. In recent years, mRNA vaccines have been of significant interest in combating emerging infectious diseases due to their rapid development and large-scale production advantages. However, their development still suffers from many hurdles such as their safety, cellular delivery, uptake, and response to their manufacturing, logistics, and storage. More efforts are still required to optimize the molecular designs of mRNA molecules with increased protein expression and enhanced structural stability. In addition, a variety of delivery systems are also needed to achieve effective delivery of vaccines. In this review, we highlight the advances in mRNA vaccines against various infectious diseases and discuss the molecular design principles and delivery systems of associated mRNA vaccines. The current state of the clinical application of mRNA vaccine pipelines against various infectious diseases and the challenge, safety, and protective effect of associated vaccines are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Tang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chaoyong Liu, ; Ming Zhang,
| | - Chaoyong Liu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Chaoyong Liu, ; Ming Zhang,
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93
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Saville M, Cramer JP, Downham M, Hacker A, Lurie N, Van der Veken L, Whelan M, Hatchett R. Delivering Pandemic Vaccines in 100 Days - What Will It Take? N Engl J Med 2022; 387:e3. [PMID: 35249271 DOI: 10.1056/nejmp2202669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Saville
- From the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo (M.S., J.P.C., M.D., A.H., N.L., M.W., R.H.), and McKinsey and Company, Geneva (L.V.V.)
| | - Jakob P Cramer
- From the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo (M.S., J.P.C., M.D., A.H., N.L., M.W., R.H.), and McKinsey and Company, Geneva (L.V.V.)
| | - Matthew Downham
- From the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo (M.S., J.P.C., M.D., A.H., N.L., M.W., R.H.), and McKinsey and Company, Geneva (L.V.V.)
| | - Adam Hacker
- From the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo (M.S., J.P.C., M.D., A.H., N.L., M.W., R.H.), and McKinsey and Company, Geneva (L.V.V.)
| | - Nicole Lurie
- From the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo (M.S., J.P.C., M.D., A.H., N.L., M.W., R.H.), and McKinsey and Company, Geneva (L.V.V.)
| | - Lieven Van der Veken
- From the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo (M.S., J.P.C., M.D., A.H., N.L., M.W., R.H.), and McKinsey and Company, Geneva (L.V.V.)
| | - Mike Whelan
- From the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo (M.S., J.P.C., M.D., A.H., N.L., M.W., R.H.), and McKinsey and Company, Geneva (L.V.V.)
| | - Richard Hatchett
- From the Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations, Oslo (M.S., J.P.C., M.D., A.H., N.L., M.W., R.H.), and McKinsey and Company, Geneva (L.V.V.)
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94
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Nemes E, Fiore-Gartland A, Boggiano C, Coccia M, D'Souza P, Gilbert P, Ginsberg A, Hyrien O, Laddy D, Makar K, McElrath MJ, Ramachandra L, Schmidt AC, Shororbani S, Sunshine J, Tomaras G, Yu WH, Scriba TJ, Frahm N. The quest for vaccine-induced immune correlates of protection against tuberculosis. VACCINE INSIGHTS 2022; 1:165-181. [PMID: 37091190 PMCID: PMC10117634 DOI: 10.18609/vac/2022.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2023]
Abstract
Immunization strategies against tuberculosis (TB) that confer better protection than neonatal vaccination with the 101-year-old Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) are urgently needed to control the epidemic, but clinical development is hampered by a lack of established immune correlates of protection (CoPs). Two phase 2b clinical trials offer the first opportunity to discover human CoPs against TB. Adolescent BCG re-vaccination showed partial protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection, as measured by sustained IFNγ release assay (IGRA) conversion. Adult M72/AS01E vaccination showed partial protection against pulmonary TB. We describe two collaborative research programs to discover CoPs against TB and ensure rigorous, streamlined use of available samples, involving international immunology experts in TB and state-of-the-art technologies, sponsors and funders. Hypotheses covering immune responses thought to be important in protection against TB have been defined and prioritized. A statistical framework to integrate the data analysis strategy was developed. Exploratory analyses will be performed to generate novel hypotheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Nemes
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cesar Boggiano
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Patricia D'Souza
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | - Peter Gilbert
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ann Ginsberg
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Ollivier Hyrien
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Karen Makar
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lakshmi Ramachandra
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health
| | | | - Solmaz Shororbani
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Justine Sunshine
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Georgia Tomaras
- Duke Human Vaccine Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wen-Han Yu
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Thomas J Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Bill & Melinda Gates Medical Research Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
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95
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In Silico Screening of Novel TMPRSS2 Inhibitors for Treatment of COVID-19. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27134210. [PMID: 35807455 PMCID: PMC9268035 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27134210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a pandemic caused by the virus SARS-CoV-2, has spread globally, necessitating the search for antiviral compounds. Transmembrane protease serine 2 (TMPRSS2) is a cell surface protease that plays an essential role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Therefore, researchers are searching for TMPRSS2 inhibitors that can be used for the treatment of COVID-19. As such, in this study, based on the crystal structure, we targeted the active site of TMPRSS2 for virtual screening of compounds in the FDA database. Then, we screened lumacaftor and ergotamine, which showed strong binding ability, using 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations to study the stability of the protein–ligand binding process, the flexibility of amino acid residues, and the formation of hydrogen bonds. Subsequently, we calculated the binding free energy of the protein–ligand complex by the MM-PBSA method. The results show that lumacaftor and ergotamine interact with residues around the TMPRSS2 active site, and reached equilibrium in the 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations. We think that lumacaftor and ergotamine, which we screened through in silico studies, can effectively inhibit the activity of TMPRSS2. Our findings provide a basis for subsequent in vitro experiments, having important implications for the development of effective anti-COVID-19 drugs.
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96
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Analyzing the Systems Biology Effects of COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines to Assess Their Safety and Putative Side Effects. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11070743. [PMID: 35889989 PMCID: PMC9320269 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been instrumental tools in reducing the impact of SARS-CoV-2 infections around the world by preventing 80% to 90% of hospitalizations and deaths from reinfection, in addition to preventing 40% to 65% of symptomatic illnesses. However, the simultaneous large-scale vaccination of the global population will indubitably unveil heterogeneity in immune responses as well as in the propensity to developing post-vaccine adverse events, especially in vulnerable individuals. Herein, we applied a systems biology workflow, integrating vaccine transcriptional signatures with chemogenomics, to study the pharmacological effects of mRNA vaccines. First, we derived transcriptional signatures and predicted their biological effects using pathway enrichment and network approaches. Second, we queried the Connectivity Map (CMap) to prioritize adverse events hypotheses. Finally, we accepted higher-confidence hypotheses that have been predicted by independent approaches. Our results reveal that the mRNA-based BNT162b2 vaccine affects immune response pathways related to interferon and cytokine signaling, which should lead to vaccine success, but may also result in some adverse events. Our results emphasize the effects of BNT162b2 on calcium homeostasis, which could be contributing to some frequently encountered adverse events related to mRNA vaccines. Notably, cardiac side effects were signaled in the CMap query results. In summary, our approach has identified mechanisms underlying both the expected protective effects of vaccination as well as possible post-vaccine adverse effects. Our study illustrates the power of systems biology approaches in improving our understanding of the comprehensive biological response to vaccination against COVID-19.
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97
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Xu R, Zhao B, Lan L, Liu Y, Li Y, Jiang L, Dai S. A one-year follow-up study on dynamic changes of leukocyte subsets and virus-specific antibodies of patients with COVID-19 in Sichuan, China. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:1122-1130. [PMID: 35919814 PMCID: PMC9339420 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.71286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: SARS-CoV-2 infection causes immune response and produces protective antibodies, and these changes may persist after patients discharged from hospital. Methods: This study conducted a one-year follow-up study on patients with COVID-19 to observe the dynamic changes of circulating leukocyte subsets and virus-specific antibodies. Results: A total of 66 patients with COVID-19 and 213 healthy patients with inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccination were included. The virus-specific total antibody, IgG and IgM antibody of patients after one year of recovery were higher than those of healthy vaccinated participants (94.13 vs 4.65, 2.67 vs 0.44, 0.09 vs 0.06, respectively) (P < 0.001). Neutrophil count (OR = 1.73, 95% CI: 1.10-2.70, P = 0.016) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (OR = 1.59, 95% CI: 1.05-2.41, P = 0.030) at discharge were the influencing factors for the positivity of virus-specific IgG antibody in patients after one year of recovery. The counts of CD4+ and CD8+ T, B and NK cells increased with the time of recovery, and remained basically stable from 9 to 12 months after discharge. After 12 months, the positivity of IgG antibody was 85.3% and IgM was 11.8%, while the virus-specific antibody changed dynamically in patients within one year after discharge. Conclusions: The SARS-CoV-2 specific antibody of recovered patients showed dynamic fluctuation after discharge, while the leukocyte subsets gradually increased and basically stabilized after 9 months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjie Xu
- Institute of Respiratory Health, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bennan Zhao
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, the Public and Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lijuan Lan
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, the Public and Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, the Public and Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Yalun Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Liangshuang Jiang
- Department of Comprehensive Internal Medicine, the Public and Health Clinical Center of Chengdu, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Shuiping Dai
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
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98
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Bellamkonda N, Lambe UP, Sawant S, Nandi SS, Chakraborty C, Shukla D. Immune Response to SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines. Biomedicines 2022; 10:1464. [PMID: 35884770 PMCID: PMC9312515 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10071464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 vaccines have been developed to confer immunity against the SARS-CoV-2 infection. Prior to the pandemic of COVID-19 which started in March 2020, there was a well-established understanding about the structure and pathogenesis of previously known Coronaviruses from the SARS and MERS outbreaks. In addition to this, vaccines for various Coronaviruses were available for veterinary use. This knowledge supported the creation of various vaccine platforms for SARS-CoV-2. Before COVID-19 there are no reports of a vaccine being developed in under a year and no vaccine for preventing coronavirus infection in humans had ever been developed. Approximately nine different technologies are being researched and developed at various levels in order to design an effective COVID-19 vaccine. As the spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 is responsible for generating substantial adaptive immune response, mostly all the vaccine candidates have been targeting the whole spike protein or epitopes of spike protein as a vaccine candidate. In this review, we have compiled the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection and followed by the mechanism of action of various vaccine platforms such as mRNA vaccines, Adenoviral vectored vaccine, inactivated virus vaccines and subunit vaccines in the market. In the end we have also summarized the various adjuvants used in the COVID-19 vaccine formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navya Bellamkonda
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | | | - Sonali Sawant
- ICMR-NIV, Mumbai Unit, A. D. Road, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India; (U.P.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Shyam Sundar Nandi
- ICMR-NIV, Mumbai Unit, A. D. Road, Parel, Mumbai 400012, India; (U.P.L.); (S.S.)
| | | | - Deepak Shukla
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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99
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Adjobimey T, Meyer J, Sollberg L, Bawolt M, Berens C, Kovačević P, Trudić A, Parcina M, Hoerauf A. Comparison of IgA, IgG, and Neutralizing Antibody Responses Following Immunization With Moderna, BioNTech, AstraZeneca, Sputnik-V, Johnson and Johnson, and Sinopharm's COVID-19 Vaccines. Front Immunol 2022; 13:917905. [PMID: 35799790 PMCID: PMC9254618 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.917905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In an ongoing multinational trial, we obtained blood samples from 365 volunteers vaccinated with mRNA vaccines (Moderna, BioNTech), viral DNA-vectored vaccines (AstraZeneca, Sputnik-V, and Johnson and Johnson), or the attenuated virus vaccine from Sinopharm. After collecting reactogenicity data, the expression of S-Protein binding IgG and IgA was analyzed using an automated sandwich ELISA system. Serum neutralizing potentials were then investigated using an ACE-2-RBD neutralizing assay. Moderna's vaccine induced the highest amounts of SARS-CoV-2 specific neutralizing antibodies compared to the other groups. In contrast, Sinopharm and Johnson and Johnson's vaccinees presented the lowest SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody titers. Interestingly, moderate to high negative correlations between age and virus-specific IgG expression were observed in the Johnson and Johnson (ρ =-0.3936) and Sinopharm (ρ =-0.6977) groups according to Spearman's rank correlation analysis. A negative correlation was seen between age and IgA expression in the Sputnik-V group (ρ =-0.3917). The analysis of virus neutralization potentials in age categories demonstrated that no significant neutralization potential was observed in older vaccinees (61and 80 years old) in the Sputnik-V Johnson and Johnson and Sinopharm vaccinees' groups. In contrast, neutralization potentials in sera of Moderna, BioNTech, and AstraZeneca vaccinees were statistically comparable in all age categories. Furthermore, while the AstraZeneca vaccine alone induced moderate IgG and IgA expression, the combination with Moderna or BioNTech mRNA vaccines induced significantly higher antibody levels than a double dose of AstraZeneca and similar IgG expression and neutralization potential compared to Moderna or BioNTech vaccines used alone. These results suggest that mRNA vaccines are the most immunogenic after two doses. DNA vectored vaccines from AstraZeneca and Sputnik-V presented lower but significant antibody expression and virus neutralizing properties after two doses. The lowest antibody and neutralization potential were observed in the Sinopharm or Johnson and Johnson vaccinees. Especially elderly over 60 presented no significant increase in neutralizing antibodies after vaccination. The data also indicate that heterologous vaccination strategies combining the AstraZeneca DNA vectored vaccines and mRNA vaccines are more effective in the induction of neutralizing antibodies compared to their homologous counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomabu Adjobimey
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Faculté des Sciences et Techniques (FAST), Université d’Abomey Calavi, Abomey-Calavi, Bénin
| | - Julia Meyer
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leander Sollberg
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Michael Bawolt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Berens
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peđa Kovačević
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, University Clinical Center of Republic of Srpska, Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
| | - Anika Trudić
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute for Pulmonary Diseases of Vojvodina, Sremska Kamenica, Serbia
| | - Marijo Parcina
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- Bonn-Cologne Site, German Center for Infectious Disease Research (DZIF), Bonn, Germany
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100
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Peterson CJ, Lee B, Nugent K. COVID-19 Vaccination Hesitancy among Healthcare Workers-A Review. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:948. [PMID: 35746556 PMCID: PMC9227837 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10060948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic and its associated vaccine have highlighted vaccine hesitancy among healthcare workers (HCWs). Vaccine hesitancy among this group existed prior to the pandemic and particularly centered around influenza vaccination. Being a physician, having more advanced education, and previous vaccination habits are frequently associated with vaccine acceptance. The relationship between age and caring for patients on COVID-19 vaccination is unclear, with studies providing opposing results. Reasons for hesitancy include concerns about safety and efficacy, mistrust of government and institutions, waiting for more data, and feeling that personal rights are being infringed upon. Many of these reasons reflect previous attitudes about influenza vaccination as well as political beliefs and views of personal autonomy. Finally, several interventions to encourage vaccination have been studied, including education programs and non-monetary incentives with the most effective studies using a combination of methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Peterson
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St., Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
| | - Benjamin Lee
- School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St., Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
- College of Engineering, Texas Tech University, 2500 Broadway, Lubbock, TX 79409, USA
| | - Kenneth Nugent
- Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, 3601 4th St., Lubbock, TX 79430, USA;
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