A review on plants extract mediated synthesis of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial applications: A green expertise

Biogenic synthesis of novel nanomaterials and their applications

Despite the many benefits derived from the unique features and practicality of nanoparticles, the release of their toxic by-products or products from the synthesis stage into the environment could negatively impact natural resources and organisms. The physical and chemical methods for nanoparticle synthesis involve high energy consumption and the use of hazardous chemicals, respectively, going against the principles of green chemistry. Biological methods of synthesis that rely on extracts from a broad range of natural plants, and microorganisms, such as fungi, bacteria, algae, and yeast, have emerged as viable alternatives to the physical and chemical methods. Nanoparticles synthesized through biogenic pathways are particularly useful for biological applications that have high concerns about contamination. Herein, we review the physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle synthesis and present a detailed overview of the biogenic methods used for the synthesis of different nanoparticles. The major points discussed in this study are the following: (1) the fundamentals of the physical and chemical methods of nanoparticle syntheses, (2) the use of different biological precursors (microorganisms and plant extracts) to synthesize gold, silver, selenium, iron, and other metal nanoparticles, and (3) the applications of biogenic nanoparticles in diverse fields of study, including the environment, health, material science, and analytical chemistry.

The Cytotoxicity of Cotyledon orbiculata Aqueous Extract and the Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles Derived from the Extract

Green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have become popular because of their promising biological activities. However, for most of these nanoparticles, the cytotoxic effects have not been determined and their safety is not guaranteed. In a previous study, we successfully synthesized AgNPs (Cotyledon-AgNPs) using an extract of Cotyledon orbiculata, a medicinal plant traditionally used in South Africa to treat skin conditions. Cotyledon-AgNPs were shown to have significant antimicrobial and wound-healing activities. Fibroblast cells treated with extracts of C. orbiculata and Cotyledon-AgNPs demonstrated an enhanced growth rate, which is essential in wound healing. These nanoparticles therefore have promising wound-healing activities. However, the cytotoxicity of these nanoparticles is not known. In this study, the toxic effects of C. orbiculata extract and Cotyledon-AgNPs on the non-cancerous skin fibroblast (KMST-6) were determined using in vitro assays to assess oxidative stress and cell death. Both the C. orbiculata extract and the Cotyledon-AgNPs did not show any significant cytotoxic effects in these assays. Gene expression analysis was also used to assess the cytotoxic effects of Cotyledon-AgNPs at a molecular level. Of the eighty-four molecular toxicity genes analysed, only eight (FASN, SREBF1, CPT2, ASB1, HSPA1B, ABCC2, CASP9, and MKI67) were differentially expressed. These genes are mainly involved in fatty acid and mitochondrial energy metabolism. The results support the finding that Cotyledon-AgNPs have low cytotoxicity at the concentrations tested. The upregulation of genes such as FASN, SERBF1, and MKI-67 also support previous findings that Cotyledon-AgNPs can promote wound healing via cell growth and proliferation. It can therefore be concluded that Cotyledon-AgNPs are not toxic to skin fibroblast cells at the concentration that promotes wound healing. These nanoparticles could possibly be safely used for wound healing.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Aggregatimonas sangjinii F202Z8T and Their Biological Characterization

The aim of this study is to describe the general features and eco-friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from the marine bacterium Aggregatimonas sangjinii F202Z8T. To the best of our knowledge, no previous study has reported the biosynthesis of AgNPs using this strain. The formation of AgNPs using F202Z8T was synthesized intracellularly without the addition of any disturbing factors, such as antibiotics, nutrient stress, or electron donors. The AgNPs were examined using UV-vis spectrophotometry, transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry. The UV-vis spectrum showed a peak for the synthesized AgNPs at 465 nm. The AgNPs were spherical, with sizes ranging from 27 to 82 nm, as denoted by TEM and NTA. FTIR showed various biomolecules including proteins and enzymes that may be involved in the synthesis and stabilization of AgNPs. Notably, the AgNPs demonstrated broad-spectrum antibacterial effects against various pathogenic Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Staphylococcus aureus. The minimum inhibitory concentrations and minimum bactericidal concentrations of the F202Z8T-formed AgNPs were 80 and 100 µg/mL, 40 and 50 µg/mL, and 30 and 40 µg/mL against E. coli, B. subtilis, and S. aureus, respectively. This study suggests that A. sangjinii F202Z8T is a candidate for the efficient synthesis of AgNPs and may be suitable for the formulation of new types of bactericidal substances.

Green synthesis, characterisation and antibacterial activities of Strobilanthes crispus-mediated silver nanoparticles (SC-AGNPS) against selected bacteria

This study aims to characterize and determine the antibacterial activities of synthesized Strobilanthes crispus-mediated AgNPs (SC-AgNPs) against Streptococcus mutans, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. S. crispus water extract acts as a reducing and capping agent in the synthesis of AgNPs. The synthesized AgNPs were characterized by using UV-Vis spectrophotometer, dynamic light scattering (DLS), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Fourier transform infra-red (FTIR). FESEM images showed a rough surface with a spherical shape. The average size distribution of 75.25 nm with a polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.373. XRD analysis matched the face-centred cubic structure of silver. FTIR analysis revealed a shifted peak from 1404.99 to 1345.00 cm-1. MIC and MBC values of SC-AgNPs were 1.25 mg/mL and 2.5 mg/mL against E. coli, P. aeruginosa and S. mutans, respectively. Time-kill assay showed that SC-AgNPs significantly reduced bacterial growth as compared to non-treated bacteria. Morphologies of bacteria treated with SC-AgNPs were shrunk, lysed, irregular and smaller as compared to control. SC-AgNPs significantly disrupted the gene expression of eae A, gtf B and Pel A (p < 0.05). This study indicated that the synthesized SC-AgNPs were stable with enhanced antibacterial activities.

Green Synthesis of CuO Nanoparticles Using Agaricus bisporus Extract as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for the Suzuki Cross-Coupling Reaction

Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuONPs) were synthesized using a rapid, eco-friendly, cost-effective, efficient, and biological method employing aqueous Agaricus bisporus extract as a capping and reducing agent. The formation of CuONPs was checked by UV-vis spectroscopy and was characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), dynamic light scattering spectroscopy (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and surface area and porosimetry analyzer. The characterization results showed that the synthesized nanoparticles had a spherical-like appearance and a crystal structure with 40-100 nm particle size. The green synthesized CuONPs were found to be an excellent and sustainable heterogeneous catalyst (TOF up to 29700 h-1 ) for the Suzuki C-C coupling of aryl halides with phenylboronic acid in a very short reaction time (10 minutes). Moreover, the easily recovered catalyst can be reused five times with just a negligible reduction in catalytic behavior.

Effects of silver nanoparticles prepared by aqueous extract of Ferula communis on the developing mouse embryo after maternal exposure

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from aqueous silver nitrate has been achieved using an extract of Ferula communis leaf as a capping, reducing, and stabilizing agent. The formation and stability of the green synthesized silver nanoparticles in the colloidal solution were monitored by absorption measurements. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by different analyses such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and FT-IR spectroscopy. The average particle size of silver nanoparticles was determined by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. In this experiment, pregnant female mice were divided into four groups (G); G1 was the control and received phosphate-buffered saline, G2 received orally aqueous extract of F. communis leaf, G3 received orally AgNPs chemically prepared by NaBH4, and G4 received orally AgNPs prepared by aqueous extract of F. communis leaf. The diameter of AgNPs was 20 nm. AgNPs exhibited good catalytic reduction ability toward methyl orange in the presence of sodium borohydride with a rate constant of 2.95 x 10-4 s-1. The results revealed the occurrence of resorbed embryos in G2, G3, and G4 with different percentages. The livers of mothers and embryos at E14.5 in G2, G3, and G4 showed different levels of histopathological alteration and increase in GFAP and CTGF expressions compared with the control group. The study concluded that the oral administration of small-sized AgNPs (20 nm) prepared by Ferula extract had less toxicity than those prepared by the chemical method.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm efficacy of colistin & meropenem conjugated silver nanoparticles against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae

The progressive increase in infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria and the emergence of resistance to last-resort antimicrobial drugs in recent years necessitate the development of new therapeutic strategies. This study was conducted to obtain nanostructured antimicrobials by conjugating colistin (COL) and meropenem (MEM) antibiotics with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (bio-AgNPs) via the green synthesis method using Rosa damascena extract, and to investigate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of these nanostructures against Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains. Ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry, high-resolution-transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and Fourier transform-infrared spectroscopy analyses were performed to determine the physical and chemical properties of synthesized bio-AgNPs, COL@bio-AgNPs, MEM@bio-AgNPs, and COL&MEM@bio-AgNPs. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration of nanoparticles were determined on standard and MDR clinical strains. The antibiofilm efficacy and cytotoxic effect of nanoparticles were evaluated by the crystal violet dye method and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide dye method, respectively. The characterization analyses demonstrated that the synthesized nanoparticles had crystal structure and spherical morphology (5.6-30.2 nm in size). Antibiotic conjugated nanoparticles exhibited better antimicrobial activity and lower MIC values (0.125-4 µg/mL) on the tested strains compared to free antibiotics, and MIC values were decreased up to 1024-fold (p < 0.05). Antibiotic conjugated nanoparticles were found to be more effective in biofilm eradication than free antibiotics and bio-AgNPs and had a less inhibitory effect on peripheral blood mononuclear cell viability. The findings revealed that antibiotic-conjugated nanoparticles have the potential to be used as an effective antimicrobial drug against MDR E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains.

The Characterization and Study of Antibacterial, Free Radical Scavenging, and Anticancer Potential of Livistona chinensis-Mediated Silver Nanoparticles

In the present research, Livistona chinensis leaf extracts were utilized as reductants to bio-fabricate silver nanoparticles (LC-AgNPs) and this was followed by the evaluation of their antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer potential. Multiple parameters were optimized for the formation and fidelity of LC-AgNPs. The color shift of the reaction mixture from yellow to dark brown confirmed the LC-AgNPs formation. UV/VIS spectroscopy exhibited a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) band at 436 nm. The Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy spectrum depicted phytochemicals in the plant extract acting as bio-reducers for LC-AgNPs synthesis. The XRD pattern confirmed the presence of LC-AgNPs by showing peaks corresponding to 2θ angle at 8.24° (111), 38.16° (200), 44.20° (220), and 64.72° (311). Zetasizer analysis exhibited size distribution by intensity of LC-AgNPs with a mean value of 255.7 d. nm. Moreover, the zeta potential indicated that the AgNPs synthesized were stable. The irregular shape of LC-AgNPs with a mean average of 38.46 ± 0.26 nm was found by scanning electron microscopy. Furthermore, the antioxidant potential of LC-AgNPs was examined using a DPPH assay and was calculated to be higher in LC-AgNPs than in leaf extracts. The calculated IC50 values of the LC-AgNPs and plant extract are 85.01 ± 0.17 and 209.44 ± 0.24, respectively. The antibacterial activity of LC-AgNPs was investigated against Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Bacillus subtilis as well as Staphylococcus aureus, and maximum potential was observed after 24 h against P. aeruginosa. Moreover, LC-AgNPs exhibited maximum anticancer potential against TPC1 cell lines compared to the plant extract. The findings suggested that LC-AgNPs could be used as antioxidant, antibacterial, and anticancer agents for the cure of free-radical-oriented bacterial and oncogenic diseases.

Evaluation of Developmental Toxicity and Oxidative Stress Caused by Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in Zebra Fish Embryos/ Larvae

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are used in various fields, including biological ones. ZnO NPs are eventually disposed of in the environment where they may affect natural systems, and there is no international law to regulate their manufacture, usage, and disposal. Hence, this present study is carried out to synthesise a more non-toxic and bioactive ZnO NPs from the marine algae Sargassum polycystum. The ZnO NPs were biologically produced using the marine algae Sargassum polycystum. The dynamic light scattering result describes that synthesised particles' average size is about 100 nm in diameter. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis demonstrated the rod-like morphology of ZnO NPs. Fourier tranform-infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results revealed the presence of functional groups in ZnO NPs. The selected area electron diffraction (SAED) results strongly suggested the ZnO NPs crystallinity. ZnO NPs surface morphology and compositions were identified by scanning electron microscopy (SEM- EDX) values. To analyse the toxicity of synthesised nanoparticles, zebra fish larvae were used, which involved subjecting embryos to various ZnO NPs concentrations at 1 hpf and analysing the results at 96 hpf. The 60 and 80 ppm sub-lethal doses were chosen for further studies based on the LC50 (82.23 ppm). In the ZnO NPs-treated groups, a significant slowdown in pulse rate and a delay in hatching were seen, both of which impacted the embryonic processes. A teratogenic study revealed a dose-dependent increase in the incidence of developmental deformities in the treated groups. Along with increased oxidants and a corresponding reduction in antioxidant enzymes, Na+ K+-ATPase and AChE activity changes were seen in ZnO NPs-treated zebra fish larvae groups. The apoptosis process was increased in ZnO NPs-treated groups revealed by acridine orange staining. These results indicate that the green synthesis process cannot mitigate the oxidative stress induced by ZnO NPs on oxidative signalling.

Metal nanoparticles as a potential technique for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer: a comprehensive review

Gastrointestinal (GI) cancer is a major health problem worldwide, and current diagnostic and therapeutic approaches are often inadequate. Various metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) have been widely studied for several biomedical applications, including cancer. They may potentially overcome the challenges associated with conventional chemotherapy and significantly impact the overall survival of GI cancer patients. Functionalized MNPs with targeted ligands provide more efficient localization of tumor energy deposition, better solubility and stability, and specific targeting properties. In addition to enhanced therapeutic efficacy, MNPs are also a diagnostic tool for molecular imaging of malignant lesions, enabling non-invasive imaging or detection of tumor-specific or tumor-associated antigens. MNP-based therapeutic systems enable simultaneous stability and solubility of encapsulated drugs and regulate the delivery of therapeutic agents directly to tumor cells, which improves therapeutic efficacy and minimizes drug toxicity and leakage into normal cells. However, metal nanoparticles have been shown to have a cytotoxic effect on cells in vitro. This can be a concern when using metal nanoparticles for cancer treatment, as they may also kill healthy cells in addition to cancer cells. In this review, we provide an overview of the current state of the field, including preparation methods of MNPs, clinical applications, and advances in their use in targeted GI cancer therapy, as well as the advantages and limitations of using metal nanoparticles for the diagnosis and treatment of gastrointestinal cancer such as potential toxicity. We also discuss potential future directions and areas for further research, including the development of novel MNP-based approaches and the optimization of existing approaches.

Imidazolium-Based Ionic Liquid-Assisted Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antibacterial Activity: Experimental and Density Functional Theory Studies

The exclusive properties of ionic liquids (ILs) offer various opportunities to develop advanced materials with appreciable therapeutic applications. Imidazolium-based ILs have been frequently used as reaction media and stabilizers for the development and surface functionalization of noble metal nanoparticles (NPs). This study reports the citrate-mediated reduction of silver ions in three different ILs, that is, 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methyl sulfate ([EMIM][MS]), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate ([BMIM][OTf]), and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMIM][TFSI]). The resulting Ag-ILs NPs were characterized using many analytical techniques, including UV-visible spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction (XRD). DLS and XRD characterization revealed the negatively charged Ag-[EMIM][MS] NPs, Ag-[BMIM][OTf] NPs, and Ag-[BMIM][TFSI] NPs with mean hydrodynamic sizes of 278, 316, and 279 nm, respectively, and a face-centered cubic structure. These hybrid nanomaterials were subjected to in vitro antibacterial screening against three bacterial strains. The Ag-[BMIM][OTf] NPs exhibited significant activities against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterobacter cloacae. The lowest inhibition concentration of 62.5 μg/mL was recorded against E. coli using Ag-[EMIM][MS] and Ag-[BMIM][OTf] NPs. Further, the density functional theory calculations carried out on the computed Ag-ILs in the gas phase and water showed relatively stable systems. Ag-[BMIM][TFSI] exhibited the lowest Gibbs free energy change of -34.41 kcal/mol. The value of the global electrophilicity index (ω = 0.1865 eV) for the Ag-[BMIM][OTf] correlated with its good antibacterial activity.

Principles of Photocatalysts and Their Different Applications: A Review

Human existence and societal growth are both dependent on the availability of clean and fresh water. Photocatalysis is a type of artificial photosynthesis that uses environmentally friendly, long-lasting materials to address energy and environmental issues. There is currently a considerable demand for low-cost, high-performance wastewater treatment equipment. By changing the structure, size, and characteristics of nanomaterials, the use of nanotechnology in the field of water filtration has evolved dramatically. Semiconductor-assisted photocatalysis has recently advanced to become among the most promising techniques in the fields of sustainable energy generation and ecological cleanup. It is environmentally beneficial, cost-effective, and strictly linked to the zero waste discharge principle used in industrial effluent treatment. Owing to the reduction or removal of created unwanted byproducts, the green synthesis of photoactive nanomaterial is more beneficial than chemical synthesis approaches. Furthermore, unlike chemical synthesis methods, the green synthesis method does not require the use of expensive, dangerous, or poisonous ingredients, making it a less costly, easy, and environmental method for photocatalyst synthesis. This work focuses on distinct greener synthesis techniques utilized for the production of new photocatalysts, including metals, metal doped-metal oxides, metal oxides, and plasmonic nanostructures, including the application of artificial intelligence and machine learning to the design and selection of an innovative photocatalyst in the context of energy and environmental challenges. A brief overview of the industrial and environmental applications of photocatalysts is also presented. Finally, an overview and recommendations for future research are given to create photocatalytic systems with greatly improved stability and efficiency.

Antibacterial and antibiofilm activity of Abroma augusta stabilized silver (Ag) nanoparticles against drug-resistant clinical pathogens

Infectious diseases remain among the most pressing concerns for human health. This issue has grown even more complex with the emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. To address bacterial infections, nanoparticles have emerged as a promising avenue, offering the potential to target bacteria at multiple levels and effectively eliminate them. In this study, silver nanoparticles (AA-AgNPs) were synthesized using the leaf extract of a medicinal plant, Abroma augusta. The synthesis method is straightforward, safe, cost-effective, and environment friendly, utilizing the leaf extract of this Ayurvedic herb. The UV-vis absorbance peak at 424 nm indicated the formation of AA-AgNPs, with the involvement of numerous functional groups in the synthesis and stabilization of the particles. AA-AgNPs exhibited robust antibacterial and antibiofilm activities against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). The MIC values of AA-AgNPs ranged from 8 to 32 μg/mL. Electron microscopic examination of the interaction of AA-AgNPs with the test bacterial pathogens showed a deleterious impact on bacterial morphology, resulting from membrane rupture and leakage of intracellular components. AA-AgNPs also demonstrated a dose-dependent effect in curtailing biofilm formation below inhibitory doses. Overall, this study highlights the potential of AA-AgNPs in the successful inhibition of both the growth and biofilms of MRSA and VRE bacteria. Following studies on toxicity and dose optimization, such AgNPs could be developed into effective medical remedies against infections.

A State-of-the-Art Systemic Review on Selenium Nanoparticles: Mechanisms and Factors Influencing Biogenesis and Its Potential Applications

Selenium is a trace element required for the active function of numerous enzymes and various physiological processes. In recent years, selenium nanoparticles draw the attention of scientists and researchers because of its multifaceted uses. The process involved in chemically synthesized SeNPs has been found to be hazardous in nature, which has paved the way for safe and ecofriendly SeNPs to be developed in order to achieve sustainability. In comparison to chemical synthesis, SeNPs can be synthesized more safely and with greater flexibility utilizing bacteria, fungi, and plants. This review focused on the synthesis of SeNPs utilizing bacteria, fungi, and plants; the mechanisms involved in SeNP synthesis; and the effect of various abiotic factors on SeNP synthesis and morphological characteristics. This article discusses the synergies of SeNP synthesis via biological routes, which can help future researchers to synthesize SeNPs with more precision and employ them in desired fields.

Green Lead Nanoparticles Induced Apoptosis and Cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 Cells by Inducing Reactive Oxygen Species and Caspase 3/7 Enzymes

Nanoparticles are widely used in the pharmaceutical, agriculture, and food processing industries. In this study, we have synthesized green lead nanoparticles (gPbNPs) by using an extract of Ziziphus spina-christi leaves and determined their cytotoxic and apoptotic effect on the human breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cell line. gPbNPs were characterized by using X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope (TEM). The toxicity of gPbNPs was determined on the MDA-MB-231 cell line using MTT and NRU assays and as a result cell viability was reduced in a concentration-dependent manner. MDA-MB-231 cells were more sensitive at the highest concentration of gPbNPs exposure. In this experiment, we observed the production of intracellular ROS in cells, and induction of caspase 3/7 was higher in cells at 42 µg/ml of gPbNPs. Moreover, the Bax gene was upregulated and the Bcl-2 gene was downregulated and increased caspase 3/7 activity confirmed the apoptotic effect of gPbNPs in cells. Our observation showed that gPbNPs induced cell toxicity, increased generation of intracellular ROS, and gene expression of Bcl-2 and Bax in the MDA-MB-231 cell line. In conclusion, these findings demonstrated that gPbNPs executed toxic effects on the MDA-MB-231 cell line through activating caspase 3/7 activity.

Eco-friendly phytofabrication of Ficus Benjamina L. based ZnO-doped g-C3N4 nanocomposites for remarkable photocatalysis and antibacterial applications

The research reported here emphasizes the phytoextract route synthesized ZnO-doped g-C3N4 (GCN) for its photocatalytic activity, which helps to ensure a sustained & healthy environment. The leaf extract solution of Ficus Benjamina L. was used for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles, and GCN was prepared via urea using a thermal polymerization process. The flower extract functions as both stabilizers and capping agents during the process of synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The synthesized nanocomposites were then calcined at 400 °C and were further characterized with spectroscopy (UV-Vis), diffracted pattern (XRD), and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Further, the photocatalytic activity of auramine orange (AO) and methylene blue (MB) dye from phytoextract route synthesized pure ZnO NPs, GCN-Pure, and composites with varied millimolar concentrations of ZnO nanoparticles with GCN of the constant amount was checked. After the complete analysis, it was observed that the series that was prepared of ZnO-GCN nanocomposites showed notable enhancement in the degradation pattern of the methylene blue dye. Apparently, 1.5 mmol (mM) ZnO-GCN presented greater degradation patterns for Auramine orange and Methylene blue dye as compared to other nanocomposites that were synthesized. The observed increased photocatalytic activity has a conceivable explanation. The antibacterial activity studies of the prepared nanocomposites were also performed against the E. coli strain showing an enhanced zone of inhibition towards it.

Application of Iron Nanoparticles Synthesized from a Bioflocculant Produced by Yeast Strain Pichia kudriavzevii Obtained from Kombucha Tea SCOBY in the Treatment of Wastewater

Studying the production of Iron (Fe) nanoparticles using natural substances is an intriguing area of research in nanotechnology, as these nanoparticles possess biocompatibility and natural stability, which make them useful for a variety of industrial applications. The study utilized Fe nanoparticles that were synthesized using a bioflocculant and applied to eliminate different kinds of pollutants and dyes found in wastewater and solutions. The study involved the generation of Fe nanoparticles through a bioflocculant obtained from Pichia kudriavzevii, which were evaluated for their flocculation and antimicrobial capabilities. The impact of the Fe nanoparticles on human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cell lines was studied to assess their potential cytotoxicity effects. An array of spectroscopic and microscopic methods was employed to characterize the biosynthesized Fe nanoparticles, including SEM-EDX, FT-IR, TEM, XRD, UV-vis, and TGA. A highly efficient flocculating activity of 85% was achieved with 0.6 mg/mL dosage of Fe nanoparticles. The biosynthesized Fe nanoparticles demonstrated a noteworthy concentration-dependent cytotoxicity effect on HEK 293 cell lines with the highest concentration used resulting in 34% cell survival. The Fe nanoparticles exhibited strong antimicrobial properties against a variety of evaluated Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The efficiency of removing dyes by the nanoparticles was found to be higher than 65% for the tested dyes, with the highest being 93% for safranine. The Fe nanoparticles demonstrated remarkable efficiency in removing various pollutants from wastewater. In comparison to traditional flocculants and the bioflocculant, biosynthesized Fe nanoparticles possess significant potential for eliminating both biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) from wastewater samples treated. Hence, the Fe nanoparticles synthesized in this way have the potential to substitute chemical flocculants in the treatment of wastewater.

Aconitum lycoctonum L. (Ranunculaceae) mediated biogenic synthesis of silver nanoparticles as potential antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antidiabetic agents

In this study, a polar extract of Aconitum lycoctonum L. was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), followed by their characterization using different techniques and evaluation of their potential as antioxidants, amylase inhibitors, anti-inflammatory and antibacterial agents. The formation of AgNPs was detected by a color change, from transparent to dark brown, within 15 min and a surface resonance peak at 460 nm in the UV-visible spectrum. The FTIR spectra confirmed the involvement of various biomolecules in the synthesis of AgNPs. The average diameter of these spherical AgNPs was 67 nm, as shown by the scanning electron micrograph. The inhibition zones showed that the synthesized nanoparticles inhibited the growth of Gram-positive and negative bacteria. FRAP and DPPH assays were used to demonstrate the antioxidant potential of AgNPs. The highest value of FRAP (50.47% AAE/mL) was detected at a concentration of 90 ppm and a DPPH scavenging activity of 69.63% GAE was detected at a concentration of 20 µg/mL of the synthesized AgNPs. 500 µg/mL of the synthesized AgNPs were quite efficient in causing 91.78% denaturation of ovalbumin. The AgNPs mediated by A. lycoctonum also showed an inhibitory effect on α-amylase. Therefore, AgNPs synthesized from A. lycoctonum may serve as potential candidates for antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic agents.

Exploring nanocomposites for controlling infectious microorganisms: charting the path forward in antimicrobial strategies

Nanocomposites, formed by combining a matrix (commonly polymer or ceramic) with nanofillers (nano-sized inclusions like nanoparticles or nanofibers), possess distinct attributes attributed to their composition. Their unique physicochemical properties and interaction capabilities with microbial cells position them as a promising avenue for infectious disease treatment. The escalating prevalence of multi-drug resistant bacteria intensifies the need for alternative solutions. Traditional approaches involve antimicrobial agents like antibiotics, antivirals, and antifungals, targeting specific microbial aspects. This review presents a comprehensive overview of diverse nanocomposite types and highlights the potential of tailored matrix and antibacterial agent selection within nanocomposites to enhance treatment efficacy and decrease antibiotic resistance risks. Challenges such as toxicity, safety, and scalability in clinical applications are also acknowledged. Ultimately, the convergence of nanotechnology and infectious disease research offers the prospect of enhanced therapeutic strategies, envisioning a future wherein advanced materials revolutionize the landscape of medical treatment.

Revolutionizing Nanotechnology with Filago desertorum Extracts: Biogenic Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Exhibiting Potent Antioxidant and Antibacterial Activities

In this study, we described the environmentally friendly biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) utilizing ethanolic extract of Filago desertorum (F. desertorum) as a capping and reducing agent. We also looked at the antioxidant and antibacterial capacities of AgNPs. In order to determine the size, shape, and crystallinity of the created AgNPs, the current project was designed to produce AgNPs utilizing the crude extract of the F. desertorum. The effectiveness of the project was evaluated by UV-visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. AgNPs are monodispersed and spherical and have 50 nm average particle diameters, as determined using Image J software calculations and SEM observation. Four significant peaks from an XRD study, located at 38.46, 44.63, 64.81, and 77.74 nm, were used to calculate the average crystalline size of AgNPs which was reported to be 15 nm. In the crude extract of F. desertorum, it is possible to see the functional group peaks of a number of substances that are essential for bioreduction and the stability of the AgNPs. Antibacterial and antioxidant properties of AgNPs in vitro (DPPH, ABTS, H2O2, phosphomolybdenum, and ferric reducing power) were examined using conventional methods. The AgNPs showed maximum DPPH (72.51% with IC50 = 144.61 μg/mL), ABTS (75.24% with IC50 = 131.21 μg/mL), hydrogen peroxide (73.33% with IC50 = 115.05 μg/mL), phosphomolybdenum activity (73.43% with IC50 = 75.25 μg/mL), and observing reducing power (0.25) at a concentration of 250 g/mL. Inhibition by the AgNPs against the bacterial strain Staphylococcus aureus was greatest (12 mm). According to the current findings, AgNPs produced by F. desertorum have the highest potential for free radical scavenging and antibacterial activity, which can result in antioxidant and antibiotic agents.

Use of biogenic silver nanoparticles on the cathode to improve bioelectricity production in microbial fuel cells

To date, research on microbial fuel cells (MFCs) has. focused on the production of cost-effective, high-performance electrodes and catalysts. The present study focuses on the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by Pseudomonas sp. and evaluates their role as an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst in an MFC. Biogenic AgNPs were synthesized from Pseudomonas aeruginosa via facile hydrothermal synthesis. The physiochemical characterization of the biogenic AgNPs was conducted via scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and UV-visible spectrum analysis. SEM micrographs showed a spherical cluster of AgNPs of 20-100 nm in size. The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) ability of the biogenic AgNPs was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). The oxygen reduction peaks were observed at 0.43 V, 0.42 V, 0.410 V, and 0.39 V. Different concentrations of biogenic AgNPs (0.25-1.0 mg/cm2) were used as ORR catalysts at the cathode in the MFC. A steady increase in the power production was observed with increasing concentrations of biogenic AgNPs. Biogenic AgNPs loaded with 1.0 mg/cm2 exhibited the highest power density (PDmax) of 4.70 W/m3, which was approximately 26.30% higher than the PDmax of the sample loaded with 0.25 mg/cm2. The highest COD removal and Coulombic efficiency (CE) were also observed in biogenic AgNPs loaded with 1.0 mg/cm2 (83.8% and 11.7%, respectively). However, the opposite trend was observed in the internal resistance of the MFC. The lowest internal resistance was observed in a 1.0 mg/cm2 loading (87 Ω), which is attributed to the high oxygen reduction kinetics at the surface of the cathode by the biogenic AgNPs. The results of this study conclude that biogenic AgNPs are a cost-effective, high-performance ORR catalyst in MFCs.

Saponin-Derived Silver Nanoparticles from Phoenix dactylifera (Ajwa Dates) Exhibit Broad-Spectrum Bioactivities Combating Bacterial Infections

The emergence of antibiotic resistance poses a serious threat to humankind, emphasizing the need for alternative antimicrobial agents. This study focuses on investigating the antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-quorum-sensing (anti-QS) activities of saponin-derived silver nanoparticles (AgNPs-S) obtained from Ajwa dates (Phoenix dactylifera L.). The design and synthesis of these novel nanoparticles were explored in the context of developing alternative strategies to combat bacterial infections. The Ajwa date saponin extract was used as a reducing and stabilizing agent to synthesize AgNPs-S, which was characterized using various analytical techniques, including UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The biosynthesized AgNPs-S exhibited potent antibacterial activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria due to their capability to disrupt bacterial cell membranes and the leakage of nucleic acid and protein contents. The AgNPs-S effectively inhibited biofilm formation and quorum-sensing (QS) activity by interfering with QS signaling molecules, which play a pivotal role in bacterial virulence and pathogenicity. Furthermore, the AgNPs-S demonstrated significant antioxidant activity against 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals and cytotoxicity against small lung cancer cells (A549 cells). Overall, the findings of the present study provide valuable insights into the potential use of these nanoparticles as alternative therapeutic agents for the design and development of novel antibiotics. Further investigations are warranted to elucidate the possible mechanism involved and safety concerns when it is used in vivo, paving the way for future therapeutic applications in combating bacterial infections and overcoming antibiotic resistance.

Exploring the Biomedical Applications of Biosynthesized Silver Nanoparticles Using Perilla frutescens Flavonoid Extract: Antibacterial, Antioxidant, and Cell Toxicity Properties against Colon Cancer Cells

The present study reports the biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using a simple, cost effective and eco-friendly method. In this method, the flavonoid extract of Perilla frutescens (PFFE) was used as a bioreduction agent for the reduction of metallic silver into nanosilver, called P. frutescens flavonoid extract silver nanoparticles (PFFE-AgNPs). The Ultraviolet-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrum showed a characteristic absorption peak at 440 nm that confirmed the synthesis of PFFE-AgNPs. A Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic (FTIR) analysis of the PFFE-AgNPs revealed that flavonoids are involved in the bioreduction and capping processes. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and selected area electron diffraction (SAED) patterns confirmed the face-centered cubic (FCC) crystal structure of PFFE-AgNPs. A transmission electron microscopic (TEM) analysis indicated that the synthesized PFFE-AgNPs are 20 to 70 nm in size with spherical morphology and without any aggregation. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies showed that the average hydrodynamic size was 44 nm. A polydispersity index (PDI) of 0.321 denotes the monodispersed nature of PFFE-AgNPs. Further, a highly negative surface charge or zeta potential value (-30 mV) indicates the repulsion, non-aggregation, and stability of PFFE-AgNPs. PFFE-AgNPs showed cytotoxic effects against cancer cell lines, including human colon carcinoma (COLO205) and mouse melanoma (B16F10), with IC50 concentrations of 59.57 and 69.33 μg/mL, respectively. PFFE-AgNPs showed a significant inhibition of both Gram-positive (Listeria monocytogens and Enterococcus faecalis) and Gram-negative (Salmonella typhi and Acinetobacter baumannii) bacteria pathogens. PFFE-AgNPs exhibited in vitro antioxidant activity by quenching 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) free radicals with IC50 values of 72.81 and 92.48 µg/mL, respectively. In this study, we also explained the plausible mechanisms of the biosynthesis, anticancer, and antibacterial effects of PFFE-AgNPs. Overall, these findings suggest that PFFE-AgNPs have potential as a multi-functional nanomaterial for biomedical applications, particularly in cancer therapy and infection control. However, it is important to note that further research is needed to determine the safety and efficacy of these nanoparticles in vivo, as well as to explore their potential in other areas of medicine.

Nano-based techniques: A revolutionary approach to prevent covid-19 and enhancing human awareness

In every century of history, there are many new diseases emerged, which are not even cured by many developed countries. Today, despite of scientific development, new deadly pandemic diseases are caused by microorganisms. Hygiene is considered to be one of the best methods of avoiding such communicable diseases, especially viral diseases. Illness caused by SARS-CoV-2 was termed COVID-19 by the WHO, the acronym derived from "coronavirus disease 2019. The globe is living in the worst epidemic era, with the highest infection and mortality rate owing to COVID-19 reaching 6.89% (data up to March 2023). In recent years, nano biotechnology has become a promising and visible field of nanotechnology. Interestingly, nanotechnology is being used to cure many ailments and it has revolutionized many aspects of our lives. Several COVID-19 diagnostic approaches based on nanomaterial have been developed. The various metal NPs, it is highly anticipated that could be viable and economical alternatives for treating drug resistant in many deadly pandemic diseases in near future. This review focuses on an overview of nanotechnology's increasing involvement in the diagnosis, prevention, and therapy of COVID-19, also this review provides readers with an awareness and knowledge of importance of hygiene.

Antibacterial potential of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles using Nepeta sessilifolia Bunge and Salvia hydrangea DC. ex Benth. extracts from the natural habitats of Iran's Rangelands

BACKGROUND

Nowadays, the use of herbal extracts for the production of nanoparticles has attracted a lot of attention due to the fast reaction, economy, and compatibility with the environment. The aim of the present study is the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from the extracts of Nepeta sessilifolia Bunge and Salvia hydrangea DC. ex Benth. and their antibacterial activity was measured.

METHODS

For this purpose, the flowering branch of N. sessilifolia and the flower of S. hydrangea were randomly collected from three places, respectively, from the rangelands of Aqdash Mountain and Biabe in Isfahan province, Iran in May 2021. After extracting aqueous extracts by hot method, silver nanoparticles were synthesized by the biological method. Green synthesized silver nanoparticles were analyzed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, and FESEM-EDAX. The antibacterial effect was evaluated by diffusion method in agar and determination of minimum growth inhibitory and lethal concentration (MIC and MBC) by dilution method in liquid culture medium.

RESULTS

Based on the results of UV-Vis spectroscopy, silver nanoparticles synthesized from N. sessilifolia and S. hydrangea had distinct absorption peaks at wavelengths of 407 to 424 nm and 414 to 415 nm, respectively. The crystalline nature of these synthetic silver nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD. FESEM analysis showed that the size of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles from N. sessilifolia and S. hydrangea extracts were 10-50 nm and 10-80 nm, respectively, and were cubic. The results of diffusion in agar showed that the largest diameter of the growth inhibition zone belonging to the synthetic silver nanoparticles from both extracts of N. sessilifolia (~ 26.00 mm) and S. hydrangea (~ 23.50 mm) was against Gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus. The most vigorous killing activity by synthetic silver nanoparticles from N. sessilifolia extract was against Klebsiella pneumoniae with a value of 250 μg/mL, two times stronger than rifampin.

CONCLUSION

Therefore, the studied extracts can be suitable options for fast and safe green synthesis of silver nanoparticles effective against some bacterial strains. These synthetic silver nanoparticles can be used as possible options and have strong potential for the production of natural antibiotics.

Recycling of silver nanoparticles from electronic waste via green synthesis and application of AgNPs-chitosan based nanocomposite on textile material

The main thrust of this project is the fabrication of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from electronic waste (PCB board) and applying it on 100% cotton fabric as an antimicrobial agent. The nanoparticle formation of silver was done by green synthesis way using an aqueous leaf extract of Eichhornia crassipes. Furthermore, chitosan was also applied to the fabric with silver nanoparticles by coating. FTIR and SEM tests characterized the fabricated silver nanoparticles, and antimicrobial tests were followed by the disc diffusion method. The SEM analysis showed an average particle size of 76.91 nm. The FTIR analysis showed the successful reduction of silver nanoparticles and the bonding with chitosan and cellulose. Besides, the EDX reports confirmed the existence of AgNPs by indicating a strong signal in the silver region. In addition, SEM characteristics analysis confirmed the uniform deposition of silver nanoparticles. Finally, the antimicrobial property was tested against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative (Escherichia coli) bacteria. The antimicrobial result was found satisfactory in the case of green-synthesized recycled AgNPs. However, the effectiveness was not observed to be higher than green-synthesized pure AgNPs. In this study, the zone of inhibition of AgNPs was also compared to the reference antibiotics Ciprofloxacin.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: Optimizing Green Tea Leaf Extraction for Enhanced Physicochemical Properties

In this paper, we present the optimization of green tea leaf (Camellia sinensis L.) extraction, carried out using water and hydroalcoholic solvents, for the subsequent synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). The value ranges for independent variables, including pH, time, and temperature, were selected based on single-factor experiments and used for extraction in the order presented by the Box-Behnken design. Three-dimensional response surface graphs were used to visually present the optimization results and determine the optimal extraction conditions: pH = 7, 30 min, 80 °C for water and pH = 5.5, 50 min, and 80 °C for water-ethanol. Our findings indicate that the water-ethanol mixture extracted more polyphenols. We compared the physicochemical properties of AgNPs obtained using both types of extractants via DLS and TEM analysis. We proposed a predicted mechanism for the reduction and stabilization of AgNPs based on the Fourier transform infrared data. The hydroethanolic extract leads to significant nanoparticle aggregation, which can be explained by the nucleation theory and agglomeration of nanoparticles in the presence of excess macromolecular organic substances (flocculation).

A critical review on the biosynthesis, properties, applications and future outlook of green MnO2 nanoparticles

MnO2 nanoparticles have played a vital role in biomedical, catalysis, electrochemical and energy storage fields, but requiring toxic chemicals in the fabrication intercepts their applications. There is an increasing demand for biosynthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles using green sources such as plant species in accordance with the purposes of environmental mitigation and production cost reduction. Here, we review recent advancements on the use of natural compounds such as polyphenols, reducing sugars, quercetins, etc. Extracted directly from low-cost and available plants for biogenic synthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles. Role of these phytochemicals and formation mechanism of bio-medicated MnO2 nanoparticles are shed light on. MnO2 nanoparticles own small particle size, high crystallinity, diverse morphology, high surface area and stability. Thanks to higher biocompatibility, bio-mediated synthesized MnO2 nanoparticles exhibited better antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity than chemically synthesized ones. In terms of wastewater treatment and energy storage, they also served as efficient adsorbents and catalyst. Moreover, several aspects of limitation and future outlook of bio-mediated MnO2 nanoparticles in the fields are analyzed. It is expected that the present work not only expands systematic understandings of synthesis methods, properties and applications MnO2 nanoparticles but also pave the way for the nanotechnology revolution in combination with green chemistry and sustainable development.

Fabrication and Evaluation of Anticancer Potential of Eugenol Incorporated Chitosan-Silver Nanocomposites: In Vitro, In Vivo, and In Silico Studies

The expanding global cancer burden necessitates a comprehensive strategy to promote possible therapeutic interventions. Nanomedicine is a cutting-edge approach for treating cancer with minimal adverse effects. In the present study, chitosan-silver nanoparticles (ChAgNPs) containing Eugenol (EGN) were synthesized and evaluated for their anticancer activity against breast cancer cells (MCF-7). The physical, pharmacological, and molecular docking studies were used to characterize these nanoparticles. EGN had been effectively entrapped into hybrid NPs (84 ± 7%). The EGN-ChAgNPs had a diameter of 128 ± 14 nm, a PDI of 0.472 ± 0.118, and a zeta potential of 30.58 ± 6.92 mV. Anticancer activity was measured in vitro using an SRB assay, and the findings revealed that EGN-ChAgNPs demonstrated stronger anticancer activity against MCF-7 cells (IC50 = 14.87 ± 5.34 µg/ml) than pure EGN (30.72 ± 4.91 µg/ml). To support initial cytotoxicity findings, advanced procedures such as cell cycle analysis and genotoxicity were performed. Tumor weight reduction and survival rate were determined using different groups of mice. Both survival rates and tumor weight reduction were higher in the EGN-ChAgNPs (12.5 mg/kg) treated group than in the pure EGN treated group. Based on protein-ligand interactions, it might be proposed that eugenol had a favorable interaction with Aurora Kinase A. It was observed that C9 had the highest HYDE score of any sample, measuring at -6.8 kJ/mol. These results, in conjunction with physical and pharmacological evaluations, implies that EGN-ChAgNPs may be a suitable drug delivery method for treating breast cancer in a safe and efficient way.

Biogenic Silver Nanoparticles for Targeted Cancer Therapy and Enhancing Photodynamic Therapy

Different conventional therapeutic procedures are utilized globally to manage cancer cases, yet the mortality rate in patients with cancer remains considerably high. Developments in the field of nanotechnology have included novel therapeutic strategies to deal with cancer. Biogenic (green) metallic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) obtained using plant-mediated protocols are attractive to researchers exploring cancer treatment. Biogenic AgNPs present advantages, since they are cost-effective, easy to obtain, energy efficient, and less toxic compared to chemically and physically obtained AgNPs. Also, they present excellent anticancer abilities thanks to their unique sizes, shapes, and optical properties. This review provides recent advancements in exploring biogenic AgNPs as a drug or agent for cancer treatment. Thus, great attention was paid to the anticancer efficacy of biogenic AgNPs, their anticancer mechanisms, their efficacy in cancer photodynamic therapy (PDT), their efficacy in targeted cancer therapy, and their toxicity.

Polysaccharide-based nanoassemblies: From synthesis methodologies and industrial applications to future prospects

Polysaccharides, due to their remarkable features, have gained significant prominence in the sustainable production of nanoparticles (NPs). High market demand and minimal production cost, compared to the chemically synthesised NPs, demonstrate a drive towards polysaccharide-based nanoparticles (PSNPs) benign to environment. Various approaches are used for the synthesis of PSNPs including cross-linking, polyelectrolyte complexation, and self-assembly. PSNPs have the potential to replace a wide diversity of chemical-based agents within the food, health, medical and pharmacy sectors. Nevertheless, the considerable challenges associated with optimising the characteristics of PSNPs to meet specific targeting applications are of utmost importance. This review provides a detailed compilation of recent accomplishments in the synthesis of PSNPs, the fundamental principles and critical factors that govern their rational fabrication, as well as various characterisation techniques. Noteworthy, the multiple use of PSNPs in different disciplines such as biomedical, cosmetics agrochemicals, energy storage, water detoxification, and food-related realms, is accounted in detail. Insights into the toxicological impacts of the PSNPs and their possible risks to human health are addressed, and efforts made in terms of PSNPs development and optimising strategies that allow for enhanced delivery are highlighted. Finally, limitations, potential drawbacks, market diffusion, economic viability and future possibilities for PSNPs to achieve widespread commercial use are also discussed.

Mapping the Progress in Surface Plasmon Resonance Analysis of Phytogenic Silver Nanoparticles with Colorimetric Sensing Applications

Nanotechnology is gaining enormous attention as the most dynamic research area in science and technology. It involves the synthesis and applications of nanomaterials in diverse fields including medical, agriculture, textiles, food technology, cosmetics, aerospace, electronics, etc. Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have been extensively used in such applications due to their excellent physicochemical, antibacterial, and biological properties. The use of plant extract as a biological reactor is one of the most promising solutions for the synthesis of AgNPs because this process overcomes the drawbacks of physical and chemical methods. This review article summarizes the plant-mediated synthesis process, the probable reaction mechanism, and the colorimetric sensing applications of AgNPs. Plant-mediated synthesis parameters largely affect the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) characteristic due to the changes in the size and shape of AgNPs. These changes in the size and shape of plant-mediated AgNPs are elaborately discussed here by analyzing the surface plasmon resonance characteristics. Furthermore, this article also highlights the promising applications of plant-mediated AgNPs in sensing applications regarding the detection of mercury, hydrogen peroxide, lead, and glucose. Finally, it describes the future perspective of plant-mediated AgNPs for the development of green chemistry.

Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) from isolated actinomycetes strains and their impact on the black cutworm, Agrotis ipsilon

Nanomaterials have been produced with the use of bio-nanotechnology, which is a low-cost approach. Currently, research is being conducted to determine whether actinomycetes isolated from Egyptian soil can biosynthesize Ag nanoparticles (Ag NPs) and characterized by using the following techniques: Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Dynamic light scattering (DLS), Fourier transforms infrared (FT-IR), Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), UV-Vis spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The most promising actinomycetes isolate were identified, morphologically, biochemically, and molecularly. Streptomyces avermitilis Azhar A.4 was found to be able to reduce silver metal nanoparticles from silver nitrate in nine isolates collected from Egyptian soil. Toxicity of biosynthesized against 2nd and 4th larval instar of Agrotis ipsilon (Hufn.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was estimated. In addition, activity of certain vital antioxidant and detoxifying enzymes as well as midgut histology of treated larvae were also investigated. The results showed appositive correlations between larval mortality percentage (y) and bio-AgNPs concentrations (x) with excellent (R2). The 4th larval instar was more susceptible than 2nd larval instar with LC50 (with 95% confirmed limits) =8.61 (2.76-13.89) and 26.44(13.25-35.58) ppml-1, respectively of 5 days from treatment. The initial stages of biosynthesized AgNps exposure showed significant increases in carboxylesterase (CarE) and peroxidases (PODs) activity followed by significant suppression after 5 days pos-exposure. While protease activity was significantly decreased by increasing time post-exposure. Midgut histology showed abnormality and progressive damage by increasing time post exposure leading to complete destruction of midgut cells after 5 days from exposure. These results make biosynthesized AgNPs an appropriate alternative to chemical insecticide in A. ipsilon management.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Salvadora persica and Caccinia macranthera Extracts: Cytotoxicity Analysis and Antimicrobial Activity Against Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have gained great interest because of their specific and distinct properties. Chemically synthesized AgNPs (cAgNPs) are often unsuitable for medical applications due to requiring toxic and hazardous solvents. Thus, green synthesis of AgNPs (gAgNPs) using safe and nontoxic substances has attracted particular focus. The current study investigated the potential of Salvadora persica and Caccinia macranthera extracts in the synthesis of CmNPs and SpNPs, respectively. Aqueous extracts of Salvadora persica and Caccinia macranthera were prepared and taken as reducing and stabilizing agents through gAgNPs synthesis. The antimicrobial effects of gAgNPs against susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacterial strains and their toxicity effects on L929 fibroblast normal cells were evaluated. TEM images and particle size distribution analysis showed that the CmNPs and SpNPs have average sizes of 14.8 nm and 39.4 nm, respectively. The XRD confirms the crystalline nature and purity of both CmNPs and SpNPs. FTIR results demonstrate the involvement of the biologically active substances of both plant extracts in the green synthesis of AgNPs. According to MIC and MBC results, higher antimicrobial effects were seen for CmNPs with a smaller size than SpNPs. In addition, CmNPs and SpNPs were much less cytotoxic when examined against a normal cell relative to cAgNPs. Based on high efficacy in controlling antibiotic-resistant pathogens without detrimental adverse effects, CmNPs may have the capacity to be used in medicine as imaging, drug carrier, and antibacterial and anticancer agents.

Biomedical Applications of Biosynthesized Nickel Oxide Nanoparticles

Nickel oxide nanoparticles have gained tremendous attention recently in a variety of scientific domains thanks to their characteristic chemical, physical, optical, and biological properties. Due to the diversity of applications in various fields, different physicochemical methods have been used to synthesize nickel oxide nanoparticles. However, most conventional methods use hazardous chemicals during synthesis and become liable for potential health risks, while others are expensive and require a lot of energy to synthesize nanoparticles. As a result, the nanoparticles become less biocompatible and biologically inefficient. Biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles is currently proposed as a valuable alternative to the physical and chemical methods, as it is a simple, non-toxic, cheap, green and facile approach. This synthetic method uses biological substrates such as plant extracts, microorganisms, and other biological products to synthesize nickel oxide nanoparticles. The various phytochemicals from plant extracts, enzymes or proteins from microorganisms, and other biological derivatives play as reducing, stabilizing, and capping agents to provide bioactive and biocompatible nickel oxide nanoscale material. This review discusses current findings and trends in the biogenic synthesis of nickel oxide nanoparticles and their biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antileishmanial, and anticancer, with an emphasis on antimicrobial and anticancer activity along with their mechanistic elucidation. Overall, this thorough study provides insight into the possibilities for the future development of green nickel oxide nanoparticles as therapeutic agents for a variety of ailments.

Biosynthesis and characterization of cobalt nanoparticles using combination of different plants and their antimicrobial activity

It has become crucial to biosynthesize efficient, secure, and affordable nanoparticles that we use for the treatment of various infections, including surgical site infection and wound infection, due to the rapid development of microbial resistance to numerous antibiotic drugs. The objective of the present study is to biosynthesize cobalt nanoparticles using an extract from the combined peels of garlic (Allium sativum) and onion (Allium cepa). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and X-ray diffraction were used to confirm the synthesis of cobalt nanoparticle (XRD). Well diffusion was used to measure antimicrobial activity. Escherichia coli, Proteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus cohnii, and Klebsiella pneumonia were the bacterial strains employed Both the crude prepared extract and the biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles demonstrated efficacy against all strains of bacteria, but the crude prepared extract displayed a low zone of inhibition ranging from 10 to 13 mm, while the biosynthesized cobalt nanoparticles displayed a high zone of inhibition ranging from 20 to 24 mm.

Green, facile and fast synthesis of silver nanoparticles by using solution plasma techniques and their antibacterial and anticancer activities

We herein present a simple, fast, efficient and environmentally friendly method for preparing silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) using the solution plasma method in the presence of extracts from Paramignya trimera (P. trimera). The effects of P. trimera extract concentrations and the applied voltage on the formation of AgNPs were investigated. Surface plasmon resonance spectra show a strong peak at 413 nm for the prepared samples. The Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy measurement results indicated the presence of possible functional groups in the prepared AgNPs. Morphological analysis revealed that the AgNPs were spherical with an average size of 8 nm. The prepared AgNPs exhibited good stability in solution compared to that of AgNPs prepared by the solution plasma technique without P. trimera extract. The formation mechanism of AgNPs is also proposed. The prepared AgNPs exhibited high antibacterial ability against Gram (+) Staphylococcus aureus, Gram (-) Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria and strong anticancer activity for the AGS gastric cancer cell line. The obtained results demonstrated that this is a simple, rapid, environmentally friendly method for preparing AgNPs instead of conventional methods using chemical reducing agents for potential applications.

A Review on Reinforcements and Additives in Starch-Based Composites for Food Packaging

The research of starch as a matrix material for manufacturing biodegradable films has been gaining popularity in recent years, indicating its potential and possible limitations. To compete with conventional petroleum-based plastics, an enhancement of their low resistance to water and limited mechanical properties is essential. This review aims to discuss the various types of nanofillers and additives that have been used in plasticized starch films including nanoclays (montmorillonite, halloysite, kaolinite, etc.), poly-saccharide nanofillers (cellulose, starch, chitin, and chitosan nanomaterials), metal oxides (titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, zirconium oxide, etc.), and essential oils (carvacrol, eugenol, cinnamic acid). These reinforcements are frequently used to enhance several physical characteristics including mechanical properties, thermal stability, moisture resistance, oxygen barrier capabilities, and biodegradation rate, providing antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. This paper will provide an overview of the development of starch-based nanocomposite films and coatings applied in food packaging systems through the application of reinforcements and additives.

Sustainable fabrication of hybrid silver-copper nanocomposites (Ag-CuO NCs) using Ocimum americanum L. as an effective regime against antibacterial, anticancer, photocatalytic dye degradation and microalgae toxicity

In this study, a sustainable fabrication of hybrid silver-copper oxide nanocomposites (Ag-CuO NCs) was accomplished utilizing Ocimum americanum L. by one pot green chemistry method. The multifarious biological and environmental applications of the green fabricated Ag-CuO NCs were evaluated through their antibacterial, anticancer, dye degradation, and microalgae growth inhibition activities. The morphological features of the surface functionalized hybrid Ag-CuO NCs were confirmed by FE-SEM and HR-TEM techniques. The surface plasmon resonance λ_max peak appeared at 441.56 nm. The average hydrodynamic size distribution of synthesized nanocomposite was 69.80 nm. Zeta potential analysis of Ag-CuO NCs confirmed its remarkable stability at -21.5 mV. XRD and XPS techniques validated the crystalline structure and electron binding affinity of NCs, respectively. The Ag-CuO NCs demonstrated excellent inhibitory activity against Vibrio cholerae (19.93 ± 0.29 mm) at 100 μg/mL. Anticancer efficacy of Ag-CuO NCs was investigated against the A549 lung cancer cell line, and Ag-CuO NCs exhibited outstanding antiproliferative activity with a low IC₅₀ of 2.8 ± 0.05 μg/mL. Furthermore, staining and comet assays substantiated that the Ag-CuO NCs hindered the progression of the A549 cells and induced apoptosis as a result of cell cycle arrest at the G₀/G₁ phase. Concerning the environmental applications, the Ag-CuO NCs displayed efficient photocatalytic activity against eosin yellow degradation up to 80.94% under sunlight irradiation. Microalgae can be used as an early bio-indicator/prediction of environmental contaminants and toxic substances. The treatment of the Ag-CuO NCs on the growth of marine microalgae Tetraselmis suecica demonstrated the dose and time-dependent growth reduction and variations in the chlorophyll content. Therefore, the efficient multifunctional properties of hybrid Ag-CuO NCs could be exploited as a regime against infective diseases and cancer. Further, the findings of our investigation witness the remarkable scope and potency of Ag-CuO NCs for environmental applications.

Antimicrobial properties of green synthesized silver and chitosan nanocomposites

An eco-friendly and simple approach was carried out for the synthesis of silver-chitosan nanocomposites using Azadirachta indica and fluconazole-mediated aqueous extract. This extract acted as a reducing agent as well as a capping agent for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Chitosan nanoparticles on the other hand were synthesized from the deacetylation of the chitin matrix. To confirm the nanoparticle synthesis, a UV- A visible spectrophotometer was used and FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of functional groups in the prepared extract. The morphological characteristics of silver and chitosan nanoparticles and as nano-composites were studied and confirmed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis. The synthesized silver-chitosan nanocomposites were subjected to well-loaded agar plates for the evaluation of antibacterial properties against the Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans for their antifungal properties. The synthesized silver and chitosan nanoparticles showed antibacterial and antifungal activities against common oral micro flora such as Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans which were measured using the zone of inhibition method. This approach is a one-step, economical and eco-friendly, biocompatible, and effective alternative for nanoparticle synthesis for various prosthetic applications.

Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by Leaf Extract of Cucumis melo L. and Their In Vitro Antidiabetic and Anticoccidial Activities

In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized using Cucumis melo L. leaf extract via a green synthesis approach and their potential against diabetes and coccidiosis was tested under in vitro conditions. The phytochemical components in the leaf extract reacted with silver nitrate in solution and yielded C. melo-silver nanoparticles (Cm-AgNPs). The synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed via UV-visible spectroscopy by obtaining a peak at 440 nm. The nanoparticles were characterized by their morphology, crystallinity, and the presence of functional groups. In vitro α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition assays were carried out at different concentrations in the range of 20 to 100 μg/mL of Cm-AgNPs. The Cm-AgNPs exhibited enzyme inhibitory activity in a concentration-dependent manner. As the concentration of Cm-AgNPs increased the inhibitory activities were also increased linearly and the highest inhibition was observed at 100 μg/mL. The effectiveness of Cm-AgNPs against Eimeria tenalla was assessed by an in vitro 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay using Madin-Darby bovine kidney (MDBK) cell lines. The results revealed that the viability of the oocysts and further sporulation were decreased with the increased concentration of Cm-AgNPs. The AgNPs synthesized from the C. melo leaf extract have shown promising potential against diabetes and coccidiosis, and they could be used in biomedical applications.

Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles from Duchesnea indica Extracts Using Different Solvents and Their Antibacterial Activity

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized using the whole plant of Duchesnea indica (DI) which was extracted in different solvents; the antimicrobial effects of the extract were investigated in this study. The extraction of DI was performed using three different solvents: water, pure ethanol (EtOH), and pure dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). AgNP formation was monitored by measuring the UV-Vis spectrum of each reaction solution. After synthesis for 48 h, the AgNPs were collected and the negative surface charge and size distribution of the synthesized AgNPs were measured using dynamic light scattering (DLS). The AgNP structure was determined by high-resolution powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the AgNP morphology was investigated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). AgNP antibacterial activities were evaluated against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Salmonella enteritidis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa using the disc diffusion method. Additionally, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) values were also determined. Biosynthesized AgNPs showed enhanced antibacterial activity against B. cereus, S. aureus, E. coli, S. enteritidis, and P. aeruginosa compared with that of pristine solvent extract. These results suggest that AgNPs synthesized from extracts of DI are promising antibacterial agents against pathogenic bacteria and can be further applied in the food industry.

Synergistic effect of silver NPs immobilized on Fe3O4@L-proline magnetic nanocomposite toward the photocatalytic degradation of Victoria blue and reduction of organic pollutants

The surface of magnetite (Fe₃O₄) nanoparticles was subject to modification through the incorporation of L-proline (LP) by simple co-precipitation method in which silver nanoparticles were deposited by in situ method, thereby yielding the Fe₃O₄@LP-Ag nanocatalyst. The fabricated nanocatalyst was characterized using an array of techniques including Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), and UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results evince that the immobilization of LP on the Fe₃O₄ magnetic support facilitated the dispersion and stabilization of Ag NPs. The SPION@LP-Ag nanophotocatalyst exhibited exceptional catalytic efficiency facilitating the reduction of MO, MB, p-NP, p-NA, NB, and CR in the presence of NaBH₄. The rate constants obtained from the pseudo-first-order equation were 0.78, 0.41, 0.34, 0.27, 0.45, 0.44, and 0.34 min^-1 for CR, p-NP, NB, MB, MO, and p-NA, respectively. Additionally, the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model was deemed the most probable mechanism for catalytic reduction. The novelty of this study lies in the use of L-proline immobilized on Fe₃O₄ MNPs as a stabilizing agent for the in-situ deposition of silver nanoparticles, resulting in the synthesis of Fe₃O₄@LP-Ag nanocatalyst. This nanocatalyst exhibits high catalytic efficacy for the reduction of multiple organic pollutants and azo dyes, which can be attributed to the synergistic effects between the magnetic support and the catalytic activity of the silver nanoparticles. The easy recyclability and low cost of the Fe₃O₄@LP-Ag nanocatalyst further enhance its potential application in environmental remediation.

Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using lychee peel and its application in anti-bacterial properties and CR dye removal from wastewater

In nanoscience and nanobiotechnology, using plant extracts in synthesizing metal nanoparticles (NPs) has recently come to light as an exciting opportunity with several benefits over traditional physicochemical methods. In the present work, zinc oxide (ZnO) based nanoparticles (NPs) were synthesized by green chemistry route using lychee peel extract to capture hazardous congo red dye from wastewater and illustrate their antimicrobial behavior. The X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) spectra confirm the wurtzite crystal structure, and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra confirm the functional group in ZnO, which is suitable for dye adsorption. It was found that the NPs were spherical and had a size of <10 nm. The synthesized ZnO NPs could effectively remove >98% of CR dye from wastewater within 120 min of contact time at a wide pH range from 2 to 10. The primary mechanism involved in removing dye was the electrostatic interaction between ZnO adsorbent and CR dye. The antimicrobial performance of synthesized ZnO NPs was found to show 34% inhibition against Bacillus subtilis (ATCC 6538), 52% against Escherichia coli (ATCC 11103), 58% against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 25668) and 32% against Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923) using well diffusion assay. ZnO demonstrates a suitable anti-bacterial property over both gram-positive and gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. Overall, the green synthesized method for developing ZnO NPs shows promising and significant anti-bacterial performance and is a highly potential adsorbent for removing CR dye from wastewater.

Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) using Senna alexandrina grown in Saudi Arabia and their bioactivity against multidrug-resistant pathogens and cancer cells

There is no doubt that the risk of drug-resistant pathogens and cancer diseases is on the rise. So, the goal of this study was to find out how effective silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) made by Senna alexandrina are at fighting these threats. In this work, S. alexandrina collected from Medina, Saudi Arabia was used and the biosynthesis method was applied to produce the Ag-NPs. The characterization of Ag-NPs was done using different analytical techniques, including UV spectroscopy, FT-IR, TEM, and XRD analysis. The MIC, MBC, and MTT protocols were applied to confirm the bioactivity of the Ag-NPs as antibacterial and anticancer bioagents. The findings reported indicating that the aqueous extract of S. alexandrina leaves, grown naturally in Saudi Arabia, is ideal for the production of bioactive Ag-NPs. The hydroxyl, aliphatic, alkene, N-H bend of primary amines, C-H bonds, and C-O bonds of alcohol were detected in this product. The small, sphere-shaped particles (4-7 nm) were the most prevalent among the bioactive Ag-NPs produced in this work. These nanoparticles inhibited some important multidrug-resistant pathogens (MDRPs) (Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter baumanii/haemolyticus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)), as well as their ability to inhibit breast cancer cells (MCF-7 cells). The MIC of Ag-NPs ranged from 0.03 to 0.6 mg/mL, while their MBC ranged from 0.06 to 2.5 mg/mL. Anticancer activity test showed that IC₅₀ of the Ag-NPs against tested breast cancer cells was 61.9 ± 3.8 µg/mL. According to the current results, biosynthesis using S. alexandrina leaves grown naturally in Saudi Arabia was an ideal technique for producing bioactive Ag-NPs that could be used to combat a variety of MDRPs and cancer diseases.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract for inhibiting stem end bacteria in cut tree peony flowers

Tree peony ( Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a popular cut flower among ornamental plants. However, its short vase life severely hinders the production and application of cut tree peony flowers. To extend the postharvest longevity and improve the horticultural value, silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) was applied for reducing bacterial proliferation and xylem blockage in cut tree peony flowers in vitro and in vivo. Ag-NPs was synthesized with the leaf extract of Eucommia ulmoides and characterized. The Ag-NPs aqueous solution showed inhibitory activity against bacterial populations isolated from stem ends of cut tree peony 'Luoyang Hong' in vitro. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was 10 mg L^-1. Compared with the control, pretreatments with Ag-NPs aqueous solution at 5 and 10 mg L^-1 for 24 h increased flower diameter, relative fresh weight (RFW), and water balance of tree peony 'Luoyang Hong' flowers. Additionally, malondialdehyde (MDA) and H₂O₂ content in pretreated petals were lower than the control during the vase life. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in pretreated petals were lower than that of the control at the early vase stage and higher at the late vase life. Furthermore, pretreatments with Ag-NPs aqueous solution at 10 mg L^-1 for 24 h could reduce bacterial proliferation in the xylem vessels on the stem ends by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Overall, pretreatments with green synthesized Ag-NPs aqueous solution effectively reduced bacteria-induced xylem blockage of cut tree peony, resulting in improved water uptake, extended vase life, and enhanced postharvest quality. Therefore, this technique can be used as a promising postharvest technology in the cut flower industry.

Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles employing biomolecules of Paraclostridium benzoelyticum strain: Its characterization and their in-vitro antibacterial, anti-aging, anti-cancer and other biomedical applications

The current study aims to utilize the bacteria Paraclostridium benzoelyticum strain 5610 to synthesize bio-genic silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Biogenic AgNPs were thoroughly examined using various characterization techniques such as UV-spectroscopy, XRD, FTIR, SEM, and EDX. Synthesis of AgNPs was confirmed by UV-vis analysis resulting in absorption peak at 448.31 nm wavelength. The SEM analysis indicated the morphological characteristics and size of AgNPs which was 25.29 nm. The face centered cubic (FCC) crystallographic structure was confirmed by XRD. Furthermore, FTIR study affirmed the capping of AgNPs by different compounds found in biomass of the Paraclostridium benzoelyticum strain 5610. Later, EDX was used to determine the elemental composition with respective concentration and distribution. Additionally, in the current study the antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-aging, and anti-cancer ability of AgNPs was assessed. The antibacterial activity of AgNPs was tested against four distinct sinusitis pathogens: Haemophilus in-fluenza, Streptococcus pyogenes, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumonia. AgNPs shows significant inhibition zone against Streptococcus pyogenes 16.64 ± 0.35 followed by 14.32 ± 071 for Moraxella catarrhalis. Similarly, the antioxidant potential was found maximum (68.37 ± 0.55%) at 400 μg/mL and decrease (5.48 ± 0.65%) at 25 μg/mL, hence the significant antioxidant ability was observed. Furthermore, anti-inflammatory activity of AgNPs shows the strongest inhibitory action (42.68 ± 0.62%) for 15-LOX with lowest inhibition activity for COX-2 (13.16 ± 0.46%). AgNPs have been shown to exhibit significant inhibitory actions against the enzyme elastases AGEs (66.25 ± 0.49%), which are followed by AGEs of visperlysine (63.27 ± 0.69%). Furthermore, the AgNPs show high toxicity against HepG2 cell line which shows 53.543% reduction in the cell viability after 24 h of treatment. The anti-inflammatory activity demonstrated a potent inhibitory effect of the bio-inspired AgNPs. Overall, the biogenic AgNPs have the ability to be served for the treatments of anti-aging and also due to their anti-cancer, antioxidant abilities NPs may be a useful therapy choice for a variety of disorders including cancer, bacterial infections and other inflammatory diseases. Moreover, further studies are required in the future to evaluate their in vivo biomedical applications. HIGHLIGHTS: Biogenic synthesis of AgNPs using Paraclostridium benzoelyticum Strain for the first time. FTIR analysis confirmed capping of potent biomolecules which are of great use in applied field especially Nanomedicines. Notable antimicrobial activity against sinusitis bacteria and cytotoxic potential of synthesized AgNPs on in vitro basis produce a new idea shifting us to treat cancerous cell lines.

The Ethnopharmacological Properties of Green-Engineered Metallic Nanoparticles against Metabolic Disorders

Metabolic syndrome is a multifaceted pathophysiologic condition that is largely caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and energy expenditure. The pathogenesis of metabolic syndrome is determined by an individual's genetic/epigenetics and acquired factors. Natural compounds, notably plant extracts, have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and insulin-sensitizing properties and are considered to be a viable option for metabolic disorder treatment due to their low risk of side effects. However, the limited solubility, low bioavailability, and instability of these botanicals hinder their performance. These specific limitations have prompted the need for an efficient system that reduces drug degradation and loss, eliminates unwanted side effects, and boosts drug bioavailability, as well as the percentage of the drug deposited in the target areas. The quest for an enhanced (effective) drug delivery system has led to the formation of green-engineered nanoparticles, which has increased the bioavailability, biodistribution, solubility, and stability of plant-based products. The unification of plant extracts and metallic nanoparticles has helped in the development of new therapeutics against metabolic disorders such as obesity, diabetes mellitus, neurodegenerative disorders, non-alcoholic fatty liver, and cancer. The present review outlines the pathophysiology of metabolic diseases and their cures with plant-based nanomedicine.

Phytochemical Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Investigation on Cotton and Wool Textiles

The use of bio-based reagents for silver nanoparticle (AgNP) production has gained much attention among researchers as it has paved the way for environmentally friendly approaches at low cost for synthesizing nanomaterials while maintaining their properties. In this study, Stellaria media aqueous extract was used for silver nanoparticle phyto-synthesis, and the resulting treatment was applied to textile fabrics to test its antimicrobial properties against bacteria and fungi strains. The chromatic effect was also established by determining the L*a*b* parameters. For optimizing the synthesis, different ratios of extract to silver precursor were tested using UV-Vis spectroscopy to observe the SPR-specific band. Moreover, the AgNP dispersions were tested for their antioxidant properties using chemiluminescence and TEAC methods, and the phenolic content was evaluated by the Folin-Ciocâlteu method. For the optimal ratio, values of average size, 50.11 ± 3.25 nm, zeta potential, -27.10 ± 2.16 mV, and polydispersity index, 0.209, were obtained via the DLS technique and zeta potential measurements. AgNPs were further characterized by EDX and XRD techniques to confirm their formation and by microscopic techniques to evaluate their morphology. TEM measurements revealed cvasi-spherical particles with sizes in the range of 10-30 nm, while SEM images confirmed their uniform distribution on the textile fiber surface.