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Cabral H, Miyata K, Kishimura A. Nanodevices for studying nano-pathophysiology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2014; 74:35-52. [PMID: 24993612 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Revised: 04/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Nano-scaled devices are a promising platform for specific detection of pathological targets, facilitating the analysis of biological tissues in real-time, while improving the diagnostic approaches and the efficacy of therapies. Herein, we review nanodevice approaches, including liposomes, nanoparticles and polymeric nanoassemblies, such as polymeric micelles and vesicles, which can precisely control their structure and functions for specifically interacting with cells and tissues. These systems have been successfully used for the selective delivery of reporter and therapeutic agents to specific tissues with controlled cellular and subcellular targeting of biomolecules and programmed operation inside the body, suggesting a high potential for developing the analysis for nano-pathophysiology.
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52
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A pH and redox dual responsive 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-block-poly(disulfide histamine) copolymer for non-viral gene transfection in vitro and in vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:9067-81. [PMID: 24853287 PMCID: PMC4057775 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15059067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel 4-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(disulfide histamine) copolymer was synthesized by Michael addition reaction of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) vinyl sulfone and amine-capped poly(disulfide histamine) oligomer, being denoted as 4-arm PEG-SSPHIS. This copolymer was able to condense DNA into nanoscale polyplexes (<200 nm in average diameter) with almost neutral surface charge (+(5–10) mV). Besides, these polyplexes were colloidal stable within 4 h in HEPES buffer saline at pH 7.4 (physiological environment), but rapidly dissociated to liberate DNA in the presence of 10 mM glutathione (intracellular reducing environment). The polyplexes also revealed pH-responsive surface charges which markedly increased with reducing pH values from 7.4–6.3 (tumor microenvironment). In vitro transfection experiments showed that polyplexes of 4-arm PEG-SSPHIS were capable of exerting enhanced transfection efficacy in MCF-7 and HepG2 cancer cells under acidic conditions (pH 6.3–7.0). Moreover, intravenous administration of the polyplexes to nude mice bearing HepG2-tumor yielded high transgene expression largely in tumor rather other normal organs. Importantly, this copolymer and its polyplexes had low cytotoxicity against the cells in vitro and caused no death of the mice. The results of this study indicate that 4-arm PEG-SSPHIS has high potential as a dual responsive gene delivery vector for cancer gene therapy.
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53
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Lv H, Zhu Q, Liu K, Zhu M, Zhao W, Mao Y, Liu K. Coupling of a bifunctional peptide R13 to OTMCS-PEI copolymer as a gene vector increases transfection efficiency and tumor targeting. Int J Nanomedicine 2014; 9:1311-22. [PMID: 24648730 PMCID: PMC3956686 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s59726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A degradable polyethylenimine (PEI) derivative coupled to a bifunctional peptide R13 was developed to solve the transfection efficiency versus cytotoxicity and tumor-targeting problems of PEI when used as a gene vector. METHODS We crossed-linked low molecular weight PEI with N-octyl-N-quaternary chitosan (OTMCS) to synthesize a degradable PEI derivative (OTMCS-PEI), and then used a bifunctional peptide, RGDC-TAT (49-57) called R13 to modify OTMCS-PEI so as to prepare a new gene vector, OTMCS-PEI-R13. This new gene vector was characterized by various physicochemical methods. Its cytotoxicity and gene transfection efficiency were also determined both in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS The vector showed controlled degradation and excellent buffering capacity. The particle size of the OTMCS-PEI-R13/DNA complexes was around 150-250 nm and the zeta potential ranged from 10 mV to 30 mV. The polymer could protect plasmid DNA from being digested by DNase I at a concentration of 23.5 U DNase I/μg DNA. Further, the polymer was resistant to dissociation induced by 50% fetal bovine serum and 400 μg/mL sodium heparin. Compared with PEI 25 kDa, the OTMCS-PEI-R13/DNA complexes showed higher transfection efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. Further, compared with OTMCS-PEI, distribution of OTMCS-PEI-R13 at tumor sites was markedly enhanced, indicating the tumor-targeting specificity of R13. CONCLUSION OTMCS-PEI-R13 could be a potential candidate as a safe and efficient gene delivery carrier for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Lv
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Zhu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewu Liu
- Heilongjiang Forest By-Product and Speciality Institute, Mudanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Manman Zhu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfang Zhao
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Mao
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Kehai Liu
- Department of Biopharmaceutics, College of Food Science and Technology, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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54
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Yang YY, Wang X, Hu Y, Hu H, Wu DC, Xu FJ. Bioreducible POSS-cored star-shaped polycation for efficient gene delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:1044-1052. [PMID: 24299237 DOI: 10.1021/am404585d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The bioreducible star-shaped gene vector (POSS-(SS-PDMAEMA)8) with well-defined structure and relatively narrow molecular weight distribution was synthesized via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of (2-dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) from a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) macroinitiator. POSS-(SS-PDMAEMA)8 was composed of a biocompatible POSS core and eight disulfide-linked PDMAEMA arms, wherein the PDMAEMA chain length could be adjusted by controlling polymerization time. POSS-(SS-PDMAEMA)8 can effectively bind pDNA into uniform nanocomplexes with appropriate particle size and zeta potential. The incorporation of disulfide bridges gave the POSS-(SS-PDMAEMA)8 material facile bioreducibility. In comparison with POSS-(PDMAEMA)8 without disulfide linkage, POSS-(SS-PDMAEMA)8 exhibited much lower cytotoxicity and substantially higher transfection efficiency. The present work would provide useful information for the design of new POSS-based drug/gene carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers, Ministry of Education, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology , Beijing 100029, China
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55
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Scholz C, Kos P, Wagner E. Comb-Like Oligoaminoethane Carriers: Change in Topology Improves pDNA Delivery. Bioconjug Chem 2014; 25:251-61. [DOI: 10.1021/bc400392y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Scholz
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,
Center for System-based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Kos
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,
Center for System-based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology,
Center for System-based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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56
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Abstract
For the last five decades cationic polymers have been used for nucleic acids transfection. Our understanding of polymer-nucleic acid interactions and their rational use in delivery has continuously increased. The great improvements in macromolecular chemistry and the recognition of distinct biological extra- and intracellular delivery hurdles triggered several breakthrough developments, including the discovery of natural and synthetic polycations for compaction of nucleic acids into stable nanoparticles termed polyplexes; the incorporation of targeting ligands and surface-shielding of polyplexes to enable receptor-mediated gene delivery into defined target tissues; and strongly improved intracellular transfer efficacy by better endosomal escape of vesicle-trapped polyplexes into the cytosol. These experiences triggered the development of second-generation polymers with more dynamic properties, such as endosomal pH-responsive release mechanisms, or biodegradable units for improved biocompatibility and intracellular release of the nucleic acid pay load. Despite a better biological understanding, significant challenges such as efficient nuclear delivery and persistence of gene expression persist. The therapeutic perspectives widened from pDNA-based gene therapy to application of novel therapeutic nucleic acids including mRNA, siRNA, and microRNA. The finding that different therapeutic pay loads require different tailor-made carriers complicates preclinical developments. Convincing evidence of medical efficacy still remains to be demonstrated. Bioinspired multifunctional polyplexes resembling "synthetic viruses" appear as attractive opportunity, but provide additional challenges: how to identify optimum combinations of functional delivery units, and how to prepare such polyplexes reproducibly in precise form? Design of sequence-defined polymers, screening of combinatorial polymer and polyplex libraries are tools for further chemical evolution of polyplexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Department of Pharmacy, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, and Nanosystems Initiative Munich (NIM), Munich, Germany
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57
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Piao JG, Yan JJ, Wang MZ, Wu DC, You YZ. A new method to cross-link a polyplex for enhancing in vivo stability and transfection efficiency. Biomater Sci 2014; 2:390-398. [DOI: 10.1039/c3bm60204d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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58
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Coué G, Hermanns I, Unger RE, Kirkpatrick CJ, Engbersen JFJ. Development and in vitro Evaluation of Antigen-Loaded Poly(amidoamine) Nanoparticles for Respiratory Epithelium Applications. ChemMedChem 2013; 8:1787-94. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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59
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Carbohydrate-interactive pDNA and siRNA gene vectors based on boronic acid functionalized poly(amido amine)s. J Control Release 2013; 169:266-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2013.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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60
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Li H, Luo T, Sheng R, Sun J, Wang Z, Cao A. Endoplasmic reticulum localization of poly(ω-aminohexyl methacrylamide)s conjugated with (L-)-arginines in plasmid DNA delivery. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7923-38. [PMID: 23880337 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we first synthesized a ω-amino group Boc-protected poly(ω-aminohexyl methacrylamide) PAHMAA-Boc precursor via controlled reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of the Boc-AHMAA monomer in THF solution, and poly(ω-aminohexyl methacrylamide) (PAHMAA) was then prepared via Boc deprotection, and was further conjugated with (L-)-arginines at the ω-amino group sites to give a series of new (L-)-arginine conjugated PAHMAA-R7, PAHMAA-R16 and PAHMAA-R22. Employing these PAHMAA and PAHMAA-Rs as functional gene vectors, their plasmid DNA binding affinities were examined by agarose gel retardant assay. By means of dynamic light scattering (DLS), mean particle sizes and zeta potentials of the polyplexes were analyzed. Moreover, cytotoxicities of the PAHMAA and PAHMAA-Rs were evaluated by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release assays with COS-7 cells, and luciferase and EGFP gene transfection efficacies by these vectors were assayed in COS-7 and HeLa cells. Furthermore, intracellular uptake of the vector/Cy3-labeled pDNA polyplexes was studied with a flow cytometer (FACS), and the most efficient PAHMAA-R16 vector was employed to investigate the endocytic gateways with various inhibitors. In addition, colocalization of the Cy3-labeled pDNA and Oregon Green labeled PAHMAA-R16 vector in the intracellular organelles of COS-7 cells was visualized on a fluorescence microscopy. As a result, it was revealed that the PAHMAA-R vectors showed lower cytotoxicities and transfection efficacies significantly higher than those of the PAHMAA, strongly depending on their percentage of arginine conjugation, and that the results of endocytic inhabitation and fluorescence colocalization in endoplasmic reticulum may suggest a caveolae-mediated efficient intracellular trafficking route for the synthesized PAHMAA-R vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Laboratory for Polymer Materials, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai 200032, China
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61
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Zhang QF, Yi WJ, Wang B, Zhang J, Ren L, Chen QM, Guo L, Yu XQ. Linear polycations by ring-opening polymerization as non-viral gene delivery vectors. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5391-401. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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62
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Xiao B, Laroui H, Ayyadurai S, Viennois E, Charania MA, Zhang Y, Merlin D. Mannosylated bioreducible nanoparticle-mediated macrophage-specific TNF-α RNA interference for IBD therapy. Biomaterials 2013; 34:7471-82. [PMID: 23820013 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The application of RNA interference (RNAi) for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy has been limited by the lack of non-cytotoxic, efficient and targetable small interfering RNA (siRNA) carriers. TNF-α is the major pro-inflammatory cytokine mainly secreted by macrophages during IBD. Here, a mannosylated bioreducible cationic polymer (PPM) was synthesized and further spontaneously assembled nanoparticles (NPs) assisted by sodium triphosphate (TPP). The TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs exhibited high uniformity (polydispersity index = 0.004), a small particle size (211-275 nm), excellent bioreducibility, and enhanced cellular uptake. Additionally, the generated NPs had negative cytotoxicity compared to control NPs fabricated by branched polyethylenimine (bPEI, 25 kDa) or Oligofectamine (OF) and siRNA. In vitro gene silencing experiments revealed that TPP-PPM/TNF-α siRNA NPs with a weight ratio of 40:1 showed the most efficient inhibition of the expression and secretion of TNF-α (approximately 69.9%, which was comparable to the 71.4% obtained using OF/siRNA NPs), and its RNAi efficiency was highly inhibited in the presence of mannose (20 mm). Finally, TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs showed potential therapeutic effects on colitis tissues, remarkably reducing TNF-α level. Collectively, these results suggest that non-toxic TPP-PPM/siRNA NPs can be exploited as efficient, macrophage-targeted carriers for IBD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xiao
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, Center for Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Georgia State University, Atlanta 30302, USA.
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63
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Ping Y, Wu D, Kumar JN, Cheng W, Lay CL, Liu Y. Redox-Responsive Hyperbranched Poly(amido amine)s with Tertiary Amino Cores for Gene Delivery. Biomacromolecules 2013; 14:2083-94. [DOI: 10.1021/bm400460r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Ping
- Institute of Materials
Research
and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Decheng Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics & Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jatin Nitin Kumar
- Institute of Materials
Research
and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Weiren Cheng
- Institute of Materials
Research
and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Chee Leng Lay
- Institute of Materials
Research
and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
| | - Ye Liu
- Institute of Materials
Research
and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), 3 Research Link, Singapore 117602, Singapore
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64
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Coué G, Freese C, Unger RE, Kirkpatrick CJ, Pickl KE, Sinner FM, Engbersen JFJ. Design and physicochemical characterization of poly(amidoamine) nanoparticles and the toxicological evaluation in human endothelial cells: applications to peptide delivery to the brain. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2013; 24:957-71. [PMID: 23647251 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2012.727378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated nanoparticles formulated by self-assembly of a biodegradable poly(amidoamine) (PAA) and a fluorescently labeled peptide, in their capacity to internalize in endothelial cells and deliver the peptide, with possible applications for brain drug delivery. The nanoparticles were characterized in terms of size, surface charge, and loading efficiency, and were applied on human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (hCMEC/D3) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (Huvec) cells. Cell-internalization and cytotoxicity experiments showed that the PAA-based nanocomplexes were essentially nontoxic, and the peptide was successfully internalized into cells. The results indicate that these PAAs have an excellent property as nontoxic carriers for intracellular protein and peptide delivery, and provide opportunities for novel applications in the delivery of peptides to endothelial cells of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Coué
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology & Technical Medicine, University of Twente, 217, 7500, AE Enschede, the Netherlands
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65
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Dou XB, Chai MY, Zhu Y, Yang WT, Xu FJ. Aminated poly(glycidyl methacrylate)s for constructing efficient gene carriers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:3212-3218. [PMID: 23514579 DOI: 10.1021/am4002277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Aminated poly(glycidyl methacrylate) (PGMA) vectors could efficiently mediate gene delivery. Recently, we reported that ethanolamine (EA)-functionalized PGMA could provide high transfection efficiency, while exhibiting very low toxicity. Herein, different amine species, including 1-amino-2-propanol (AP1), 3-amino-2-propanol (AP2), EA, and N,N,-dimethylethylenediamine (DED), and its quaternized DED, were proposed to aminate PGMA. The DNA condensation abilities, pH buffering capacities, cytotoxicities, and gene transfection efficiencies of the resultant aminated PGMA vectors were systematically compared. Compared with EA, AP1 (or AP2) contains an additional methyl (or methylene) group. EA-, AP1-, and AP2-functionalized PGMA vectors exhibited similar condensation abilities. The methyl (from AP1) and methylene (from AP2) species could benefit the gene delivery. The transfection performance mediated by AP1-functionalized PGMA is best. DED possesses a tertiary amine group, which could be quaternized to further enhance the DNA condensation ability of aminated PGMA. No obvious increase in cytotoxicity of quaternized DED-aminated PGMA was observed. But both DED- and its quaternized counterpart-functionalized PGMA vectors exhibited very low pH buffering capacities, making them exhibit poor gene transfection performances. The current study would provide useful information for constructing better PGMA-based delivery systems with good biophysical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- X B Dou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Ministry of Education College of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing China 100029
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66
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Chen CJ, Wang JC, Zhao EY, Gao LY, Feng Q, Liu XY, Zhao ZX, Ma XF, Hou WJ, Zhang LR, Lu WL, Zhang Q. Self-assembly cationic nanoparticles based on cholesterol-grafted bioreducible poly(amidoamine) for siRNA delivery. Biomaterials 2013; 34:5303-16. [PMID: 23570718 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.03.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a series of bioreducible poly(amidoamine)s grafting different percentages of cholesterol (rPAA-Ch14: 14%, rPAA-Ch29: 29%, rPAA-Ch57: 57% and rPAA-Ch87: 87%) was synthesized and used for siRNA delivery. These amphiphilic polymers were able to self-assemble into cationic nanoparticles in aqueous solution at low concentrations. The nanoparticle formation was evidenced via cryo-transmission electron microscope (Cryo-TEM) and dynamic light scattering analysis. The average hydrodynamic size of rPAA-Ch blank nanoparticles was about 80-160 nm with zeta potential of 50-60 mV. Also, the effects of different percentages of cholesterol grafted onto rPAA on physicochemical characteristics, in vitro cytotoxicity, cellular uptake, VEGF gene silencing efficacy and translocation mechanism of rPAA-Ch/siRNA complexes were investigated. The results showed that rPAA-Ch57 polymer was not only able to form stable nanocomplexes and possess high cell uptake, but also to exhibit the best in vitro VEGF gene silencing efficacy and the best in vivo tumor growth inhibition effect when it was formulated with VEGF-siRNA. Moreover, the observations of confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and the study of cholesterol competitive inhibition demonstrated that endosomal/lysosomal escape and cytoplasmic dissociation of rPAA-Ch57/siRNA complexes were dependent on the "proton sponge effect" and disulfide cleavage, following internalization with cholesterol-related endocytosis pathway and subsequent transportion into endosomes/lysosomes. These findings indicated that the rPAA-Ch57 polymer should be a promising and potent carrier for siRNA delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100191, People's Republic of China
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67
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Coué G, Freese C, Unger RE, James Kirkpatrick C, Engbersen JF. Bioresponsive poly(amidoamine)s designed for intracellular protein delivery. Acta Biomater 2013; 9:6062-74. [PMID: 23237985 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Poly(amidoamine)s with bioreducible disulfide linkages in the main chain (SS-PAAs) and pH-responsive, negatively charged citraconate groups in the sidechain have been designed for effective intracellular delivery and release of proteins with a net positive charge at neutral pH. Using lysozyme as a cationic model protein these water soluble polymers efficiently self-assemble into nanocomplexes by charge attraction. At pH5 (the endosomal pH) the amide linkages connecting the citraconate groups in the sidechains of the SS-PAAs are hydrolyzed by intramolecular catalysis, resulting in expulsion of the negative citraconate groups and formation of protonated amine groups, resulting in charge reversal of the polymeric carrier from negative to positive. The concomitant endosomal buffering effect and increased polymer-endosomal membrane interactions are considered to lead to increased protein delivery into the cytosol. Besides destabilization of the polymer-protein nanoparticles by the charge reversal effect, intracellular cleavage of disulfide linkages in the polymer ensure further unpacking of the protein in the cytosol. Cellinternalization and cytotoxicity experiments with primary human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC) showed that the SS-PAA-based nanocomplexes were essentially non-toxic, and that lysozyme is successfully internalized into HUVEC. The results indicate that these charge reversal SS-PAAs have excellent properties as non-toxic intracellular delivery systems for cationic proteins.
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68
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Zhu Y, Tang GP, Xu FJ. Efficient poly(N-3-hydroxypropyl)aspartamide-based carriers via ATRP for gene delivery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2013; 5:1840-1848. [PMID: 23421311 DOI: 10.1021/am400022q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
High-molecular-weight comb-shaped cationic copolymers have been of interest and importance as nonviral gene delivery carriers. Poly(DL-aspartamide)-based biomaterials with good degradability and excellent biocompatibility could be used as the potential backbones of gene vectors. In this work, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) was proposed to prepare the biocleavable and biodegradable comb-shaped poly(N-3-hydroxypropyl)aspartamide (PHPA)-based gene carriers. The bioreducible ATRP initiation sites were first introduced onto PHPA backbones. Then, the well-defined comb-shaped vectors (SS-PHPDs) consisting of degradable PHPD backbones and disulfide-linked cationic P(DMAEMA) side chains were produced for gene delivery. The P(DMAEMA) side chains were readily cleavable from the backbones under reducible conditions. The degradability of PHPA backbones would benefit the final removal of the gene carriers from the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China
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69
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Shim MS, Bhang SH, Yoon K, Choi K, Xia Y. Berichtigung: A Bioreducible Polymer for Efficient Delivery of Fas-Silencing siRNA into Stem Cell Spheroids and Enhanced Therapeutic Angiogenesis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201300218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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70
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Horiuchi S, Murase T, Fujita M. Corrigendum: A Remarkable Organometallic Transformation on a Cage-Incarcerated Dinuclear Ruthenium Complex. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201300218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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71
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Inspired by nature: fundamentals in nanotechnology design to overcome biological barriers. Ther Deliv 2013; 4:27-43. [DOI: 10.4155/tde.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Synergy between nanotechnology and drug delivery has created a multitude of novel drug-delivery systems with great therapeutic potential. However, directing these systems across the biological barriers to the target site has proven difficult. Nanotechnology is looking for inspiration in natural systems that have evolved to overcome such barriers. Here, we review nature-inspired strategies and fundamental features common to successful drug-delivery systems across biological barriers.
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72
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You YZ, Yan JJ, Yu ZQ, Oupicky D. Synthesis of bioreducible polycations with controlled topologies. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 948:121-132. [PMID: 23070767 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-140-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Bioreducible polycations, which possess disulfide linkages in the backbone, have appeared as promising gene delivery carriers due to their high stability in extracellular physiological condition and bioreduction-triggered release of genetic materials, as well as reduced cytotoxicity because intracellular cytosol is a reducing environment containing high level of reducing molecules such as glutathione. Here, we describe the syntheses of bioreducible polycations, and the methods for control over their topology are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye-Zi You
- CAS Key Lab of Soft Matter Chemistry, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China.
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73
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Bertin A. Polyelectrolyte Complexes of DNA and Polycations as Gene Delivery Vectors. ADVANCES IN POLYMER SCIENCE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2013_218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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74
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Sequence-defined four-arm oligo(ethanamino)amides for pDNA and siRNA delivery: Impact of building blocks on efficacy. J Control Release 2012; 164:380-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 06/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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75
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Samal SK, Dash M, Van Vlierberghe S, Kaplan DL, Chiellini E, van Blitterswijk C, Moroni L, Dubruel P. Cationic polymers and their therapeutic potential. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:7147-94. [PMID: 22885409 DOI: 10.1039/c2cs35094g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The last decade has witnessed enormous research focused on cationic polymers. Cationic polymers are the subject of intense research as non-viral gene delivery systems, due to their flexible properties, facile synthesis, robustness and proven gene delivery efficiency. Here, we review the most recent scientific advances in cationic polymers and their derivatives not only for gene delivery purposes but also for various alternative therapeutic applications. An overview of the synthesis and preparation of cationic polymers is provided along with their inherent bioactive and intrinsic therapeutic potential. In addition, cationic polymer based biomedical materials are covered. Major progress in the fields of drug and gene delivery as well as tissue engineering applications is summarized in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram Keshari Samal
- Polymer Chemistry & Biomaterials Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S4-Bis, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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76
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Martello F, Piest M, Engbersen JFJ, Ferruti P. Effects of branched or linear architecture of bioreducible poly(amido amine)s on their in vitro gene delivery properties. J Control Release 2012; 164:372-9. [PMID: 22846986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2012.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 07/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the gene delivery properties of new hyperbranched poly(amido amine)s (PAAs) with disulfide linkages in the main chain were investigated in comparison with their linear analogs. Eight different bioreducible PAAs were prepared by Michael addition of N,N'-bisacryloylpiperazine (BP) with cystamine (CYST) or N,N'-dimethylcystamine (DMC) and of N,N'-cystaminebisacrylamide (CBA) with N,N'-ethylenediamine (EDA) or N,N'-dimethylethylenediamine (DMEDA). In order to study the effect of terminal groups on the transfection efficiency, each polymer was terminated with 4-aminobutanol (ABOL) or with 2-aminoethanol (ETA). The hyperbranched and the linear PAAs generally formed polyplexes with plasmid DNA with sizes around 200nm and positive zeta potentials ranging from +10 to +22mV at polymer/DNA weight ratios equal or higher than 3/1. Remarkably low or no cytotoxicity was observed for both hyperbranched and linear PAAs. Hyperbranched CBA-containing PAAs showed higher gene expression in DNA transfection tests with COS-7 cells than their linear analogs and up to two times higher than linear PEI that was used as the reference polymer. Transfection efficiencies of the branched PAAs were generally enhanced by the presence of serum, which is a promising property for future in vivo studies with these hyperbranched PAAs. In this study the ease of synthetic modification of both linear and hyperbranched poly(amido amide)s and the versatility of hyperbranched PAAs in regulating DNA transfection and cytotoxicity are demonstrated. The results show the large possibilities for this class of polymers to provide polymeric vectors with controllable properties for gene therapy applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Martello
- Dipartimento di Chimica Organica e Industriale, Universitá degli Studi di Milano, via Venezian 21, 20133 Milan, Italy
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77
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Chen CJ, Zhao ZX, Wang JC, Zhao EY, Gao LY, Zhou SF, Liu XY, Lu WL, Zhang Q. A comparative study of three ternary complexes prepared in different mixing orders of siRNA/redox-responsive hyperbranched poly (amido amine)/hyaluronic acid. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:3837-49. [PMID: 22888238 PMCID: PMC3414221 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s32676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, a novel redox-responsive hyperbranched poly(amido amine) (named PCD) was synthesized and used as a cationic polymer to form a ternary complex with small interfering RNA (siRNA) and hyaluronic acid (HA) for siRNA delivery. Here, it is hypothesized that different mixing orders result in different assembly structures, which may affect the siRNA delivery efficiency. To investigate the effects of mixing orders on siRNA delivery efficiency in two human breast cancer cell lines, three ternary complexes with different mixing orders of siRNA/PCD/HA were prepared and characterized: mixing order I (initially prepared siRNA/PCD binary complex further coated by negatively charged HA), mixing order II ( initially prepared HA/PCD binary complex further incubated with siRNA), and mixing order III ( initially prepared siRNA/HA mixture further electrostatically compacted by positively charged PCD). With an optimized siRNA/PCD/HA charge ratio of 1/20/16, the particle sizes and zeta potentials of these ternary complexes were 124.8 nm and 27.3 mV (mixing order I), 147.5 nm and 29.9 mV (mixing order II), and 128.8 nm and 19.4 mV (mixing order III). Also, the effects on stability, cellular uptake, and gene silencing efficiency of siRNA formulated in ternary complexes with different mixing orders were investigated. The results showed that mixing orders I and III displayed better siRNA transfection and protection than mixing order II in human breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells. More interesting, at the siRNA/PCD/HA charge ratio of 1/20/16, the gene silencing effects on vascular endothelial growth factor expression in MDA-MB- 231 cells were as follows: mixing order III > mixing order I > mixing order II. Based on these results, a likely explanation for the difference in functionality dependent on mixing orders is the formation of different assembly structures. These results may help future optimization of siRNA ternary complexes for achieving better delivery efficiencies, especially for target-specific siRNA delivery to cells with HA receptor overexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Jun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Peking University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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78
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Son S, Namgung R, Kim J, Singha K, Kim WJ. Bioreducible polymers for gene silencing and delivery. Acc Chem Res 2012; 45:1100-12. [PMID: 22129162 DOI: 10.1021/ar200248u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric gene delivery vectors show great potential for the construction of the ideal gene delivery system. These systems harness their ability to incorporate versatile functional traits to overcome most impediments encountered in gene delivery: from the initial complexation to their target-specific release of the therapeutic nucleic acids at the cytosol. Among the numerous multifunctional polymers that have been designed and evaluated as gene delivery vectors, polymers with redox-sensitive (or bioreducible) functional domains have gained great attention in terms of their structural and functional traits. The redox environment plays a pivotal role in sustaining cellular homeostasis and natural redox potential gradients exist between extra- and intracellular space and between the exterior and interior of subcellular organelles. In some cases, researchers have designed the polymeric delivery vectors to exploit these gradients. For example, researchers have taken advantage of the high redox potential gradient between oxidizing extracellular space and the reducing environment of cytosolic compartments by integrating disulfide bonds into the polymer structure. Such polymers retain their cargo in the extracellular space but selectively release the therapeutic nucleic acids in the reducing space within the cytosol. Furthermore, bioreducible polymers form stable complex with nucleic acids, and researchers can fabricate these structures to impart several important features such as site-, timing-, and duration period-specific gene expression. Additionally, the introduction of disulfide bonds within these polymers promotes their biodegradability and limits their cytotoxicity. Many approaches have demonstrated the versatility of bioreducible gene delivery, but the underlying biological rationale of these systems remains poorly understood. The process of disulfide reduction depends on multiple variables in the cellular redox environment. Therefore, the quest to unravel various issues such as the site and time of disulfide bond reduction during the cellular uptake and trafficking have stimulated a number of interesting studies which have employed disulfide compounds with a variety of reducible linkers. Such studies help researchers understand not only how modifications made to disulfides can alter their thiol-disulfide exchange characteristics but also to decipher the effect of the induced changes on the dynamics of the redox environment. This Account discusses current research trends and recent progress in the disulfide chemistry enabling novel and versatile designs of reducible polymeric gene delivery systems. We present strategies for the introduction of disulfide bonds into polymers. These representative examples and their respective outcomes elaborate the benefit and efficiency of disulfides at the individual stages of gene delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sejin Son
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Ran Namgung
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Kaushik Singha
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
| | - Won Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, Korea
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79
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Bahadur K. C. R, Uludağ H. A Comparative Evaluation of Disulfide-Linked and Hydrophobically-Modified PEI for Plasmid Delivery. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2012; 22:873-92. [DOI: 10.1163/092050610x496297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Remant Bahadur K. C.
- a Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G6
| | - Hasan Uludağ
- b Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G6; Faculty of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G6; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine & Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada T6G 2G6.
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80
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Liu K, Wang X, Fan W, Zhu Q, Yang J, Gao J, Gao S. Degradable polyethylenimine derivate coupled to a bifunctional peptide R13 as a new gene-delivery vector. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:1149-62. [PMID: 22412301 PMCID: PMC3299202 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s28819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To solve the efficiency versus cytotoxicity and tumor-targeting problems of polyethylenimine (PEI) used as a nonviral gene delivery vector, a degradable PEI derivate coupled to a bifunctional peptide R13 was developed. Methods First, we synthesized a degradable PEI derivate by crosslinking low-molecular-weight PEI with pluronic P123, then used tumor-targeting peptide arginine-glycine-aspartate-cysteine (RGDC), in conjunction with the cell-penetrating peptide Tat (49–57), to yield a bifunctional peptide RGDC-Tat (49–57) named R13, which can improve cell selection and increase cellular uptake, and, lastly, adopted R13 to modify the PEI derivates so as to prepare a new polymeric gene vector (P123-PEI-R13). The new gene vector was characterized in terms of its chemical structure and biophysical parameters. We also investigated the specificity, cytotoxicity, and gene transfection efficiency of this vector in αvβ3-positive human cervical carcinoma Hela cells and murine melanoma B16 cells in vitro. Results The vector showed controlled degradation, strong targeting specificity to αvβ3 receptor, and noncytotoxicity in Hela cells and B16 cells at higher doses, in contrast to PEI 25 KDa. The particle size of P123-PEI-R13/DNA complexes was around 100–250 nm, with proper zeta potential. The nanoparticles can protect plasmid DNA from being digested by DNase I at a concentration of 6 U DNase I/μg DNA. The nanoparticles were resistant to dissociation induced by 50% fetal bovine serum and 600 μg/mL sodium heparin. P123-PEI-R13 also revealed higher transfection efficiency in two cell lines as compared with PEI 25 KDa. Conclusion P123-PEI-R13 is a potential candidate as a safe and efficient gene-delivery carrier for gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehai Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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81
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Xia W, Wang P, Lin C, Li Z, Gao X, Wang G, Zhao X. Bioreducible polyethylenimine-delivered siRNA targeting human telomerase reverse transcriptase inhibits HepG2 cell growth in vitro and in vivo. J Control Release 2012; 157:427-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 10/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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82
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Liu WM, Liu M, Xue YN, Peng N, Xia XM, Zhuo RX, Huang SW. Poly(amidoamine)s with pendant primary amines and flexible backbone for enhanced nonviral gene delivery: Transfection and intracellular trafficking. J Biomed Mater Res A 2012; 100:872-81. [DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.33309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/07/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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83
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Miyata K, Nishiyama N, Kataoka K. Rational design of smart supramolecular assemblies for gene delivery: chemical challenges in the creation of artificial viruses. Chem Soc Rev 2012; 41:2562-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c1cs15258k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 378] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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84
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Martin I, Dohmen C, Mas-Moruno C, Troiber C, Kos P, Schaffert D, Lächelt U, Teixidó M, Günther M, Kessler H, Giralt E, Wagner E. Solid-phase-assisted synthesis of targeting peptide–PEG–oligo(ethane amino)amides for receptor-mediated gene delivery. Org Biomol Chem 2012; 10:3258-68. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ob06907e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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85
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Paulo CSO, Pires das Neves R, Ferreira LS. Nanoparticles for intracellular-targeted drug delivery. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2011; 22:494002. [PMID: 22101232 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/22/49/494002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) are very promising for the intracellular delivery of anticancer and immunomodulatory drugs, stem cell differentiation biomolecules and cell activity modulators. Although initial studies in the area of intracellular drug delivery have been performed in the delivery of DNA, there is an increasing interest in the use of other molecules to modulate cell activity. Herein, we review the latest advances in the intracellular-targeted delivery of short interference RNA, proteins and small molecules using NPs. In most cases, the drugs act at different cellular organelles and therefore the drug-containing NPs should be directed to precise locations within the cell. This will lead to the desired magnitude and duration of the drug effects. The spatial control in the intracellular delivery might open new avenues to modulate cell activity while avoiding side-effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana S O Paulo
- CNC-Center of Neurosciences and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Portugal
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86
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Liu M, Chen B, Xue Y, Huang J, Zhang L, Huang S, Li Q, Zhang Z. Polyamidoamine-grafted multiwalled carbon nanotubes for gene delivery: synthesis, transfection and intracellular trafficking. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:2237-43. [PMID: 21995530 DOI: 10.1021/bc200189f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (f-MWNTs) are of great interest and designed as a novel gene delivery system. In this paper, we presented synthesis of polyamidoamine-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (PAA-g-MWNTs) and their application as a novel gene delivery system. The PAA-g-MWNTs, obtained from amide formation between PAA and chemically oxidized MWNTs, were stable in aqueous solution and much less toxic to cells than PAA and PEI 25KDa. More importantly, PAA-g-MWNTs showed comparable or even higher transfection efficiency than PAA and PEI at optimal w/w ratio. Intracellular trafficking of Cy3-labeled pGL-3 indicated that a large number of Cy3-labeled pGL-3 were attached to nucleus membrane, the majority of which was localized in nucleus after incubation with cells for 24 h. We have demonstrated that PAA modification of MWNTs facilitate higher DNA uptake and gene expression in vitro. All these facts suggest potential application of PAA-g-MWNTs as a novel gene vector with high transfection efficiency and low cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Division of Nanobiomedicine, and Division of Nano-Devices and Materials, Suzhou Institute of Nano-tech and Nano-bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, P. R. China
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87
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Lin C, Engbersen JF. PEGylated bioreducible poly(amido amine)s for non-viral gene delivery. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2011.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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88
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Piest M, Engbersen JF. Role of boronic acid moieties in poly(amido amine)s for gene delivery. J Control Release 2011; 155:331-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 07/04/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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89
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Frost R, Coué G, Engbersen JF, Zäch M, Kasemo B, Svedhem S. Bioreducible insulin-loaded nanoparticles and their interaction with model lipid membranes. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 362:575-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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90
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Troiber C, Wagner E. Nucleic Acid Carriers Based on Precise Polymer Conjugates. Bioconjug Chem 2011; 22:1737-52. [DOI: 10.1021/bc200251r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Troiber
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Ernst Wagner
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Center for System-based Drug Research and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Butenandtstrasse 5-13, 81377 Munich, Germany
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91
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Velasco D, Collin E, San Roman J, Pandit A, Elvira C. End functionalized polymeric system derived from pyrrolidine provide high transfection efficiency. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2011; 79:485-94. [PMID: 21723390 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Revised: 06/13/2011] [Accepted: 06/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemical architecture and functionality play an important role in the physico-chemical properties of cationic polymers with applications as gene vectors. In this study, linear homopolymers of N-ethyl pyrrolidine methacrylamide (EPA), copolymers of EPA with N,N-dimethylacrylamide (DMA) and oligomers of EPA were synthesized, and the resulting structures were evaluated for their transfection efficiency as non-viral gene vectors. Specifically, polymer species with high and low molecular weights (120-2.6 kDa) and different functionalities (tertiary amines as side chains and primary amine as chain end) were prepared as non-crosslinked, linear homopolymers, copolymers and oligomers, respectively. Polymer/DNA complexes (polyplexes) formation was evaluated by agarose gel electrophoresis, showing that all systems complexed with DNA in all P/N ratios with the exception of the EPA homopolymer. Furthermore, light scattering measurements and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM) showed different size (50-450 nm) and morphology depending on the composition and concentration of the polyplex systems. Cell viability and proliferation after contact with polymer and polyplexes were studied using 3T3 fibroblasts, and the systems showed an excellent biocompatibility at 2 and 4 days. Transfection studies were performed with plasmid Gaussian luciferase kit and were found that the highest transfection efficiency in serum free was obtained with oligomers from the P/N ratio of 1/6 to 1/10. Transfection values of the functionalized oligomers with respect to the control linear poly (dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) [poly (DMAEMA)] are very interesting in the presence of serum. Haemolysis for these polymers values below 1%, which provide attractive potential applications in gene therapy with these non-toxic readsorbable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Velasco
- Biomaterials Department, Institute of Polymer Science and Technology, CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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92
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Arote RB, Jiang HL, Kim YK, Cho MH, Choi YJ, Cho CS. Degradable poly(amido amine)s as gene delivery carriers. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2011; 8:1237-46. [DOI: 10.1517/17425247.2011.586333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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93
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Bahadur KCR, Landry B, Aliabadi HM, Lavasanifar A, Uludağ H. Lipid substitution on low molecular weight (0.6-2.0 kDa) polyethylenimine leads to a higher zeta potential of plasmid DNA and enhances transgene expression. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2209-17. [PMID: 21256988 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2010] [Revised: 01/14/2011] [Accepted: 01/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cationic polymers are desirable gene carriers because of their better safety profiles than viral delivery systems. Low molecular weight (MW) polymers are particularly attractive, since they display little cytotoxicity, but they are also ineffective for gene delivery. To create effective carriers from low MW polymers palmitic acid (PA) was substituted on 0.6-2.0 kDa polyethylenimines (PEIs) and their efficiency for plasmid DNA (pDNA) delivery was evaluated. The extent of lipid substitution was dependent on the lipid/PEI feed ratio and the polymer MW. While the hydrodynamic size of the polymer/pDNA complexes (polyplexes) increased or decreased depending on the extent of lipid substitution, the ζ potential of the assembled complexes was consistently higher as a result of lipid substitution. Lipid substitution generally increased the in vitro toxicity of the PEIs, but it was significantly lower than that of the 25 kDa branched PEI. The in vitro transfection efficiency of the lipid-substituted polymers was higher than that of native PEIs, which were not at all effective. The delivery efficiency was proportional to the extent of lipid substitution as well as the polymer MW. This correlated with the increased uptake of lipid-substituted polyplexes, based on confocal microscopic investigations with FITC-labeled pDNA. The addition of chloroquine further increased the transfection efficiency of lipid-substituted PEIs, indicating that endosomal release was a limiting factor affecting the efficiency of these carriers. This study indicates that lipid substitution on low MW PEIs makes their assembly more effective, resulting in better delivery of pDNA into mammalian cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- K C Remant Bahadur
- Department of Chemical & Material Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada
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94
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Deng JZ, Sun YX, Wang HY, Li C, Huang FW, Cheng SX, Zhuo RX, Zhang XZ. Poly(β-amino amine) cross-linked PEIs as highly efficient gene vectors. Acta Biomater 2011; 7:2200-8. [PMID: 21300185 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2011.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2010] [Revised: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 02/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
To increase the release of DNA into the cytoplasm and further improve transgene expression of nucleic acid novel polymeric gene carriers were prepared which would be biodegradable under the reducing conditions in the cytoplasm. Disulfide-containing poly(β-amino amine)s were first synthesized and then used to cross-link low molecular weight polyethyleneimine (1800 Da) through Michael addition to obtain SS-PBAA-PEIs as the final gene carriers. The physicochemical characteristics of SS-PBAA-PEI/DNA complexes were characterized. In vitro transfection mediated by the SS-PBAA-PEIs under serum conditions was carried out. Cell uptake of the gene delivery systems was observed by confocal laser scanning microscopy. The results of the physicochemical characterisation demonstrated that the SS-PBAA-PEIs could efficiently condense DNA. In vitro transfection under serum conditions showed that SS-PBAA-PEIs had comparable or even higher transfection efficiencies than 25 kDa PEI. And SS-PBAA-PEIs showed much lower cytotoxicity compared with 25 kDa PEI. In summary, the SS-PBAA-PEIs possess great potential as non-viral gene vectors and exhibit high transfection efficiency under serum conditions.
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95
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Abstract
Bioreducible polymers, which possess mainly disulfide linkages in the polymer structures, have appeared as ideal gene delivery carriers due to the high stability in extracellular physiological condition and bioreduction-triggered release of genetic materials, as well as decreased cytotoxicity because intracellular cytosol is a reducing environment containing high level of reducing molecules such as glutathione. This review will describe the initiation and recent advances in the development of bioreducible polymers for gene delivery, which includes reducibly cross-linked PEIs, polypeptides, polyion complex micelles, and poly(amido amine)s. There have been extensive researches performed to exhibit great gene delivery efficacy but still several important issues about pharmacokinetics or safety should be answered thoroughly for further rational design of bioreducible polymers having potentials in human gene delivery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tae-il Kim
- Department of Biosystems and Biomaterials Science and Engineering, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Wan Kim
- Center for Controlled Chemical Delivery, Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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96
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Coué G, Engbersen JFJ. Functionalized linear poly(amidoamine)s are efficient vectors for intracellular protein delivery. J Control Release 2011; 152:90-8. [PMID: 21277918 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/12/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
An effective intracellular protein delivery system was developed based on functionalized linear poly(amidoamine)s (PAAs) that form self-assembled cationic nanocomplexes with oppositely charged proteins. Three differently functionalized PAAs were synthesized, two of these having repetitive disulfide bonds in the main chain, by Michael-type polyaddition of 4-amino-1-butanol (ABOL) to cystamine bisacrylamide (CBA), histamine (HIS) to CBA, and ABOL to bis(acryloyl)piperazine (BAP). These water-soluble PAAs efficiently condense β-galactosidase by self-assembly into nanoscaled and positively-charged complexes. Stable under neutral extracellular conditions, the disulfide-containing nanocomplexes rapidly destabilized in a reductive intracellular environment. Cell-internalization and cytotoxicity experiments showed that the PAA-based nanocomplexes were essentially non-toxic. β-Galactosidase was successfully internalized into cells, with up to 94% of the cells showing β-galactosidase activity, whereas the enzyme alone was not taken up by the cells. The results indicate that these poly(amidoamine)s have excellent properties as highly potent and non-toxic intracellular protein carriers, which should create opportunities for novel applications in protein delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Coué
- Department of Biomedical Chemistry, MIRA Institute for Biomedical Technology and Technical Medicine, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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97
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Won YW, Lim KS, Kim YH. Intracellular organelle-targeted non-viral gene delivery systems. J Control Release 2011; 152:99-109. [PMID: 21255626 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2011.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Revised: 12/30/2010] [Accepted: 01/07/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Gene therapy is a rapidly growing approach for the treatment of various diseases. To achieve successful gene therapy, a gene delivery system is necessary to overcome several barriers in the extracellular and intracellular spaces. Polymers, peptides, liposomes and nanoparticles developed as gene carriers have achieved efficient cellular uptake of genes. Among these carriers, cationic polymers and peptides have been further developed as intracellular organelle-targeted delivery systems. The cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria have been considered primary targets for gene delivery using targeting moieties or environment-responsive materials. In this review, we explore recently developed non-viral gene carriers based on reducible systems specialized to target the cytoplasm, nucleus and mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young-Wook Won
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, and Institute of Aging Society, Hanyang University, 17 Haengdang-dong, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 133-791, Republic of Korea
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98
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Guo S, Huang L. Nanoparticles Escaping RES and Endosome: Challenges for siRNA Delivery for Cancer Therapy. JOURNAL OF NANOMATERIALS 2011. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1155/2011/742895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) technology has emerged as a promising potential treatment for viral, genetic diseases and cancers. Despite the powerful therapeutic potential of siRNA, there are challenges for developing efficient and specific delivery systems for systemic administration. There are extracellular and intracellular barriers for nanoparticle-mediated delivery. First, nanoparticles are rapidly cleared from the circulation by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). Second, following their cellular uptake, nanoparticles are trapped in endosomes/lysosomes, where siRNA would be degraded by enzymes. In this review, we describe strategies for grafting a polyethylene glycol (PEG) brush to the nanoparticles for evading RES, such that they may effectively accumulate in the tumor by the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. PEG has to shed from the nanoparticles to allow close interaction with the tumor cells. Current strategies for facilitating endosome escape, such as ion pair formation, “proton sponge effect”, destabilizing endosome membrane, and hydrophobic modification of the vector, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutao Guo
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Molecular Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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99
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Functional Polymer Conjugates for Medicinal Nucleic Acid Delivery. POLYMERS IN NANOMEDICINE 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/12_2011_148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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100
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Pang Y, Liu J, Su Y, Zhu B, Huang W, Zhou Y, Zhu X, Yan D. Bioreducible unimolecular micelles based on amphiphilic multiarm hyperbranched copolymers for triggered drug release. Sci China Chem 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-010-4163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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