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Nikolaidis A, Baniqued PL, Kranz MB, Scavuzzo CJ, Barbey AK, Kramer AF, Larsen RJ. Multivariate Associations of Fluid Intelligence and NAA. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2607-2616. [PMID: 27005991 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neural and metabolic correlates of fluid intelligence not only aids scientists in characterizing cognitive processes involved in intelligence, but it also offers insight into intervention methods to improve fluid intelligence. Here we use magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) to measure N-acetyl aspartate (NAA), a biochemical marker of neural energy production and efficiency. We use principal components analysis (PCA) to examine how the distribution of NAA in the frontal and parietal lobes relates to fluid intelligence. We find that a left lateralized frontal-parietal component predicts fluid intelligence, and it does so independently of brain size, another significant predictor of fluid intelligence. These results suggest that the left motor regions play a key role in the visualization and planning necessary for spatial cognition and reasoning, and we discuss these findings in the context of the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory of intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aki Nikolaidis
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Neuroscience Program and
| | - Pauline L Baniqued
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Helen Wills Neuroscience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Michael B Kranz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Claire J Scavuzzo
- Neuroscience Program and.,Psychology Department, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Arthur F Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology.,Neuroscience Program and.,Psychology Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan J Larsen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
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52
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Cairó O. Assessing Relevance of External Cognitive Measures. Front Integr Neurosci 2017; 11:3. [PMID: 28270753 PMCID: PMC5319308 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2017.00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The arrival of modern brain imaging technologies has provided new opportunities for examining the biological essence of human intelligence as well as the relationship between brain size and cognition. Thanks to these advances, we can now state that the relationship between brain size and intelligence has never been well understood. This view is supported by findings showing that cognition is correlated more with brain tissues than sheer brain size. The complexity of cellular and molecular organization of neural connections actually determines the computational capacity of the brain. In this review article, we determine that while genotypes are responsible for defining the theoretical limits of intelligence, what is primarily responsible for determining whether those limits are reached or exceeded is experience (environmental influence). Therefore, we contend that the gene-environment interplay defines the intelligent quotient of an individual.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo Cairó
- Department of Computer Science, Instituto Tecnológico Autónomo de México (ITAM) Mexico City, Mexico
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53
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Chen R, Krejza J, Arkuszewski M, Zimmerman RA, Herskovits EH, Melhem ER. Brain morphometric analysis predicts decline of intelligence quotient in children with sickle cell disease: A preliminary study. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:151-157. [PMID: 28279885 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE For children with sickle cell disease (SCD) and at low risk category of stroke, we aim to build a predictive model to differentiate those with decline of intelligence-quotient (IQ) from counterparts without decline, based on structural magnetic-resonance (MR) imaging volumetric analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS This preliminary prospective cohort study included 25 children with SCD, homozygous for hemoglobin S, with no history of stroke and transcranial Doppler mean velocities below 170cm/s at baseline. We administered the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test (K-BIT) to each child at yearly intervals for 2-4 years. Each child underwent MR examination within 30 days of the baseline K-BIT evaluation date. We calculated K-BIT change rates, and used rate of change in K-BIT to classify children into two groups: a decline group and a non-decline group. We then generated predictive models to predict K-BIT decline/non-decline based on regional gray-matter (GM) volumes computed from structural MR images. RESULTS We identified six structures (the left median cingulate gyrus, the right middle occipital gyrus, the left inferior occipital gyrus, the right fusiform gyrus, the right middle temporal gyrus, the right inferior temporal gyrus) that, when assessed for volume at baseline, are jointly predictive of whether a child would suffer subsequent K-BIT decline. Based on these six regional GM volumes and the baseline K-BIT, we built a prognostic model using the K* algorithm. The accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were 0.84, 0.78 and 0.86, respectively. CONCLUSIONS GM volumetric analysis predicts subsequent IQ decline for children with SCD.
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Jaarsveld S, Lachmann T. Intelligence and Creativity in Problem Solving: The Importance of Test Features in Cognition Research. Front Psychol 2017; 8:134. [PMID: 28220098 PMCID: PMC5292426 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper discusses the importance of three features of psychometric tests for cognition research: construct definition, problem space, and knowledge domain. Definition of constructs, e.g., intelligence or creativity, forms the theoretical basis for test construction. Problem space, being well or ill-defined, is determined by the cognitive abilities considered to belong to the constructs, e.g., convergent thinking to intelligence, divergent thinking to creativity. Knowledge domain and the possibilities it offers cognition are reflected in test results. We argue that (a) comparing results of tests with different problem spaces is more informative when cognition operates in both tests on an identical knowledge domain, and (b) intertwining of abilities related to both constructs can only be expected in tests developed to instigate such a process. Test features should guarantee that abilities can contribute to self-generated and goal-directed processes bringing forth solutions that are both new and applicable. We propose and discuss a test example that was developed to address these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saskia Jaarsveld
- Center for Cognitive Science, Cognitive and Developmental Psychology Unit, University of Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Thomas Lachmann
- Center for Cognitive Science, Cognitive and Developmental Psychology Unit, University of Kaiserslautern Kaiserslautern, Germany
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55
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A locus coeruleus-norepinephrine account of individual differences in working memory capacity and attention control. Psychon Bull Rev 2017; 24:1282-1311. [DOI: 10.3758/s13423-016-1220-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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56
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Advances in Intelligence Research: What Should be Expected in the XXI Century (Questions & Answers). SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 19:E92. [PMID: 27919295 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2016.87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Here I briefly delineate my view about the main question of this International Seminar, namely, what should we expecting from the XXI Century regarding the advancements in intelligence research. This view can be summarized as 'The Brain Connection' (TBC), meaning that neuroscience will be of paramount relevance for increasing our current knowledge related to the key question: why are some people smarter than others? We need answers to the issue of what happens in our brains when the genotype and the environment are integrated. The scientific community has devoted great research efforts, ranging from observable behavior to hidden genetics, but we are still far from having a clear general picture of what it means to be more or less intelligent. After the discussion held with the panel of experts participating in the seminar, it is concluded that advancements will be more solid and safe increasing the collaboration of scientists with shared research interests worldwide. Paralleling current sophisticated analyses of how the brain computes, nowadays science may embrace a network approach.
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57
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Fluid Intelligence and the Cross-Frequency Coupling of Neuronal Oscillations. SPANISH JOURNAL OF PSYCHOLOGY 2016; 19:E91. [PMID: 27919297 DOI: 10.1017/sjp.2016.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Several existing theoretical models predict that the individual capacity of working memory and abstract reasoning (fluid intelligence) strongly depends on certain features of neuronal oscillations, especially their cross-frequency coupling. Empirical evidence supporting these predictions is still scarce, but it makes the future studies on oscillatory coupling a promising line of research that can uncover the physiological underpinnings of fluid intelligence. Cross-frequency coupling may serve as the optimal level of description of neurocognitive processes, integrating their genetic, structural, neurochemical, and bioelectrical underlying factors with explanations in terms of cognitive operations driven by neuronal oscillations.
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58
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Zamroziewicz MK, Paul EJ, Zwilling CE, Johnson EJ, Kuchan MJ, Cohen NJ, Barbey AK. Parahippocampal Cortex Mediates the Relationship between Lutein and Crystallized Intelligence in Healthy, Older Adults. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:297. [PMID: 27999541 PMCID: PMC5138207 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Although, diet has a substantial influence on the aging brain, the relationship between dietary nutrients and aspects of brain health remains unclear. This study examines the neural mechanisms that mediate the relationship between a carotenoid important for brain health across the lifespan, lutein, and crystallized intelligence in cognitively intact older adults. We hypothesized that higher serum levels of lutein are associated with better performance on a task of crystallized intelligence, and that this relationship is mediated by gray matter structure of regions within the temporal cortex. This investigation aims to contribute to a growing line of evidence, which suggests that particular nutrients may slow or prevent aspects of cognitive decline by targeting specific features of brain aging. Methods: We examined 76 cognitively intact adults between the ages of 65 and 75 to investigate the relationship between serum lutein, tests of crystallized intelligence (measured by the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence), and gray matter volume of regions within the temporal cortex. A three-step mediation analysis was implemented using multivariate linear regressions to control for age, sex, education, income, depression status, and body mass index. Results: The mediation analysis revealed that gray matter thickness of one region within the temporal cortex, the right parahippocampal cortex (Brodmann's Area 34), partially mediates the relationship between serum lutein and crystallized intelligence. Conclusion: These results suggest that the parahippocampal cortex acts as a mediator of the relationship between serum lutein and crystallized intelligence in cognitively intact older adults. Prior findings substantiate the individual relationships reported within the mediation, specifically the links between (i) serum lutein and temporal cortex structure, (ii) serum lutein and crystallized intelligence, and (iii) parahippocampal cortex structure and crystallized intelligence. This report demonstrates a novel structural mediation between lutein status and crystallized intelligence, and therefore provides further evidence that specific nutrients may slow or prevent features of cognitive decline by hindering particular aspects of brain aging. Future work should examine the potential mechanisms underlying this mediation, including the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and membrane modulating properties of lutein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta K Zamroziewicz
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Erick J Paul
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Chris E Zwilling
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Elizabeth J Johnson
- Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Center on Aging, Tufts University Boston, MA USA
| | - Matthew J Kuchan
- Research, Scientific and Medical Affairs, Abbott Nutrition Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Carle Neuroscience Institute, Carle Foundation HospitalUrbana, IL, USA
| | - Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Carle Neuroscience Institute, Carle Foundation HospitalUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignUrbana, IL, USA; Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois Urbana-ChampaignChampaign, IL, USA
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59
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Khundrakpam BS, Lewis JD, Reid A, Karama S, Zhao L, Chouinard-Decorte F, Evans AC. Imaging structural covariance in the development of intelligence. Neuroimage 2016; 144:227-240. [PMID: 27554529 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Verbal and non-verbal intelligence in children is highly correlated, and thus, it has been difficult to differentiate their neural substrates. Nevertheless, recent studies have shown that verbal and non-verbal intelligence can be dissociated and focal cortical regions corresponding to each have been demonstrated. However, the pattern of structural covariance corresponding to verbal and non-verbal intelligence remains unexplored. In this study, we used 586 longitudinal anatomical MRI scans of subjects aged 6-18 years, who had concurrent intelligence quotient (IQ) testing on the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence. Structural covariance networks (SCNs) were constructed using interregional correlations in cortical thickness for low-IQ (Performance IQ=100±8, Verbal IQ=100±7) and high-IQ (PIQ=121±8, VIQ=120±9) groups. From low- to high-VIQ group, we observed constrained patterns of anatomical coupling among cortical regions, complemented by observations of higher global efficiency and modularity, and lower local efficiency in high-VIQ group, suggesting a shift towards a more optimal topological organization. Analysis of nodal topological properties (regional efficiency and participation coefficient) revealed greater involvement of left-hemispheric language related regions including inferior frontal and superior temporal gyri for high-VIQ group. From low- to high-PIQ group, we did not observe significant differences in anatomical coupling patterns, global and nodal topological properties. Our findings indicate that people with higher verbal intelligence have structural brain differences from people with lower verbal intelligence - not only in localized cortical regions, but also in the patterns of anatomical coupling among widely distributed cortical regions, possibly resulting to a system-level reorganization that might lead to a more efficient organization in high-VIQ group.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John D Lewis
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Andrew Reid
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-1), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Sherif Karama
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Lu Zhao
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Alan C Evans
- McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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61
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Watson PD, Paul EJ, Cooke GE, Ward N, Monti JM, Horecka KM, Allen CM, Hillman CH, Cohen NJ, Kramer AF, Barbey AK. Underlying sources of cognitive-anatomical variation in multi-modal neuroimaging and cognitive testing. Neuroimage 2016; 129:439-449. [PMID: 26808332 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Healthy adults have robust individual differences in neuroanatomy and cognitive ability not captured by demographics or gross morphology (Luders, Narr, Thompson, & Toga, 2009). We used a hierarchical independent component analysis (hICA) to create novel characterizations of individual differences in our participants (N=190). These components fused data across multiple cognitive tests and neuroanatomical variables. The first level contained four independent, underlying sources of phenotypic variance that predominately modeled broad relationships within types of data (e.g., "white matter," or "subcortical gray matter"), but were not reflective of traditional individual difference measures such as sex, age, or intracranial volume. After accounting for the novel individual difference measures, a second level analysis identified two underlying sources of phenotypic variation. One of these made strong, joint contributions to both the anatomical structures associated with the core fronto-parietal "rich club" network (van den Heuvel & Sporns, 2011), and to cognitive factors. These findings suggest that a hierarchical, data-driven approach is able to identify underlying sources of individual difference that contribute to cognitive-anatomical variation in healthy young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- P D Watson
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - E J Paul
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - G E Cooke
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - N Ward
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - J M Monti
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - K M Horecka
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - C M Allen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - C H Hillman
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - N J Cohen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - A F Kramer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - A K Barbey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA; Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
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Bohlken MM, Brouwer RM, Mandl RC, Hedman AM, van den Heuvel MP, van Haren NE, Kahn RS, Hulshoff Pol HE. Topology of genetic associations between regional gray matter volume and intellectual ability: Evidence for a high capacity network. Neuroimage 2016; 124:1044-1053. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
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Pineda-Pardo JA, Martínez K, Román FJ, Colom R. Structural efficiency within a parieto-frontal network and cognitive differences. INTELLIGENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Kim DJ, Davis EP, Sandman CA, Sporns O, O'Donnell BF, Buss C, Hetrick WP. Children's intellectual ability is associated with structural network integrity. Neuroimage 2015; 124:550-556. [PMID: 26385010 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent structural and functional neuroimaging studies of adults suggest that efficient patterns of brain connectivity are fundamental to human intelligence. Specifically, whole brain networks with an efficient small-world organization, along with specific brain regions (i.e., Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory, P-FIT) appear related to intellectual ability. However, these relationships have not been studied in children using structural network measures. This cross-sectional study examined the relation between non-verbal intellectual ability and structural network organization in 99 typically developing healthy preadolescent children. We showed a strong positive association between the network's global efficiency and intelligence, in which a subtest for visuo-spatial motor processing (Block Design, BD) was prominent in both global brain structure and local regions included within P-FIT as well as temporal regions involved with pattern and form processing. BD was also associated with rich club organization, which encompassed frontal, occipital, temporal, hippocampal, and neostriatal regions. This suggests that children's visual construction ability is significantly related to how efficiently children's brains are globally and locally integrated. Our findings indicate that visual construction and reasoning may make general demands on globally integrated processing by the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae-Jin Kim
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Elysia Poggi Davis
- Department of Psychology, University of Denver, 2155 South Race Street, Denver, CO 80208, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Curt A Sandman
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of California Irvine, One University Drive, Orange, CA 92866, USA
| | - Olaf Sporns
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Indiana University Network Science Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Brian F O'Donnell
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Claudia Buss
- Institut für Medizinische Psychologie, Charité Centrum für Human-und Gesundheitswissenschaften, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany
| | - William P Hetrick
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, 1101 East 10th Street, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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Ripke S, Hübner T, Mennigen E, Müller KU, Li SC, Smolka MN. Common neural correlates of intertemporal choices and intelligence in adolescents. J Cogn Neurosci 2015; 27:387-99. [PMID: 25208743 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Converging behavioral evidence indicates that temporal discounting, measured by intertemporal choice tasks, is inversely related to intelligence. At the neural level, the parieto-frontal network is pivotal for complex, higher-order cognitive processes. Relatedly, underrecruitment of the pFC during a working memory task has been found to be associated with steeper temporal discounting. Furthermore, this network has also been shown to be related to the consistency of intertemporal choices. Here we report an fMRI study that directly investigated the association of neural correlates of intertemporal choice behavior with intelligence in an adolescent sample (n = 206; age 13.7-15.5 years). After identifying brain regions where the BOLD response during intertemporal choice was correlated with individual differences in intelligence, we further tested whether BOLD responses in these areas would mediate the associations between intelligence, the discounting rate, and choice consistency. We found positive correlations between BOLD response in a value-independent decision network (i.e., dorsolateral pFC, precuneus, and occipital areas) and intelligence. Furthermore, BOLD response in a value-dependent decision network (i.e., perigenual ACC, inferior frontal gyrus, ventromedial pFC, ventral striatum) was positively correlated with intelligence. The mediation analysis revealed that BOLD responses in the value-independent network mediated the association between intelligence and choice consistency, whereas BOLD responses in the value-dependent network mediated the association between intelligence and the discounting rate. In summary, our findings provide evidence for common neural correlates of intertemporal choice and intelligence, possibly linked by valuation as well as executive functions.
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66
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Salthouse TA, Habeck C, Razlighi Q, Barulli D, Gazes Y, Stern Y. Breadth and age-dependency of relations between cortical thickness and cognition. Neurobiol Aging 2015; 36:3020-3028. [PMID: 26356042 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2015.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in neuroimaging have identified a large number of neural measures that could be involved in age-related declines in cognitive functioning. A popular method of investigating neural-cognition relations has been to determine the brain regions in which a particular neural measure is associated with the level of specific cognitive measures. Although this procedure has been informative, it ignores the strong interrelations that typically exist among the measures in each modality. An alternative approach involves investigating the number and identity of distinct dimensions within the set of neural measures and within the set of cognitive measures before examining relations between the 2 types of measures. The procedure is illustrated with data from 297 adults between 20 and 79 years of age with cortical thickness in different brain regions as the neural measures and performance on 12 cognitive tests as the cognitive measures. The results revealed that most of the relations between cortical thickness and cognition occurred at a general level corresponding to variance shared among different brain regions and among different cognitive measures. In addition, the strength of the thickness-cognition relation was substantially reduced after controlling the variation in age, which suggests that at least some of the thickness-cognition relations in age-heterogeneous samples may be attributable to the influence of age on each type of measure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Habeck
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Qolamreza Razlighi
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Barulli
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yunglin Gazes
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yaakov Stern
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Department of Neurology, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and The Aging Brain, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
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Dong SY, Kim BK, Lee SY. Implicit agreeing/disagreeing intention while reading self-relevant sentences: A human fMRI study. Soc Neurosci 2015; 11:221-32. [PMID: 26160264 DOI: 10.1080/17470919.2015.1059362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The true intentions of humans are sometimes difficult to ascertain exclusively from explicit expressions, such as speech, gestures, or facial expressions. In this experiment, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to investigate implicit intentions that were generated while a subject was reading self-relevant sentences. Short sentences, which were presented visually, consisted of self-relevant statements and a substantive verb, which indicated sentence polarity as either affirmative or negative. Each sentence was divided into the contents and the sentence ending, and the subjects were asked to respond with either agreement or disagreement after the complete sentence was presented. The overall group analysis suggested that the intention of the sentence response was found even before the reading of the complete sentences. Increased neural activation was found in the left medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) during feelings of agreement compared to feelings of disagreement during self-relevant decision-making. In addition, according to the sentence ending, the decision of a response activated the frontopolar cortex (FPC) in the switching condition. These findings indicated that the implicit intentions of responses to the given statements were internally generated before an explicit response occurred, and, hence, intentions can be used to predict a subject's future answer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suh-Yeon Dong
- a Department of Electrical Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Bo-Kyeong Kim
- a Department of Electrical Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Young Lee
- a Department of Electrical Engineering , KAIST , Daejeon , Republic of Korea
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Basten U, Hilger K, Fiebach CJ. Where smart brains are different: A quantitative meta-analysis of functional and structural brain imaging studies on intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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69
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Sellers KK, Mellin JM, Lustenberger CM, Boyle MR, Lee WH, Peterchev AV, Fröhlich F. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of frontal cortex decreases performance on the WAIS-IV intelligence test. Behav Brain Res 2015; 290:32-44. [PMID: 25934490 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2015.04.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) modulates excitability of motor cortex. However, there is conflicting evidence about the efficacy of this non-invasive brain stimulation modality to modulate performance on cognitive tasks. Previous work has tested the effect of tDCS on specific facets of cognition and executive processing. However, no randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled study has looked at the effects of tDCS on a comprehensive battery of cognitive processes. The objective of this study was to test if tDCS had an effect on performance on a comprehensive assay of cognitive processes, a standardized intelligence quotient (IQ) test. The study consisted of two substudies and followed a double-blind, between-subjects, sham-controlled design. In total, 41 healthy adult participants were included in the final analysis. These participants completed the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition (WAIS-IV) as a baseline measure. At least one week later, participants in substudy 1 received either bilateral tDCS (anodes over both F4 and F3, cathode over Cz, 2 mA at each anode for 20 min) or active sham tDCS (2 mA for 40 s), and participants in substudy 2 received either right or left tDCS (anode over either F4 or F3, cathode over Cz, 2 mA for 20 min). In both studies, the WAIS-IV was immediately administered following stimulation to assess for performance differences induced by bilateral and unilateral tDCS. Compared to sham stimulation, right, left, and bilateral tDCS reduced improvement between sessions on Full Scale IQ and the Perceptual Reasoning Index. This demonstration that frontal tDCS selectively degraded improvement on specific metrics of the WAIS-IV raises important questions about the often proposed role of tDCS in cognitive enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin K Sellers
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599
| | - Juliann M Mellin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599
| | | | - Michael R Boyle
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599
| | - Won Hee Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York NY 10029
| | - Angel V Peterchev
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University, Durham NC 27710; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC 27710; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham NC 27710
| | - Flavio Fröhlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599; Neurobiology Curriculum, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill NC 27599.
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70
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Gao Y, Borlam D, Zhang W. The association between heart rate reactivity and fluid intelligence in children. Biol Psychol 2015; 107:69-75. [PMID: 25782406 PMCID: PMC4385475 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine (a) whether findings of increased cardiovascular reactivity in relation to cognitive ability seen in infants, young adults and the elderly can be extended to middle childhood and (b) which specific aspect(s) of intelligence is related to cardiovascular reactivity. We examined cardiovascular activity in 340 8- and 9-year-old children during a number judgment task and measured fluid and crystallized IQ using the WISC-IV (Wechsler, 2003). Regression analyses revealed that heart rate (HR) reactivity was positively associated with fluid intelligence and perceptual reasoning in particular, after controlling for the effects of sex, age, task performance, social adversity, and resting HR. Intelligence scores were not associated with respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity. Findings are consistent with prior literature in infants and older populations and for the first time suggest that the association between HR reactivity and cognitive ability is specific for fluid reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Gao
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States; The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.
| | - Deborah Borlam
- Department of Psychology, Brooklyn College of the City University of New York, Brooklyn, NY, United States.
| | - Wei Zhang
- The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY, United States.
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71
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Leveraging neuroscience for smarter approaches to workplace intelligence. HUMAN RESOURCE MANAGEMENT REVIEW 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hrmr.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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72
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Jaarsveld S, Fink A, Rinner M, Schwab D, Benedek M, Lachmann T. Intelligence in creative processes: An EEG study. INTELLIGENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2015.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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73
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Chuderski A, Andrelczyk K. From neural oscillations to reasoning ability: Simulating the effect of the theta-to-gamma cycle length ratio on individual scores in a figural analogy test. Cogn Psychol 2015; 76:78-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cogpsych.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
Research on the development of self-regulation in young children provides a unifying framework for the study of school readiness. Self-regulation abilities allow for engagement in learning activities and provide the foundation for adjustment to school. A focus on readiness as self-regulation does not supplant interest in the development of acquired ability, such as early knowledge of letters and numbers; it sets the stage for it. In this article, we review research and theory indicating that self-regulation and consequently school readiness are the product of integrated developmental processes at the biological and behavioral levels that are shaped by the contexts in which development is occurring. In doing so, we illustrate the idea that research on self-regulation powerfully highlights ways in which gaps in school readiness and later achievement are linked to poverty and social and economic inequality and points the way to effective approaches to counteract these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clancy Blair
- Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, New York 10003;
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75
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Medial frontal white and gray matter contributions to general intelligence. PLoS One 2014; 9:e112691. [PMID: 25551572 PMCID: PMC4281236 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC) and rostral anterior cingulate cortex (rACC) are part of a wider neural network that plays an important role in general intelligence and executive function. We used structural brain imaging to quantify magnetic resonance gray matter volume and diffusion tensor white matter integrity of the mOFC-rACC network in 26 healthy participants who also completed neuropsychological tests of intellectual abilities and executive function. Stochastic tractography, the most effective Diffusion Tensor Imaging method for examining white matter connections between adjacent gray matter regions, was employed to assess the integrity of mOFC-rACC pathways. Fractional anisotropy (FA), which reflects the integrity of white matter connections, was calculated. Results indicated that higher intelligence correlated with greater gray matter volumes for both mOFC and rACC, as well as with increased FA for left posterior mOFC-rACC connectivity. Hierarchical regression analyses revealed that DTI-derived FA of left posterior mOFC-rACC uniquely accounted for 29%–34% of the variance in IQ, in comparison to 11%–16% uniquely explained by gray matter volume of the left rACC. Together, left rACC gray matter volume and white matter connectivity between left posterior mOFC and rACC accounted for up to 50% of the variance in general intelligence. This study is to our knowledge the first to examine white matter connectivity between OFC and ACC, two gray matter regions of interests that are very close in physical proximity, and underscores the important independent contributions of variations in rACC gray matter volume and mOFC-rACC white matter connectivity to individual differences in general intelligence.
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76
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Grazioplene RG, G Ryman S, Gray JR, Rustichini A, Jung RE, DeYoung CG. Subcortical intelligence: caudate volume predicts IQ in healthy adults. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 36:1407-16. [PMID: 25491047 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the association between size of the caudate nuclei and intelligence. Based on the central role of the caudate in learning, as well as neuroimaging studies linking greater caudate volume to better attentional function, verbal ability, and dopamine receptor availability, we hypothesized the existence of a positive association between intelligence and caudate volume in three large independent samples of healthy adults (total N = 517). Regression of IQ onto bilateral caudate volume controlling for age, sex, and total brain volume indicated a significant positive correlation between caudate volume and intelligence, with a comparable magnitude of effect across each of the three samples. No other subcortical structures were independently associated with IQ, suggesting a specific biological link between caudate morphology and intelligence.
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77
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Functional brain networks contributing to the Parieto-Frontal Integration Theory of Intelligence. Neuroimage 2014; 103:349-354. [PMID: 25284305 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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79
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Aichelburg C, Urbanski M, Thiebaut de Schotten M, Humbert F, Levy R, Volle E. Morphometry of Left Frontal and Temporal Poles Predicts Analogical Reasoning Abilities. Cereb Cortex 2014; 26:915-932. [PMID: 25331605 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhu254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Analogical reasoning is critical for making inferences and adapting to novelty. It can be studied experimentally using tasks that require creating similarities between situations or concepts, i.e., when their constituent elements share a similar organization or structure. Brain correlates of analogical reasoning have mostly been explored using functional imaging that has highlighted the involvement of the left rostrolateral prefrontal cortex (rlPFC) in healthy subjects. However, whether inter-individual variability in analogical reasoning ability in a healthy adult population is related to differences in brain architecture is unknown. We investigated this question by employing linear regression models of performance in analogy tasks and voxel-based morphometry in 54 healthy subjects. Our results revealed that the ability to reason by analogy was associated with structural variability in the left rlPFC and the anterior part of the inferolateral temporal cortex. Tractography of diffusion-weighted images suggested that these 2 regions have a different set of connections but may exchange information via the arcuate fasciculus. These results suggest that enhanced integrative and semantic abilities supported by structural variation in these areas (or their connectivity) may lead to more efficient analogical reasoning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarisse Aichelburg
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,Inserm, U 1127, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Marika Urbanski
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,Inserm, U 1127, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,Service de Médecine et Réadaptation, Hôpitaux de Saint-Maurice, 94410 Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Michel Thiebaut de Schotten
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,Inserm, U 1127, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,Natbrainlab, Department of Forensic and Neurodevelopmental Sciences, Institute of Psychiatry, King's College London, London WC2R 2LS, UK
| | - Frederic Humbert
- Centre de Neuroimagerie de Recherche CENIR, ICM, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Richard Levy
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,Inserm, U 1127, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,Behavioral Neuropsychiatry Unit (UNPC), Neurology Ward, Salpetriere Hospital-AP-HP, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Emmanuelle Volle
- Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle épinière (ICM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie-Paris 6, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,Inserm, U 1127, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 7225, 47 boulevard de l'hopital, 75013 Paris, France
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80
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Cox SR, MacPherson SE, Ferguson KJ, Nissan J, Royle NA, MacLullich AM, Wardlaw JM, Deary IJ. Correlational structure of 'frontal' tests and intelligence tests indicates two components with asymmetrical neurostructural correlates in old age. INTELLIGENCE 2014; 46:94-106. [PMID: 25278641 PMCID: PMC4175012 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2014.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Both general fluid intelligence (gf) and performance on some 'frontal tests' of cognition decline with age. Both types of ability are at least partially dependent on the integrity of the frontal lobes, which also deteriorate with age. Overlap between these two methods of assessing complex cognition in older age remains unclear. Such overlap could be investigated using inter-test correlations alone, as in previous studies, but this would be enhanced by ascertaining whether frontal test performance and gf share neurobiological variance. To this end, we examined relationships between gf and 6 frontal tests (Tower, Self-Ordered Pointing, Simon, Moral Dilemmas, Reversal Learning and Faux Pas tests) in 90 healthy males, aged ~ 73 years. We interpreted their correlational structure using principal component analysis, and in relation to MRI-derived regional frontal lobe volumes (relative to maximal healthy brain size). gf correlated significantly and positively (.24 ≤ r ≤ .53) with the majority of frontal test scores. Some frontal test scores also exhibited shared variance after controlling for gf. Principal component analysis of test scores identified units of gf-common and gf-independent variance. The former was associated with variance in the left dorsolateral (DL) and anterior cingulate (AC) regions, and the latter with variance in the right DL and AC regions. Thus, we identify two biologically-meaningful components of variance in complex cognitive performance in older age and suggest that age-related changes to DL and AC have the greatest cognitive impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon R. Cox
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Sarah E. MacPherson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Karen J. Ferguson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jack Nissan
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Natalie A. Royle
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, UK
| | - Alasdair M.J. MacLullich
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Geriatric Medicine, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Endocrinology Unit, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | - Joanna M. Wardlaw
- Brain Research Imaging Centre, Neuroimaging Sciences, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Scottish Imaging Network, a Platform for Scientific Excellence (SINAPSE) Collaboration, UK
| | - Ian J. Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, UK
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81
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Kaufman SB. A proposed integration of the expert performance and individual differences approaches to the study of elite performance. Front Psychol 2014; 5:707. [PMID: 25071672 PMCID: PMC4089477 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Scott Barry Kaufman
- The Imagination Institute Philadelphia, PA, USA ; Positive Psychology Center, University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA, USA
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83
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Paul EJ, Chau A, Solomon J, Grafman JH. Lesion mapping of social problem solving. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:2823-33. [PMID: 25070511 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Accumulating neuroscience evidence indicates that human intelligence is supported by a distributed network of frontal and parietal regions that enable complex, goal-directed behaviour. However, the contributions of this network to social aspects of intellectual function remain to be well characterized. Here, we report a human lesion study (n = 144) that investigates the neural bases of social problem solving (measured by the Everyday Problem Solving Inventory) and examine the degree to which individual differences in performance are predicted by a broad spectrum of psychological variables, including psychometric intelligence (measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), emotional intelligence (measured by the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), and personality traits (measured by the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory). Scores for each variable were obtained, followed by voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that working memory, processing speed, and emotional intelligence predict individual differences in everyday problem solving. A targeted analysis of specific everyday problem solving domains (involving friends, home management, consumerism, work, information management, and family) revealed psychological variables that selectively contribute to each. Lesion mapping results indicated that social problem solving, psychometric intelligence, and emotional intelligence are supported by a shared network of frontal, temporal, and parietal regions, including white matter association tracts that bind these areas into a coordinated system. The results support an integrative framework for understanding social intelligence and make specific recommendations for the application of the Everyday Problem Solving Inventory to the study of social problem solving in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K Barbey
- 1 Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 3 Department of Internal Medicine, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 4 Department of Psychology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 5 Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 6 Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA 7 Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Roberto Colom
- 8 Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Fundación CIEN/Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain
| | - Erick J Paul
- 1 Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA 2 Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Aileen Chau
- 9 Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | - Jordan H Grafman
- 9 Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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84
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Li C, Tian L. Association between resting-state coactivation in the parieto-frontal network and intelligence during late childhood and adolescence. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 35:1150-6. [PMID: 24557703 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE A number of studies have associated the adult intelligence quotient with the structure and function of the bilateral parieto-frontal networks, whereas the relationship between intelligence quotient and parieto-frontal network function has been found to be relatively weak in early childhood. Because both human intelligence and brain function undergo protracted development into adulthood, the purpose of the present study was to provide a better understanding of the development of the parieto-frontal network-intelligence quotient relationship. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed independent component analysis of resting-state fMRI data of 84 children and 50 adolescents separately and then correlated full-scale intelligence quotient with the spatial maps of the bilateral parieto-frontal networks of each group. RESULTS In children, significant positive spatial-map versus intelligence quotient correlations were detected in the right angular gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus in the right parieto-frontal network, and no significant correlation was observed in the left parieto-frontal network. In adolescents, significant positive correlation was detected in the left inferior frontal gyrus in the left parieto-frontal network, and the correlations in the frontal pole in the 2 parieto-frontal networks were only marginally significant. CONCLUSIONS The present findings not only support the critical role of the parieto-frontal networks for intelligence but indicate that the relationship between intelligence quotient and the parieto-frontal network in the right hemisphere has been well established in late childhood, and that the relationship in the left hemisphere was also established in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Li
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China
| | - L Tian
- From the Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Computer and Information Technology, Beijing Jiaotong University, Beijing, China.
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85
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Burgaleta M, MacDonald PA, Martínez K, Román FJ, Álvarez‐Linera J, González AR, Karama S, Colom R. Subcortical regional morphology correlates with fluid and spatial intelligence. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:1957-68. [PMID: 23913782 PMCID: PMC6869737 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2012] [Revised: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies have revealed associations between intelligence and brain morphology. However, researchers have focused primarily on the anatomical features of the cerebral cortex, whereas subcortical structures, such as the basal ganglia (BG), have often been neglected despite extensive functional evidence on their relation with higher-order cognition. Here we performed shape analyses to understand how individual differences in BG local morphology account for variability in cognitive performance. Structural MRI was acquired in 104 young adults (45 men, 59 women, mean age = 19.83, SD = 1.64), and the outer surface of striatal structures (caudate, nucleus accumbens, and putamen), globus pallidus, and thalamus was estimated for each subject and hemisphere. Further, nine cognitive tests were used to measure fluid (Gf), crystallized (Gc), and spatial intelligence (Gv). Latent scores for these factors were computed by means of confirmatory factor analysis and regressed vertex-wise against subcortical shape (local displacements of vertex position), controlling for age, sex, and adjusted for brain size. Significant results (FDR < 5%) were found for Gf and Gv, but not Gc, for the right striatal structures and thalamus. The main results show a relative enlargement of the rostral putamen, which is functionally connected to the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and other intelligence-related prefrontal areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Burgaleta
- Center for Brain and CognitionUniversitat Pompeu FabraBarcelonaSpain
- Facultad de PsicologíaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Fundación CIEN‐Fundación Reina SofíaMadridSpain
| | - Penny A. MacDonald
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western OntarioLondonOntarioCanada
| | - Kenia Martínez
- Facultad de PsicologíaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Fundación CIEN‐Fundación Reina SofíaMadridSpain
| | - Francisco J. Román
- Facultad de PsicologíaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Fundación CIEN‐Fundación Reina SofíaMadridSpain
| | - Juan Álvarez‐Linera
- Fundación CIEN‐Fundación Reina SofíaMadridSpain
- Ruber International HospitalMadridSpain
| | - Ana Ramos González
- Sección de NeurorradiologíaHospital Universitario 12 de OctubreMadridSpain
| | - Sherif Karama
- Douglas Mental Health University InstituteMcGill UniversityMontrealQuebec
| | - Roberto Colom
- Facultad de PsicologíaUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
- Fundación CIEN‐Fundación Reina SofíaMadridSpain
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86
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Román FJ, Abad FJ, Escorial S, Burgaleta M, Martínez K, Álvarez-Linera J, Quiroga MÁ, Karama S, Haier RJ, Colom R. Reversed hierarchy in the brain for general and specific cognitive abilities: a morphometric analysis. Hum Brain Mapp 2014; 35:3805-18. [PMID: 24677433 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Intelligence is composed of a set of cognitive abilities hierarchically organized. General and specific abilities capture distinguishable, but related, facets of the intelligence construct. Here, we analyze gray matter with three morphometric indices (volume, cortical surface area, and cortical thickness) at three levels of the intelligence hierarchy (tests, first-order factors, and a higher-order general factor, g). A group of one hundred and four healthy young adults completed a cognitive battery and underwent high-resolution structural MRI. Latent scores were computed for the intelligence factors and tests were also analyzed. The key finding reveals substantial variability in gray matter correlates at the test level, which is substantially reduced for the first-order and the higher-order factors. This supports a reversed hierarchy in the brain with respect to cognitive abilities at different psychometric levels: the greater the generality, the smaller the number of relevant gray matter clusters accounting for individual differences in intelligent performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Román
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain; Fundación CIEN - Fundación Reina Sofía, 28031, Madrid, Spain
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87
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Dunst B, Benedek M, Jauk E, Bergner S, Koschutnig K, Sommer M, Ischebeck A, Spinath B, Arendasy M, Bühner M, Freudenthaler H, Neubauer AC. Neural efficiency as a function of task demands. INTELLIGENCE 2014; 42:22-30. [PMID: 24489416 PMCID: PMC3907682 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neural efficiency hypothesis describes the phenomenon that brighter individuals show lower brain activation than less bright individuals when working on the same cognitive tasks. The present study investigated whether the brain activation-intelligence relationship still applies when more versus less intelligent individuals perform tasks with a comparable person-specific task difficulty. In an fMRI-study, 58 persons with lower (n = 28) or respectively higher (n = 30) intelligence worked on simple and difficult inductive reasoning tasks having the same person-specific task difficulty. Consequently, less bright individuals received sample-based easy and medium tasks, whereas bright subjects received sample-based medium and difficult tasks. This design also allowed a comparison of lower versus higher intelligent individuals when working on the same tasks (i.e. sample-based medium task difficulty). In line with expectations, differences in task performance and in brain activation were only found for the subset of tasks with the same sample-based task difficulty, but not when comparing tasks with the same person-specific task difficulty. These results suggest that neural efficiency reflects an (ability-dependent) adaption of brain activation to the respective task demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Dunst
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Emanuel Jauk
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria
| | - Sabine Bergner
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria
- Department of Leadership and Entrepreneurship, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Markus Sommer
- Department of Psychology, University of Graz, Austria
| | | | - Birgit Spinath
- Department of Psychology, Ruprecht-Karls-University Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Markus Bühner
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany
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88
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Grafman J. Neural mechanisms of discourse comprehension: a human lesion study. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 137:277-87. [PMID: 24293267 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Discourse comprehension is a hallmark of human social behaviour and refers to the act of interpreting a written or spoken message by constructing mental representations that integrate incoming language with prior knowledge and experience. Here, we report a human lesion study (n = 145) that investigates the neural mechanisms underlying discourse comprehension (measured by the Discourse Comprehension Test) and systematically examine its relation to a broad range of psychological factors, including psychometric intelligence (measured by the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), emotional intelligence (measured by the Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), and personality traits (measured by the Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory). Scores obtained from these factors were submitted to voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to elucidate their neural substrates. Stepwise regression analyses revealed that working memory and extraversion reliably predict individual differences in discourse comprehension: higher working memory scores and lower extraversion levels predict better discourse comprehension performance. Lesion mapping results indicated that these convergent variables depend on a shared network of frontal and parietal regions, including white matter association tracts that bind these areas into a coordinated system. The observed findings motivate an integrative framework for understanding the neural foundations of discourse comprehension, suggesting that core elements of discourse processing emerge from a distributed network of brain regions that support specific competencies for executive and social function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K Barbey
- 1 Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, USA
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89
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Grafman J. Architecture of cognitive flexibility revealed by lesion mapping. Neuroimage 2013; 82:547-54. [PMID: 23721727 PMCID: PMC3790579 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroscience has made remarkable progress in understanding the architecture of human intelligence, identifying a distributed network of brain structures that support goal-directed, intelligent behavior. However, the neural foundations of cognitive flexibility and adaptive aspects of intellectual function remain to be well characterized. Here, we report a human lesion study (n=149) that investigates the neural bases of key competencies of cognitive flexibility (i.e., mental flexibility and the fluent generation of new ideas) and systematically examine their contributions to a broad spectrum of cognitive and social processes, including psychometric intelligence (Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale), emotional intelligence (Mayer, Salovey, Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test), and personality (Neuroticism-Extraversion-Openness Personality Inventory). Latent variable modeling was applied to obtain error-free indices of each factor, followed by voxel-based lesion-symptom mapping to elucidate their neural substrates. Regression analyses revealed that latent scores for psychometric intelligence reliably predict latent scores for cognitive flexibility (adjusted R(2)=0.94). Lesion mapping results further indicated that these convergent processes depend on a shared network of frontal, temporal, and parietal regions, including white matter association tracts, which bind these areas into an integrated system. A targeted analysis of the unique variance explained by cognitive flexibility further revealed selective damage within the right superior temporal gyrus, a region known to support insight and the recognition of novel semantic relations. The observed findings motivate an integrative framework for understanding the neural foundations of adaptive behavior, suggesting that core elements of cognitive flexibility emerge from a distributed network of brain regions that support specific competencies for human intelligence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.
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90
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Burgaleta M, Johnson W, Waber DP, Colom R, Karama S. Cognitive ability changes and dynamics of cortical thickness development in healthy children and adolescents. Neuroimage 2013; 84:810-9. [PMID: 24071525 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Intelligence quotient (IQ) scores tend to remain stable across the lifespan. Nevertheless, in some healthy individuals, significant decreases or increases in IQ have been observed over time. It is unclear whether such changes reflect true functional change or merely measurement error. Here, we applied surface-based corticometry to investigate vertex-wise cortical surface area and thickness correlates of changes in Full Scale IQ (FSIQ), Performance IQ (PIQ) and Verbal IQ (VIQ) in a representative sample of children and adolescents (n=188, mean age=11.59years) assessed two years apart as part of the NIH Study of Normal Brain Development. No significant associations between changes in IQ measures and changes in cortical surface area were observed, whereas changes in FSIQ, PIQ, and VIQ were related to rates of cortical thinning, mainly in left frontal areas. Participants who showed reliable gains in FSIQ showed no significant changes in cortical thickness on average, whereas those who exhibited no significant FSIQ change showed moderate declines in cortical thickness. Importantly, individuals who showed large decreases in FSIQ displayed the steepest and most significant reductions in cortical thickness. Results support the view that there can be meaningful cognitive ability changes that impact IQ within relatively short developmental periods and show that such changes are associated with the dynamics of cortical thickness development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Burgaleta
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain
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91
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Menary K, Collins PF, Porter JN, Muetzel R, Olson EA, Kumar V, Steinbach M, Lim KO, Luciana M. Associations between cortical thickness and general intelligence in children, adolescents and young adults. INTELLIGENCE 2013; 41:597-606. [PMID: 24744452 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuroimaging research indicates that human intellectual ability is related to brain structure including the thickness of the cerebral cortex. Most studies indicate that general intelligence is positively associated with cortical thickness in areas of association cortex distributed throughout both brain hemispheres. In this study, we performed a cortical thickness mapping analysis on data from 182 healthy typically developing males and females ages 9 to 24 years to identify correlates of general intelligence (g) scores. To determine if these correlates also mediate associations of specific cognitive abilities with cortical thickness, we regressed specific cognitive test scores on g scores and analyzed the residuals with respect to cortical thickness. The effect of age on the association between cortical thickness and intelligence was examined. We found a widely distributed pattern of positive associations between cortical thickness and g scores, as derived from the first unrotated principal factor of a factor analysis of Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence (WASI) subtest scores. After WASI specific cognitive subtest scores were regressed on g factor scores, the residual score variances did not correlate significantly with cortical thickness in the full sample with age covaried. When participants were grouped at the age median, significant positive associations of cortical thickness were obtained in the older group for g-residualized scores on Block Design (a measure of visual-motor integrative processing) while significant negative associations of cortical thickness were observed in the younger group for g-residualized Vocabulary scores. These results regarding correlates of general intelligence are concordant with the existing literature, while the findings from younger versus older subgroups have implications for future research on brain structural correlates of specific cognitive abilities, as well as the cognitive domain specificity of behavioral performance correlates of normative gray matter thinning during adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle Menary
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Paul F Collins
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455 ; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - James N Porter
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455 ; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Ryan Muetzel
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455 ; Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erasmus MC-Sophia Children's Hospital, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elizabeth A Olson
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455 ; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Vipin Kumar
- Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Michael Steinbach
- Department of Computer Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Kelvin O Lim
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455 ; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
| | - Monica Luciana
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455 ; Center for Neurobehavioral Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455
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92
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Haász J, Westlye ET, Fjær S, Espeseth T, Lundervold A, Lundervold AJ. General fluid-type intelligence is related to indices of white matter structure in middle-aged and old adults. Neuroimage 2013; 83:372-83. [PMID: 23791837 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2012] [Revised: 06/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
General fluid-type intelligence (gF) reflects abstract reasoning and problem solving abilities, and is an important predictor for lifetime trajectories of cognition, and physical and mental health. Structural and functional neuroimaging studies have demonstrated the role of parieto-frontal gray matter, but the white matter (WM) underpinnings of gF and the contribution of individual gF components to gF-WM relationship still need to be explored. The aim of this study was to characterize, in a sample of 100 healthy middle-aged and old subjects (mean=63.8 years), the relationship between gF and indices of WM structure obtained from diffusion tensor magnetic resonance imaging (DT-MRI) (fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD)). gF was estimated by principal component analysis including measures of episodic memory, reasoning, and processing speed. Tract-based spatial statistics and permutation-based inference statistics were used to test the association between gF and WM indices, while controlling for the effect of age and sex. We hypothesized a positive relationship between gF and WM structure. Based on previous studies, we further hypothesized that this relationship was heavily influenced by the processing speed component of gF. We found a robust relationship between gF and DT-MRI measures of FA, RD and MD in all major WM tracts. Higher gF score was related to higher degree of WM integrity, in middle-aged as well as old individuals. Thus, the distributed relationship between gF and indices of WM microstructure is consistent with the notion that gF reflects efficient signaling between cortical areas. Furthermore, analysis of relationships between WM measures and gF components revealed an association with information processing speed and reasoning ability, but not with episodic memory. Thus, although all subcomponents loaded high on gF factor, the speed-related components were most strongly associated with DT-MRI-derived measures. These results suggest that DT-MRI can be used to parse gF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit Haász
- Department of Biological and Medical Psychology, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; Neuroinformatics and Image Analysis Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway.
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93
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Barbey AK, Colom R, Grafman J. Dorsolateral prefrontal contributions to human intelligence. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:1361-9. [PMID: 22634247 PMCID: PMC3478435 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2011] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Although cognitive neuroscience has made remarkable progress in understanding the involvement of the prefrontal cortex in executive control functions for human intelligence, the necessity of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) for key competencies of general intelligence and executive function remains to be well established. Here we studied human brain lesion patients with dlPFC lesions to investigate whether this region is computationally necessary for performance on neuropsychological tests of general intelligence and executive function, administering the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) and subtests of the Delis Kaplan Executive Function System (D-KEFS) to three groups: dlPFC lesions (n=19), non-dlPFC lesions (n=152), and no brain lesions (n=55). The results indicate that: (1) patients with focal dlPFC damage exhibit lower scores, at the latent variable level, than controls in general intelligence (g) and executive function; (2) dlPFC patients demonstrate lower scores than controls in several executive measures; and (3) these latter differences are no longer significant when the pervasive influence of the general factor of intelligence (g) is statistically removed. The observed findings support a central role for the dlPFC in global aspects of general intelligence and make specific recommendations for the interpretation and application of the WAIS and D-KEFS to the study of high-level cognition in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aron K. Barbey
- Decision Neuroscience Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
- College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, 61820, USA
| | - Roberto Colom
- Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain/Fundación CIEN-Fundación Reina Sofía (Madrid, Spain)
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Traumatic Brain Injury Research Laboratory, Kessler Foundation Research Center, West Orange, NJ 07052, USA
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94
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Colom R, Burgaleta M, Román FJ, Karama S, Álvarez-Linera J, Abad FJ, Martínez K, Quiroga MÁ, Haier RJ. Neuroanatomic overlap between intelligence and cognitive factors: Morphometry methods provide support for the key role of the frontal lobes. Neuroimage 2013; 72:143-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Revised: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/19/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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95
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Hippocampal structure and human cognition: key role of spatial processing and evidence supporting the efficiency hypothesis in females. INTELLIGENCE 2013; 41:129-140. [PMID: 25632167 DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2013.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Here we apply a method for automated segmentation of the hippocampus in 3D high-resolution structural brain MRI scans. One hundred and four healthy young adults completed twenty one tasks measuring abstract, verbal, and spatial intelligence, along with working memory, executive control, attention, and processing speed. After permutation tests corrected for multiple comparisons across vertices (p < .05) significant relationships were found for spatial intelligence, spatial working memory, and spatial executive control. Interactions with sex revealed significant relationships with the general factor of intelligence (g), along with abstract and spatial intelligence. These correlations were mainly positive for males but negative for females, which might support the efficiency hypothesis in women. Verbal intelligence, attention, and processing speed were not related to hippocampal structural differences.
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96
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Architecture of fluid intelligence and working memory revealed by lesion mapping. Brain Struct Funct 2013; 219:485-94. [DOI: 10.1007/s00429-013-0512-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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97
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Structural changes after videogame practice related to a brain network associated with intelligence. INTELLIGENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2012.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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98
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Ebisch SJ, Perrucci MG, Mercuri P, Romanelli R, Mantini D, Romani GL, Colom R, Saggino A. Common and unique neuro-functional basis of induction, visualization, and spatial relationships as cognitive components of fluid intelligence. Neuroimage 2012; 62:331-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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99
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Martínez K, Solana AB, Burgaleta M, Hernández-Tamames JA, Alvarez-Linera J, Román FJ, Alfayate E, Privado J, Escorial S, Quiroga MA, Karama S, Bellec P, Colom R. Changes in resting-state functionally connected parietofrontal networks after videogame practice. Hum Brain Mapp 2012; 34:3143-57. [PMID: 22807280 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimaging studies provide evidence for organized intrinsic activity under task-free conditions. This activity serves functionally relevant brain systems supporting cognition. Here, we analyze changes in resting-state functional connectivity after videogame practice applying a test-retest design. Twenty young females were selected from a group of 100 participants tested on four standardized cognitive ability tests. The practice and control groups were carefully matched on their ability scores. The practice group played during two sessions per week across 4 weeks (16 h total) under strict supervision in the laboratory, showing systematic performance improvements in the game. A group independent component analysis (GICA) applying multisession temporal concatenation on test-retest resting-state fMRI, jointly with a dual-regression approach, was computed. Supporting the main hypothesis, the key finding reveals an increased correlated activity during rest in certain predefined resting state networks (albeit using uncorrected statistics) attributable to practice with the cognitively demanding tasks of the videogame. Observed changes were mainly concentrated on parietofrontal networks involved in heterogeneous cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenia Martínez
- Departamento de Psicología Biológica y Salud, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Área de Neuroimagen, Fundación CIEN-Fundación Reina Sofía, Madrid, Spain
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100
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Working memory training: Improving intelligence – Changing brain activity. Brain Cogn 2012; 79:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2011] [Revised: 01/31/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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