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Assen AM, Yegoraw AA, Walkden-Brown SW, Gerber PF. Molecular-based monitoring of live vaccines in dust samples from experimental and commercial chicken flocks and its potential use as a screening test. Res Vet Sci 2021; 143:50-57. [PMID: 34973539 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2021.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the high cost of vaccination programmes, conventional methods to evaluate vaccine uptake are often impractical and costly. More recently, molecular-based testing of poultry dust has been used to monitor the "take" of Marek's disease virus and infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) live vaccines. This study aimed to provide proof-of-concept for detecting other poultry pathogens by using molecular detection of vaccine microorganisms in poultry dust of vaccinated flocks. Dust and choanal cleft and cloacal swabs were collected from chickens vaccinated against avian encephalomyelitis virus (AEV), fowlpox virus (FPV), Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) and Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) using live vaccines in an experimental flock. Dust samples were collected weekly from 5 commercial breeder or layer flocks from day-old up to 25 weeks of age. These flocks were vaccinated against Newcastle disease virus (NDV), infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV), ILTV, fowl adenovirus (FAdV), MG and MS. Samples were tested for nucleic acids of these microorganisms by PCR or reverse transcriptase PCR. Genomes of all targeted vaccines were detected in dust samples from the experimental and commercial flocks except for FPV, which was detected only in the experimental flock. FAdV was detected in unvaccinated commercial flocks. These findings suggest that PCR detection of target organisms in dust samples has potential as a relatively simple and inexpensive population-level test to monitor vaccine take and/or pathogen status in chicken flocks. Further studies comparing the detection of each of these microorganisms in poultry dust with individual birds samples are required to validate this approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awol M Assen
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Addisu A Yegoraw
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia; School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Priscilla F Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, NSW 2351, Australia.
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52
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Wayou BA, Kassa GM, Pasotto D, Sori T, Tucciarone CM, Cecchinato M. Molecular Survey of Viral Poultry Diseases with an Indirect Public Health Significance in Central Ethiopia. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11123564. [PMID: 34944338 PMCID: PMC8697989 DOI: 10.3390/ani11123564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Poultry production is increasing, in Ethiopia as well, and poultry is an extremely valuable food resource. This survey investigated the presence of important viral pathogens in poultry (infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) using biomolecular assays and sequencing. The results suggested a low circulation of these pathogens, probably owing to vaccination strategies. A routine diagnostic activity should be planned to monitor pathogen circulation and support disease prevention and production levels. Abstract The importance of poultry production is globally increasing, in Ethiopia as well, where high-quality protein and contained costs make poultry a valuable food resource. However, this entails some problems linked to rural, backyard and intensively reared flock proximity and pathogen circulation. This study is aimed at monitoring the presence of important viral pathogens in poultry (infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), avian metapneumovirus (aMPV), infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV)) in Ethiopia. Respiratory and cloacal swabs and bursa of Fabricius and kidney imprints on FTA cards were collected in 2021 from 16 farms and tested for IBV, aMPV, NDV and IBDV. One farm was positive for IBDV, resulting in strains similar to those present in vaccines, belonging to genogroup A1a; two farms were positive for IBV but, due to sensitivity limits, only one sample was sequenced, resulting in a 4/91-like strain (GI-13); a layer farm tested positive for NDV with a Lasota-like vaccine strain. These findings suggest a low presence of these pathogens, probably due to the implementation of vaccination strategies, which is also testified by the detection of vaccine strains. A close diagnostic activity should be implemented on a routine basis in order to monitor pathogen circulation, ameliorate biosecurity measures and protect animal health and production levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behailu Assefa Wayou
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (B.A.W.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Gezahegne Mamo Kassa
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology Immunology and Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia; (B.A.W.); (G.M.K.)
| | - Daniela Pasotto
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Teshale Sori
- Department of Clinical Studies, College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, Bishoftu P.O. Box 34, Ethiopia;
| | - Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy; (C.M.T.); (M.C.)
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53
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Montine P, Kelly TR, Stoute S, da Silva AP, Crossley B, Corsiglia C, Shivaprasad HL, Gallardo RA. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Surveillance in Broilers in California (2012–20). Avian Dis 2021; 65:584-591. [DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P. Montine
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - T. R. Kelly
- One Health Institute & Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - S. Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, Turlock branch, University of California, Davis, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - A. P. da Silva
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - B. Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, Davis branch, University of California, Davis, 620 Health Science Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - C. Corsiglia
- Foster Farms, 1000 Davis Street, Livingston, CA 95334
| | - H. L. Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Lab, Tulare branch, University of California, Davis, 18760 Road 112, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - R. A. Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive, 4008 VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
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54
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Nugroho CMH, Silaen OSM, Kurnia RS, Soejoedono RD, Poetri ON, Soebandrio A. Isolation and molecular characterization of the hemagglutinin gene of H9N2 avian influenza viruses from poultry in Java, Indonesia. J Adv Vet Anim Res 2021; 8:423-434. [PMID: 34722740 PMCID: PMC8520164 DOI: 10.5455/javar.2021.h530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H9N2 circulating in Indonesia has raised increasing concern about its impact on poultry and its public health risks. In this study, the H9N2 virus from chicken poultry farms in Java was isolated and characterized molecularly. Materials and Methods: Thirty-three pooled samples of chicken brain, cloacal swab, trachea, and oviduct were taken from multiple chickens infected with AIV in five regions of Java, Indonesia. The samples were isolated from specific pathogenic-free embryonated eggs that were 9 days old. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and sequencing were used to identify H9N2 viruses. Results: This study was successful in detecting and characterizing 13 H9N2 isolates. The sequencing analysis of hemagglutinin genes revealed a 96.9%–98.8% similarity to the H9N2 AIV isolated from Vietnam in 2014 (A/muscovy duck/Vietnam/LBM719/2014). According to the phylogenetic analysis, all recent H9N2 viruses were members of the lineage Y280 and clade h9.4.2.5. Nine of the H9N2 isolates studied showed PSKSSR↓GLF motifs at the cleavage site, while four had PSKSSR↓GLF. Notably, all contemporary viruses have leucine (L) at position 216 in the receptor-binding region, indicating that the virus can interact with a human-like receptor. Conclusion: This study described the features of recent H9N2 viruses spreading in Java’s poultry industry. Additionally, H9N2 infection prevention and management must be implemented to avoid the occurrence of virus mutations in the Indonesian poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ryan Septa Kurnia
- Doctoral Program Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Retno Damajanti Soejoedono
- Department of Animal Diseases and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Okti Nadia Poetri
- Department of Animal Diseases and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, IPB University, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Amin Soebandrio
- Eijkman Institute for Molecular Biology, Jakarta, Indonesia.,Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Indonesia, Jakarta, Indonesia
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Hashish A, Sinha A, Mekky A, Sato Y, Macedo NR, El-Gazzar M. Development and Validation of Two Diagnostic Real-Time PCR (TaqMan) Assays for the Detection of Bordetella avium from Clinical Samples and Comparison to the Currently Available Real-Time TaqMan PCR Assay. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112232. [PMID: 34835358 PMCID: PMC8619015 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Bordetella avium (BA) is one of many pathogens that cause respiratory diseases in turkeys. However, other bacterial species can easily overgrow it during isolation attempts. This makes confirming the diagnosis of BA as the causative agent of turkey coryza more difficult. Currently, there are two PCR assays for the molecular detection of BA. One is conventional gel-based PCR and the other is TaqMan real-time PCR (qPCR) assay. However, multiple pitfalls were detected in both assays regarding their specificity, sensitivity, and efficiency, which limits their utility as diagnostic tools. In this study, we developed and validated two TaqMan qPCR assays and compared their performance to the currently available TaqMan qPCR. The two assays were able to correctly identify all BA isolates and showed negative results against a wide range of different microorganisms. The two assays were found to have high efficiency with a detection limit of approximately 1 × 103 plasmid DNA Copies/mL with high repeatability and reproducibility. In comparison to the currently available TaqMan qPCR assay, the newly developed assays showed significantly higher PCR efficiencies due to superior primers and probes design. The new assays can serve as a reliable tool for the sensitive, specific, and efficient diagnosis of BA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amro Hashish
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.H.); (A.S.); (Y.S.); (N.R.M.)
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Avanti Sinha
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.H.); (A.S.); (Y.S.); (N.R.M.)
| | - Amr Mekky
- National Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Center, Giza 12618, Egypt;
| | - Yuko Sato
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.H.); (A.S.); (Y.S.); (N.R.M.)
| | - Nubia R. Macedo
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.H.); (A.S.); (Y.S.); (N.R.M.)
| | - Mohamed El-Gazzar
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA; (A.H.); (A.S.); (Y.S.); (N.R.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-706-540-3037
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56
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Van Borm S, Steensels M, Mathijs E, Vandenbussche F, van den Berg T, Lambrecht B. Metagenomic sequencing determines complete infectious bronchitis virus (avian Gammacoronavirus) vaccine strain genomes and associated viromes in chicken clinical samples. Virus Genes 2021; 57:529-540. [PMID: 34626348 PMCID: PMC8501334 DOI: 10.1007/s11262-021-01872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV, genus Gammacoronavirus) causes an economically important and highly contagious disease in chicken. Random primed RNA sequencing was applied to two IBV positive clinical samples and one in ovo-passaged virus. The virome of a cloacal swab pool was dominated by IBV (82% of viral reads) allowing de novo assembly of a GI-13 lineage complete genome with 99.95% nucleotide identity to vaccine strain 793B. In addition, substantial read counts (16% of viral reads) allowed the assembly of a near-complete chicken astrovirus genome, while lower read counts identified the presence of chicken calicivirus and avian leucosis virus. Viral reads in a respiratory/intestinal tissue pool were distributed between IBV (22.53%), Sicinivirus (Picornaviridae, 24%), and avian leucosis virus (37.04%). A complete IBV genome with 99.95% nucleotide identity to vaccine strain H120 (lineage GI-1), as well as a near-complete avian leucosis virus genome and a partial Sicinivirus genome were assembled from the tissue sample data. Lower read counts identified chicken calicivirus, Avibirnavirus (infectious bursal disease virus, assembling to 98.85% of segment A and 69.66% of segment B closely related to D3976/1 from Germany, 2017) and avian orthoreovirus, while three avian orthoavulavirus 1 reads confirmed prior real-time RT-PCR result. IBV sequence variation analysis identified both fixed and minor frequency variations in the tissue sample compared to its in ovo-passaged virus. Metagenomic methods allow the determination of complete coronavirus genomes from clinical chicken samples while providing additional insights in RNA virus sequence diversity and coinfecting viruses potentially contributing to pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Van Borm
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mieke Steensels
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Mathijs
- Department of Animal Infectious Diseases, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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Courtillon C, Briand FX, Allée C, Contrant M, Beven V, Lucas P, Blanchard Y, Mouchel S, Eterradossi N, Delforterie Y, Grasland B, Brown P. Description of the first isolates of guinea fowl corona and picornaviruses obtained from a case of guinea fowl fulminating enteritis. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:507-521. [PMID: 34545751 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1976725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Guinea fowl fulminating enteritis has been reported in France since the 1970s. In 2014, a coronavirus was identified and appeared as a possible viral pathogen involved in the disease. In the present study, intestinal content from a guinea fowl involved in a new case of the disease in 2017 was analysed by deep sequencing, revealing the presence of a guinea fowl coronavirus (GfCoV) and a picornavirus (GfPic). Serial passage assays into the intra-amniotic cavity of 13-day-old specific pathogen-free chicken eggs and 20-day-old conventional guinea fowl eggs were attempted. In chicken eggs, isolation assays failed, but in guinea fowl eggs, both viruses were successfully obtained. Furthermore, two GfCoV and two GfPic isolates were obtained from the same bird but from different sections of its intestines. This shows that using eggs of the same species, in which the virus has been detected, can be the key for successful isolation. The consensus sequence of the full-length genomes of both GfCoV isolates was highly similar, and correlated to those previously described in terms of genome organization, ORF length and phylogenetic clustering. According to full-length genome analysis and the structure of the Internal Ribosome Entry Site, both GfPic isolates belong to the Anativirus genus and specifically the species Anativirus B. The availability of the first isolates of GfCoV and GfPic will now provide a means of assessing their pathogenicity in guinea fowl in controlled experimental conditions and to assess whether they are primary viral pathogens of the disease "guinea fowl fulminating enteritis".RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTSFirst isolation of guinea fowl coronaviruses and picornaviruses.Eggs homologous to the infected species are key for isolation.Isolates available to precisely evaluate the virus roles in fulminating enteritis.First full-length genome sequences of guinea fowl picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline Courtillon
- VIPAC Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Ploufragan, France
| | - François-Xavier Briand
- VIPAC Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Ploufragan, France
| | - Chantal Allée
- VIPAC Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Ploufragan, France
| | - Maud Contrant
- GVB Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Ploufragan, France
| | - Véronique Beven
- GVB Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Ploufragan, France
| | - Pierrick Lucas
- GVB Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Ploufragan, France
| | - Yannick Blanchard
- GVB Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Nicolas Eterradossi
- VIPAC Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Ploufragan, France
| | | | - Béatrice Grasland
- VIPAC Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Ploufragan, France
| | - Paul Brown
- VIPAC Unit, Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (Anses), Laboratoire de Ploufragan-Plouzané-Niort Ploufragan, France
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58
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Parvin R, Begum JA, Nooruzzaman M, Kabiraj CK, Chowdhury EH. Circulation of three genotypes and identification of unique mutations in neutralizing epitopes of infectious bronchitis virus in chickens in Bangladesh. Arch Virol 2021; 166:3093-3103. [PMID: 34480638 PMCID: PMC8418280 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05227-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a highly contagious respiratory disease caused by a gammacoronavirus that has been circulating for many years in chickens in Bangladesh, resulting in significant economic losses. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) from clinical outbreaks and surveillance samples. Real-time RT-PCR was used to detect IBV in pooled lung and tracheal tissue samples (n = 78), oropharyngeal swabs (n = 19), and pooled fecal samples (n = 13) from live-bird markets. Both respiratory and nephropathogenic forms of IB were suspected at necropsy (n = 7) from clinical outbreaks. Sequencing of hypervariable regions (HVR1-2 and HVR3) of the region of the spike gene (S) encoding the S1 subunit of five isolates revealed circulation of the Mass-like, QX-like, and 4/91-like genotypes of IBV in Bangladesh. Each genotype was extremely variable, as shown by separate clustering of the viruses in a phylogenetic tree and high nucleotide (nt) sequence divergence (38.8-41.2% and 25.7-37.4% in the HVR1-2 and HVR3 sequence, respectively). The unique mutation G65E was observed in each Mass-like isolate, and Y328S was observed in each 4/91-like Bangladeshi isolate. Three neutralizing epitope sites were predicted within the HVRs that differed significantly among the three genotypes. In addition, one Bangladeshi isolate carried fixed mutations at 294F and 306Y, like other pathogenic QX-like IBVs, which could affect epitopes involved in neutralization, facilitating virus circulation among vaccinated flocks. Therefore, continuous screening and genotype characterization will be necessary to track the epidemiology of IBV and control IB infection in Bangladesh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rokshana Parvin
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Jahan Ara Begum
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammed Nooruzzaman
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Congriev Kumar Kabiraj
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Emdadul Haque Chowdhury
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202, Bangladesh
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59
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Blakey J, Crossley B, Da Silva A, Rejmanek D, Jerry C, Gallardo RA, Stoute S. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Associated with Nephropathy Lesions in Diagnostic Cases from Commercial Broiler Chickens in California. Avian Dis 2021; 64:482-489. [PMID: 33347556 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.4.482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In March 2019, the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory (CAHFS), Turlock branch, received two submissions of broiler chickens from commercial flocks reporting increased mortality. Submissions consisted of either white or brown broilers. Submitted chickens appeared depressed with ruffled feathers. At necropsy, moderate to severely enlarged and pale kidneys were observed, with gross lesions indicative of dehydration. Microscopically, renal tubules were degenerated and distended with necrotic debris and tubular casts. The kidney parenchyma contained mononuclear inflammatory cell infiltrates and interstitial edema. Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was isolated and identified by reverse transcription quantitative PCR from kidney tissue pools and tracheal swab pools from both cases. Partial sequencing of the S1 hypervariable region was most similar to a local California variant, CA1737. The outbreak lasted roughly 1 wk in both flocks, with 2% total mortality in the brown broilers and 20% total mortality in the white broilers. Final proof of the IBV strains causing nephropathy will require fulfillment of Koch postulates. IBV associated with nephropathy has been sporadically reported in California chicken flocks and represents a significant pathogen due to its potential for inducing high flock mortality. The incidence of IBV associated with a nephropathy diagnosis in chicken necropsy submissions to the CAHFS system-wide from 1998 to 2019 is also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Blakey
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis Branch, 620 W. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Ana Da Silva
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Daniel Rejmanek
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Davis Branch, 620 W. Health Sciences Drive, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Carmen Jerry
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Drive VM3B, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, Turlock Branch, 1550 N. Soderquist Road, Turlock, CA 95381
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60
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Tran TT, Yegoraw AA, Assen AM, Walkden-Brown SW, Gerber PF. Genomic Stability for PCR Detection of Infectious Laryngotracheitis Virus and Infectious Bronchitis Virus in Poultry Dust Samples Stored Under Different Conditions. Avian Dis 2021; 64:565-570. [PMID: 33647150 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.4.565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Dust collected from the poultry house has been increasingly used as a population-level sample to monitor the presence of pathogens or to evaluate the administration of live vaccines. However, there are no guidelines for the storage of this sample type. This study investigated the stability of infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV), a DNA virus, and infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), an RNA virus, in poultry dust kept under temperature and moisture conditions that mimic on-farm and laboratory storage. Dust samples were collected from chicks spray vaccinated with a live IBV vaccine and inoculated with a field ILTV strain via eye drop. Samples were stored under different moisture conditions (dry = 2% moisture, moist = 22%-71% moisture) and temperatures (-20, 4, 25, and 37 C) for different durations (0, 7, and 14 days, and 1, 2, 3, and 4 mo) in a factorial arrangement, followed by quantitative PCR for detection of virus genome copies (GC). The length of storage, moisture level, and storage temperature affected the viral genome load for ILTV and IBV but did not affect the number of positive samples for each virus. All treatment combinations were ILTV positive for at least 4 mo. In dry dust samples, all storage temperatures or durations had quantifiable ILTV or IBV GC. Moisture addition had a detrimental effect on viral genome load, causing an overall reduction of 0.3 log 10 for ILTV GC (7.29 and 6.97 log 10, P = 0.0001), and 1.3 log 10 for IBV GC (5.95 and 4.66 log 10, P = 0.0001), which are unlikely to have biologic significance. In conclusion, dry dust can be stored at any temperature up to 37 C for at least 4 mo without loss in qPCR detection of ILTV or IBV GC. Collection or storage of moist dust should be avoided, or air drying prior to storage is recommended if only moist dust is available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh T Tran
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, 2351.,Faculty of Animal Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, Nong Lam University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Addisu A Yegoraw
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, 2351.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Wolaita Sodo University, Wolaita Sodo, Ethiopia
| | - Awol M Assen
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, 2351.,School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen W Walkden-Brown
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, 2351
| | - P F Gerber
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia, 2351
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61
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Khalid Z, He L, Yu Q, Breedlove C, Joiner K, Toro H. Enhanced Protection by Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Infectious Bronchitis Virus Spike Ectodomain and Chicken Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor. Avian Dis 2021; 65:364-372. [PMID: 34427409 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-21-00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We previously reported that recombinant Newcastle disease virus LaSota (rLS) expressing infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) Arkansas (Ark)-type trimeric spike (S) ectodomain (Se; rLS/ArkSe) provides suboptimal protection against IBV challenge. We have now developed rLS expressing chicken granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GMCSF) and IBV Ark Se in an attempt to enhance vaccine effectiveness. In the current study, we first compared protection conferred by vaccination with rLS/ArkSe and rLS/ArkSe.GMCSF. Vaccinated chickens were challenged with virulent Ark, and protection was determined by clinical signs, viral load, and tracheal histomorphometry. Results showed that coexpression of GMCSF and the Se from rLS significantly reduced tracheal viral load and tracheal lesions compared with chickens vaccinated with rLS/ArkSe. In a second experiment, we evaluated enhancement of cross-protection of a Massachusetts (Mass) attenuated vaccine by priming or boosting with rLS/ArkSe.GMCSF. Vaccinated chickens were challenged with Ark, and protection was evaluated. Results show that priming or boosting with the recombinant virus significantly increased cross-protection conferred by Mass against Ark virulent challenge. Greater reductions of viral loads in both trachea and lachrymal fluids were observed in chickens primed with rLS/ArkSe.GMCSF and boosted with Mass. Consistently, Ark Se antibody levels measured with recombinant Ark Se protein-coated ELISA plates 14 days after boost were significantly higher in these chickens. Unexpectedly, the inverse vaccination scheme, that is, priming with Mass and boosting with the recombinant vaccine, proved somewhat less effective. We concluded that a prime and boost strategy by using rLS/ArkSe.GMCSF and the worldwide ubiquitous Mass attenuated vaccine provides enhanced cross-protection. Thus, rLS/GMCSF coexpressing the Se of regionally relevant IBV serotypes could be used in combination with live Mass to protect against regionally circulating IBV variant strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Khalid
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - L He
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605.,The Key Lab of Animal Disease and Public Health, Henan University of Science and Technology, Luoyang 471023, Henan, China
| | - Q Yu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center, Athens, GA 30605
| | - C Breedlove
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - K Joiner
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - H Toro
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830,
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62
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Tucciarone CM, Franzo G, Legnardi M, Fortin A, Valastro V, Lazzaro E, Terregino C, Cecchinato M. Effect of assay choice, viral concentration and operator interpretation on infectious bronchitis virus detection and characterization. Avian Pathol 2021; 50:357-365. [PMID: 34313501 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2021.1959897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Despite the efforts to achieve a consistent classification scheme based on the complete S1 gene, the genetic characterization of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is often performed on partial S1 regions due to economic and time constraints in the diagnostic routine. Sanger sequencing remains the most common and cost-effective option even if the analysis of samples where multiple field and vaccine strain populations coexist can lead to partial or misleading results. The present study aimed to evaluate the different diagnostic outcomes of three commonly used RT-PCR methods targeting two regions of the S1 gene. A possible bias in IBV detection and characterization was investigated in relation to the adopted method, the strain concentration as well as their ratio in mixed samples. Thirty samples were prepared by artificially mixing two vaccine strains, combined at different ratios and selected among four different IBV lineages, i.e. GI-1 (Mass), GI-13 (793/B), GI-19 (QX), GI-23 (Israeli Variant 2). Sequence analysis was conducted both manually and with bioinformatic methods. The result agreement among methods, replicates and analysis approaches was statistically evaluated. Consistent results emerged among the three assays, with a few discrepancies likely caused by primer affinity and target amount. This study confirms the complexity of IBV strain identification and highlights the importance of evaluating and updating the available diagnostic assays for a reliable detection of all circulating IBV strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Maria Tucciarone
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franzo
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Matteo Legnardi
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Andrea Fortin
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Viviana Valastro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Elena Lazzaro
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Calogero Terregino
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale delle Venezie, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
| | - Mattia Cecchinato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health (MAPS), Università degli Studi di Padova, Viale dell'Università, Legnaro PD, Italy
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63
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Gonzales-Viera O, Crossley B, Carvallo-Chaigneau FR, Blair ER, Rejmanek D, Erdoǧan-Bamac Ő, Sverlow K, Figueroa A, Gallardo RA, Mete A. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Prevalence, Characterization, and Strain Identification in California Backyard Chickens. Avian Dis 2021; 65:188-197. [PMID: 34339139 DOI: 10.1637/aviandiseases-d-20-00113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes significant losses in the poultry industry throughout the world. Here we characterize the lesions of infectious bronchitis (IB) and IBV prevalence and identify the circulating strains in small flocks in California. Backyard chickens (BYCs) submitted to the Davis (Northern California; NorCal) and San Bernardino (Southern California; SoCal) branches of the California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System from January through March 2019 were included in the study. Trachea, kidney, and cecal tonsils were collected for real-time reverse transcriptase (qRT)-PCR, histology, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and sequence analysis. A total of 50 chickens out of 169 submissions tested positive for IBV by qRT-PCR. Of these, 16% (20/123) were from NorCal and 65% (30/46) from SoCal laboratory. The cecal tonsil was the most frequently positive tissue by qRT-PCR and IHC. Lymphoplasmacytic tracheitis was the most frequent histopathologic finding in 24 of 39 birds, while the kidney showed interstitial nephritis, tubular necrosis, tubular dilation, and/or gout in 14 of 43 chickens. Infectious bronchitis virus played a primary role or a synergistic effect in the mortality of chickens that succumbed to other infectious diseases. The sequences of IBV detected in 22 birds were analyzed, and 14 strains were most similar to CA1737. One strain each matched Conn46, Cal99, and ArkDPI, and the remaining five did not have a substantial match to any available reference strains. The findings in this study indicate that small flocks can be reservoirs of IBV and might facilitate evolution of new variants as well as reversion of attenuated strains to virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar Gonzales-Viera
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Beate Crossley
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Francisco R Carvallo-Chaigneau
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland, College of Veterinary Medicine, Blacksburg, VA 24060
| | - Emily R Blair
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Daniel Rejmanek
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Őzge Erdoǧan-Bamac
- Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Pathology, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Karen Sverlow
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Alejandra Figueroa
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Rodrigo A Gallardo
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | - Aslı Mete
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory System, University of California, Davis, CA 95616,
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64
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Genetic and Pathogenic Characterization of QX(GI-19)-Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Viruses in South Korea. Viruses 2021; 13:v13061163. [PMID: 34204473 PMCID: PMC8235318 DOI: 10.3390/v13061163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis viruses (IBVs) are evolving continuously via genetic drift and genetic recombination, making disease prevention and control difficult. In this study, we undertook genetic and pathogenic characterization of recombinant IBVs isolated from chickens in South Korea between 2003 and 2019. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 46 IBV isolates belonged to GI-19, which includes nephropathogenic IBVs. Ten isolates formed a new cluster, the genomic sequences of which were different from those of reference sequences. Recombination events in the S1 gene were identified, with putative parental strains identified as QX-like, KM91-like, and GI-15. Recombination detection methods identified three patterns (rGI-19-I, rGI-19-II, and rGI-19-III). To better understand the pathogenicity of recombinant IBVs, we compared the pathogenicity of GI-19 with that of the rGI-19s. The results suggest that rGI-19s may be more likely to cause trachea infections than GI-19, whereas rGI-19s were less pathogenic in the kidney. Additionally, the pathogenicity of rGI-19s varied according to the genotype of the major parent. These results indicate that genetic recombination between heterologous strains belonging to different genotypes has occurred, resulting in the emergence of new recombinant IBVs in South Korea.
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65
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Lee HC, Jeong S, Cho AY, Kim KJ, Kim JY, Park DH, Kim HJ, Kwon JH, Song CS. Genomic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Recently Isolated in South Korea Reveals Multiple Introductions of GI-19 Lineage (QX Genotype). Viruses 2021; 13:v13061045. [PMID: 34072981 PMCID: PMC8228071 DOI: 10.3390/v13061045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) was first identified in the 1930s and it imposes a major economic burden on the poultry industry. In particular, GI-19 lineage has spread globally and has evolved constantly since it was first detected in China. In this study, we analyzed S1 gene sequences from 60 IBVs isolated in South Korea. Two IBV lineages, GI-15 and GI-19, were identified in South Korea. Phylogenetic analysis suggested that there were six distinct subgroups (KM91-like, K40/09-like, and QX-like I to IV) of the South Korean GI-19 IBVs. Among them, QX-type III and IV subgroups, which are phylogenetically different from those reported in South Korea in the past, accounted for more than half of the total. Moreover, the phylogeographic analysis of the QX-like subgroups indicated at least four distinct introductions of GI-19 IBVs into South Korea during 2001–2020. The efficacy of commercialized vaccines against the recently introduced QX-like subgroups should be verified, and continuous international surveillance efforts and quarantine procedures should be enhanced to prevent the incursion of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyuk-Chae Lee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Sol Jeong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Andrew Y. Cho
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Kyu-Jik Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Jun-Young Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Dam-Hee Park
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Hyun-Jin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
| | - Jung-Hoon Kwon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, 80, Daehak-ro, Buk-gu, Daegu 41566, Korea
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (C.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3712 (C.-S.S.)
| | - Chang-Seon Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, 120, Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea; (H.-C.L.); (S.J.); (A.Y.C.); (K.-J.K.); (J.-Y.K.); (D.-H.P.); (H.-J.K.)
- Correspondence: (J.-H.K.); (C.-S.S.); Tel.: +82-2-450-3712 (C.-S.S.)
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66
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Near-Complete Genome Sequence of GI-17 Lineage Infectious Bronchitis Virus, Circulating in Iowa. Microbiol Resour Announc 2021; 10:10/20/e01406-20. [PMID: 34016687 PMCID: PMC8188336 DOI: 10.1128/mra.01406-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AvIBV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens which results in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Here, we report a near-complete genome sequence of the strain, designated IA1162/2020, identified in tracheal swabs from chickens in Iowa in 2020. Avian infectious bronchitis virus (AvIBV) is the causative agent of a highly contagious respiratory disease in chickens which results in significant economic losses in the poultry industry. Here, we report a near-complete genome sequence of the strain, designated IA1162/2020, identified in tracheal swabs from chickens in Iowa in 2020.
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67
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Jara M, Crespo R, Roberts DL, Chapman A, Banda A, Machado G. Development of a Dissemination Platform for Spatiotemporal and Phylogenetic Analysis of Avian Infectious Bronchitis Virus. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:624233. [PMID: 34017870 PMCID: PMC8129014 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.624233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infecting large portions of the global poultry populations, the avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) remains a major economic burden in North America. With more than 30 serotypes globally distributed, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, and Massachusetts are among the most predominant serotypes in the United States. Even though vaccination is widely used, the high mutation rate exhibited by IBV is continuously triggering the emergence of new viral strains and hindering control and prevention measures. For that reason, targeted strategies based on constantly updated information on the IBV circulation are necessary. Here, we sampled IBV-infected farms from one US state and collected and analyzed 65 genetic sequences coming from three different lineages along with the immunization information of each sampled farm. Phylodynamic analyses showed that IBV dispersal velocity was 12.3 km/year. The majority of IBV infections appeared to have derived from the introduction of the Arkansas DPI serotype, and the Arkansas DPI and Georgia 13 were the predominant serotypes. When analyzed against IBV sequences collected across the United States and deposited in the GenBank database, the most likely viral origin of our sequences was from the states of Alabama, Georgia, and Delaware. Information about vaccination showed that the MILDVAC-MASS+ARK vaccine was applied on 26% of the farms. Using a publicly accessible open-source tool for real-time interactive tracking of pathogen spread and evolution, we analyzed the spatiotemporal spread of IBV and developed an online reporting dashboard. Overall, our work demonstrates how the combination of genetic and spatial information could be used to track the spread and evolution of poultry diseases, providing timely information to the industry. Our results could allow producers and veterinarians to monitor in near-real time the current IBV strain circulating, making it more informative, for example, in vaccination-related decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Jara
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Rocio Crespo
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - David L Roberts
- Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Ashlyn Chapman
- Department of Computer Science North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
| | - Alejandro Banda
- Poultry Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, Mississippi State University, Pearl, MS, United States
| | - Gustavo Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States
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68
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Lisowska A, Pikuła A, Opolska J, Jasik A, Kycko A, Domańska-Blicharz K. Virulence Properties of GI-23 Infectious Bronchitis Virus Isolated in Poland and Efficacy of Different Vaccination strategies. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10050522. [PMID: 33926018 PMCID: PMC8145137 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10050522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is one of the most important poultry pathogens, leading significant economic losses worldwide. IBV is characterised by highly genetic, serotype, and pathotypic variability. Despite extensive immunoprophylaxis strategies, the emergence of new genetic lineages is frequently observed in the field, causing disease control to be more complicated. In the last decade, the spread of variants assigned to the GI-23 lineage of IBV (formerly known as Var2) started from Middle-Eastern countries and reached Europe in the last few years. Recently, the introduction and fast spread of Var2-like IBVs in Poland was reported. In this study, the virulence properties and efficacy of different vaccination programmes were evaluated against infection with the IBV GI-23 strain gammaCoV/Ck/Poland/G052/2016. The pathogenicity of the Var2 isolate was conducted in one-day-old and three-week-old SPF chickens and showed that the course of the disease is age dependent. Seven vaccination programmes using Mass, 793B, QX alone or in combination, and Var2 live vaccines were tested against the GI-23 infectious bronchitis virus challenge. All groups were scored according to the ciliostasis test at 5 days post challenge. Two immunoprophylaxis strategies generated full protection against gammaCoV/Ck/Poland/G052/2016 infection-Var2 and Mass used in one-day-old chickens boosted by a combination of the QX and 793B vaccine (both with a ciliostasis score of 0 and 100% protection).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Lisowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Anna Pikuła
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (K.D.-B.)
| | - Justyna Opolska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Agnieszka Jasik
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.J.); (A.K.)
| | - Anna Kycko
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.J.); (A.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantów 57, 24-100 Puławy, Poland; (A.L.); (J.O.)
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (K.D.-B.)
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69
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A Case of Infectious Laryngotracheitis in an Organic Broiler Chicken Farm in Greece. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8040064. [PMID: 33923535 PMCID: PMC8073223 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious laryngotracheitis is an economically significant viral disease of chickens, that mainly affects the upper respiratory tract, and is present worldwide. This case reports the first outbreak of infectious laryngotracheitis in a four-week-old organic broiler farm and surrounding flocks in Greece, with typical clinical symptoms and lesions, allegedly provoked by a wild strain of infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Our findings contradict the general perception indicating that the disease appears mainly in older birds and that vaccine strains are the primary cause of infectious laryngotracheitis outbreaks in most continents. A recombinant vectored vaccine was administered, supplementary to biosecurity measures, containing the viral spread. The responsible strain was potentially circulating in the area; therefore, an industry-wide holistic approach was applied, including the vaccination of neighboring broilers and breeders with the same vaccine, the rapid molecular diagnosis of the disease, and strict biosecurity protocols. The results of this holistic effort were effective because, following the application of vaccine and management protocols, manifestations of the disease in regional flocks dropped significantly, and there was no recurrence to date. These findings suggest that vaccination protocols should be modified, especially for organic broilers, to include vaccination against infectious laryngotracheitis.
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70
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Assen AM, Walkden-Brown SW, Stillman M, Alfirevich S, Gerber PF. Comparison of tracheal and choanal cleft swabs and poultry dust samples for detection of Newcastle disease virus and infectious bronchitis virus genome in vaccinated meat chicken flocks. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0247729. [PMID: 33861761 PMCID: PMC8051787 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0247729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed different methods (tracheal and choanal cleft swabs from individual birds, and poultry dust as a population level measure) to evaluate the shedding kinetics of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) genome in meat chicken flocks after spray vaccination at hatchery. Dust samples and tracheal and choanal cleft swabs were collected from four meat chicken flocks at 10, 14, 21 and 31 days post vaccination (dpv) and tested for IBV and NDV genome copies (GC) by reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR. IBV and NDV GC were detected in all sample types throughout the study period. Detection rates for choanal cleft and tracheal swabs were comparable, with moderate and fair agreement between sample types for IBV (McNemar's = 0.27, kappa = 0.44) and NDV (McNemar's = 0.09; kappa = 0.31) GC respectively. There was no significant association for IBV GC in swabs and dust samples (R2 = 0.15, P = 0.13) but NDV detection rates and viral load in swabs were strongly associated with NDV GC in dust samples (R2 = 0.86 and R2 = 0.90, P<0.001). There was no difference in IBV and NDV GC in dust samples collected from different locations within a poultry house. In conclusion, dust samples collected from any location within poultry house show promise for monitoring IBV and NDV GC in meat chickens at a population level and choanal cleft swabs can be used for detection of IBV and NDV GC instead of tracheal swabs in individual birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awol M. Assen
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Wollo University, Dessie, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen W. Walkden-Brown
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Mark Stillman
- Baiada Poultry Pty Limited, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Priscilla F. Gerber
- Animal Science, School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, New South Wales, Australia
- * E-mail:
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71
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Adebiyi AI, Mcilwaine K, Oluwayelu DO, Smyth VJ. Detection and characterization of chicken astrovirus associated with hatchery disease in commercial day-old turkeys in southwestern Nigeria. Arch Virol 2021; 166:1607-1614. [PMID: 33759002 PMCID: PMC7987118 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05034-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Infectious diseases are a major obstacle to profitable poultry production in Nigeria due to the mortality and severe economic losses they cause. In particular, they are a potent threat to attainment of the food security goals of government and national self-sufficiency in food production. Thus, there is a need for continuous monitoring of the nation’s poultry population for these diseases. As part of an ongoing investigation of enteric viruses associated with poor performance or hatchery diseases in commercial poultry in southwestern Nigeria, intestinal contents from 97 condemned or runted day-old commercial turkey poults were examined for turkey astroviruses, infectious bronchitis virus, chicken astrovirus (CAstV), avian nephritis virus, avian rotavirus, avian reovirus, fowl adenovirus, and chicken parvovirus by virus isolation, electron microscopy (EM), polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and reverse transcription PCR. The samples were collected from five commercial hatcheries and five farms located in southwestern Nigeria. While all samples tested negative for other viruses, CAstV was detected in the majority (83.5%) of the birds, although some pleomorphic virus-like particles with surface projections that appeared fringed or fimbriated were observed in five of the cell culture samples by EM. Phylogenetic analysis revealed these CAstV strains belonged to the Bi clade. These findings not only implicate CAstV as the major cause of hatchery condemnations in commercial turkeys in southwestern Nigeria but also highlight the need for experimental studies to further establish its role in this disease condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adebowale I Adebiyi
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria. .,Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK.
| | | | - Daniel O Oluwayelu
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Victoria J Smyth
- Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, UK
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72
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Abstract
Sensitive, specific and rapid molecular diagnosis of respiratory diseases in animals and humans is critical to facilitate appropriate control measures and treatment. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based molecular diagnostics requires relatively expensive equipment and trained staff, restricting its use to centralized laboratories with significant delays between sample collection and test results. Herein, we report a highly sensitive, rapid, point-of-need, two-stage-molecular test that requires minimal instrumentation and training. Our test, dubbed Penn-RAMP, combines recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA, 38 °C) and loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP, 63 °C) in one tube, enabling nested, two-stage isothermal amplification. We demonstrate Penn-RAMP's efficacy by testing for two common viral respiratory diseases of chickens: infectious laryngotracheitis (ILT) and infectious bronchitis (IB) that impose great economic burden worldwide. Test results of clinical samples with our closed-tube Penn-RAMP assays concord with the gold standard quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay; with 10-fold better limit of detection than LAMP and qPCR. Our closed-tube Penn-RAMP assays have the potential to greatly reduce false negatives while requiring minimal instrumentation and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Tholoth
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt.
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73
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Domanska-Blicharz K, Sajewicz-Krukowska J. Recombinant turkey coronavirus: are some S gene structures of gammacoronaviruses especially prone to exchange? Poult Sci 2021; 100:101018. [PMID: 33662661 PMCID: PMC7937746 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to characterize the atypical turkey coronavirus strain detected in a commercial meat turkey farm in Poland. Using the viral metagenomics approach, we obtained a complete genome sequence of coronavirus, isolated from duodenum samples of animals suffering from acute enteritis. The nearly full-length genome consisted of 27,614 nucleotides and presented a typical genetic organization similar to that of Polish infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) or French turkey coronavirus/guinea fowl coronavirus strains. Phylogenetic analysis based on both the full-length genome and the whole S gene suggested that gCoV/Tk/Poland/G160/2016 is related to turkey and guinea fowl coronavirus and not IBV strains. Sequence analysis of the genome revealed unique genetic characteristics of the present strain, demonstrating that the virus emerged as a result of the exchange of the S gene of IBV GI-19 lineage with the S gene related to the North American turkey coronaviruses and French guinea fowl coronaviruses. Analysis of earlier, similar recombinations suggests that both the S gene structures may be particularly mobile, willingly switching between different gammacoronavirus genomic backbones. The identified recombinant caused a severe course of the disease, which may imply that it is in the first phase of breaking the barriers between different bird species.
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74
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Best K, Barouch DH, Guedj J, Ribeiro RM, Perelson AS. Zika virus dynamics: Effects of inoculum dose, the innate immune response and viral interference. PLoS Comput Biol 2021; 17:e1008564. [PMID: 33471814 PMCID: PMC7817008 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental Zika virus infection in non-human primates results in acute viral load dynamics that can be well-described by mathematical models. The inoculum dose that would be received in a natural infection setting is likely lower than the experimental infections and how this difference affects the viral dynamics and immune response is unclear. Here we study a dataset of experimental infection of non-human primates with a range of doses of Zika virus. We develop new models of infection incorporating both an innate immune response and viral interference with that response. We find that such a model explains the data better than models with no interaction between virus and the immune response. We also find that larger inoculum doses lead to faster dynamics of infection, but approximately the same total amount of viral production. The relationship between the infecting dose of a pathogen and the subsequent viral dynamics is unclear in many disease settings, and this relationship has implications for both the timing and the required efficacy of antiviral therapy. Since experimental challenge studies often employ higher doses of virus than would generally be present in natural infection assessment of this relationship is particularly important for translation of findings. In this study we used mathematical modelling of viral load data from a multi-dose study of Zika virus infection in a macaque model to describe the impact of varying the dose of Zika virus on model parameters, and developed a novel mathematical model incorporating viral interference with the innate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Best
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | | | - Ruy M. Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Laboratório de Biomatemática, Instituto de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Alan S. Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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75
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Silva RL, Figueira AA, Silva MM, Dias TS, Machado LS, Soares NM, Nascimento ER, Pereira VLA. Detection of Mycoplasma Synoviae and Other Pathogens in Laying Hens with Respiratory Signs in the Rearing and Production Phases. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2020-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- RL Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | | | - MM Silva
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | - TS Dias
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | - LS Machado
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | | | - ER Nascimento
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
| | - VLA Pereira
- Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil; Universidade Federal Fluminense, Brazil
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76
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Emergence of Avian coronavirus genotype GI-11 in Colombia. Braz J Microbiol 2020; 52:455-459. [PMID: 33104974 PMCID: PMC7586380 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00394-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coronavirus (AvCoV/IBV) is a virus with high morbidity, which can cause respiratory, digestive, renal, and reproductive diseases in chickens. Molecular detection and sequencing are the main tool for identification and classification of AvCoV. Thirty-six samples were collected in three broiler farms from different regions in Colombia, due to mortality increase; ten samples were positive using RT-qPCR targeted to the 5′ UTR of AvCoV, and one sample was positive and had its partial S gene sequenced. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that this strain belongs to the GI-11 lineage, similar to the Brazilian cluster. Several lineages have already been described in Colombia but, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that GI-11 has been detected in this country, which suggests that this subtype may be more widespread in South America than previously thought.
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77
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Grafl B, Gaußmann B, Sulejmanovic T, Hess C, Hess M. Risks and disease aetiologies of compromised performance in commercial broilers kept at lower stocking density and limited antimicrobial use. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:621-630. [PMID: 32746625 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1805411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The health status of broilers raised at lower stocking density and limited antimicrobial use (but routine anticoccidials) was assessed in order to identify prevalent causes of disease, mortality and reduced performance. "Dead-on-farm"(DOF) broilers from 145 commercial flocks were investigated at two different time points (TP1:7-14 and TP2:28-35 days of age); per sampling, 6-10 DOF broilers were selected for post-mortem investigation and gross pathomorphological changes were assessed from 2717 birds in total. Post-mortem findings were substantiated by bacteriological, virological and parasitological investigations. Furthermore, production data of all flocks were collected and used to perform comprehensive statistical analysis. Overall, colibacillosis was found most important with a significant negative impact on flock health, productivity and profitability through all ages of broiler production. At TP1, primary reasons for mortality comprised yolk sac infections, generally found together with fibrinous polyserositis due to E. coli. Furthermore, femoral lesions, which correlated with increased flock mortality, were associated with detection of E. coli. At TP2, ascites was detected frequently in DOF broilers, correlating with increased production losses in the fourth and fifth weeks of life. No aetiological link between the presence of ascites and the detection of the investigated pathogens was observed, instead a positive correlation was noticed with altitude above sea level of the farm, and with the sex of the birds. Disease conditions could not be linked with the housing system. Presence of infectious bronchitis virus, avian reovirus and fowl adenovirus did not correlate with macroscopic lesions or a specific disease. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS In young broilers lesions of visceral organs due to bacterial infections dominated. Colibacillosis impacts broiler health, productivity and profitability independent of the age of birds. Disorders of the locomotor system were frequently observed throughout production. Older broilers frequently showed pathologic changes due to metabolic disorders. Overall, a shift from infectious towards metabolic disease conditions was noticed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Grafl
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Gaußmann
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tarik Sulejmanovic
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Hess
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Hess
- Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, Clinic for Poultry and Fish Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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78
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Wille M, Holmes EC. Wild birds as reservoirs for diverse and abundant gamma- and deltacoronaviruses. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 44:631-644. [PMID: 32672814 PMCID: PMC7454673 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuaa026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild birds interconnect all parts of the globe through annual cycles of migration with little respect for country or continental borders. Although wild birds are reservoir hosts for a high diversity of gamma- and deltacoronaviruses, we have little understanding of the ecology or evolution of any of these viruses. In this review, we use genome sequence and ecological data to disentangle the evolution of coronaviruses in wild birds. Specifically, we explore host range at the levels of viral genus and species, and reveal the multi-host nature of many viral species, albeit with biases to certain types of avian host. We conclude that it is currently challenging to infer viral ecology due to major sampling and technical limitations, and suggest that improved assay performance across the breadth of gamma- and deltacoronaviruses, assay standardization, as well as better sequencing approaches, will improve both the repeatability and interpretation of results. Finally, we discuss cross-species virus transmission across both the wild bird - poultry interface as well as from birds to mammals. Clarifying the ecology and diversity in the wild bird reservoir has important ramifications for our ability to respond to the likely future emergence of coronaviruses in socioeconomically important animal species or human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Wille
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, at The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Edward C Holmes
- Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, School of Life and Environmental Sciences and School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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79
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Zegpi RA, Breedlove C, Gulley S, Toro H. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Immune Responses in the Harderian Gland upon Initial Vaccination. Avian Dis 2020; 64:92-95. [PMID: 32267130 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.1.92] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, Arkansas Delmarva Poultry Industry (ArkDPI)-derived infectious bronchitis (IB) virus (IBV) vaccines have been used to characterize the immune responses of chickens subsequent to vaccination on day of hatch or beyond. Perhaps because ArkDPI vaccines display increased heterogeneity, the results on cell immune responses have shown ambiguity. In the current study, we investigated the effects of vaccination with a highly stable and homogeneous Massachusetts (Mass)-type vaccine on days 1 or 7 of age on Harderian gland (HG) responses. Confirming previous studies, both IBV serum antibodies and lachrymal IgA levels were greater upon vaccination on day 7 compared with vaccination on day 1 of age. Unlike results with ArkDPI viruses, a clear trend was detected for both B and T cells in the HG after Mass-type vaccination. Consistent with antibody responses, B- and T-helper (CD3+CD4+) cell frequencies were higher in birds vaccinated on day 7 of age. Cytotoxic T cells (CD3+CD8+) were also increased compared with chickens vaccinated on day 1 of age. Depending on the most likely age of IB outbreaks to occur in a particular region, postponing the first IBV vaccination may optimize immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Zegpi
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, 36830
| | - C Breedlove
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, 36830
| | - S Gulley
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, 36830
| | - H Toro
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL, 36830,
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80
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Zegpi RA, Joiner KS, van Santen VL, Toro H. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Population Structure Defines Immune Response and Protection. Avian Dis 2020; 64:60-68. [PMID: 32267126 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.1.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
A commercial Arkansas (Ark) Delmarva Poultry Industry (DPI)-type vaccine and a more homogeneous population of that vaccine obtained previously through adaptation to chicken embryo kidney (CEK) cells (CEK-ArkDPI) were used as a model to further understand the impact of population genetic structure on generation of immune responses and protection. In a first experiment, vaccinated chickens were challenged with an IBV Ark99-type virulent strain (AL/4614/98). Despite extensive sequence similarity between the vaccines, the more heterogeneous commercial ArkDPI was more efficient at reducing viral loads in challenged chickens, while respiratory signs and tracheal lesions were reduced similarly by either vaccine. A distinct subpopulation of the Ark challenge virus showing asparagine at S1 position 56 was consistently negatively selected by immune pressure originating from vaccination with either vaccine. Antibody levels and antibody avidity to Ark-type S1 protein were greater in CEK-ArkDPI-vaccinated chickens compared to chickens vaccinated with the more diverse commercial ArkDPI vaccine. Synchronous replication of a homogeneous virus population likely elicits clonal expansion and affinity maturation of a greater number of responding B cells compared to a diverse virus population continuously changing its proportion of phenotypes during replication. The results of a second experiment showed that during initial vaccine virus replication (24 and 48 hr postvaccination), the virus population showing increased diversity (commercial ArkDPI) achieved higher concentrations of IBV RNA in the trachea compared to the more homogenous virus. mRNA expression of genes associated with innate immune responses in the trachea 48 hr postvaccination generally showed greater upregulation in chickens vaccinated with the heterogeneous commercial ArkDPI vaccine compared to the CEK-adapted virus. The greater upregulation of these genes is likely associated with higher virus replication achieved by the heterogeneous commercial vaccine. Thus, while the adaptive antibody response was favored by the more homogenous structure of the CEK-ArkDPI vaccine population (higher antibody levels and antibody avidity), the innate immune response was favored by the more diverse viral population of the commercial ArkDPI. We confirmed previous results that distinct subpopulations in wild Ark challenge virus become selected by immune pressure originating from vaccination, and we concluded that the population structure of IBV vaccines impacts innate immune response, antibody avidity, and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Zegpi
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - K S Joiner
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - V L van Santen
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - H Toro
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830,
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81
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Zegpi RA, He L, Yu Q, Joiner KS, van Santen VL, Toro H. Limited Protection Conferred by Recombinant Newcastle Disease Virus Expressing Infectious Bronchitis Spike Protein. Avian Dis 2020; 64:53-59. [PMID: 32267125 DOI: 10.1637/0005-2086-64.1.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Recombinant Newcastle disease virus (NDV) LaSota (LS) expressing secreted trimeric spike (S)-ectodomain (Se) of infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) (rLS/IBV.Se) was developed and evaluated for protection conferred against IBV challenge. The IBV S-ectodomain protein, which is S excluding the transmembrane anchor and short cytoplasmic domain of S2, expressed from recombinant LS corresponds to an Arkansas (Ark)-type IBV. In a first experiment, chickens were primed at 1 day of age or primed at 1 day of age and boosted at 14 days of age with 104 50% embryo infectious doses (EID50)/bird of rLS/IBV.Se and challenged with a virulent Ark strain. A single vaccination proved completely ineffective at protecting chickens against challenge, whereas priming and boosting reduced clinical signs and tracheal lesions but did not reduce viral load in lachrymal fluids. In experiment 2, the vaccine dose was increased to 107 EID50/bird and a different virulent Ark strain was used for challenge. In addition, chickens were singly immunized on either day 1 or day 10 after hatch. NDV antibody levels detected in vaccinated chickens were moderate, with hemagglutination inhibition titers varying between 4 and 5 log2. Slightly higher antibody levels to NDV were observed in chickens vaccinated on day 10 versus day 1 but without the difference achieving statistical significance. In contrast, antibody responses measured using recombinant IBV S1 protein-coated ELISA plates were significantly greater in chickens vaccinated on day 10 than on day 1. The use of a higher rLS/IBV.Se dose substantially enhanced the success of a single vaccination compared to experiment 1. Signs and tracheal lesions were reduced more effectively in chickens vaccinated at day 10 after hatch. However, as in experiment 1, vaccination did not reduce the viral loads in tear fluids of challenged chickens. Similar results, in which no reduction in viral load in the trachea was apparent from rLS/IBV.S vaccination, have been obtained by others. Further work is needed to understand the immune responses induced by this recombinant virus that seems to provide some protection against the disease but does not reduce viral loads in the upper respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Zegpi
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - L He
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center Athens, GA 30605
| | - Q Yu
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, United States National Poultry Research Center Athens, GA 30605
| | - K S Joiner
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - V L van Santen
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830
| | - H Toro
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn, AL 36830,
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82
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Zhang X, Liao K, Chen S, Yan K, Du X, Zhang C, Guo M, Wu Y. Evaluation of the reproductive system development and egg-laying performance of hens infected with TW I-type infectious bronchitis virus. Vet Res 2020; 51:95. [PMID: 32736651 PMCID: PMC7393890 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-020-00819-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of TW I-type infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) has been increasing rapidly, and it has become the second most common genotype of IBV in China threatening the poultry industry. In this study, 1-day-old specific-pathogen-free (SPF) chickens infected with TW I-type IBV were continuously observed for 200 days. TW I-type IBV affected the respiratory, urinary, and female reproductive systems, resulting in a mortality rate of 10% as well as a decrease in egg quantity and an increase in inferior eggs. During the monitoring period, serious lesions occurred in the female reproductive system, such as yolk peritonitis, a shortened oviduct, and cysts of different sizes with effusion in the degenerated right oviduct. The infective viruses persisted in vivo for a long time, and due to the stress of laying, virus shedding was detected again after the onset of egg production. Our findings suggest that TW I-type IBV is deadly to chickens and could cause permanent damage to the oviduct, resulting in the poor laying performance of female survivors and decreasing the breeding value and welfare of the infected flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Liao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuqin Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Yan
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xubin Du
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengjiao Guo
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yantao Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Animal Infectious Disease and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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83
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El-Tholoth M, Mauk MG, Anis E, Bau HH. A closed-tube, single-step, real time, reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification assay for infectious bronchitis virus detection in chickens. J Virol Methods 2020; 284:113940. [PMID: 32687868 PMCID: PMC7367007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2020.113940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A closed tube, single-step-real-time-RT-LAMP assay was developed for detection and semi-quantification of IBV in closed tube. The least limit of detection of our assay is 1 EID50/ ml. Clinical evaluation of samples from diseased chickens using our assay shows a very good concordance with RT-qPCR assay.
Infectious bronchitis (IB) is a viral infection of the chicken respiratory tract that causes substantial economic burden on the industry. Simple, specific and rapid diagnosis of this disease is critical for the initiation of appropriate control measures. Conventional molecular diagnostic methods require a relatively sophisticated equipment and skilled staff. Here we describe a rapid, simple, semi-quantative, closed-tube, single-step, real-time- reverse transcription-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay for IB and compare our assay with quantative, reverse transcription- polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). The limit of detection (LOD) of our RT-LAMP assay is 1 EID50/ ml. Clinical evaluation of samples from diseased chickens with our RT-LAMP showed a very good concordance with RT-qPCR. Our assay enables simple, specific, rapid molecular detection and semi-quantification of the infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) in veterinary diagnostic laboratories. Furthermore, our RT-LAMP detection is carried out in a sealed tube, eliminating the risk of false-positive results in subsequent tests because of any contamination of the work area as in the case of lateral flow strip or gel electrophoresis-based amplicon detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed El-Tholoth
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt; Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States.
| | - Michael G Mauk
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Eman Anis
- Department of Pathobiology, New Bolton Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, PA 19348, United States
| | - Haim H Bau
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Applied Mechanics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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84
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Keep S, Sives S, Stevenson-Leggett P, Britton P, Vervelde L, Bickerton E. Limited Cross-Protection against Infectious Bronchitis Provided by Recombinant Infectious Bronchitis Viruses Expressing Heterologous Spike Glycoproteins. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:E330. [PMID: 32580371 PMCID: PMC7350270 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8020330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Gammacoronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) causes an economically important respiratory disease of poultry. Protective immunity is associated with the major structural protein, spike (S) glycoprotein, which induces neutralising antibodies and defines the serotype. Cross-protective immunity between serotypes is limited and can be difficult to predict. In this study, the ability of two recombinant IBV vaccine candidates, BeauR-M41(S) and BeauR-4/91(S), to induce cross-protection against a third serotype, QX, was assessed. Both rIBVs are genetically based on the Beaudette genome with only the S gene derived from either M41 or 4/91, two unrelated serotypes. The use of these rIBVs allowed for the assessment of the potential of M41 and 4/91 S glycoproteins to induce cross-protective immunity against a heterologous QX challenge. The impact of the order of vaccination was also assessed. Homologous primary and secondary vaccination with BeauR-M41(S) or BeauR-4/91(S) resulted in a significant reduction of infectious QX load in the trachea at four days post-challenge, whereas heterologous primary and secondary vaccination with BeauR-M41(S) and BeauR-4/91(S) reduced viral RNA load in the conjunctiva-associated lymphoid tissue (CALT). Both homologous and heterologous vaccination regimes reduced clinical signs and birds recovered more rapidly as compared with an unvaccinated/challenge control group. Despite both rIBV BeauR-M41(S) and BeauR-4/91(S) displaying limited replication in vivo, serum titres in these vaccinated groups were higher as compared with the unvaccinated/challenge control group. This suggests that vaccination with rIBV primed the birds for a boosted humoral response to heterologous QX challenge. Collectively, vaccination with the rIBV elicited limited protection against challenge, with failure to protect against tracheal ciliostasis, clinical manifestations, and viral replication. The use of a less attenuated recombinant vector that replicates throughout the respiratory tract could be required to elicit a stronger and prolonged protective immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keep
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (P.B.)
| | - Samantha Sives
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK; (S.S.); (L.V.)
| | | | - Paul Britton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (P.B.)
| | - Lonneke Vervelde
- Division of Infection and Immunity, The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick), School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush EH25 9RG, UK; (S.S.); (L.V.)
| | - Erica Bickerton
- The Pirbright Institute, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK; (S.K.); (P.S.-L.); (P.B.)
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85
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Akanbi OB, Shittu I, Barde IJ, Rimfa AG. Molecular and pathological investigation of a natural outbreak of Newcastle disease caused by genotype XVII in White Leghorn chickens. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:394-403. [PMID: 32301622 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1757035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious viral poultry disease with great economic consequences. In developing countries, outbreaks of ND caused by virulent Newcastle disease virus (NDV) have been identified as a limiting factor to the growth of the poultry industry. Limited reports exist on the pathology of natural field infection caused by NDV genotype XVII in chickens. Here, we present clinical, pathological and molecular investigation of confirmed ND in a 24-week-old layer-type, semi-intensive poultry flock with recorded mortality of over 50%. During PM examination, tissues were harvested for virus isolation, histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Virus isolation was performed in 10-day-old embryonated chicken eggs, and a haemagglutinating agent thereof identified by one-step reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). For the genotyping of the isolate, the full fusion gene was sequenced. Clinical signs observed included general body lethargy, inappetence and greenish diarrhoeic faeces from the cloaca before death with daily mortality exceeding 100 chickens. The pathology was characteristic of a viral haemorrhagic infection, with serosal haemorrhages, mucosal surface erosion and ulceration. In most of the carcasses, the main lesions seen included airsacculitis, meningeal congestion, haemorrhagic oophoritis, pancreatic necrosis, enteritis and faecal matting of the vent. Virus isolation and RT-PCR made a confirmatory diagnosis of ND. Based on the cleavage site motif sequence (112RRQKR/F117), the isolate was identified as a virulent strain with phylogenetic analysis showing clustering in genotype XVII viruses. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the first report describing the pathological findings of a natural outbreak caused by NDV involving viruses of genotype XVII. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS First report of a natural outbreak of Newcastle disease in White Yarkon Leghorns. The outbreak was caused by virulent NDV belonging to genotype XVII. Pathology differed slightly from those in experimental studies using SPF and other unvaccinated chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olatunde Babatunde Akanbi
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ismaila Shittu
- Regional Laboratory for Animal Influenzas and Transboundary Animal Diseases, Virology Division, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Israel Joshua Barde
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
| | - Amos Gambo Rimfa
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, National Veterinary Research Institute, Vom, Nigeria
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86
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Puleio R, Manno C, Valenza A, Tolone M, Loria GR. Laboratory findings on the health status of the endemic rock‐partridge (
Alectoris graeca whitakeri
) population during a two‐year conservation programme in Sicily. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Puleio
- Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry LaboratoryIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia Adelmo MirriPalermoSiciliaItaly
| | - Claudia Manno
- Area Diagnostica SpecialisticaIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia Adelmo MirriPalermoSiciliaItaly
| | - Andrea Valenza
- Area Diagnostica SpecialisticaIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia Adelmo MirriPalermoSiciliaItaly
| | - Marco Tolone
- Dipartimento di Scienze AgrarieAlimentari e ForestaliUniversita degli Studi di PalermoPalermoItaly
| | - Guido Ruggero Loria
- Area Diagnostica SpecialisticaIstituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia Adelmo MirriPalermoSiciliaItaly
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87
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Domanska-Blicharz K, Sajewicz-Krukowska J, Lisowska A. New PA/1220/98-like variant of infectious bronchitis virus in Poland. Avian Pathol 2020; 49:380-388. [PMID: 32271091 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2020.1754332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to report the first detection of a new infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variant in Polish commercial flocks which is completely different to any previously known in this region. In 2018, samples from Ross 308 breeding hens aged 35 weeks were delivered for IBV diagnosis. IBV presence was detected, but all attempts to amplify the S gene fragment were negative. The field material was analysed using the Illumina MiSeq platform and a 1073-nt fragment of the S1 coding region was obtained. The gCoV/ck/Poland/516/2018 strain shared only 52.7-58.1% nucleotide identity to any known genotype of IBV and shared the highest identity of 81.4% to the unique North American PA/1220/98 variant. Based on the obtained sequence, a specific molecular test was constructed and used for screening of chicken samples from 35 field cases delivered to our laboratory between 2018 and 2019 for IBV diagnosis. Application of this test enabled detection of another three chicken flocks as positive for this new strain. All positives were identified in commercial layers with egg production problems. To date, the virus has not been detected in broiler chickens. Taking into account the proposed criteria for the definition of a new IBV genotype or lineage, it seems that the detected viruses in Poland, together with the unique North American PA/1220/98 variant, may be classified as separate lineages/genotype in the new IBV classification. RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS The new IBV variant is distantly related to other known GI-GVII IBV genotypes/lineages. It affects long-lived birds causing egg production problems. The detected IBV and the unique North American PA/1220/98 variant are candidates for separate lineages in the new GVIII genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Anna Lisowska
- Department of Poultry Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Puławy, Poland
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88
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Crispo M, Blackall P, Khan A, Shivaprasad HL, Clothier K, Sentíes-Cué CG, Cooper G, Blakey J, Pitesky M, Mountainspring G, Cutler G, Bickford A, Stoute S. Characterization of an Outbreak of Infectious Coryza ( Avibacterium paragallinarum) in Commercial Chickens in Central California. Avian Dis 2020; 63:486-494. [PMID: 31967433 DOI: 10.1637/19-00081.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
In 2017, the Turlock branch of the California Animal Health & Food Safety laboratory system received a significant increase in infectious coryza (IC) necropsy cases, with a total of 54 submissions originating from commercial broilers (n = 40), commercial layers (n = 11), and backyard chickens (n = 3). Layer flocks positive for IC were distributed within the adjacent counties of Merced and Stanislaus, while broiler flocks were concentrated within Merced County. The backyard flocks were located in Alameda and Sacramento counties. The clinical and pathologic presentation was consistent with IC, although septicemic lesions were also noticed. Avibacterium paragallinarum was isolated and identified by PCR from the respiratory tract as well as from extrarespiratory sites. Polymicrobial infections involving other viral (infectious bronchitis virus, infectious bursal disease virus) and bacterial (Mycoplasma spp., Escherichia coli, Ornithobacterium rhinotracheale, Gallibacterium anatis biovar haemolytica) agents were commonly reported. Thirteen selected Av. paragallinarum isolates were successfully characterized as serovar C (Page scheme) and serovar C2 (Kume scheme). They shared a unique enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC) PCR, differing from the four reference strains, and showed consistent high minimum inhibitory concentration values for tetracycline, suggesting a common origin from a single clone. Based on these results, high biosecurity standards and proper immunization of susceptible, multi-age flocks should always be implemented and adjusted as needed. The importance of backyard flocks should not be underestimated due to their unique epidemiologic role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Crispo
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Patrick Blackall
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Aatif Khan
- Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - H L Shivaprasad
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Tulare Branch, University of California-Davis, Tulare, CA 93274
| | - Kristin Clothier
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Davis Branch, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616
| | - C Gabriel Sentíes-Cué
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - George Cooper
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Julia Blakey
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Maurice Pitesky
- Department of Population Health and Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California-Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Gregg Cutler
- Cutler Veterinary Associates International, P.O. Box 1042, Moorpark, CA 93020
| | - Arthur Bickford
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, Turlock, CA 95380
| | - Simone Stoute
- California Animal Health & Food Safety Laboratory System, Turlock Branch, University of California-Davis, Turlock, CA 95380,
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89
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Crespo R, Bland M, Opriessnig T. Use of Commercial Swine Live Attenuated Vaccine to Control an Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Outbreak in Commercial Cage-Free Layer Chickens. Avian Dis 2020; 63:520-524. [PMID: 31967438 DOI: 10.1637/12004-112118-case.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae septicemia was diagnosed in three cage-free commercial layer flocks from Washington State that experienced an increase in mortality and slight drop in egg production. Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae was isolated from multiple organs and from environmental samples. An agar gel diffusion test of several E. rhusiopathiae isolates confirmed the presence of serotype 1b, and multiplex real-time PCR of the surface protective antigen (Spa) gene confirmed presence of SpaA. Bacitracin administered via the water reduced mortality minimally and only for a short period of time. Mortality was finally controlled by vaccination with a live attenuated swine E. rhusiopathiae vaccine delivered via the drinking water. This is the first report describing the use of an attenuated vaccine to control an E. rhusiopathiae outbreak in a chicken flock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocio Crespo
- Avian Health and Food Safety Laboratory, Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory, Washington State University, Puyallup, WA 98371,
| | | | - Tanja Opriessnig
- The Roslin Institute and The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG Scotland, United Kingdom.,Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
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90
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Zegpi RA, Gulley SL, Santen VLV, Joiner KS, Toro H. Infectious Bronchitis Virus Vaccination at Day 1 of Age Further Limits Cross Protection. Avian Dis 2020; 63:302-309. [PMID: 31251531 DOI: 10.1637/12009-120518-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Cross-protection and immune responses elicited by infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccination on Day 1 of age or at later time points were examined. Specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with a Massachusetts-type vaccine and heterologous challenge was performed with an Arkansas (Ark) -type virulent strain. In Trial 1, chickens vaccinated on Day 1 or Day 10 of age were challenged 21 days after vaccination. Analysis of tracheal histopathology and viral load demonstrated less cross protection when vaccination was performed on Day 1 of age. In Trial 2, chickens were vaccinated on Day 1 or Day 14 of age. A somewhat stronger systemic antibody response to IBV was detected in chickens vaccinated at 14 days of age. In addition, avidity of antibodies to Ark-type S1 protein elicited by vaccination at 14 days of age was greater. Differences in immune-cell populations in the Harderian gland (HG) observed at the time of sampling (35 days following vaccination) between chickens vaccinated at 1 day or 14 days of age indicated greater, rather than reduced, immune activity in the chickens vaccinated at 1 day of age. These differences are, perhaps, a result of the higher levels of persisting vaccine virus observed in the younger chickens. Both nonvaccinated/challenged groups showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) proportions of B cells and CD8+ T cells 7 days after challenge than age-matched vaccinated/challenged groups or age-matched nonvaccinated/nonchallenged control groups. These results indicate infiltration and/or expansion of B cells and CD8+ cells in HGs following challenge of nonvaccinated chickens. A fortuitous finding was that the more immature immune system of chickens vaccinated at 1 day of age was less effective at clearing vaccine virus after vaccination. Collectively, the current results indicate that IBV vaccination at 1 day of age can decrease the potential for heterologous cross protection compared with vaccination at least 10 days after hatch. A lower level of antibody affinity maturation likely contributes to decreased cross protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Zegpi
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - S L Gulley
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - V L van Santen
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - K S Joiner
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849
| | - H Toro
- Department of Pathobiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849,
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91
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Al-Mubarak AIA, Al-Kubati AAG. Cocirculation of Four Infectious Bronchitis Virus Lineages in Broiler Chickens in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia from 2012 to 2014. Vet Med Int 2020; 2020:6037893. [PMID: 32292579 PMCID: PMC7150681 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6037893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2019] [Revised: 11/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is an evolving and dynamic virus that causes major economic losses for the poultry industry worldwide. Continuous evolution and emergence of new variants of this virus are the major challenges for controlling the disease with routine vaccination. Successful vaccination usually requires the use of a homologous vaccine, which in turn necessitates continuous investigation of the circulating strains. Herein, we performed a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction- (RT-PCR-) based investigation in broiler chicken flocks of the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia. IBV was detected in 36.5% of the tested flocks (42 out of 115) from January 2012 to March 2014. Direct sequencing of hypervariable region-3 (HVR-3) of the Spike (S)-1 gene was performed, followed by phylogenetic analysis to determine the circulating IBV genotypes. Four lineages appear to coexist in this region, including the GI-13 or 4/91 IBV (31%), GI-16 or CK/CH/LDL/97I IBV (28.6%), GI-1 or Mass IBV (19%), and GI-23 or Middle East IBV (21.4%). The latter lineage include two subgroups: IS/720/99 IBV (16.7%) and IS/Variant2/98 IBV (4.7%). Some of the detections made in the 4/91 and Mass lineages are expected to belong to the vaccine strains. Lineages without a homologous vaccine in use (CK/CH/LDL/97I and Middle East) represent 50% of the isolates recovered in this study. Based on identity with the vaccine sequences, field observations, and frequent detection, these two lineages appear to be out of coverage of the IBV vaccines used in Saudi Arabia. This is the first time to identify Middle East lineage (IS/720/99 IBV and IS/Variant2/98 IBV) in the Eastern Region of Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah I. A. Al-Mubarak
- Department of Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Hofuf, Saudi Arabia
| | - Anwar A. G. Al-Kubati
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, Saudi Arabia
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92
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Nabil NM, Erfan AM, Tawakol MM, Haggag NM, Naguib MM, Samy A. Wild Birds in Live Birds Markets: Potential Reservoirs of Enzootic Avian Influenza Viruses and Antimicrobial Resistant Enterobacteriaceae in Northern Egypt. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9030196. [PMID: 32155863 PMCID: PMC7157678 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9030196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Wild migratory birds are often implicated in the introduction, maintenance, and global dissemination of different pathogens, such as influenza A viruses (IAV) and antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) bacteria. Trapping of migratory birds during their resting periods at the northern coast of Egypt is a common and ancient practice performed mainly for selling in live bird markets (LBM). In the present study, samples were collected from 148 wild birds, representing 14 species, which were being offered for sale in LBM. All birds were tested for the presence of AIV and enterobacteriaceae. Ten samples collected from Northern Shoveler birds (Spatula clypeata) were positive for IAV and PCR sub-typing and pan HA/NA sequencing assays detected H5N8, H9N2, and H6N2 viruses in four, four, and one birds, respectively. Sequencing of the full haemagglutinin (HA) gene revealed a high similarity with currently circulating IAV in Egypt. From all the birds, E.coli was recovered from 37.2% and Salmonella from 20.2%, with 66%-96% and 23%-43% isolates being resistant to at least one of seven selected critically important antimicrobials (CIA), respectively. The presence of enzootic IAV and the wide prevalence of AMR enterobacteriaceae in wild birds highlight the potential role of LBM in the spread of different pathogens from and to wild birds. Continued surveillance of both AIV and antimicrobial-resistant enterobacteriaceae in wild birds' habitats is urgently needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal M. Nabil
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Ahmed M. Erfan
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Maram M. Tawakol
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Naglaa M. Haggag
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
| | - Mahmoud M. Naguib
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
- Zoonosis Science Center, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala SE-75185, Sweden
| | - Ahmed Samy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Dokki, Giza 12618, Egypt; (N.M.N.); (A.M.E.); (M.M.T.); (N.M.H.); (M.M.N.)
- Immunogenetics, The Pirbright Institute, Surrey GU24 0NF, UK
- Correspondence: or
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93
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Butt SL, Erwood EC, Zhang J, Sellers HS, Young K, Lahmers KK, Stanton JB. Real-time, MinION-based, amplicon sequencing for lineage typing of infectious bronchitis virus from upper respiratory samples. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 33:179-190. [PMID: 32133932 PMCID: PMC7201198 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720910107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) causes significant economic losses in the global poultry industry. Control of IB is hindered by the genetic diversity of the causative agent, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV), which has led to the emergence of several serotypes that lack complete serologic cross-protection. Although serotyping requires immunologic characterization, genotyping is an efficient means to identify IBVs detected in samples. Sanger sequencing of the S1 subunit of the spike gene is currently used to genotype IBV; however, the universal S1 PCR was created to work from cultured IBV, and it is inefficient at detecting multiple viruses in a single sample. We describe herein a MinION-based, amplicon-based sequencing (AmpSeq) method that genetically categorized IBV from clinical samples, including samples with multiple IBVs. Total RNA was extracted from 15 tracheal scrapings and choanal cleft swab samples, randomly reverse transcribed, and PCR amplified using modified S1-targeted primers. Amplicons were barcoded to allow for pooling of samples, processed per manufacturer’s instructions into a 1D MinION sequencing library, and then sequenced on the MinION. The AmpSeq method detected IBV in 13 of 14 IBV-positive samples. AmpSeq accurately detected and genotyped both IBV lineages in 3 of 5 samples containing 2 IBV lineages. Additionally, 1 sample contained 3 IBV lineages, and AmpSeq accurately detected 2 of the 3 lineages. Strain identification, including detection of different IBVs from the same lineage, was also possible with this AmpSeq method. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using MinION-based AmpSeq for rapid and accurate identification and lineage typing of IBV from oral swab samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman L Butt
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Eric C Erwood
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Holly S Sellers
- Poultry Diagnostic & Research Center, Department of Population Health, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Kelsey Young
- Department of Pathology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
| | - Kevin K Lahmers
- Department of Biomedical Sciences & Pathobiology, VA-MD College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnical Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA.,College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
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94
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Moore JR, Ahmed H, Manicassamy B, Garcia-Sastre A, Handel A, Antia R. Varying Inoculum Dose to Assess the Roles of the Immune Response and Target Cell Depletion by the Pathogen in Control of Acute Viral Infections. Bull Math Biol 2020; 82:35. [PMID: 32125535 DOI: 10.1007/s11538-020-00711-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
It is difficult to determine whether an immune response or target cell depletion by the infectious agent is most responsible for the control of acute primary infection. Both mechanisms can explain the basic dynamics of an acute infection-exponential growth of the pathogen followed by control and clearance-and can also be represented by many different differential equation models. Consequently, traditional model comparison techniques using time series data can be ambiguous or inconclusive. We propose that varying the inoculum dose and measuring the subsequent infectious load can rule out target cell depletion by the pathogen as the main control mechanism. Infectious load can be any measure that is proportional to the number of infected cells, such as viraemia. We show that a twofold or greater change in infectious load is unlikely when target cell depletion controls infection, regardless of the model details. Analyzing previously published data from mice infected with influenza, we find the proportion of lung epithelial cells infected was 21-fold greater (95% confidence interval 14-32) in the highest dose group than in the lowest. This provides evidence in favor of an alternative to target cell depletion, such as innate immunity, in controlling influenza infections in this experimental system. Data from other experimental animal models of acute primary infection have a similar pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- James R Moore
- Division of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, USA.
| | - Hasan Ahmed
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
| | - Balaji Manicassamy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa School College of Medicine, Iowa City, USA
| | | | - Andreas Handel
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Georgia, Athens, USA
| | - Rustom Antia
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, USA
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95
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Munyahongse S, Pohuang T, Nonthabenjawan N, Sasipreeyajan J, Thontiravong A. Genetic characterization of infectious bronchitis viruses in Thailand, 2014-2016: identification of a novel recombinant variant. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1888-1895. [PMID: 32241468 PMCID: PMC7173020 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.11.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis (IB) causes severe economic losses to the poultry industry worldwide owing to frequent emergence of novel infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) variants, which potentially affect the effectiveness of the currently used IBV vaccine. Therefore, continuous monitoring of IBV genotypes and lineages recently circulating in chickens worldwide is essential. In this study, we characterized the complete S1 gene from 120 IBVs circulating in chickens in Thailand from 2014 to 2016. Phylogenetic analysis of the complete S1 gene of 120 Thai IBVs revealed that the 2014–2016 Thai IBVs were divided into 3 lineages (GI-1, GI-13, and GI-19) and a novel IBV variant. Our results also showed that GI-19 lineage has become the predominant lineage of IBV circulating in chicken flocks in Thailand from 2014 to 2016. It is interesting to note that a novel IBV variant, which was genetically different from the established IBV lineages, was identified in this study. The recombination analysis demonstrated that this novel IBV variant was a recombinant virus, which was originated from the GI-19 and GI-13 lineage viruses. In conclusion, our data demonstrate the circulation of different lineages of IBV and the presence of a novel recombinant IBV variant in chicken flocks in Thailand. This study highlights the high genetic diversity and continued evolution of IBVs in chickens in Thailand, and the importance of continued IBV surveillance for effective control and prevention of IB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirorat Munyahongse
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tawatchai Pohuang
- Research Group for Animal Health Technology, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen, Thailand
| | - Nutthawan Nonthabenjawan
- Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Center of Excellence, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jiroj Sasipreeyajan
- Avian Health Research Unit, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Aunyaratana Thontiravong
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand; Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases in Animals (CUEIDAs), Center of Excellence, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
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96
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Sultan HA, Talaat S, Elfeil WK, Selim K, Kutkat MA, Amer SA, Choi KS. Protective efficacy of the Newcastle disease virus genotype VII-matched vaccine in commercial layers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:1275-1286. [PMID: 32111305 PMCID: PMC7587656 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2019.10.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide, with a diversity of genotypes associated with severe economic losses in all poultry sectors. Class II genotype VII NDV are predominant in the Middle East and Asia, despite intensive vaccination programs using conventional live and inactivated NDV vaccines. In Egypt, the disease is continuously spreading, causing severe economical losses in the poultry industry. In this study; the protective efficacy of a commercial, inactivated recombinant genotype VII NDV–matched vaccine (KBNP-C4152R2L strain) against challenge with the velogenic NDV strain (Chicken/USC/Egypt/2015) was evaluated in commercial layers. Two vaccination regimes were used; live NDV genotype II (LaSota) vaccine on days 10, 18, and 120, with either the inactivated NDV genotype II regime or inactivated NDV genotype VII–matched vaccine regime on days 14, 42, and 120. The 2 regimes were challenged at the peak of egg production on week 26. Protection by the 2 regimes was evaluated after experimental infection, based on mortality rate, clinical signs, gross lesions, virus shedding, seroconversion, and egg production schedule. The results show that these 2 vaccination regimes protected commercial layer chickens against mortality, but some birds showed mild clinical signs and reduced egg production temporarily. However, the combination of live NDV genotype II and recombinant inactivated genotype VII vaccines provided better protection against virus shedding (20% and 0% vs. 60% and 40%) as assessed in tracheal swabs and (20% and 0% vs. 20% and 20%) in cloacal swabs collected at 3 and 5 D post challenge (dpc), respectively. In addition, egg production levels in birds receiving the inactivated NDV genotype VII–matched vaccine regime and in those given inactivated genotype II vaccines were 76.6, 79, 82, and 87.4% and 77.7, 72.5, 69, and 82.5% at 7, 14, 21, and 28 dpc, respectively. The results of this study indicate that recombinant genotype-matched inactivated vaccine along with a live attenuated vaccine can reduce virus shedding and improve egg production in commercial layers challenged with a velogenic genotype VII virus under field conditions. This regime may ensure a proper control strategy in layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hesham A Sultan
- Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Menoufiya 32958, Egypt; Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shaimaa Talaat
- Department of Birds and Rabbits Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Sadat City University, Menoufiya 32958, Egypt
| | - Wael K Elfeil
- Avian and Rabbit Medicine Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
| | - Karim Selim
- Virology Division, Animal Health Research Institute, Agriculture Research Centre, Dokki, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A Kutkat
- Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sameh A Amer
- Veterinary Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Kang-Seuk Choi
- Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency, Gimcheon, Republic of Korea
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97
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Wu X, Song Z, Zhai X, Zuo L, Mei X, Xiang R, Kang Z, Zhou L, Wang H. Simultaneous and visual detection of infectious bronchitis virus and Newcastle disease virus by multiple LAMP and lateral flow dipstick. Poult Sci 2020; 98:5401-5411. [PMID: 31265112 PMCID: PMC7107193 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and Newcastle disease virus (NDV) are both important viruses seriously affecting poultry industry worldwide. In this study, reverse-transcription LAMP (RT-LAMP) was combined with lateral flow dipstick (LFD) forming a novel detection tool which could simultaneously detect IBV and NDV visually. Primers targeted the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of IBV genome and the conserved region of NDV large polymerase gene (LP). The specificity and sensitivity of this multiple reverse transcription-LAMP-LFD (mRT-LAMP-LFD) assay were compared with those of conventional RT-PCR, nested RT-PCR (nRT-PCR), quantification RT-PCR (qRT-PCR), and RT-LAMP monitored by electrophoresis. No non-specific amplifications were observed when the assays were tested with unrelated viruses. According to the sensitivity study, when detecting IBV or NDV alone, the lowest detection limits of mRT-LAMP-LFD were 100.8 IBV RNA copies/reaction and 100.7 NDV RNA copies/reaction. Furthermore, when detecting IBV and NDV simultaneously, the lowest detection limit was the same as that of the single detection assays. In the clinical sample study, mRT-LAMP-LFD performed the best among these assays. When tested with IBV or NDV single infected samples, the mean detection rates were 98.65% and 97.25%, respectively. In the IBV and NDV co-infected sample study, the mean detection rates of IBV and NDV were both 95%. This study showed that mRT-LAMP-LFD was a promising qualitative detection tool suitable for field single or multiple IBV and NDV detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wu
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education,29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zengxu Song
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education,29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xiwen Zhai
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education,29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Lei Zuo
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education,29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Xueran Mei
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education,29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Rong Xiang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education,29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Zhuangzhuang Kang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education,29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Long Zhou
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education,29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hongning Wang
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Animal Disease Prevention and Food Safety Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, "985 Project" Science Innovative Platform for Resource and Environment Protection of Southwestern, Key Laboratory of Bio-resources and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education,29# Wangjiang Road, Chengdu 610065, China
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98
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Brandão PE, Hora AS, Silva SOS, Taniwaki SA, Berg M. Extinction and emergence of genomic haplotypes during the evolution of Avian coronavirus in chicken embryos. Genet Mol Biol 2020; 43:e20190064. [PMID: 32338275 PMCID: PMC7249780 DOI: 10.1590/1678-4685-gmb-2019-0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian coronavirus (AvCoV) is ubiquitously present on poultry as a multitude of virus lineages. Studies on AvCoV phenotypic traits are dependent on the isolation of field strains in chicken embryonated eggs, but the mutant spectrum on each isolate is not considered. This manuscript reports the previously unknown HTS (high throughput sequencing)-based complete genome haplotyping of AvCoV isolates after passages of two field strains in chicken embryonated eggs. For the first and third passages of strain 23/2013, virus loads were 6.699 log copies/ μL and 6 log copies/ μL and, for 38/2013, 5.699 log copies/μL and 2.699 log copies/μL of reaction, respectively. The first passage of strain 23/2013 contained no variant haplotype, while, for the third passage, five putative variant haplotypes were found, with > 99.9% full genome identity with each other and with the dominant genome. Regarding strain 38/2013, five variant haplotypes were found for the first passage, with > 99.9% full genome identity with each other and with the dominant genome, and a single variant haplotype was found. Extinction and emergence of haplotypes with polymorphisms in genes involved in receptor binding and regulation of RNA synthesis were observed, suggesting that phenotypic traits of AvCoV isolates are a result of their mutant spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo E Brandão
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Aline S Hora
- Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Sheila O S Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sueli A Taniwaki
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Mikael Berg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Section of Virology, Uppsala, Sweden
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99
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Lachheb J, Turki A, Nsiri J, Fathallah I, El Behi I, Larbi I, Ghram A. Molecular characterization of a unique variant of avian infectious bronchitis virus in Tunisia. Poult Sci 2019; 98:4338-4345. [PMID: 31265109 PMCID: PMC7107247 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Avian infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is responsible of significant economic losses for poultry industry around the world, through evolution of its pathogenicity, inadequacy of vaccines, and virus evasion. Such evasion is related to the unstable nature of its RNA, in particular the S glycoprotein encoding gene, which raises great challenges with regard to the control of the disease, along with the lack of proof reading mechanisms of the RNA polymerase. The emergence of new variants might be a reason for the endemic outbreaks that are being reported in Tunisia, in addition to poor vaccination techniques and ineffective prophylactic programs. In the present study, partial nucleotide sequences of the S1 glycoprotein gene and the 3'-untranslated region (UTR) of 2 Tunisian isolates, TN1011/16 and TN1012/16, identified in 2016, were determined. Specific mutations were found in S1 gene as well as in 3'UTR region. Phylogenetic analysis of the S1 nucleotide sequences showed that both isolates are closely related to the Algerian strains, and formed a common cluster within the genotype I. In addition, these isolates were non-recombinant ones, confirming that they are unique variants. Based on their S1 gene sequences, TN1011/16 and TN1012/16 strains were distant from the H120 vaccine strain, commercially used in Tunisia along with the variant vaccine 793B type (4/91). A comparison between nucleotide sequences of their 3'UTR region and S1 gene showed a difference in IBV classification. The obtained results have confirmed that the IBVsequence continues to drift and brings valuable information in relation with its evolution, vaccine development and better control of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihene Lachheb
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Aicha Turki
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Jihene Nsiri
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen Fathallah
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen El Behi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Imen Larbi
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
| | - Abdeljelil Ghram
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Veterinary Microbiology LR 11 IPT 03, Institut Pasteur of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, 13 place Pasteur, BP74 Tunis Belvedere 1002, Tunisia
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100
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Tawakol MM, Nabil NM, Samy A. Evaluation of bacteriophage efficacy in reducing the impact of single and mixed infections with Escherichia coli and infectious bronchitis in chickens. Infect Ecol Epidemiol 2019; 9:1686822. [PMID: 31839902 PMCID: PMC6896464 DOI: 10.1080/20008686.2019.1686822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) represents a major threat to poultry production worldwide particularly when complicated with bacterial infection. In the present study samples were collected from forty broiler farms with respiratory manifestations to characterize IBV and E. coli. Bacteriophages were isolated and enriched from sampled farms to study its efficacy to control single and mixed infections with E. coli and IBV in vivo. Twelve out of forty farms were positive for IBV. Phylogenetic analysis of partial spike protein revealed that all positive cases clustered within the GI-23 genotype. Eight out of forty farms were positive for E. coli serogroups O26, O78, O86, O114, O119, with O125 found on three farms. Bacteriophage treatment delayed the onset and reduced the severity of clinical signs, and prevented the mortality associated with single and mixed infection with IBV and E. coli. Furthermore, in mixed infections, bacteriophage treatment significantly reduced E. coli as well as IBV shedding. Groups treated with bacteriophages showed a significant reduction of E. coli shedding that gradually decreased over time, in contrast to higher and gradually increasing shedding without bacteriophage treatment. In conclusion, bacteriophage treatment significantly reduced the pathogenicity and shedding of IBVand E. coli in mixed infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maram M. Tawakol
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Nehal M. Nabil
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Samy
- Reference Laboratory for Veterinary Quality Control on Poultry Production, Animal Health Research Institute, Giza, Egypt
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