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Karamanos NK, Theocharis AD, Neill T, Iozzo RV. Matrix modeling and remodeling: A biological interplay regulating tissue homeostasis and diseases. Matrix Biol 2018; 75-76:1-11. [PMID: 30130584 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The overall structure and architecture of the extracellular matrix undergo dramatic alterations in composition, form, and functionality over time. The stochasticity begins during development, essential for maintaining organismal homeostasis and is heavily implicated in many pathobiological states including fibrosis and cancer. Modeling and remodeling of the matrix is driven by the local cellular milieu and secreted and cell-associated components in a framework of dynamic reciprocity. This collection of expertly-written reviews aims to relay state-of-the-art information concerning the mechanisms of matrix modeling and remodeling in physiological development and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
| | - Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis and Matrix Pathobiochemistry Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy, and Cell Biology, Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Godoy‐Guzmán C, Nuñez C, Orihuela P, Campos A, Carriel V. Distribution of extracellular matrix molecules in human uterine tubes during the menstrual cycle: a histological and immunohistochemical analysis. J Anat 2018; 233:73-85. [PMID: 29663371 PMCID: PMC5987832 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The uterine tube (UT) is an important and complex organ of the women's reproductive system. In general, the anatomy and basic histology of this organ are well-known. However, the composition and function of the extracellular matrix (ECM) of the UT is still poorly understood. The ECM is a complex supramolecular material produced by cells which is commonly restricted to the basement membrane and interstitial spaces. ECM molecules play not only a structural role, they are also important for cell growth, survival and differentiation in all tissues. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the deposition and distribution of type I and III collagens and proteoglycans (decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin and versican) in human UT during the follicular and luteal phases by using histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques. Our results showed a broad synthesis of collagens (I and III) in the stroma of the UT. The analysis by regions showed, in the mucosa, a specific distribution of versican and fibromodulin in the epithelial surface, whereas decorin and fibromodulin were observed in the lamina propria. Versican and decorin were found in the stroma of the muscular layer, whereas all studied proteoglycans were identified in the serosa. Curiously, biglycan was restricted to the wall of the blood vessels of the serosa and muscular layers. Furthermore, there was an immunoreaction for collagens, decorin, versican and fibromodulin in the UT peripheral nerves. The differential distribution of these ECM molecules in the different layers of the UT could be related to specific structural and/or biomechanical functions needed for the oviductal transport, successful fertilization and early embryogenesis. However, further molecular studies under physiological and pathological conditions are still needed to elucidate the specific role of each molecule in the human UT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Godoy‐Guzmán
- Department of HistologyTissue Engineering GroupFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaSpain
- Doctoral Program in BiomedicineUniversity of GranadaGranadaSpain
- Centro de Investigaciones Biomédicas y AplicadasEscuela de MedicinaUniversidad de Santiago de Chile, (USACH)SantiagoChile
| | - Claudio Nuñez
- Servicio de Ginecología y ObstetriciaHospital San JoséSantiagoChile
| | - Pedro Orihuela
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de la ReproduccíonFacultad de Química y BiologíaUniversidad de Santiago de ChileSantiagoChile
- Centro para el Desarrollo en Nanociencia y Nanotecnologıa‐CEDENNASantiagoChile
| | - Antonio Campos
- Department of HistologyTissue Engineering GroupFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADAEspaña
| | - Víctor Carriel
- Department of HistologyTissue Engineering GroupFaculty of MedicineUniversity of GranadaSpain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria Ibs.GRANADAEspaña
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Xu SY, Liu SY, Xu L, Deng SY, He YB, Li SF, Ni GX. Response of decorin to different intensity treadmill running. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:7911-7917. [PMID: 29620182 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2018.8802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Decorin is widely understood to affect collagen fibrillogenesis. However, little is understood about its response to various mechanical loading conditions. In the present study, 36 Wistar rats were randomly divided into control (CON), moderate treadmill running (MTR) and strenuous treadmill running (STR) groups. Animals in the MTR and STR groups were subjected to a 4‑ or 8‑week treadmill running protocol. Subsequently, all Achilles tendons were harvested to perform histological and biochemical analyses. Decorin expression was markedly increased in the MTR group compared with the CON group at 4 and 8 weeks. Conversely, decorin expression was markedly decreased in the STR group compared with the CON and MTR group at 4 and 8 weeks. Furthermore, between the two time points, decorin expression levels were significantly increased in the MTR group, whereas they were markedly decreased in the STR group. These results suggested that MTR exercise may induce increased decorin expression via a balance of MMP‑2 and TIMP‑2, improving tendon structure and function. However, STR exercise may result in degradation of decorin due to an imbalance of MMP‑2 and TIMP‑2, with a bias to MMP‑2, resulting in a predisposition to tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Yao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Song-Yun Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Bin He
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Fen Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
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Xu SY, He YB, Deng SY, Liu SY, Xu L, Ni GX. Intensity-dependent effect of treadmill running on rat Achilles tendon. Exp Ther Med 2018; 15:5377-5383. [PMID: 29805550 PMCID: PMC5958711 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
It is understood that mechanical loading may affect tendon properties. However, how different mechanical loading conditions may affect tendons remains unknown. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of treadmill running at various intensities on rat Achilles tendon. A total of 18 male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to one of three groups: Control (CON), medium-intensity running (MIR), and high-intensity running (HIR). Following 8 weeks of treadmill running protocols, all Achilles tendons were harvested for histological observation and gene expression analysis. Significant morphological changes were observed with regular and large diameter collagen fibrils in the MIR group, whereas irregular and small diameter collagen fibrils were observed in the HIR group. Collagen type I was significantly upregulated in the MIR group compared with the CON group, and downregulated in the HIR group compared with the CON or MIR groups (P<0.05). However, collagen type III was significantly upregulated in the HIR group in comparison with the CON or MIR groups (P<0.05). Furthermore, the expression of matrix metallopeptidase-13 was significantly increased in the MIR and HIR groups compared with the CON group (P<0.05). The expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 was increased in the MIR group compared with the CON group, but decreased in the HIR group compared with the CON and MIR groups (P<0.05). Additionally, decorin expression was significantly higher in the MIR group compared with the CON group, and significantly decreased in the HIR group compared with the CON or MIR groups (P<0.05). A converse pattern of changes in biglycan expression was identified among the three groups. Aggrecan expression was significantly higher in the HIR group compared with the CON or MIR groups (P<0.05). These findings indicated that moderate exercise may induce increased collagen synthesis and organize regular and large collagen fibers, thus benefiting the Achilles tendon. However, overuse during exercise may result in collagen degradation and disturbance, which predisposes individuals to injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Yong Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Bin He
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Song-Yun Deng
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Yao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xin Ni
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China
- Correspondence to: Professor Guo-Xin Ni, Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510515, P.R. China, E-mail:
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55
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Chan WL, Steiner M, Witkos T, Egerer J, Busse B, Mizumoto S, Pestka JM, Zhang H, Hausser I, Khayal LA, Ott CE, Kolanczyk M, Willie B, Schinke T, Paganini C, Rossi A, Sugahara K, Amling M, Knaus P, Chan D, Lowe M, Mundlos S, Kornak U. Impaired proteoglycan glycosylation, elevated TGF-β signaling, and abnormal osteoblast differentiation as the basis for bone fragility in a mouse model for gerodermia osteodysplastica. PLoS Genet 2018; 14:e1007242. [PMID: 29561836 PMCID: PMC5880397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Gerodermia osteodysplastica (GO) is characterized by skin laxity and early-onset osteoporosis. GORAB, the responsible disease gene, encodes a small Golgi protein of poorly characterized function. To circumvent neonatal lethality of the GorabNull full knockout, Gorab was conditionally inactivated in mesenchymal progenitor cells (Prx1-cre), pre-osteoblasts (Runx2-cre), and late osteoblasts/osteocytes (Dmp1-cre), respectively. While in all three lines a reduction in trabecular bone density was evident, only GorabPrx1 and GorabRunx2 mutants showed dramatically thinned, porous cortical bone and spontaneous fractures. Collagen fibrils in the skin of GorabNull mutants and in bone of GorabPrx1 mutants were disorganized, which was also seen in a bone biopsy from a GO patient. Measurement of glycosaminoglycan contents revealed a reduction of dermatan sulfate levels in skin and cartilage from GorabNull mutants. In bone from GorabPrx1 mutants total glycosaminoglycan levels and the relative percentage of dermatan sulfate were both strongly diminished. Accordingly, the proteoglycans biglycan and decorin showed reduced glycanation. Also in cultured GORAB-deficient fibroblasts reduced decorin glycanation was evident. The Golgi compartment of these cells showed an accumulation of decorin, but reduced signals for dermatan sulfate. Moreover, we found elevated activation of TGF-β in GorabPrx1 bone tissue leading to enhanced downstream signalling, which was reproduced in GORAB-deficient fibroblasts. Our data suggest that the loss of Gorab primarily perturbs pre-osteoblasts. GO may be regarded as a congenital disorder of glycosylation affecting proteoglycan synthesis due to delayed transport and impaired posttranslational modification in the Golgi compartment. Gerodermia osteodysplastica (GO) is segmental progeroid disorder affecting connective tissues and bone, leading to extreme bone fragility. The cause are loss-of-function mutations in the Golgi protein GORAB, whose function has been only partially unravelled. Using several mouse models and patient-derived primary cells we elucidate that loss of Gorab elicits a defect in proteoglycan glycanation, which is associated with collagen disorganization in dermis and bone. We also found evidence for TGF-β upregulation and enhanced downstream signalling. If these changes occur in mesenchymal stem cells or early osteoblasts they impair osteoblast differentiation resulting in cortical thinning and spontaneous fractures. We thus match GO mechanistically with also phenotypically overlapping progeroid connective tissue disorders with glycanation defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wing Lee Chan
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- FG Development & Disease, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong
| | - Magdalena Steiner
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School for Regenerative Therapies (BSRT), Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tomasz Witkos
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Johannes Egerer
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Björn Busse
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shuji Mizumoto
- Lab. of Proteoglycan Signaling and Therapeutics, Faculty of Advanced Life Science, Graduate School of Life Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Jan M. Pestka
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Haikuo Zhang
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ingrid Hausser
- Institute of Pathology, University Clinic Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Layal Abo Khayal
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claus-Eric Ott
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mateusz Kolanczyk
- FG Development & Disease, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Willie
- Julius Wolff Institute, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schinke
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Paganini
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Unit of Biochemistry, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Kazuyuki Sugahara
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Amling
- Department of Osteology and Biomechanics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Petra Knaus
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität, Berlin, Germany
| | - Danny Chan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam Road, Hong Kong
- The University of Hong Kong—Shenzhen Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU- SIRI), Hi-Tech Industrial Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen, China
| | - Martin Lowe
- School of Biology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Mundlos
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- FG Development & Disease, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (UK); (SM)
| | - Uwe Kornak
- Institut für Medizinische Genetik und Humangenetik, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- FG Development & Disease, Max-Planck-Institut fuer Molekulare Genetik, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin-Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies, Charité –Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- * E-mail: (UK); (SM)
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Wang F, Calderone K, Do T, Smith N, Helfrich Y, Johnson T, Kang S, Voorhees J, Fisher G. Severe disruption and disorganization of dermal collagen fibrils in early striae gravidarum. Br J Dermatol 2018; 178:749-760. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Wang
- Department of Dermatology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor MI U.S.A
| | - K. Calderone
- Department of Dermatology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor MI U.S.A
| | - T.T. Do
- Department of Dermatology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor MI U.S.A
| | - N.R. Smith
- Department of Dermatology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor MI U.S.A
| | - Y.R. Helfrich
- Department of Dermatology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor MI U.S.A
| | - T.R.B. Johnson
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor MI U.S.A
| | - S. Kang
- Department of Dermatology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor MI U.S.A
| | - J.J. Voorhees
- Department of Dermatology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor MI U.S.A
| | - G.J. Fisher
- Department of Dermatology; University of Michigan Medical School; Ann Arbor MI U.S.A
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Yeo M, Kim G. Three-Dimensional Microfibrous Bundle Structure Fabricated Using an Electric Field-Assisted/Cell Printing Process for Muscle Tissue Regeneration. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2018; 4:728-738. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miji Yeo
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering,
College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - GeunHyung Kim
- Department of Biomechatronic Engineering,
College of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
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Zhang W, Ge Y, Cheng Q, Zhang Q, Fang L, Zheng J. Decorin is a pivotal effector in the extracellular matrix and tumour microenvironment. Oncotarget 2018; 9:5480-5491. [PMID: 29435195 PMCID: PMC5797066 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Decorin (DCN), an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein, belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family. As a pluripotent molecule, DCN regulates the bioactivities of cell growth factors and participates in ECM assembly. Accumulating evidence has shown that DCN acts as a ligand of various cytokines and growth factors by directly or indirectly interacting with the corresponding signalling molecules involved in cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, adhesion and metastasis and that DCN especially plays vital roles in cancer cell proliferation, spread, pro-inflammatory processes and anti-fibrillogenesis. The multifunctional nature of DCN thus enables it to be a potential therapeutic agent for a variety of diseases and shows good prospects for clinical and research applications. DCN, an extracellular matrix (ECM) protein that belongs to the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family, is widely distributed and plays multifunctional roles in the stroma and epithelial cells. Originally, DCN was known as an effective collagen-binding partner for fibrillogenesis [1] and to modulate key biomechanical parameters of tissue integrity in the tendon, skin and cornea [2]; thus, it was named decorin (DCN). Since being initially cloned in 1986, DCN was discovered to be a structural constituent of the ECM [3]. However, the paradigm has been shifted; it has become increasingly evident that in addition to being a matrix structural protein, DCN affects a wide range of biological processes, including cell growth, differentiation, proliferation, adhesion, spread and migration, and regulates inflammation and fibrillogenesis [4–7]. Two main themes for DCN functions have emerged: maintenance of cellular structure and regulation of signal transduction pathways, culminating in anti-tumourigenic effects. Here, we review the interaction network of DCN and emphasize the biological correlations between these interactions, some of which are expected to be therapeutic intervention targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Yan Ge
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qian Cheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Lin Fang
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Junnian Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Jiangsu Center for The Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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59
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Mechanical modeling and characterization of meniscus tissue using flat punch indentation and inverse finite element method. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2018; 77:337-346. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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60
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Zitnay JL, Reese SP, Tran G, Farhang N, Bowles RD, Weiss JA. Fabrication of dense anisotropic collagen scaffolds using biaxial compression. Acta Biomater 2018; 65:76-87. [PMID: 29128533 PMCID: PMC5716932 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We developed a new method to manufacture dense, aligned, and porous collagen scaffolds using biaxial plastic compression of type I collagen gels. Using a novel compression apparatus that constricts like an iris diaphragm, low density collagen gels were compressed to yield a permanently densified, highly aligned collagen material. Micro-porosity scaffolds were created using hydrophilic elastomer porogens that can be selectively removed following biaxial compression, with porosity modulated by using different porogen concentrations. The resulting scaffolds exhibit collagen densities that are similar to native connective tissues (∼10% collagen by weight), pronounced collagen alignment across multiple length scales, and an interconnected network of pores, making them highly relevant for use in tissue culture, the study of physiologically relevant cell-matrix interactions, and tissue engineering applications. The scaffolds exhibited highly anisotropic material behavior, with the modulus of the scaffolds in the fiber direction over 100 times greater than the modulus in the transverse direction. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells were seeded onto the biaxially compressed scaffolds with minimal cell death over seven days of culture, along with cell proliferation and migration into the pore spaces. This fabrication method provides new capabilities to manufacture structurally and mechanically relevant cytocompatible scaffolds that will enable more physiologically relevant cell culture studies. Further improvement of manufacturing techniques has the potential to produce engineered scaffolds for direct replacement of dense connective tissues such as meniscus and annulus fibrosus. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In vitro studies of cell-matrix interactions and the engineering of replacement materials for collagenous connective tissues require biocompatible scaffolds that replicate the high collagen density (15-25%/wt), aligned fibrillar organization, and anisotropic mechanical properties of native tissues. However, methods for creating scaffolds with these characteristics are currently lacking. We developed a new apparatus and method to create high density, aligned, and porous collagen scaffolds using a biaxial compression with porogens technique. These scaffolds have a highly directional structure and mechanical properties, with the tensile strength and modulus up to 100 times greater in the direction of alignment. We also demonstrated that the scaffolds are a suitable material for cell culture, promoting cell adhesion, viability, and an aligned cell morphology comparable to the cell morphology observed in native aligned tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared L Zitnay
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, United States; Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, United States
| | - Shawn P Reese
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, United States; Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, United States
| | - Garvin Tran
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, United States
| | | | - Robert D Bowles
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, United States; Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, United States
| | - Jeffrey A Weiss
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, United States; Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, United States; Department of Orthopaedics, University of Utah, United States.
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61
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Decorin is a devouring proteoglycan: Remodeling of intracellular catabolism via autophagy and mitophagy. Matrix Biol 2017; 75-76:260-270. [PMID: 29080840 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy, a fundamental and evolutionarily-conserved eukaryotic pathway, coordinates a complex balancing act for achieving both nutrient and energetic requirements for proper cellular function and homeostasis. We have discovered that soluble proteoglycans evoke autophagy in endothelial cells and mitophagy in breast carcinoma cells by directly interacting with receptor tyrosine kinases, including VEGF receptor 2 and Met. Under these circumstances, autophagic regulation is considered "non-canonical" and is epitomized by the bioactivity of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan, decorin. Soluble matrix-derived cues being transduced downstream of receptor engagement converge upon a newly-discovered nexus of autophagic machinery consisting of Peg3 for endothelial cell autophagy and mitostatin for tumor cell mitophagy. In this thematic mini-review, we will provide an overview of decorin-mediated autophagy and mitophagy and propose that regulating intracellular catabolism is the underlying molecular basis for the versatility of decorin as a potent oncosuppressive agent.
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62
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Chien YC, Tao J, Saeki K, Chin AF, Lau JL, Chen CL, Zuckermann RN, Marshall SJ, Marshall GW, De Yoreo JJ. Using biomimetic polymers in place of noncollagenous proteins to achieve functional remineralization of dentin tissues. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3469-3479. [PMID: 29479561 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In calcified tissues such as bones and teeth, mineralization is regulated by an extracellular matrix, which includes non-collagenous proteins (NCP). This natural process has been adapted or mimicked to restore tissues following physical damage or demineralization by using polyanionic acids in place of NCPs, but the remineralized tissues fail to fully recover their mechanical properties. Here we show that pre-treatment with certain amphiphilic peptoids, a class of peptide-like polymers consisting of N-substituted glycines that have defined monomer sequences, enhances ordering and mineralization of collagen and induces functional remineralization of dentin lesions in vitro. In the vicinity of dentin tubules, the newly formed apatite nano-crystals are co-aligned with the c-axis parallel to the tubular periphery and recovery of tissue ultrastructure is accompanied by development of high mechanical strength. The observed effects are highly sequence-dependent with alternating polar and non-polar groups leading to positive outcomes while diblock sequences have no effect. The observations suggest aromatic groups interact with the collagen while the hydrophilic side chains bind the mineralizing constituents and highlight the potential of synthetic sequence-defined biomimetic polymers to serve as NCP mimics in tissue remineralization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Ching Chien
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720.,Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Jinhui Tao
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720.,Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Kuniko Saeki
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Alexander F Chin
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Jolene L Lau
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Chun-Long Chen
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720.,Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352
| | - Ronald N Zuckermann
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720
| | - Sally J Marshall
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - Grayson W Marshall
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143
| | - James J De Yoreo
- Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720.,Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195
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63
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Ruehle MA, Krishnan L, LaBelle SA, Willett NJ, Weiss JA, Guldberg RE. Decorin-containing collagen hydrogels as dimensionally stable scaffolds to study the effects of compressive mechanical loading on angiogenesis. MRS COMMUNICATIONS 2017; 7:466-471. [PMID: 29450108 PMCID: PMC5810960 DOI: 10.1557/mrc.2017.54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a critical component during wound healing, and the process is sensitive to mechanical stimuli. Current in vitro culture environments used to investigate three-dimensional microvascular growth often lack dimensional stability and the ability to withstand compression. We investigated the ability of decorin, a proteoglycan known to modulate collagen fibrillogenesis, incorporated into a collagen hydrogel to increase construct dimensional stability while maintaining vascular growth. Decorin did not affect microvascular growth parameters, while increasing the compressive modulus of collagen gels and significantly reducing the contraction of 3% collagen gels after 16 days in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa A Ruehle
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Laxminarayanan Krishnan
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA
| | | | - Nick J Willett
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA
- Emory University, Atlanta, GA
- Atlanta Veteran's Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA
| | | | - Robert E Guldberg
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Atlanta, GA
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64
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Maccarana M, Svensson RB, Knutsson A, Giannopoulos A, Pelkonen M, Weis M, Eyre D, Warman M, Kalamajski S. Asporin-deficient mice have tougher skin and altered skin glycosaminoglycan content and structure. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184028. [PMID: 28859141 PMCID: PMC5578652 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The main structural component of connective tissues is fibrillar, cross-linked collagen whose fibrillogenesis can be modulated by Small Leucine-Rich Proteins/Proteoglycans (SLRPs). Not all SLRPs’ effects on collagen and extracellular matrix in vivo have been elucidated; one of the less investigated SLRPs is asporin. Here we describe the successful generation of an Aspn-/- mouse model and the investigation of the Aspn-/- skin phenotype. Functionally, Aspn-/- mice had an increased skin mechanical toughness, although there were no structural changes present on histology or immunohistochemistry. Electron microscopy analyses showed 7% thinner collagen fibrils in Aspn-/- mice (not statistically significant). Several matrix genes were upregulated, including collagens (Col1a1, Col1a2, Col3a1), matrix metalloproteinases (Mmp2, Mmp3) and lysyl oxidases (Lox, Loxl2), while lysyl hydroxylase (Plod2) was downregulated. Intriguingly no differences were observed in collagen protein content or in collagen cross-linking-related lysine oxidation or hydroxylation. The glycosaminoglycan content and structure in Aspn-/- skin was profoundly altered: chondroitin/dermatan sulfate was more than doubled and had an altered composition, while heparan sulfate was halved and had a decreased sulfation. Also, decorin and biglycan were doubled in Aspn-/- skin. Overall, asporin deficiency changes skin glycosaminoglycan composition, and decorin and biglycan content, which may explain the changes in skin mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Maccarana
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - René B. Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anki Knutsson
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Antonis Giannopoulos
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mea Pelkonen
- Department of Experimental Medical Sciences, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - MaryAnn Weis
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - David Eyre
- Department of Orthopaedics and Sports Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Matthew Warman
- Children’s Hospital Boston, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Sebastian Kalamajski
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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65
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He R, Lu Y, Ren J, Wang Z, Huang J, Zhu L, Wang K. Decreased fibrous encapsulation and enhanced osseointegration in vitro by decorin-modified titanium surface. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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66
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Reese SP, Farhang N, Poulson R, Parkman G, Weiss JA. Nanoscale Imaging of Collagen Gels with Focused Ion Beam Milling and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Biophys J 2017; 111:1797-1804. [PMID: 27760365 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In vitro polymerized type I collagen hydrogels have been used extensively as a model system for three-dimensional (3D) cell and tissue culture, studies of fibrillogenesis, and investigation of multiscale force transmission within connective tissues. The nanoscale organization of collagen fibrils plays an essential role in the mechanics of these gels and emergent cellular behavior in culture, yet quantifying 3D structure with nanoscale resolution to fully characterize fibril organization remains a significant technical challenge. In this study, we demonstrate that a new imaging modality, focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB-SEM), can be used to generate 3D image datasets for visualizing and quantifying complex nanoscale organization and morphometry in collagen gels. We polymerized gels at a number of concentrations and conditions commonly used for in vitro models, stained and embedded the samples, and performed FIB-SEM imaging. The resulting image data had a voxel size of 25 nm, which is the highest resolution 3D data of a collagen fibril network ever obtained for collagen gels. This resolution was essential for discerning individual fibrils, fibril paths, and their branching and grouping. The resulting volumetric images revealed that polymerization conditions have a significant impact on the complex fibril morphology of the gels. We segmented the fibril network and demonstrated that individual collagen fibrils can be tracked in 3D space, providing quantitative analysis of network descriptors such as fibril diameter distribution, length, branch points, and fibril aggregations. FIB-SEM 3D reconstructions showed considerably less lateral grouping and overlap of fibrils than standard 2D SEM images, likely due to artifacts in SEM introduced by dehydration. This study demonstrates the utility of FIB-SEM for 3D imaging of collagen gels and quantitative analysis of 3D fibril networks. We anticipate that the method will see application in future studies of structure-function relationships in collagen gels as well as native collagenous tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Reese
- Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | | | - Randy Poulson
- Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Gennie Parkman
- Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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67
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Jeon EY, Choi BH, Jung D, Hwang BH, Cha HJ. Natural healing-inspired collagen-targeting surgical protein glue for accelerated scarless skin regeneration. Biomaterials 2017; 134:154-165. [PMID: 28463693 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2017.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Skin scarring after deep dermal injuries is a major clinical problem due to the current therapies limited to established scars with poor understanding of healing mechanisms. From investigation of aberrations within the extracellular matrix involved in pathophysiologic scarring, it was revealed that one of the main factors responsible for impaired healing is abnormal collagen reorganization. Here, inspired by the fundamental roles of decorin, a collagen-targeting proteoglycan, in collagen remodeling, we created a scar-preventive collagen-targeting glue consisting of a newly designed collagen-binding mussel adhesive protein and a specific glycosaminoglycan. The collagen-targeting glue specifically bound to type I collagen in a dose-dependent manner and regulated the rate and the degree of fibrillogenesis. In a rat skin excisional model, the collagen-targeting glue successfully accelerated initial wound regeneration as defined by effective reepithelialization, neovascularization, and rapid collagen synthesis. Moreover, the improved dermal collagen architecture was demonstrated by uniform size of collagen fibrils, their regular packing, and a restoration of healthy tissue component. Collectively, our natural healing-inspired collagen-targeting glue may be a promising therapeutic option for improving the healing rate with high-quality and effective scar inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Young Jeon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Bong-Hyuk Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Dooyup Jung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea
| | - Byeong Hee Hwang
- Division of Bioengineering, Incheon National University, Incheon 406-772, South Korea
| | - Hyung Joon Cha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang 790-784, South Korea.
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68
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Ahmed T, Nash A, Clark KE, Ghibaudo M, de Leeuw NH, Potter A, Stratton R, Birch HL, Enea Casse R, Bozec L. Combining nano-physical and computational investigations to understand the nature of "aging" in dermal collagen. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:3303-3314. [PMID: 28461747 PMCID: PMC5407446 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s121400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix of the dermis is a complex, dynamic system with the various dermal components undergoing individual physiologic changes as we age. Age-related changes in the physical properties of collagen were investigated in particular by measuring the effect of aging, most likely due to the accumulation of advanced glycation end product (AGE) cross-links, on the nanomechanical properties of the collagen fibril using atomic force microscope nano-indentation. An age-related decrease in the Young’s modulus of the transverse fibril was observed (from 8.11 to 4.19 GPa in young to old volunteers, respectively, P<0.001). It is proposed that this is due to a change in the fibril density caused by age-related differences in water retention within the fibrils. The new collagen–water interaction mechanism was verified by electronic structure calculations, showing it to be energetically feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarek Ahmed
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London
| | - Anthony Nash
- Department of Chemistry, University College London
| | - Kristina En Clark
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | | | | | - Anne Potter
- L'Oréal Research and Innovation, Aulnay-sous-Bois, France
| | - Richard Stratton
- Centre for Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, UK
| | - Helen L Birch
- Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, UCL Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, University College London, London, UK
| | | | - Laurent Bozec
- Division of Biomaterials and Tissue Engineering, Eastman Dental Institute, University College London
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69
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Reimann C, Brangsch J, Colletini F, Walter T, Hamm B, Botnar RM, Makowski MR. Molecular imaging of the extracellular matrix in the context of atherosclerosis. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 113:49-60. [PMID: 27639968 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
This review summarizes the current status of molecular imaging of the extracellular matrix (ECM) in the context of atherosclerosis. Apart from cellular components, the ECM of the atherosclerotic plaque plays a relevant role during the initiation of atherosclerosis and its' subsequent progression. Important structural and signaling components of the ECM include elastin, collagen and fibrin. However, the ECM not only plays a structural role in the arterial wall but also interacts with different cell types and has important biological signaling functions. Molecular imaging of the ECM has emerged as a new diagnostic tool to characterize biological aspects of atherosclerotic plaques, which cannot be characterized by current clinically established imaging techniques, such as X-ray angiography. Different types of molecular probes can be detected in vivo by imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The modality specific signaling component of the molecular probe provides information about its spatial location and local concentration. The successful introduction of molecular imaging into clinical practice and guidelines could open new pathways for an earlier detection of disease processes and a better understanding of the disease state on a biological level. Quantitative in vivo molecular parameters could also contribute to the development and evaluation of novel cardiovascular therapeutic interventions and the assessment of response to treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Thula Walter
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Hamm
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rene M Botnar
- King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences, United Kingdom; Wellcome Trust and EPSRC Medical Engineering Center, United Kingdom; BHF Centre of Excellence, King's College London, London, United Kingdom; NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Marcus R Makowski
- Department of Radiology, Charité, Berlin, Germany; King's College London, Division of Imaging Sciences, United Kingdom.
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70
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Patel D, Sharma S, Bryant SJ, Screen HRC. Recapitulating the Micromechanical Behavior of Tension and Shear in a Biomimetic Hydrogel for Controlling Tenocyte Response. Adv Healthc Mater 2017; 6. [PMID: 28026126 PMCID: PMC5469035 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201601095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
A fiber composite system is presented which recapitulates the fiber-composite-like nature of tissues and generates similar modes of shear and tension. The shear/tension ratio can be customized during composite manufacture and incorporates viable cells. The system is a valuable tool for mechanotransduction research, providing a platform with physiologically relevant conditions for investigating cell behavior in different tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dharmesh Patel
- School of Engineering and Materials Science; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
| | - Sadhana Sharma
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; University of Colorado Boulder; Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Stephanie J. Bryant
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Material Science and Engineering Program; BioFrontiers Institute; University of Colorado; Boulder CO 80303 USA
| | - Hazel R. C. Screen
- School of Engineering and Materials Science; Queen Mary University of London; Mile End Road London E1 4NS UK
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71
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Extracellular Matrix, a Hard Player in Angiogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111822. [PMID: 27809279 PMCID: PMC5133823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2016] [Revised: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) is a complex network of proteins, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and polysaccharides. Through multiple interactions with each other and the cell surface receptors, not only the ECM determines the physical and mechanical properties of the tissues, but also profoundly influences cell behavior and many physiological and pathological processes. One of the functions that have been extensively explored is its impingement on angiogenesis. The strong impact of the ECM in this context is both direct and indirect by virtue of its ability to interact and/or store several growth factors and cytokines. The aim of this review is to provide some examples of the complex molecular mechanisms that are elicited by these molecules in promoting or weakening the angiogenic processes. The scenario is intricate, since matrix remodeling often generates fragments displaying opposite effects compared to those exerted by the whole molecules. Thus, the balance will tilt towards angiogenesis or angiostasis depending on the relative expression of pro- or anti-angiogenetic molecules/fragments composing the matrix of a given tissue. One of the vital aspects of this field of research is that, for its endogenous nature, the ECM can be viewed as a reservoir to draw from for the development of new more efficacious therapies to treat angiogenesis-dependent pathologies.
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72
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Use of FGF-2 and FGF-18 to direct bone marrow stromal stem cells to chondrogenic and osteogenic lineages. Future Sci OA 2016; 2:FSO142. [PMID: 28116125 PMCID: PMC5242207 DOI: 10.4155/fsoa-2016-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Intervertebral disc degeneration/low back pain is the number one global musculoskeletal condition in terms of disability and socioeconomic impact. Materials & methods Multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were cultured in micromass pellets ± FGF-2 or -18 up to 41 days, matrix components were immunolocalized and gene expression monitored by quantitative-reverse transcription PCR. Results: Chondrogenesis occurred earlier in FGF-18 than FGF-2 cultures. Lower COL2A1, COL10A1 and ACAN expression by day 41 indicated a downregulation in chondrocyte hypertrophy. MEF2c, ALPL, were upregulated; calcium, decorin and biglycan, and 4C3 and 7D4 chondroitin sulphate sulfation motifs were evident in FGF-18 but not FGF-2 pellets. Conclusion: FGF-2 and -18 preconditioned MSCs produced cell lineages which promoted chondrogenesis and osteogenesis and may be useful in the production of MSC lineages suitable for repair of cartilaginous tissue defects. Intervertebral disc degeneration and low back pain is the number one global musculoskeletal disorder effecting 80% of the general population. A remedy for this condition is being eagerly sought as part of a WHO research priority. Stem cells are one potential therapy that shows promise in animal models, laboratory studies, and preclinical and early clinical trials. Conditioning of stem cells in the laboratory before injection may improve their efficacy for the alleviation of low back pain. In the present study we have developed a means of improving how stem cells form cartilage and bone, which should be of application in the repair of spinal defects.
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73
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Metzler KM, Roberts CJ, Mahmoud AM, Agarwal G, Liu J. Ex Vivo Transepithelial Collagen Cross-linking in Porcine and Human Corneas Using Human Decorin Core Protein. J Refract Surg 2016; 32:410-7. [DOI: 10.3928/1081597x-20160428-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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74
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Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Gialeli C, Karamanos NK. Extracellular matrix structure. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:4-27. [PMID: 26562801 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1327] [Impact Index Per Article: 165.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) is a non-cellular three-dimensional macromolecular network composed of collagens, proteoglycans/glycosaminoglycans, elastin, fibronectin, laminins, and several other glycoproteins. Matrix components bind each other as well as cell adhesion receptors forming a complex network into which cells reside in all tissues and organs. Cell surface receptors transduce signals into cells from ECM, which regulate diverse cellular functions, such as survival, growth, migration, and differentiation, and are vital for maintaining normal homeostasis. ECM is a highly dynamic structural network that continuously undergoes remodeling mediated by several matrix-degrading enzymes during normal and pathological conditions. Deregulation of ECM composition and structure is associated with the development and progression of several pathologic conditions. This article emphasizes in the complex ECM structure as to provide a better understanding of its dynamic structural and functional multipotency. Where relevant, the implication of the various families of ECM macromolecules in health and disease is also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Chrysostomi Gialeli
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece; Division of Medical Protein Chemistry, Department of Translational Medicine Malmö, Lund University, S-20502 Malmö, Sweden
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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75
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Neill T, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Decorin as a multivalent therapeutic agent against cancer. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2016; 97:174-85. [PMID: 26522384 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2015.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Decorin is a prototypical small leucine-rich proteoglycan that epitomizes the multifunctional nature of this critical gene family. Soluble decorin engages multiple receptor tyrosine kinases within the target-rich environment of the tumor stroma and tumor parenchyma. Upon receptor binding, decorin initiates signaling pathways within endothelial cells downstream of VEGFR2 that ultimately culminate in a Peg3/Beclin 1/LC3-dependent autophagic program. Concomitant with autophagic induction, decorin blunts capillary morphogenesis and endothelial cell migration, thereby significantly compromising tumor angiogenesis. In parallel within the tumor proper, decorin binds multiple RTKs with high affinity, including Met, for a multitude of oncosuppressive functions including growth inhibition, tumor cell mitophagy, and angiostasis. Decorin is also pro-inflammatory by modulating macrophage function and cytokine secretion. Decorin suppresses tumorigenic growth, angiogenesis, and prevents metastatic lesions in a variety of in vitro and in vivo tumor models. Therefore, decorin would be an ideal therapeutic candidate for combating solid malignancies.
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76
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Raspanti M, Caravà E, Sgambato A, Natalello A, Russo L, Cipolla L. The collaggrecan: Synthesis and visualization of an artificial proteoglycan. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:65-70. [PMID: 26797224 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.01.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An artificial aggrecan-like proteoglycan has been designed and synthesized in vitro. At variance with natural proteoglycans, whose glycosaminoglycan chains are always O-linked via a tetrasaccharide bridge to the serine residues of a specific protein core, the present structure consists of chondroitin-6-sulfate chains directly bound to the lysine and hydroxylysine residues of a collagen molecule backbone. The resulting macromolecule has been characterized by histochemistry, atomic force microscopy and FTIR. The number of variables involved (e.g., length and type of the collagen backbone, glycosaminoglycan species, sulfation type and pattern, molecular weight, number and length of side chains, etc.) makes possible to conceive an almost endless variety of artificial proteoglycans, each precisely tailored to a specific functional role. In addition to their use as biomaterials, glycated collagens interact with cells in complex ways and a previous study has already shown the ability of a glycated collagen to redirect fibroblastoma cells from proliferation to differentiation. The research is still underway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Raspanti
- Department of Surgical & Morphological Sciences, Insubria University, Via Monte Generoso 71, 21100 Varese, Italy.
| | - Elena Caravà
- Department of Surgical & Morphological Sciences, Insubria University, Via Monte Generoso 71, 21100 Varese, Italy
| | - Antonella Sgambato
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonino Natalello
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Russo
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
| | - Laura Cipolla
- Department of Biotechnology and Biosciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 2, 20126 Milano, Italy
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One size does not fit all: developing a cell-specific niche for in vitro study of cell behavior. Matrix Biol 2016; 52-54:426-441. [PMID: 26780725 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
For more than 100years, cells and tissues have been studied in vitro using glass and plastic surfaces. Over the last 10-20years, a great body of research has shown that cells are acutely sensitive to their local environment (extracellular matrix, ECM) which contains both chemical and physical cues that influence cell behavior. These observations suggest that modern cell culture systems, using tissue culture polystyrene (TCP) surfaces, may fail to reproduce authentic cell behavior in vitro, resulting in "artificial outcomes." In the current study, we use bone marrow (BM)- and adipose (AD)-derived stromal cells to prepare BM-ECM and AD-ECM, which are decellularized after synthesis by the cells, to mimic the cellular niche for each of these tissues. Each ECM was characterized for its ability to affect BM- and AD-mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) proliferation, as well as proliferation of three cancer cell lines (HeLa, MCF-7, and MDA-MB-231), modulate cell spreading, and direct differentiation relative to standard TCP surfaces. We found that both ECMs promoted the proliferation of MSCs, but that this effect was enhanced when the tissue-origin of the cells matched that of the ECM (i.e. BM-ECM promoted the proliferation of BM-MSCs over AD-MSCs, and vice versa). Moreover, BM- and AD-ECM were shown to preferentially direct MSC differentiation towards either osteogenic or adipogenic lineage, respectively, suggesting that the effects of the ECM were tissue-specific. Further, each ECM influenced cell morphology (i.e. circularity), irrespective of the origin of the MSCs, lending more support to the idea that effects were tissue specific. Interestingly, unlike MSCs, these ECMs did not promote the proliferation of the cancer cells. In an effort to further understand how these three culture substrates influence cell behavior, we evaluated the chemical (protein composition) and physical properties (architecture and mechanical) of the two ECMs. While many structural proteins (e.g. collagen and fibronectin) were found at equivalent levels in both BM- and AD-ECM, the architecture (i.e. fiber orientation; surface roughness) and physical properties (storage modulus, surface energy) of each were unique. These results, demonstrating differences in cell behavior when cultured on the three different substrates (BM- and AD-ECM and TCP) with differences in chemical and physical properties, provide evidence that the two ECMs may recapitulate specific elements of the native stem cell niche for bone marrow and adipose tissues. More broadly, it could be argued that ECMs, elaborated by cells ex vivo, serve as an ideal starting point for developing tissue-specific culture environments. In contrast to TCP, which relies on the "one size fits all" paradigm, native tissue-specific ECM may be a more rational model to approach engineering 3D tissue-specific culture systems to replicate the in vivo niche. We suggest that this approach will provide more meaningful information for basic research studies of cell behavior as well as cell-based therapeutics.
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Piraino F, Selimović Š. A Current View of Functional Biomaterials for Wound Care, Molecular and Cellular Therapies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:403801. [PMID: 26509154 PMCID: PMC4609773 DOI: 10.1155/2015/403801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The intricate process of wound healing involves activation of biological pathways that work in concert to regenerate a tissue microenvironment consisting of cells and external cellular matrix (ECM) with enzymes, cytokines, and growth factors. Distinct stages characterize the mammalian response to tissue injury: hemostasis, inflammation, new tissue formation, and tissue remodeling. Hemostasis and inflammation start right after the injury, while the formation of new tissue, along with migration and proliferation of cells within the wound site, occurs during the first week to ten days after the injury. In this review paper, we discuss approaches in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine to address each of these processes through the application of biomaterials, either as support to the native microenvironment or as delivery vehicles for functional hemostatic, antibacterial, or anti-inflammatory agents. Molecular therapies are also discussed with particular attention to drug delivery methods and gene therapies. Finally, cellular treatments are reviewed, and an outlook on the future of drug delivery and wound care biomaterials is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Piraino
- Institute of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Šeila Selimović
- American Association for the Advancement of Science, Washington, DC 20520, USA
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80
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Henninger HB, Valdez WR, Scott SA, Weiss JA. Elastin governs the mechanical response of medial collateral ligament under shear and transverse tensile loading. Acta Biomater 2015; 25:304-12. [PMID: 26162584 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Elastin is a highly extensible structural protein network that provides near-elastic resistance to deformation in biological tissues. In ligament, elastin is localized between and along the collagen fibers and fascicles. When ligament is stretched along the primary collagen axis, elastin supports a relatively high percentage of load. We hypothesized that elastin may also provide significant load support under elongation transverse to the primary collagen axis and shear along the collagen axis. Quasi-static transverse tensile and shear material tests were performed to quantify the mechanical contributions of elastin during deformation of porcine medial collateral ligament. Dose response studies were conducted to determine the level of elastase enzymatic degradation required to produce a maximal change in the mechanical response. Maximal changes in peak stress occurred after 3h of treatment with 2U/ml porcine pancreatic elastase. Elastin degradation resulted in a 60-70% reduction in peak stress and a 2-3× reduction in modulus for both test protocols. These results demonstrate that elastin provides significant resistance to elongation transverse to the collagen axis and shear along the collagen axis while only constituting 4% of the tissue dry weight. The magnitudes of the elastin contribution to peak transverse and shear stress were approximately 0.03 MPa, as compared to 2 MPa for axial tensile tests, suggesting that elastin provides a highly anisotropic contribution to the mechanical response of ligament and is the dominant structural protein resisting transverse and shear deformation of the tissue.
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81
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Gubbiotti MA, Neill T, Frey H, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Decorin is an autophagy-inducible proteoglycan and is required for proper in vivo autophagy. Matrix Biol 2015; 48:14-25. [PMID: 26344480 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have recently discovered that soluble extracellular matrix constituents regulate autophagy via an outside-in signaling pathway. Decorin, a secreted proteoglycan, evokes autophagy in endothelial cells and mitophagy in breast carcinoma cells. However, it is not known whether decorin expression can be regulated by autophagic stimuli such as mTOR inhibition or nutrient deprivation. Thus, we tested whether pro-autophagic stimuli could affect decorin expression in mouse cardiac tissue and whether the absence of decorin could disrupt the in vivo autophagic response. We found that nutrient deprivation induced decorin at the mRNA and protein level in vivo and in vitro, a process regulated at the transcriptional level by inhibiting the canonical mTOR pathway. Moreover, Dcn-/- mice displayed an aberrant response to fasting compared to wild-type mice. Our study establishes a new role for an extracellular matrix proteoglycan and provides a mechanistic role for soluble decorin in regulating a fundamental intracellular catabolic process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria A Gubbiotti
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Helena Frey
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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Neill T, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Decoding the Matrix: Instructive Roles of Proteoglycan Receptors. Biochemistry 2015; 54:4583-98. [PMID: 26177309 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.5b00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is a dynamic repository harboring instructive cues that embody substantial regulatory dominance over many evolutionarily conserved intracellular activities, including proliferation, apoptosis, migration, motility, and autophagy. The matrix also coordinates and parses hierarchical information, such as angiogenesis, tumorigenesis, and immunological responses, typically providing the critical determinants driving each outcome. We provide the first comprehensive review focused on proteoglycan receptors, that is, signaling transmembrane proteins that use secreted proteoglycans as ligands, in addition to their natural ligands. The majority of these receptors belong to an exclusive subset of receptor tyrosine kinases and assorted cell surface receptors that specifically bind, transduce, and modulate fundamental cellular processes following interactions with proteoglycans. The class of small leucine-rich proteoglycans is the most studied so far and constitutes the best understood example of proteoglycan-receptor interactions. Decorin and biglycan evoke autophagy and immunological responses that deter, suppress, or exacerbate pathological conditions such as tumorigenesis, angiogenesis, and chronic inflammatory disease. Basement membrane-associated heparan sulfate proteoglycans (perlecan, agrin, and collagen XVIII) represent a unique cohort and provide proteolytically cleaved bioactive fragments for modulating cellular behavior. The receptors that bind the genuinely multifactorial and multivalent proteoglycans represent a nexus in understanding basic biological pathways and open new avenues for therapeutic and pharmacological intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- †Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- ‡Department of Pharmacology, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- †Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, United States
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83
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Carriel V, Scionti G, Campos F, Roda O, Castro B, Cornelissen M, Garzón I, Alaminos M. In vitro characterization of a nanostructured fibrin agarose bio-artificial nerve substitute. J Tissue Eng Regen Med 2015; 11:1412-1426. [PMID: 26177604 DOI: 10.1002/term.2039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Revised: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Neural tissue engineering is focused on the design of novel biocompatible substitutes to repair peripheral nerve injuries. In this paper we describe a nanostructured fibrin-agarose bioartificial nerve substitute (NFABNS), based on nanostructured fibrin-agarose hydrogels (FAHs) with human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HADMSCs). These NFABNSs were mechanically characterized and HADMSCs behaviour was evaluated using histological and ultrastructural techniques. Mechanical characterization showed that the NFABNSs were resistant, flexible and elastic, with a high deformation capability. Histological analyses carried out in vitro during 16 days revealed that the number of HADMSCs decreased over time, with a significant increase after 16 days. HADMSCs formed cell clusters and degraded the surrounding scaffold during this time; additionally, HADMSCs showed active cell proliferation and cytoskeletal remodelling, with a progressive synthesis of extracellular matrix molecules. Finally, this study demonstrated that it is possible to generate biologically active and mechanically stable tissue-like substitutes with specific dimensions, based on the use of HADMSCs, FAHs and a nanostructure technique. However, in vivo analyses are needed to demonstrate their potential usefulness in peripheral nerve repair. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Carriel
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs. GRANADA, Spain.,Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium.,Doctorate Programmes in Clinical Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada Spain, Health Sciences, Doctoral School of Life Sciences and Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Giuseppe Scionti
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs. GRANADA, Spain
| | - Fernando Campos
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs. GRANADA, Spain
| | - Olga Roda
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada, Spain
| | - Begoña Castro
- Histocell, S.L., Science and Technology, Derio, Vizcaya, Spain
| | - Maria Cornelissen
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Histology and Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
| | - Ingrid Garzón
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs. GRANADA, Spain
| | - Miguel Alaminos
- Department of Histology, Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Granada and Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria, Ibs. GRANADA, Spain
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84
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Tashima T, Nagatoishi S, Sagara H, Ohnuma SI, Tsumoto K. Osteomodulin regulates diameter and alters shape of collagen fibrils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 463:292-6. [PMID: 26003732 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.05.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteomodulin (OMD) is a member of the small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycan family, which is involved in the organization of the extracellular matrix. OMD is located in bone tissue and is reportedly important for bone mineralization. However, the details of OMD function in bone formation are poorly understood. Using the baculovirus expression system, we produced recombinant human OMD and analyzed its interaction with type I collagen, which is abundant in bone. In this result, OMD directly interacted with purified immobilized collagen and OMD suppressed collagen fibril formation in a turbidity assay. Morphological analysis of collagen in the presence or absence of OMD demonstrated that OMD reduces the diameter and changes the shape of collagen fibrils. We conclude that OMD regulates the extracellular matrix during bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Tashima
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Satoru Nagatoishi
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan.
| | - Hiroshi Sagara
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
| | - Shin-Ichi Ohnuma
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London (UCL), 11-43 Bath Street, London EC1V 9EL, UK.
| | - Kouhei Tsumoto
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan; Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan; Institute of Medical Science, University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Shirokanedai, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8639, Japan.
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85
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Theocharis AD, Skandalis SS, Neill T, Multhaupt HAB, Hubo M, Frey H, Gopal S, Gomes A, Afratis N, Lim HC, Couchman JR, Filmus J, Sanderson RD, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV, Karamanos NK. Insights into the key roles of proteoglycans in breast cancer biology and translational medicine. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2015; 1855:276-300. [PMID: 25829250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2015.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Proteoglycans control numerous normal and pathological processes, among which are morphogenesis, tissue repair, inflammation, vascularization and cancer metastasis. During tumor development and growth, proteoglycan expression is markedly modified in the tumor microenvironment. Altered expression of proteoglycans on tumor and stromal cell membranes affects cancer cell signaling, growth and survival, cell adhesion, migration and angiogenesis. Despite the high complexity and heterogeneity of breast cancer, the rapid evolution in our knowledge that proteoglycans are among the key players in the breast tumor microenvironment suggests their potential as pharmacological targets in this type of cancer. It has been recently suggested that pharmacological treatment may target proteoglycan metabolism, their utilization as targets for immunotherapy or their direct use as therapeutic agents. The diversity inherent in the proteoglycans that will be presented herein provides the potential for multiple layers of regulation of breast tumor behavior. This review summarizes recent developments concerning the biology of selected proteoglycans in breast cancer, and presents potential targeted therapeutic approaches based on their novel key roles in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Achilleas D Theocharis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Spyros S Skandalis
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Hinke A B Multhaupt
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mario Hubo
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Helena Frey
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Sandeep Gopal
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angélica Gomes
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Nikos Afratis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hooi Ching Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - John R Couchman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotech Research & Innovation Center, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jorge Filmus
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute and Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Canada
| | - Ralph D Sanderson
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Department of Pathology, UAB Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1720 2nd Ave. S, WTI 602B, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- University of Frankfurt, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Theodor-Stern Kai 7, Frankfurt 60590, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Nikos K Karamanos
- Biochemistry, Biochemical Analysis & Matrix Pathobiology Research Group, Laboratory of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Patras, 26500 Patras, Greece.
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86
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Iozzo RV, Schaefer L. Proteoglycan form and function: A comprehensive nomenclature of proteoglycans. Matrix Biol 2015; 42:11-55. [PMID: 25701227 PMCID: PMC4859157 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 789] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We provide a comprehensive classification of the proteoglycan gene families and respective protein cores. This updated nomenclature is based on three criteria: Cellular and subcellular location, overall gene/protein homology, and the utilization of specific protein modules within their respective protein cores. These three signatures were utilized to design four major classes of proteoglycans with distinct forms and functions: the intracellular, cell-surface, pericellular and extracellular proteoglycans. The proposed nomenclature encompasses forty-three distinct proteoglycan-encoding genes and many alternatively-spliced variants. The biological functions of these four proteoglycan families are critically assessed in development, cancer and angiogenesis, and in various acquired and genetic diseases where their expression is aberrant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Sidney Kimmel Medical College at Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institut für Allgemeine Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Klinikum der Goethe-Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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87
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Neill T, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Oncosuppressive functions of decorin. Mol Cell Oncol 2015; 2:e975645. [PMID: 27308453 PMCID: PMC4905288 DOI: 10.4161/23723556.2014.975645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix is rapidly emerging as a prominent contributor to various fundamental processes of tumorigenesis. In particular, decorin, a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan gene family, is assuming a central role as a potent soluble tumor repressor. Decorin binds and antagonizes various receptor tyrosine kinases and inhibits downstream oncogenic signaling in several solid tumors. Among other functions, decorin evokes cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and antimetastatic, and antiangiogenic programs. Recent work has revealed a paradigmatic shift in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying its tumoricidal properties. Decorin adversely compromises the genetic signature of the tumor microenvironment and induces endothelial cell autophagy downstream of VEGFR2. Moreover, decorin selectively evokes destruction of tumor cell mitochondria downstream of Met through mitophagy. Acting as a partial agonist, decorin signals via proautophagic receptors and triggers procatabolic processes that parallel the classical tumoricidal properties of this multifaceted proteoglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology; Anatomy and Cell Biology; and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program; Kimmel Cancer Center ; Thomas Jefferson University ; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Liliana Schaefer
- Department of Pharmacology; Goethe University ; Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology; Anatomy and Cell Biology; and the Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program; Kimmel Cancer Center ; Thomas Jefferson University ; Philadelphia, PA USA
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88
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Järveläinen H, Sainio A, Wight TN. Pivotal role for decorin in angiogenesis. Matrix Biol 2015; 43:15-26. [PMID: 25661523 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Angiogenesis, the formation of new blood vessels from preexisting vessels, is a highly complex process. It is regulated in a finely-tuned manner by numerous molecules including not only soluble growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor and several other growth factors, but also a diverse set of insoluble molecules, particularly collagenous and non-collagenous matrix constituents. In this review we have focused on the role and potential mechanisms of a multifunctional small leucine-rich proteoglycan decorin in angiogenesis. Depending on the cellular and molecular microenvironment where angiogenesis occurs, decorin can exhibit either a proangiogenic or an antiangiogenic activity. Nevertheless, in tumorigenesis-associated angiogenesis and in various inflammatory processes, particularly foreign body reactions and scarring, decorin exhibits an antiangiogenic activity, thus providing a potential basis for the development of decorin-based therapies in these pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannu Järveläinen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland.
| | - Annele Sainio
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas N Wight
- Matrix Biology Program, Benaroya Research Institute at Virginia Mason, Seattle, WA, USA
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89
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Esmaeili M, Berry M, Logan A, Ahmed Z. Decorin treatment of spinal cord injury. Neural Regen Res 2014; 9:1653-6. [PMID: 25374584 PMCID: PMC4211183 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.141797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The scarring response after a penetrant central nervous system injury results from the interaction between invading leptominingeal/pericyte-derived fibroblasts and endogenous reactive astrocytes about the wound margin. Extracellular matrix and scar-derived axon growth inhibitory molecules fill the lesion site providing both a physical and chemical barrier to regenerating axons. Decorin, a small leucine-rich chondroitin-dermatan sulphate proteoglycan expressed by neurons and astrocytes in the central nervous system, is both anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory and attenuates the formation and partial dissolution of established and chronic scars. Here, we discuss the potential of using Decorin to antagonise scarring in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Esmaeili
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Martin Berry
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ann Logan
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Zubair Ahmed
- Neurotrauma Research Group, Neurobiology Section, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
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90
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Shami A, Gonçalves I, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A. Collagen and related extracellular matrix proteins in atherosclerotic plaque development. Curr Opin Lipidol 2014; 25:394-9. [PMID: 25137612 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The structure, composition and turnover of the extracellular matrix (ECM) as well as cell-matrix interactions are crucial in the developing atherosclerotic plaque. There is a need for further insight into specific proteins in the ECM and their functions in the developing plaque, and during the last few years a number of publications have highlighted this very important field of research. These novel findings will be addressed in the present review. RECENT FINDINGS This review covers literature focused on collagen and ECM proteins interacting with collagen, and what their roles may be in plaque development. SUMMARY Acute myocardial infarction and stroke are common diseases that cause disability and mortality, and the underlying mechanism is often the rupture of a vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque. The vascular ECM and the tissue repair in the atherosclerotic lesion are important players in plaque progression. Understanding how specific proteins in the ECM interact with cells in the plaque and affect the fate of the plaque can lead to new treatments for cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelie Shami
- aDepartment of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund bDepartments of Clinical Sciences cCardiology, Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmoe, Sweden
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91
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Reuther KE, Thomas SJ, Tucker JJ, Vafa RP, Gordon JA, Liu SS, Caro AC, Yannascoli SM, Kuntz AF, Soslowsky LJ. Overuse activity in the presence of scapular dyskinesis leads to shoulder tendon damage in a rat model. Ann Biomed Eng 2014; 43:917-28. [PMID: 25266934 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-014-1137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Shoulder tendon injuries are common clinical conditions and are a significant source of pain and dysfunction. These conditions are more common in individuals who perform repetitive overhead activities and in individuals who have abnormal scapular kinematics, termed scapular dyskinesis (SD). However, the long term consequences associated with overuse activity in the presence of SD are unknown. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of overuse in combination with SD on joint mechanics and properties of the rotator cuff and biceps tendons. A rat model of scapular dyskinesis was used. Ninety adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (400-450 g) were randomized into three groups: nerve transection (SD), sham nerve transection + overuse (OV), or nerve transection + overuse (SD + OV). Rats were sacrificed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks after surgery. Shoulder function and passive joint mechanics were evaluated over time and tendon properties (mechanical, histological, organizational, and compositional) were measured. Results demonstrated that overuse activity and SD are each independently detrimental to tendon properties (e.g., diminished mechanical properties, disorganized collagen). However, tendon damage caused by the addition of overuse may be worse, with more parameters altered, than damage caused by the addition of SD. This study helps define the mechanical mechanisms leading to tendon damage and provides a framework for distinguishing treatment strategies for active patients and those with abnormal scapular mechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Reuther
- McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, 424 Stemmler Hall, 36th and Hamilton Walk, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6081, USA
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92
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Goyal A, Neill T, Owens RT, Schaefer L, Iozzo RV. Reprint of: Decorin activates AMPK, an energy sensor kinase, to induce autophagy in endothelial cells. Matrix Biol 2014; 35:42-50. [PMID: 24726292 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved eukaryotic process of macroautophagy (autophagy) is a non-specific bulk-degradation program critical for maintaining proper cellular homeostasis, and for clearing aged and damaged organelles. This decision is inextricably dependent upon prevailing metabolic demands and energy requirements of the cell. Soluble monomeric decorin functions as a natural tumor repressor that antagonizes a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases. Recently, we discovered that decorin induces endothelial cell autophagy, downstream of VEGFR2. This process was wholly dependent upon Peg3, a decorin-inducible genomically imprinted tumor suppressor gene. However, the signaling cascades responsible have remained elusive. In this report we discovered that Vps34, a class III phosphoinositide kinase, is an upstream kinase required for Peg3 induction. Moreover, decorin triggered differential formation of Vps34/Beclin 1 complexes with concomitant dissolution of inhibitive Bcl-2/Beclin 1 complexes. Further, decorin inhibited anti-autophagic signaling via suppression of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K activity with the concurrent activation of pro-autophagic AMPK-mediated signaling cascades. Mechanistically, AMPK is downstream of VEGFR2 and inhibition of AMPK signaling abrogated decorin-evoked autophagy. Collectively, these findings hint at the complexity of the underlying molecular relays necessary for decorin-evoked endothelial cell autophagy and reveal important therapeutic targets for augmenting autophagy and combatting tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atul Goyal
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Thomas Neill
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | | | - Liliana Schaefer
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt, Goethe University, 60590 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Renato V Iozzo
- Department of Pathology, Anatomy and Cell Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA; Cancer Cell Biology and Signaling Program, Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
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93
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Oberkersch R, Maccari F, Bravo AI, Volpi N, Gazzaniga S, Calabrese GC. Atheroprotective remodelling of vascular dermatan sulphate proteoglycans in response to hypercholesterolaemia in a rat model. Int J Exp Pathol 2014; 95:181-90. [PMID: 24602133 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteoglycan accumulation within the arterial intima has been implicated in atherosclerosis progression in humans. Nevertheless, hypercholesterolaemia is unable to induce intimal thickening and atheroma plaque development in rats. The study was performed to analyse proteoglycans modifications in rats fed with a high-cholesterol diet to understand whether vascular wall remodelling protects against lesions. Sections obtained from rat aortas showed normal features, in intimal-to-media ratio and lipid accumulation. However, focal endothelial hyperplasia and neo-intima rearrangement were observed in high-cholesterol animals. Besides, hypercholesterolaemia induced an inflammatory microenviroment. We determined the expression of different proteoglycans from aortic cells by Western blot and observed a diminished production of decorin and biglycan in high-cholesterol animals compared with control (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). Versican was increased in high-cholesterol animals (P < 0.05), whereas perlecan production showed no differences. No modification of the total content of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) was found between the two experimental groups. In contrast, the chondroitin sulphate/dermatan sulphate ratio was increased in the high-cholesterol group as compared to the control (0.56 and 0.34, respectively). Structural alterations in the disaccharide composition of galactosaminoglycans were also detected by HPLC, as the ratio of 6-sulphate to 4-sulphate disaccharides was increased in high-cholesterol animals (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that attenuation of decorin and biglycan expression might be an effective strategy to inhibit the first step in atherogenesis, although specific GAG structural modification associated with the development of vascular disease took place. Results emphasize the potential application of therapies based on vascular matrix remodelling to treat atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Oberkersch
- Cátedra de Biología Celular y Molecular, Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Junín, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
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94
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Decorin activates AMPK, an energy sensor kinase, to induce autophagy in endothelial cells. Matrix Biol 2014; 34:46-54. [PMID: 24472739 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2013.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The highly conserved eukaryotic process of macroautophagy (autophagy) is a non-specific bulk-degradation program critical for maintaining proper cellular homeostasis, and for clearing aged and damaged organelles. This decision is inextricably dependent upon prevailing metabolic demands and energy requirements of the cell. Soluble monomeric decorin functions as a natural tumor repressor that antagonizes a variety of receptor tyrosine kinases. Recently, we discovered that decorin induces endothelial cell autophagy, downstream of VEGFR2. This process was wholly dependent upon Peg3, a decorin-inducible genomically imprinted tumor suppressor gene. However, the signaling cascades responsible have remained elusive. In this report we discovered that Vps34, a class III phosphoinositide kinase, is an upstream kinase required for Peg3 induction. Moreover, decorin triggered differential formation of Vps34/Beclin 1 complexes with concomitant dissolution of inhibitive Bcl-2/Beclin 1 complexes. Further, decorin inhibited anti-autophagic signaling via suppression of Akt/mTOR/p70S6K activity with the concurrent activation of pro-autophagic AMPK-mediated signaling cascades. Mechanistically, AMPK is downstream of VEGFR2 and inhibition of AMPK signaling abrogated decorin-evoked autophagy. Collectively, these findings hint at the complexity of the underlying molecular relays necessary for decorin-evoked endothelial cell autophagy and reveal important therapeutic targets for augmenting autophagy and combatting tumor angiogenesis.
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95
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Decorin blocks scarring and cystic cavitation in acute and induces scar dissolution in chronic spinal cord wounds. Neurobiol Dis 2013; 64:163-76. [PMID: 24384090 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2013.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the injured central nervous system (CNS), transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1/2-induced scarring and wound cavitation impede axon regeneration implying that a combination of both scar suppression and axogenic treatments is required to achieve functional recovery. After treating acute and chronic dorsal funicular spinal cord lesions (DFL) in adult rats with the pan-TGF-β1/2 antagonist Decorin, we report that in: (1), acute DFL, the development of all injury parameters was significantly retarded e.g., wound cavity area by 68%, encapsulation of the wound by a glia limitans accessoria (GLA) by 65%, GLA basal lamina thickness by 94%, fibronectin, NG2 and Sema-3A deposition by 87%, 48% and 48%, respectively, and both macrophage and reactive microglia accumulations by 60%; and (2), chronic DFL, all the above parameters were attenuated to a lesser extent e.g., wound cavity area by 11%, GLA encapsulation by 25%, GLA basal lamina thickness by 31%, extracellular fibronectin, NG2 and Sema-3A deposition by 58%, 22% and 29%, respectively, and macrophage and reactive microglia accumulations by 44%. Moreover, in acute and chronic DFL, levels of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) were raised (by 236% and 482%, respectively), as were active-MMP-2 (by 64% and 91%, respectively) and active-MMP-9 (by 122% and 18%, respectively), while plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) was suppressed (by 56% and 23%, respectively) and active-TIMP-1 and active TIMP-2 were both lower but only significantly suppressed in acute DFL (by 56 and 21%, respectively). These findings demonstrate that both scar tissue mass and cavitation are attenuated in acute and chronic spinal cord wounds by Decorin treatment and suggest that the dominant effect of Decorin during acute scarring is anti-fibrogenic through suppression of inflammatory fibrosis by neutralisation of TGF-β1/2 whereas, in chronic lesions, Decorin-induction of tPA and MMP (concomitant with reduced complimentary levels of TIMP and PAI-1) leads to dissolution of the mature established scar by fibrolysis. Decorin also promoted the regeneration of similar numbers of axons through acute and chronic wounds. Accordingly, intrathecal delivery of Decorin offers a potential translatable treatment for scar tissue attenuation in patients with spinal cord injury.
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96
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Botfield H, Gonzalez AM, Abdullah O, Skjolding AD, Berry M, McAllister JP, Logan A. Decorin prevents the development of juvenile communicating hydrocephalus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:2842-58. [PMID: 23983032 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
In post-haemorrhagic and other forms of communicating hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid flow and drainage is obstructed by subarachnoid fibrosis in which the potent fibrogenic cytokine transforming growth factor-β has been aetiologically implicated. Here, the hypothesis that the transforming growth factor-β antagonist decorin has therapeutic potential for reducing fibrosis and ventriculomegaly was tested using a rat model of juvenile communicating hydrocephalus. Hydrocephalus was induced by a single basal cistern injection of kaolin in 3-week-old rats, immediately followed by 3 or 14 days of continuous intraventricular infusion of either human recombinant decorin or phosphate-buffered saline (vehicle). Ventricular expansion was measured by magnetic resonance imaging at Day 14. Fibrosis, transforming growth factor-β/Smad2/3 activation and hydrocephalic brain pathology were evaluated at Day 14 and the inflammatory response at Days 3 and 14 by immunohistochemistry and basic histology. Analysis of ventricular size demonstrated the development of hydrocephalus in kaolin-injected rats but also revealed that continuous decorin infusion prevented ventricular enlargement, such that ventricle size remained similar to that in intact control rats. Decorin prevented the increase in transforming growth factor-β1 and phosphorylated Smad2/3 levels throughout the ventricular system after kaolin injection and also inhibited the deposition of the extracellular matrix molecules, laminin and fibronectin in the subarachnoid space. In addition, decorin protected against hydrocephalic brain damage inferred from attenuation of glial and inflammatory reactions. Thus, we conclude that decorin prevented the development of hydrocephalus in juvenile rats by blocking transforming growth factor-β-induced subarachnoid fibrosis and protected against hydrocephalic brain damage. The results suggest that decorin is a potential clinical therapeutic for the treatment of juvenile post-haemorrhagic communicating hydrocephalus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Botfield
- Neurotrauma and Neurodegeneration, School of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, B15 2TT, UK.
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97
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Peritoneal fibrosis and the putative role of decorin. Int J Organ Transplant Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.hkjn.2013.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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