51
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Lin PH, Nien HH, Li BR. Wearable Microfluidics for Continuous Assay. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:181-203. [PMID: 36888989 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091322-082930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The development of wearable devices provides approaches for the realization of self-health care. Easily carried wearable devices allow individual health monitoring at any place whenever necessary. There are various interesting monitoring targets, including body motion, organ pressure, and biomarkers. An efficient use of space in one small device is a promising resolution to increase the functions of wearable devices. Through integration of a microfluidic system into wearable devices, embedding complicated structures in one design becomes possible and can enable multifunction analyses within a limited device volume. This article reviews the reported microfluidic wearable devices, introduces applications to different biofluids, discusses characteristics of the design strategies and sensing principles, and highlights the attractive configurations of each device. This review seeks to provide a detailed summary of recent advanced microfluidic wearable devices. The overview of advanced key components is the basis for the development of future microfluidic wearable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Heng Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Nien
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- College of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Ran Li
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan;
- Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- Center for Emergent Functional Matter of Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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52
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Vaghasiya JV, Mayorga-Martinez CC, Pumera M. Wearable sensors for telehealth based on emerging materials and nanoarchitectonics. NPJ FLEXIBLE ELECTRONICS 2023; 7:26. [PMID: 37304907 PMCID: PMC10237062 DOI: 10.1038/s41528-023-00261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors have made significant progress in sensing physiological and biochemical markers for telehealth. By monitoring vital signs like body temperature, arterial oxygen saturation, and breath rate, wearable sensors provide enormous potential for the early detection of diseases. In recent years, significant advancements have been achieved in the development of wearable sensors based on two-dimensional (2D) materials with flexibility, excellent mechanical stability, high sensitivity, and accuracy introducing a new approach to remote and real-time health monitoring. In this review, we outline 2D materials-based wearable sensors and biosensors for a remote health monitoring system. The review focused on five types of wearable sensors, which were classified according to their sensing mechanism, such as pressure, strain, electrochemical, optoelectronic, and temperature sensors. 2D material capabilities and their impact on the performance and operation of the wearable sensor are outlined. The fundamental sensing principles and mechanism of wearable sensors, as well as their applications are explored. This review concludes by discussing the remaining obstacles and future opportunities for this emerging telehealth field. We hope that this report will be useful to individuals who want to design new wearable sensors based on 2D materials and it will generate new ideas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayraj V. Vaghasiya
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Carmen C. Mayorga-Martinez
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pumera
- Center for Advanced Functional Nanorobots, Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, 166 28, Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. listopadu 2172/15, 70800 Ostrava, Czech Republic
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Yang J, Liu H, Huang Y, Li L, Zhu X, Ding Y. One-step hydrothermal synthesis of near-infrared emission carbon quantum dots as fluorescence aptamer sensor for cortisol sensing and imaging. Talanta 2023; 260:124637. [PMID: 37172433 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence carbon quantum dots (CQDs) have been widely applied to sensing and bioimaging. In this paper, near-infrared carbon quantum dots (NIR-CQDs) were prepared through a simple one-step hydrothermal approach using reduced glutathione and formamide as raw materials. Based on NIR-CQDs, aptamer (Apt) and graphene oxide (GO) has been applied to fluorescence sensing cortisol. NIR-CQDs-Apt adsorbed to the surface of GO through π-π stacking and an inner filter effect (IFE) occurred between NIR-CQDs-Apt and GO leading to NIR-CQDs-Apt fluorescence "off". The IFE process is disrupted in the presence of cortisol, allowing NIR-CQDs-Apt fluorescence "on". This led us to construct a detection method with excellent selectivity over other cortisol sensors. The sensor can detect cortisol from 0.4 to 500 nM and has a detection limit as low as 0.13 nM. Importantly, this sensor can be used to detect intracellular cortisol with excellent biocompatibility and cellular imaging capabilities, which is promising for biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Hao Liu
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Li Li
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital of Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China.
| | - Yaping Ding
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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54
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Su T, Mi Z, Xia Y, Jin D, Xu Q, Hu X, Shu Y. A wearable sweat electrochemical aptasensor based on the Ni-Co MOF nanosheet-decorated CNTs/PU film for monitoring of stress biomarker. Talanta 2023; 260:124620. [PMID: 37148688 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring cortisol, a hormone released by the adrenal cortex in response to stress, is essential to evaluate the endocrine response to stress stimuli. While the current cortisol sensing methods require large laboratory settings, complex assay, and professional personnel. Herein, a novel flexible and wearable electrochemical aptasensor based on a Ni-Co metal-organic frameworks (MOF) nanosheet-decorated carbon nanotubes (CNTs)/polyurethane (PU) film is developed for rapid and reliable detection of cortisol in sweat. First, the CNTs/PU (CP) film was prepared by a modified wet spinning technology, and the CNTs/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) solution was thermally deposited on the surface of CP film to form the highly flexible CNTs/PVA/CP (CCP) film with excellent conductivity. Then aminated Ni-Co MOF nanosheet prepared by a facile solvothermal method was conjugated with streptavidin and modified on the CCP film. Biofunctional MOF can effectively capture cortisol aptamer due to its excellent specific surface area. In addition, the MOF with peroxidase activity can catalytic oxidization of hydroquinone (HQ) by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which could amplify the peak current signal. The catalytic activity of Ni-Co MOF was substantially suppressed in the HQ/H2O2 system due to the formation of the aptamer-cortisol complex, which reduced the current signal, thereby realizing highly sensitive and selective detection of cortisol. The sensor has a linear range of 0.1-100 ng/mL and a detection limit of 0.032 ng/mL. Meanwhile, the sensor showed high accuracy for cortisol detection under mechanical deformation conditions. More importantly, the prepared MOF/CCP film based three-electrode was assembled with the polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate, and the sweat-cloth was used as the sweat collection channel to fabricate a wearable sensor patch for monitoring of cortisol in volunteers' sweat in the morning and evening. This flexible and non-invasive sweat cortisol aptasensor shows great potential for quantitative stress monitoring and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Su
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Ziyi Mi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Youyuan Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Dangqin Jin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou Polytechnic Institute, Yangzhou 225127, PR China
| | - Qin Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Xiaoya Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China
| | - Yun Shu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225002, PR China.
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55
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Min J, Tu J, Xu C, Lukas H, Shin S, Yang Y, Solomon SA, Mukasa D, Gao W. Skin-Interfaced Wearable Sweat Sensors for Precision Medicine. Chem Rev 2023; 123:5049-5138. [PMID: 36971504 PMCID: PMC10406569 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors hold great potential in empowering personalized health monitoring, predictive analytics, and timely intervention toward personalized healthcare. Advances in flexible electronics, materials science, and electrochemistry have spurred the development of wearable sweat sensors that enable the continuous and noninvasive screening of analytes indicative of health status. Existing major challenges in wearable sensors include: improving the sweat extraction and sweat sensing capabilities, improving the form factor of the wearable device for minimal discomfort and reliable measurements when worn, and understanding the clinical value of sweat analytes toward biomarker discovery. This review provides a comprehensive review of wearable sweat sensors and outlines state-of-the-art technologies and research that strive to bridge these gaps. The physiology of sweat, materials, biosensing mechanisms and advances, and approaches for sweat induction and sampling are introduced. Additionally, design considerations for the system-level development of wearable sweat sensing devices, spanning from strategies for prolonged sweat extraction to efficient powering of wearables, are discussed. Furthermore, the applications, data analytics, commercialization efforts, challenges, and prospects of wearable sweat sensors for precision medicine are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Heather Lukas
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Soyoung Shin
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel A. Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, USA
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Kim H, Song J, Kim S, Lee S, Park Y, Lee S, Lee S, Kim J. Recent Advances in Multiplexed Wearable Sensor Platforms for Real-Time Monitoring Lifetime Stress: A Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13040470. [PMID: 37185545 PMCID: PMC10136450 DOI: 10.3390/bios13040470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Researchers are interested in measuring mental stress because it is linked to a variety of diseases. Real-time stress monitoring via wearable sensor systems can aid in the prevention of stress-related diseases by allowing stressors to be controlled immediately. Physical tests, such as heart rate or skin conductance, have recently been used to assess stress; however, these methods are easily influenced by daily life activities. As a result, for more accurate stress monitoring, validations requiring two or more stress-related biomarkers are demanded. In this review, the combinations of various types of sensors (hereafter referred to as multiplexed sensor systems) that can be applied to monitor stress are discussed, referring to physical and chemical biomarkers. Multiplexed sensor systems are classified as multiplexed physical sensors, multiplexed physical-chemical sensors, and multiplexed chemical sensors, with the effect of measuring multiple biomarkers and the ability to measure stress being the most important. The working principles of multiplexed sensor systems are subdivided, with advantages in measuring multiple biomarkers. Furthermore, stress-related chemical biomarkers are still limited to cortisol; however, we believe that by developing multiplexed sensor systems, it will be possible to explore new stress-related chemical biomarkers by confirming their correlations to cortisol. As a result, the potential for further development of multiplexed sensor systems, such as the development of wearable electronics for mental health management, is highlighted in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyoon Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Sehyeon Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Suyoung Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Park
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghee Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinsik Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Republic of Korea
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57
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Alfalahi H, Dias SB, Khandoker AH, Chaudhuri KR, Hadjileontiadis LJ. A scoping review of neurodegenerative manifestations in explainable digital phenotyping. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:49. [PMID: 36997573 PMCID: PMC10063633 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurologists nowadays no longer view neurodegenerative diseases, like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, as single entities, but rather as a spectrum of multifaceted symptoms with heterogeneous progression courses and treatment responses. The definition of the naturalistic behavioral repertoire of early neurodegenerative manifestations is still elusive, impeding early diagnosis and intervention. Central to this view is the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in reinforcing the depth of phenotypic information, thereby supporting the paradigm shift to precision medicine and personalized healthcare. This suggestion advocates the definition of disease subtypes in a new biomarker-supported nosology framework, yet without empirical consensus on standardization, reliability and interpretability. Although the well-defined neurodegenerative processes, linked to a triad of motor and non-motor preclinical symptoms, are detected by clinical intuition, we undertake an unbiased data-driven approach to identify different patterns of neuropathology distribution based on the naturalistic behavior data inherent to populations in-the-wild. We appraise the role of remote technologies in the definition of digital phenotyping specific to brain-, body- and social-level neurodegenerative subtle symptoms, emphasizing inter- and intra-patient variability powered by deep learning. As such, the present review endeavors to exploit digital technologies and AI to create disease-specific phenotypic explanations, facilitating the understanding of neurodegenerative diseases as "bio-psycho-social" conditions. Not only does this translational effort within explainable digital phenotyping foster the understanding of disease-induced traits, but it also enhances diagnostic and, eventually, treatment personalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hessa Alfalahi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Sofia B Dias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- CIPER, Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ahsan H Khandoker
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Kallol Ray Chaudhuri
- Parkinson Foundation, International Center of Excellence, King's College London, Denmark Hills, London, UK
- Department of Basic and Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, De Crespigny Park, London, UK
| | - Leontios J Hadjileontiadis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Healthcare Engineering Innovation Center (HEIC), Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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58
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Cheng Y, Feng S, Ning Q, Li T, Xu H, Sun Q, Cui D, Wang K. Dual-signal readout paper-based wearable biosensor with a 3D origami structure for multiplexed analyte detection in sweat. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:36. [PMID: 36999140 PMCID: PMC10042807 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00514-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we design and implement a small, convenient, and noninvasive paper-based microfluidic sweat sensor that can simultaneously detect multiple key biomarkers in human sweat. The origami structure of the chip includes colorimetric and electrochemical sensing regions. Different colorimetric sensing regions are modified with specific chromogenic reagents to selectively identify glucose, lactate, uric acid, and magnesium ions in sweat, as well as the pH value. The regions of electrochemical sensing detect cortisol in sweat by molecular imprinting. The entire chip is composed of hydrophilically and hydrophobically treated filter paper, and 3D microfluidic channels are constructed by using folding paper. The thread-based channels formed after the hydrophilic and hydrophobic modifications are used to control the rate of sweat flow, which in turn can be used to control the sequence of reactions in the differently developing colored regions to ensure that signals of the best color can be captured simultaneously by the colorimetric sensing regions. Finally, the results of on-body experiments verify the reliability of the proposed sweat sensor and its potential for the noninvasive identification of a variety of sweat biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuemeng Cheng
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Shaoqing Feng
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People’s Hospital, Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine, 200011 Shanghai, China
| | - Qihong Ning
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Tangan Li
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Xu
- School of Naval Architecture, Ocean & Civil Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Qingwen Sun
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
| | - Kan Wang
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication Technology (Ministry of Education), 200240 Shanghai, China
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59
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Luo Y, Abidian MR, Ahn JH, Akinwande D, Andrews AM, Antonietti M, Bao Z, Berggren M, Berkey CA, Bettinger CJ, Chen J, Chen P, Cheng W, Cheng X, Choi SJ, Chortos A, Dagdeviren C, Dauskardt RH, Di CA, Dickey MD, Duan X, Facchetti A, Fan Z, Fang Y, Feng J, Feng X, Gao H, Gao W, Gong X, Guo CF, Guo X, Hartel MC, He Z, Ho JS, Hu Y, Huang Q, Huang Y, Huo F, Hussain MM, Javey A, Jeong U, Jiang C, Jiang X, Kang J, Karnaushenko D, Khademhosseini A, Kim DH, Kim ID, Kireev D, Kong L, Lee C, Lee NE, Lee PS, Lee TW, Li F, Li J, Liang C, Lim CT, Lin Y, Lipomi DJ, Liu J, Liu K, Liu N, Liu R, Liu Y, Liu Y, Liu Z, Liu Z, Loh XJ, Lu N, Lv Z, Magdassi S, Malliaras GG, Matsuhisa N, Nathan A, Niu S, Pan J, Pang C, Pei Q, Peng H, Qi D, Ren H, Rogers JA, Rowe A, Schmidt OG, Sekitani T, Seo DG, Shen G, Sheng X, Shi Q, Someya T, Song Y, Stavrinidou E, Su M, Sun X, Takei K, Tao XM, Tee BCK, Thean AVY, Trung TQ, Wan C, Wang H, Wang J, Wang M, Wang S, Wang T, Wang ZL, Weiss PS, Wen H, Xu S, Xu T, Yan H, Yan X, Yang H, Yang L, Yang S, Yin L, Yu C, Yu G, Yu J, Yu SH, Yu X, Zamburg E, Zhang H, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang Y, Zhao S, Zhao X, Zheng Y, Zheng YQ, Zheng Z, Zhou T, Zhu B, Zhu M, Zhu R, Zhu Y, Zhu Y, Zou G, Chen X. Technology Roadmap for Flexible Sensors. ACS NANO 2023; 17:5211-5295. [PMID: 36892156 PMCID: PMC11223676 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c12606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 181.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Humans rely increasingly on sensors to address grand challenges and to improve quality of life in the era of digitalization and big data. For ubiquitous sensing, flexible sensors are developed to overcome the limitations of conventional rigid counterparts. Despite rapid advancement in bench-side research over the last decade, the market adoption of flexible sensors remains limited. To ease and to expedite their deployment, here, we identify bottlenecks hindering the maturation of flexible sensors and propose promising solutions. We first analyze challenges in achieving satisfactory sensing performance for real-world applications and then summarize issues in compatible sensor-biology interfaces, followed by brief discussions on powering and connecting sensor networks. Issues en route to commercialization and for sustainable growth of the sector are also analyzed, highlighting environmental concerns and emphasizing nontechnical issues such as business, regulatory, and ethical considerations. Additionally, we look at future intelligent flexible sensors. In proposing a comprehensive roadmap, we hope to steer research efforts towards common goals and to guide coordinated development strategies from disparate communities. Through such collaborative efforts, scientific breakthroughs can be made sooner and capitalized for the betterment of humanity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Luo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Centre for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Mohammad Reza Abidian
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77024, United States
| | - Jong-Hyun Ahn
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Deji Akinwande
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Anne M Andrews
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, and Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, and Hatos Center for Neuropharmacology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Markus Antonietti
- Colloid Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Zhenan Bao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Magnus Berggren
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Campus Norrköping, Linköping University, 83 Linköping, Sweden
- Wallenberg Initiative Materials Science for Sustainability (WISE) and Wallenberg Wood Science Center (WWSC), SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher A Berkey
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Christopher John Bettinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Peng Chen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Wenlong Cheng
- Nanobionics Group, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia, 3800
- Monash Institute of Medical Engineering, Monash University, Clayton, Australia3800
| | - Xu Cheng
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Seon-Jin Choi
- Division of Materials of Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Alex Chortos
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Canan Dagdeviren
- Media Lab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94301, United States
| | - Chong-An Di
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Michael D Dickey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
| | - Xiangfeng Duan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhiyong Fan
- Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yin Fang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Jianyou Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Xue Feng
- Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Department of Engineering Mechanics, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Huajian Gao
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, 91125, United States
| | - Xiwen Gong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Applied Physics Program, and Macromolecular Science and Engineering Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109 United States
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xiaojun Guo
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication, School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Martin C Hartel
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Zihan He
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - John S Ho
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117599, Singapore
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- The N.1 Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117456, Singapore
| | - Youfan Hu
- School of Electronics and Center for Carbon-Based Electronics, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qiyao Huang
- School of Fashion and Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Fengwei Huo
- Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronics (KLOFE) and Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing Tech University (NanjingTech), 30 South Puzhu Road, Nanjing 211816, PR China
| | - Muhammad M Hussain
- mmh Labs, Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Ali Javey
- Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Unyong Jeong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Engineering (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeong-buk 37673, Korea
| | - Chen Jiang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, No 1088, Xueyuan Road, Xili, Nanshan District, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, PR China
| | - Jiheong Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Daniil Karnaushenko
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
| | | | - Dae-Hyeong Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Doo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dmitry Kireev
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
- Microelectronics Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78758, United States
| | - Lingxuan Kong
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
| | - Chengkuo Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
- NUS Graduate School-Integrative Sciences and Engineering Programme (ISEP), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Nae-Eung Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore 138602, Singapore
| | - Tae-Woo Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Engineering Research, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Soft Foundry, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Fengyu Li
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jinxing Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neuroscience Program, BioMolecular Science Program, and Institute for Quantitative Health Science and Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48823, United States
| | - Cuiyuan Liang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Chwee Teck Lim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Singapore
- Institute for Health Innovation and Technology, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Yuanjing Lin
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Darren J Lipomi
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0448, United States
| | - Jia Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Kai Liu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Nan Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Ren Liu
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, N.1 Institute for Health, Institute for Health Innovation and Technology (iHealthtech), National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore
| | - Yuxuan Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Zhiyuan Liu
- Neural Engineering Centre, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China 518055
| | - Zhuangjian Liu
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Nanshu Lu
- Department of Aerospace Engineering and Engineering Mechanics, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas Materials Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Zhisheng Lv
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
| | - Shlomo Magdassi
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - George G Malliaras
- Electrical Engineering Division, Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge CB3 0FA, Cambridge United Kingdom
| | - Naoji Matsuhisa
- Institute of Industrial Science, The University of Tokyo, 4-6-1 Komaba, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 153-8505, Japan
| | - Arokia Nathan
- Darwin College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 9EU, United Kingdom
| | - Simiao Niu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
| | - Jieming Pan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Changhyun Pang
- School of Chemical Engineering and Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Science and Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Qibing Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, California NanoSystems Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Dianpeng Qi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150001, China
| | - Huaying Ren
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, 90095, United States
| | - John A Rogers
- Querrey Simpson Institute for Bioelectronics, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Departments of Electrical and Computer Engineering and Chemistry, and Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Aaron Rowe
- Becton, Dickinson and Company, 1268 N. Lakeview Avenue, Anaheim, California 92807, United States
- Ready, Set, Food! 15821 Ventura Blvd #450, Encino, California 91436, United States
| | - Oliver G Schmidt
- Research Center for Materials, Architectures and Integration of Nanomembranes (MAIN), Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09126, Germany
- Material Systems for Nanoelectronics, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz 09107, Germany
- Nanophysics, Faculty of Physics, TU Dresden, Dresden 01062, Germany
| | - Tsuyoshi Sekitani
- The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan 5670047
| | - Dae-Gyo Seo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Guozhen Shen
- School of Integrated Circuits and Electronics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xing Sheng
- Department of Electronic Engineering, Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology, Institute for Precision Medicine, Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, and IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Qiongfeng Shi
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Center for Intelligent Sensors and MEMS (CISM), National University of Singapore, Singapore 117608, Singapore
- National University of Singapore Suzhou Research Institute (NUSRI), Suzhou Industrial Park, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Takao Someya
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Information Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Eleni Stavrinidou
- Laboratory of Organic Electronics, Department of Science and Technology, Linköping University, SE-601 74 Norrkoping, Sweden
| | - Meng Su
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, and Laboratory of Advanced Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, PR China
| | - Kuniharu Takei
- Department of Physics and Electronics, Osaka Metropolitan University, Sakai, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
| | - Xiao-Ming Tao
- Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, School of Fashion and Textiles, Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Benjamin C K Tee
- Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
- iHealthtech, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119276, Singapore
| | - Aaron Voon-Yew Thean
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Tran Quang Trung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Changjin Wan
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Huiliang Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Joseph Wang
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California, San Diego, California 92093, United States
| | - Ming Wang
- Frontier Institute of Chip and System, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Chip and Systems, Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
- the Shanghai Qi Zhi Institute, 41th Floor, AI Tower, No.701 Yunjin Road, Xuhui District, Shanghai 200232, China
| | - Sihong Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, The University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, United States
| | - Ting Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Electronics and Information Displays and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100083, China
- Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Paul S Weiss
- California NanoSystems Institute, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Department of Bioengineering, and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Hanqi Wen
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637457, Singapore
- Institute of Flexible Electronics Technology of THU, Jiaxing, Zhejiang, China 314000
| | - Sheng Xu
- Department of Nanoengineering, Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Materials Science and Engineering Program, and Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, 92093, United States
| | - Tailin Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, PR China
| | - Hongping Yan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Xuzhou Yan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Hui Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Sciences, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China, 300072
| | - Le Yang
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National University of Singapore (NUS), 9 Engineering Drive 1, #03-09 EA, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, United Kingdom
| | - Lan Yin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials of Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of New Ceramics and Fine Processing, and Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Cunjiang Yu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Material Science and Engineering, Materials Research Institute, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Walker Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, 78712, United States
| | - Jing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Shu-Hong Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Hefei National Research Center for Physical Science at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xinge Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Evgeny Zamburg
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiangyu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Xiaosheng Zhang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 611731, China
| | - Xueji Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518060, PR China
| | - Yihui Zhang
- Applied Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Engineering Mechanics; Laboratory of Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117583, Singapore
- Singapore Hybrid-Integrated Next-Generation μ-Electronics Centre (SHINE), Singapore 117583, Singapore
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts, 02134, United States
| | - Xuanhe Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, United States
| | - Yuanjin Zheng
- Center for Integrated Circuits and Systems, School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Yu-Qing Zheng
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zijian Zheng
- Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science, Research Institute for Intelligent Wearable Systems, Research Institute for Smart Energy, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Tao Zhou
- Center for Neural Engineering, Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Ming Zhu
- Institute for Digital Molecular Analytics and Science (IDMxS), Nanyang Technological University, 59 Nanyang Drive, Singapore 636921, Singapore
| | - Rong Zhu
- Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yangzhi Zhu
- Terasaki Institute for Biomedical Innovation, Los Angeles, California, 90064, United States
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Guijin Zou
- Institute of High Performance Computing (IHPC), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Fusionopolis Way, #16-16 Connexis, Singapore 138632, Republic of Singapore
| | - Xiaodong Chen
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering (IMRE), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, #08-03 Innovis, Singapore 138634, Republic of Singapore
- Innovative Center for Flexible Devices (iFLEX), Max Planck-NTU Joint Laboratory for Artificial Senses, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
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Bi Y, Sun M, Wang J, Zhu Z, Bai J, Emran MY, Kotb A, Bo X, Zhou M. Universal Fully Integrated Wearable Sensor Arrays for the Multiple Electrolyte and Metabolite Monitoring in Raw Sweat, Saliva, or Urine. Anal Chem 2023; 95:6690-6699. [PMID: 36961950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
Fully integrated wearable sensors are capable of dynamically, directly, and independently tracking biomarkers in raw noninvasive biofluids without any other equipment or accessories by integrating the unique on-body monitoring feature with the special complete functional implementation attribute. Sweat, saliva, and urine are three important noninvasive biofluids, and changes in their biomarkers hold great potential for revealing physiological conditions. However, it is still a challenge to design single fully integrated wearable sensor arrays (FIWSAs) that are universally able to concurrently measure electrolytes and metabolites in three of the most common noninvasive biofluids including sweat, saliva, and urine. Here, we propose the first single universal FIWSAs for wirelessly, noninvasively, and simultaneously measuring various metabolites (i.e., uric acid) and electrolytes (i.e., Na+ and H+) in raw sweat, saliva, or urine under subjects' exercise by integrating the specifically designed microfluidic, sensing, and electronic modules in a seamless manner. We evaluate its utility for noninvasive gout management in healthy subjects and in gout patients through a purine-rich meal challenge and with a medicine-treatment control, respectively. Noninvasive monitoring of multiple electrolytes and metabolites in a variety of raw noninvasive biofluids via such single universal FIWSAs may enrich the understanding of the biomarkers' levels in the body and would also facilitate self-health management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanni Bi
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Mimi Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Jingjuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Ziyu Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Jing Bai
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Mohammed Y Emran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Kotb
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Al-Azhar University, Assiut 71524, Egypt
| | - Xiangjie Bo
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate and Reticular Material Chemistry of Ministry of Education, National and Local United Engineering Laboratory for Power Batteries, Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Analysis and Testing Center, Department of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jilin Province 130024, China
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Dong Z, He Q, Shen D, Gong Z, Zhang D, Zhang W, Ono T, Jiang Y. Microfabrication of functional polyimide films and microstructures for flexible MEMS applications. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:31. [PMID: 36969964 PMCID: PMC10030833 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00503-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Revised: 11/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Polyimides are widely used in the MEMS and flexible electronics fields due to their combined physicochemical properties, including high thermal stability, mechanical strength, and chemical resistance values. In the past decade, rapid progress has been made in the microfabrication of polyimides. However, enabling technologies, such as laser-induced graphene on polyimide, photosensitive polyimide micropatterning, and 3D polyimide microstructure assembly, have not been reviewed from the perspective of polyimide microfabrication. The aims of this review are to systematically discuss polyimide microfabrication techniques, which cover film formation, material conversion, micropatterning, 3D microfabrication, and their applications. With an emphasis on polyimide-based flexible MEMS devices, we discuss the remaining technological challenges in polyimide fabrication and possible technological innovations in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihao Dong
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Qipei He
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Dawei Shen
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Zheng Gong
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Deyuan Zhang
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Wenqiang Zhang
- College of Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083 China
| | - Takahito Ono
- Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, 6-6-01 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba, Aoba-ku, Sendai, 980-8579 Japan
| | - Yonggang Jiang
- Institute of Bionic and Micronano Systems, School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, 100191 China
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62
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Kaur S, Gupta N, Malhotra BD. Recent developments in wearable & non-wearable point-of-care biosensors for cortisol detection. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2023; 23:217-230. [PMID: 36880128 DOI: 10.1080/14737159.2023.2184260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cortisol is one of the most prominent biomarkers used for the detection of psychological stress and related disorders. It plays an important role in many physiological processes including immunomodulation and fat metabolism. Thus, monitoring of cortisol levels can be used to indicate different pathological conditions including stress disorders. There has been a gradual rise in the development of point of care (PoC) biosensors for continuous cortisol monitoring. AREAS COVERED This review discusses recent breakthroughs toward the development of PoC sensors (wearable and non wearable) for cortisol monitoring. Challenges associated with them have also been summarized. EXPERT OPINION Electrochemical PoC devices have recently emerged as a powerful tools for continuous monitoring of cortisol that can be utilized for stress management and treatment of related disorders. However, there are many challenges that should be addressed before such devices can be deployed at mass level, such as inter-individual variability, changing the device calibration with the circadian rhythm, interference from other endocrine moieties, etc. [Figure: see text].
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur
- Nanobioelectronics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, INDIA
| | - Niharika Gupta
- Nanobioelectronics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, INDIA
| | - Bansi D Malhotra
- Nanobioelectronics Lab, Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Delhi, INDIA.,Biomedical Instrumentation Section, CSIR-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi, India
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63
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James KA, Stromin JI, Steenkamp N, Combrinck MI. Understanding the relationships between physiological and psychosocial stress, cortisol and cognition. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1085950. [PMID: 36950689 PMCID: PMC10025564 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1085950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress is viewed as a state of real or perceived threat to homeostasis, the management of which involves the endocrine, nervous, and immune systems. These systems work independently and interactively as part of the stress response. The scientific stress literature, which spans both animal and human studies, contains heterogeneous findings about the effects of stress on the brain and the body. This review seeks to summarise and integrate literature on the relationships between these systems, examining particularly the roles of physiological and psychosocial stress, the stress hormone cortisol, as controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and the effects of stress on cognitive functioning. Health conditions related to impaired HPA axis functioning and their associated neuropsychiatric symptoms will also be considered. Lastly, this review will provide suggestions of clinical applicability for endocrinologists who are uniquely placed to measure outcomes related to endocrine, nervous and immune system functioning and identify areas of intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharine Ann James
- Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuropsychology Team (ACSENT) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Juliet Ilena Stromin
- Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuropsychology Team (ACSENT) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nina Steenkamp
- Applied Cognitive Science and Experimental Neuropsychology Team (ACSENT) Laboratory, Department of Psychology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Marc Irwin Combrinck
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
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Shajari S, Salahandish R, Zare A, Hassani M, Moossavi S, Munro E, Rashid R, Rosenegger D, Bains JS, Sanati Nezhad A. MicroSweat: A Wearable Microfluidic Patch for Noninvasive and Reliable Sweat Collection Enables Human Stress Monitoring. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2204171. [PMID: 36461733 PMCID: PMC9982588 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202204171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Stress affects cognition, behavior, and physiology, leading to lasting physical and mental illness. The ability to detect and measure stress, however, is poor. Increased circulating cortisol during stress is mirrored by cortisol release from sweat glands, providing an opportunity to use it as an external biomarker for monitoring internal emotional state. Despite the attempts at using wearable sensors for monitoring sweat cortisol, there is a lack of reliable wearable sweat collection devices that preserve the concentration and integrity of sweat biomolecules corresponding to stress levels. Here, a flexible, self-powered, evaporation-free, bubble-free, surfactant-free, and scalable capillary microfluidic device, MicroSweat, is fabricated to reliably collect human sweat from different body locations. Cortisol levels are detected corresponding to severe stress ranging from 25 to 125 ng mL-1 averaged across multiple body regions and 100-1000 ng mL-1 from the axilla. A positive nonlinear correlation exists between cortisol concentration and stress levels quantified using the perceived stress scale (PSS). Moreover, owing to the sweat variation in response to environmental effects and physiological differences, the longitudinal and personalized profile of sweat cortisol is acquired, for the first time, for various body locations. The obtained sweat cortisol data is crucial for analyzing human stress in personalized and clinical healthcare sectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Shajari
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- StressynomicsHotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Razieh Salahandish
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Azam Zare
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Mohsen Hassani
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Shirin Moossavi
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Physiology and PharmacologyUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- International Microbiome CentreCumming School of MedicineHealth Sciences CentreUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Emily Munro
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N1 N4Canada
| | - Ruba Rashid
- Department of Civil EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N1 N4Canada
| | | | - Jaideep S. Bains
- StressynomicsHotchkiss Brain InstituteCumming School of MedicineUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
| | - Amir Sanati Nezhad
- BioMEMS and Bioinspired Microfluidic LaboratoryDepartment of Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
- Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryAlbertaT2N 1N4Canada
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65
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Naghdi T, Ardalan S, Asghari Adib Z, Sharifi AR, Golmohammadi H. Moving toward smart biomedical sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 223:115009. [PMID: 36565545 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.115009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The development of novel biomedical sensors as highly promising devices/tools in early diagnosis and therapy monitoring of many diseases and disorders has recently witnessed unprecedented growth; more and faster than ever. Nonetheless, on the eve of Industry 5.0 and by learning from defects of current sensors in smart diagnostics of pandemics, there is still a long way to go to achieve the ideal biomedical sensors capable of meeting the growing needs and expectations for smart biomedical/diagnostic sensing through eHealth systems. Herein, an overview is provided to highlight the importance and necessity of an inevitable transition in the era of digital health/Healthcare 4.0 towards smart biomedical/diagnostic sensing and how to approach it via new digital technologies including Internet of Things (IoT), artificial intelligence, IoT gateways (smartphones, readers), etc. This review will bring together the different types of smartphone/reader-based biomedical sensors, which have been employing for a wide variety of optical/electrical/electrochemical biosensing applications and paving the way for future eHealth diagnostic devices by moving towards smart biomedical sensing. Here, alongside highlighting the characteristics/criteria that should be met by the developed sensors towards smart biomedical sensing, the challenging issues ahead are delineated along with a comprehensive outlook on this extremely necessary field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Naghdi
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sina Ardalan
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zeinab Asghari Adib
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Sharifi
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Golmohammadi
- Nanosensors Bioplatforms Laboratory, Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Research Center of Iran, 14335-186, Tehran, Iran.
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66
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Karachaliou CE, Koukouvinos G, Goustouridis D, Raptis I, Kakabakos S, Petrou P, Livaniou E. Cortisol Immunosensors: A Literature Review. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:bios13020285. [PMID: 36832050 PMCID: PMC9954523 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is a steroid hormone that is involved in a broad range of physiological processes in human/animal organisms. Cortisol levels in biological samples are a valuable biomarker, e.g., of stress and stress-related diseases; thus, cortisol determination in biological fluids, such as serum, saliva and urine, is of great clinical value. Although cortisol analysis can be performed with chromatography-based analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), conventional immunoassays (radioimmunoassays (RIAs), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs), etc.) are considered the "gold standard" analytical methodology for cortisol, due to their high sensitivity along with a series of practical advantages, such as low-cost instrumentation, an assay protocol that is fast and easy to perform, and high sample throughput. Especially in recent decades, research efforts have focused on the replacement of conventional immunoassays by cortisol immunosensors, which may offer further improvements in the field, such as real-time analysis at the point of care (e.g., continuous cortisol monitoring in sweat through wearable electrochemical sensors). In this review, most of the reported cortisol immunosensors, mainly electrochemical and also optical ones, are presented, focusing on their immunosensing/detection principles. Future prospects are also briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula-Evangelia Karachaliou
- Immunopeptide Chemistry Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Georgios Koukouvinos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Goustouridis
- ThetaMetrisis S.A., Christou Lada 40, 121 32 Athens, Greece
- Department of Electrical & Electronics Engineering, University of West Attica, 122 44 Athens, Greece
| | - Ioannis Raptis
- ThetaMetrisis S.A., Christou Lada 40, 121 32 Athens, Greece
- Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Sotirios Kakabakos
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Panagiota Petrou
- Immunoassay/Immunosensors Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
| | - Evangelia Livaniou
- Immunopeptide Chemistry Lab., Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, National Centre for Scientific Research ‘‘Demokritos”, P.O. Box 60037, 153 10 Agia Paraskevi, Greece
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Zhang R, Jiang J, Wu W. Wearable chemical sensors based on 2D materials for healthcare applications. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:3079-3105. [PMID: 36723394 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05447g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical sensors worn on the body could make possible the continuous, noninvasive, and accurate monitoring of vital human signals, which is necessary for remote health monitoring and telemedicine. Attractive for creating high-performance, wearable chemical sensors are atomically thin materials with intriguing physical features, abundant chemistry, and high surface-to-volume ratios. These advantages allow for appropriate material-analyte interactions, resulting in a high level of sensitivity even at trace analyte concentrations. Previous review articles covered the material and device elements of 2D material-based wearable devices extensively. In contrast, little research has addressed the existing state, future outlook, and promise of 2D materials for wearable chemical sensors. We provide an overview of recent advances in 2D-material-based wearable chemical sensors to overcome this deficiency. The structure design, manufacturing techniques, and mechanisms of 2D material-based wearable chemical sensors will be evaluated, as well as their applicability in human health monitoring. Importantly, we present a thorough review of the current state of the art and the technological gaps that would enable the future design and nanomanufacturing of 2D materials and wearable chemical sensors. Finally, we explore the challenges and opportunities associated with designing and implementing 2D wearable chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruifang Zhang
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
- Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Jing Jiang
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
- Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Wenzhuo Wu
- School of Industrial Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA.
- Flex Laboratory, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- Regenstrief Center for Healthcare Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
- The Center for Education and Research in Information Assurance and Security (CERIAS), Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Birck Nanotechnology Center, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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68
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Khumngern S, Jeerapan I. Advances in wearable electrochemical antibody-based sensors for cortisol sensing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04577-y. [PMID: 36781449 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04577-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is a crucial hormone involving many physiological processes. Hence, cortisol detection is essential. This review highlights the key progress made on wearable electrochemical sensors using antibodies. It covers the design, principle, and electroanalytical methodology for detecting cortisol noninvasively. This article also analyzes and collects the analytical performances of electrochemical cortisol sensors. The development of these sensors continues to face challenges such as biofouling, sample management, sensitivity, flexibility, stability, and recognition layer performance. It is also necessary to develop a sensitive electrode and material. This article also presents potential strategies for designing antibody electrodes and provides examples of sensing systems. Additionally, it discusses the challenges in translating research into practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suntisak Khumngern
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.,Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand. .,Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90110, Songkhla, Thailand.
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69
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Mavragani A, Peters D, Jay C, Sandal GM, Barrett EC, Wuebker R. Off-World Mental Health: Considerations for the Design of Well-being-Supportive Technologies for Deep Space Exploration. JMIR Form Res 2023; 7:e37784. [PMID: 36787162 PMCID: PMC9975927 DOI: 10.2196/37784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
During future long-duration space exploration missions, humans will be exposed to combinations of extreme physical, psychological, and interpersonal demands. These demands create risks for the safety, performance, health, and well-being of both individuals and crew. The communication latency in deep space means that explorers will increasingly have to operate independently and take responsibility for their own self-care and self-management. At present, several research programs are focused on developing and testing digital technologies and countermeasures that support the effective functioning of deep space crews. Although promising, these initiatives have been stimulated mostly by technological opportunity rather than cogent theory. In this perspective, we argue that digital technologies developed for spaceflight should be informed by well-being-supportive design principles and be cognizant of broader conversations around the development and use of digital health applications, especially pertaining to issues of autonomy, privacy, and trust. These issues are important for designing potentially mission-critical health technologies and may be determining factors in the safe and successful completion of future off-world endeavors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dorian Peters
- Centre for the Future of Intelligence, Cambridge University, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Caroline Jay
- School of Engineering, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Gro M Sandal
- Department of Psychosocial Sciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Emma C Barrett
- Department of Criminology, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Robert Wuebker
- David Eccles School of Business, University of Utah, Utah, UT, United States
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70
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Dong Y, Liu TL, Chen S, Nithianandam P, Matar K, Li J. A "Two-Part" Resonance Circuit Based Detachable Sweat Patch for Noninvasive Biochemical and Biophysical Sensing. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 33:2210136. [PMID: 37521161 PMCID: PMC10373531 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202210136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Wearable electronics play important roles in noninvasive, continuous, and personalized monitoring of multiple biosignals generated by the body. To unleash their full potential for next-generation human centered bio-integrated electronics, the wireless sensing capability is a desirable feature. However, state-of-the-art wireless sensing technologies exploit rigid and bulky electronic modules for power supply, signal generation, and data transmission. This study reports a battery-free device technology based on a "two-part" resonance circuit model with modularized, physically separated, and detachable functional units for magnetic coupling and biosensing. The resulting platform combines advantages of electronics and microfluidics with low cost, minimized form factors, and improved performance stability. Demonstration of a detachable sweat patch capable of simultaneous recording of cortisol concentration, pH value, and temperature highlights the potential of the "two-part" circuit for advanced, transformative biosensing. The resulting wireless sensors provide a new engineering solution to monitoring biosignals through intimate and seamless integration with skin surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Tzu-Li Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Prasad Nithianandam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Keyan Matar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jinghua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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71
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Faham S, Salimi A, Ghavami R. Electrochemical-based remote biomarker monitoring: Toward Internet of Wearable Things in telemedicine. Talanta 2023; 253:123892. [PMID: 36095939 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.123892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Internet of Wearable Things (IoWT) will be a major breakthrough for remote medical monitoring. In this scenario, wearable biomarker sensors have been developing not only to diagnose point-of-care (POC) of diseases, but also to continuously manage them. On-body tracking of biomarkers in biofluids is regarded as a proper substitution of conventional biomarker sensors for dynamic sampling and analyzing due to their high sensitivity, conformability, and affordability, creating ever-rising the market demand for them. In a wireless body area network (WBAN), data is captured from all sensors on the body to a smartphone/laptop, and sent the sensed data to a cloud for storing, processing, and retrieving, and ultimately displayed the data on custom applications (Apps). Wearable IoT biomarker sensors are used for early diseases diagnosis and continuous monitoring in developing countries in which people hardly access to healthcare systems. In this review, we aim to highlight a wide range of wearable electrochemical biomarker sensors, accompanied by microfluidics for continuous sampling, which will pave the way toward developing wearable IoT biomarker sensors to track health status. The current challenges and future perspective in skin-conformal biomarker sensors will be discussing their potential applicability for IoWT in cloud-based telemedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shadab Faham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
| | - Abdollah Salimi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran; Research Center for Nanotechnology, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran.
| | - Raouf Ghavami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 66177-15175, Iran
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72
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Wang H, Li S, Lu H, Zhu M, Liang H, Wu X, Zhang Y. Carbon-Based Flexible Devices for Comprehensive Health Monitoring. SMALL METHODS 2023; 7:e2201340. [PMID: 36617527 DOI: 10.1002/smtd.202201340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional public health systems suffer from incomprehensive, delayed, and inefficient medical services. Convenient and comprehensive health monitoring has been highly sought after recently. Flexible and wearable devices are attracting wide attention due to their potential applications in wearable human health monitoring and care systems. Using carbon materials with overall superiorities can facilitate the development of wearable and flexible devices with various functions and excellent performance, which can comprehensively and real-time monitor human health status and prevent diseases. Herein, the latest advances in the rational design and controlled fabrication of carbon materials for applications in health-related flexible and wearable electronics are reviewed. The fabrication strategies, working mechanism, performance, and applications in health monitoring of carbon-based flexible devices, including electromechanical sensors, temperature/humidity sensors, chemical sensors, and flexible conductive wires/electrodes, are reviewed. Furthermore, integrating multiple carbon-based devices into multifunctional wearable systems is discussed. Finally, the existing challenges and future opportunities in this field are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Li
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Haojie Lu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Mengjia Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Huarun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Xunen Wu
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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Nan M, Darmawan BA, Go G, Zheng S, Lee J, Kim S, Lee T, Choi E, Park JO, Bang D. Wearable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Biosensor with Highly Sensitive and Direct Detection of Cortisol in Human Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:184. [PMID: 36831950 PMCID: PMC9953546 DOI: 10.3390/bios13020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Wearable biosensors have the potential for developing individualized health evaluation and detection systems owing to their ability to provide continuous real-time physiological data. Among various wearable biosensors, localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR)-based wearable sensors can be versatile in various practical applications owing to their sensitive interactions with specific analytes. Understanding and analyzing endocrine responses to stress is particularly crucial for evaluating human performance, diagnosing stress-related diseases, and monitoring mental health, as stress takes a serious toll on physiological health and psychological well-being. Cortisol is an essential biomarker of stress because of the close relationship between cortisol concentration in the human body and stress level. In this study, a flexible LSPR biosensor was manufactured to detect cortisol levels in the human body by depositing gold nanoparticle (AuNP) layers on a 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-functionalized poly (dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrate. Subsequently, an aptamer was immobilized on the surface of the LSPR substrate, enabling highly sensitive and selective cortisol capture owing to its specific cortisol recognition. The biosensor exhibited excellent detection ability in cortisol solutions of various concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 1000 nM with a detection limit of 0.1 nM. The flexible LSPR biosensor also demonstrated good stability under various mechanical deformations. Furthermore, the cortisol levels of the flexible LSPR biosensor were also measured in the human epidermis before and after exercise as well as in the morning and afternoon. Our biosensors, which combine easily manufactured flexible sensors with sensitive cortisol-detecting molecules to measure human stress levels, could be versatile candidates for human-friendly products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Nan
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
- Robot Research Initiative, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Bobby Aditya Darmawan
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwangjun Go
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Shirong Zheng
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhyeok Lee
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokjae Kim
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeksu Lee
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunpyo Choi
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
- Robot Research Initiative, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Oh Park
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
| | - Doyeon Bang
- Korea Institute of Medical Microrobotics, 43-26 Cheomdangwagi-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61011, Republic of Korea
- Robot Research Initiative, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- College of AI Convergence, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Data Science, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
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74
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Zhang M, Zhang J, Ding Z, Wang H, Huang L, Feng X. Laser-Induced Graphene Arrays-Based Three-Phase Interface Enzyme Electrode for Reliable Bioassays. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:biomimetics8010026. [PMID: 36648812 PMCID: PMC9844491 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8010026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemical oxidase biosensors have been widely applied in healthcare, environmental measurements and the biomedical field. However, the low and fluctuant oxygen levels in solution and the high anodic detection potentially restrict the assay accuracy. To address these problems, in this work, we constructed a three-phase interface enzyme electrode by sequentially immobilizing H2O2 electrocatalysts and an oxidase layer on a superhydrophobic laser-induced graphene (LIG) array substrate. The LIG-based enzyme electrode possesses a solid-liquid-air three-phase interface where constant and sufficient oxygen can be supplied from the air phase to the enzymatic reaction zone, which enhances and stabilizes the oxidase kinetics. We discovered that the enzymatic reaction rate is 21.2-fold improved over that of a solid-liquid diphase system where oxygen is supplied from the liquid phase, leading to a 60-times wider linear detection range. Moreover, the three-phase enzyme electrode can employ a cathodic measuring principle for oxidase catalytic product H2O2 detection, which could minimize interferences arising from oxidizable molecules in biofluids and increase the detection selectivity. This work provides a simple and promising approach to the design and construction of high-performance bioassay systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.F.)
| | - Zhenyao Ding
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Haili Wang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Lihui Huang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xinjian Feng
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
- Innovation Center for Chemical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
- Correspondence: (J.Z.); (X.F.)
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75
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Gao F, Liu C, Zhang L, Liu T, Wang Z, Song Z, Cai H, Fang Z, Chen J, Wang J, Han M, Wang J, Lin K, Wang R, Li M, Mei Q, Ma X, Liang S, Gou G, Xue N. Wearable and flexible electrochemical sensors for sweat analysis: a review. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:1. [PMID: 36597511 PMCID: PMC9805458 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-022-00443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable sweat sensors allow continuous, real-time, noninvasive detection of sweat analytes, provide insight into human physiology at the molecular level, and have received significant attention for their promising applications in personalized health monitoring. Electrochemical sensors are the best choice for wearable sweat sensors due to their high performance, low cost, miniaturization, and wide applicability. Recent developments in soft microfluidics, multiplexed biosensing, energy harvesting devices, and materials have advanced the compatibility of wearable electrochemical sweat-sensing platforms. In this review, we summarize the potential of sweat for medical detection and methods for sweat stimulation and collection. This paper provides an overview of the components of wearable sweat sensors and recent developments in materials and power supply technologies and highlights some typical sensing platforms for different types of analytes. Finally, the paper ends with a discussion of the challenges and a view of the prospective development of this exciting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fupeng Gao
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Chunxiu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Tiezhu Liu
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Zixuan Song
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Haoyuan Cai
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Fang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Jiamin Chen
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Junbo Wang
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Mengdi Han
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Future Technology, Peking University, 100871 Beijing, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Beijing Shuimujiheng Biotechnology Company, 101102 Beijing, China
| | - Kai Lin
- PLA Air Force Characteristic Medical Center, 100142 Beijing, China
| | - Ruoyong Wang
- PLA Air Force Characteristic Medical Center, 100142 Beijing, China
| | - Mingxiao Li
- Institute of Microelectronics of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Qian Mei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Biomedical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), 215163 Suzhou, China
| | - Xibo Ma
- CBSR&NLPR, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shuli Liang
- Functional Neurosurgery Department, Beijing Children’s Hospital, Capital Medical University, 100045 Beijing, China
| | - Guangyang Gou
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
| | - Ning Xue
- School of Electronic, Electrical, and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences (UCAS), 100190 Beijing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute (AIR), Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190 Beijing, China
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76
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Chen S, Liu TL, Dong Y, Li J. A Wireless, Regeneratable Cocaine Sensing Scheme Enabled by Allosteric Regulation of pH Sensitive Aptamers. ACS NANO 2022; 16:20922-20936. [PMID: 36468646 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A key challenge for achieving continuous biosensing with existing technologies is the poor reusability of the biorecognition interface due to the difficulty in the dissociation of analytes from the bioreceptors upon surface saturation. In this work, we introduce a regeneratable biosensing scheme enabled by allosteric regulation of a re-engineered pH sensitive anti-cocaine aptamer. The aptamer can regain its affinity with target analytes due to proton-promoted duplex-to-triplex transition in DNA configuration followed by the release of adsorbed analytes. A Pd/PdHx electrode placed next to the sensor can enable the pH regulation of the local chemical environment via electrochemical reactions. Demonstration of a "flower-shaped", stretchable, and inductively coupled electronic system with sensing and energy harvesting capabilities provides a promising route to designing wireless devices in biointegrated forms. These advances have the potential for future development of electronic sensing platforms with on-chip regeneration capability for continuous, quantitative, and real-time monitoring of chemical and biological markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Tzu-Li Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
| | - Jinghua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio43210, United States
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77
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Tian Y, Xu G, Cai K, Zhao X, Zhang B, Wang L, Wang T. Emerging biotransduction strategies on soft interfaces for biosensing. NANOSCALE 2022; 15:80-91. [PMID: 36512329 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05444b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a lab-on-soft biochip providing accurate and timely biomarker information, wearable biosensors can satisfy the increasing demand for intelligent e-health services, active disease diagnosis/therapy, and huge bioinformation data. As biomolecules generally could not directly produce detectable signals, biotransducers that specifically convert biomolecules to electrical or optical signals are involved, which determines the pivotal sensing performance including 3S (sensitivity, selectivity, and stability), reversibility, etc. The soft interface poses new requirements for biotransducers, especially equipment-free, facile operation, mechanical tolerance, and high sensing performance. In this review, we discussed the emerging electrochemical and optical biotransduction strategies on wearables from the aspects of the transduction mechanism, amplification strategies, biomaterial selection, and device fabrication procedures. Challenges and perspectives regarding future biotransducers for monitoring trace amounts of biomolecules with high fidelity, sensitivity, and multifunctionality are also discussed. It is expected that through fusion with functional electronics, wearable biosensors can provide possibilities to further decentralize the healthcare system and even build biomolecule-based intelligent cyber-physical systems and new modalities of cyborgs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Tian
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Guoliang Xu
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Kaiyu Cai
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
- School of Science, Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Lianhui Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Ting Wang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information Displays & Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biosensors, Institute of Advanced Materials (IAM), National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts and Telecommunications, 9 Wenyuan Road, Nanjing 210023, China.
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78
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Yang J, Zheng S, Ma D, Zhang T, Huang X, Huang S, Chen HJ, Wang J, Jiang L, Xie X. Masticatory system-inspired microneedle theranostic platform for intelligent and precise diabetic management. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo6900. [PMID: 36516258 PMCID: PMC9750147 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo6900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Integrated systems for diabetic theranostics present advanced technology to regulate diabetes yet still have critical challenges in terms of accuracy, long-term monitoring, and minimal invasiveness. Inspired by the feature and functions of animal masticatory system, we presented a biomimetic microneedle theranostic platform (MNTP) for intelligent and precise management of diabetes. The MNTP was supported by a miniatured circuit, which used microneedle arrays for on-demand skin penetration, enabling interstitial fluid exudation for simultaneous detection of glucose and physiological ions, and subcutaneous insulin delivery. Interstitial fluid exudation enabled sensing in oxygen-rich environment via the incorporated epidermal sensor functionalized with hybrid carbon nanomaterials. This feature addressed the biosafety issues due to implanted electrodes and the "oxygen-deficit" issues in vivo. The MNTP was demonstrated to accurately detect glucose and ions and deliver insulin to regulate hyperglycemia. The biomimetic and intelligent features of the MNTP endowed it as a highly advanced system for diabetes therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Yang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shantao Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Deyuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinshuo Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hui-jiuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Ji Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lelun Jiang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
| | - Xi Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Sensor Technology and Biomedical Instrument, School of Biomedical Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen 518107, China
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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79
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2D Materials towards sensing technology: From fundamentals to applications. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2022.100540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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80
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Henriquez AR, Snow SJ, Jackson TW, House JS, Motsinger-Reif AA, Ward-Caviness CK, Schladweiler MC, Alewel DI, Miller CN, Farraj AK, Hazari MS, Grindstaff R, Diaz-Sanchez D, Ghio AJ, Kodavanti UP. Stress Drivers of Glucose Dynamics during Ozone Exposure Measured Using Radiotelemetry in Rats. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:127006. [PMID: 36542476 PMCID: PMC9770052 DOI: 10.1289/ehp11088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhaled irritant air pollutants may trigger stress-related metabolic dysfunction associated with altered circulating adrenal-derived hormones. OBJECTIVES We used implantable telemetry in rats to assess real-time changes in circulating glucose during and after exposure to ozone and mechanistically linked responses to neuroendocrine stress hormones. METHODS First, using a cross-over design, we monitored glucose during ozone exposures (0.0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.8 ppm) and nonexposure periods in male Wistar Kyoto rats implanted with glucose telemeters. A second cohort of unimplanted rats was exposed to ozone (0.0, 0.4 or 0.8 ppm) for 30 min, 1 h, 2 h, or 4 h with hormones measured immediately post exposure. We assessed glucose metabolism in sham and adrenalectomized rats, with or without supplementation of adrenergic/glucocorticoid receptor agonists, and in a separate cohort, antagonists. RESULTS Ozone (0.8 ppm) was associated with significantly higher blood glucose and lower core body temperature beginning 90 min into exposure, with reversal of effects 4-6 h post exposure. Glucose monitoring during four daily 4-h ozone exposures revealed duration of glucose increases, adaptation, and diurnal variations. Ozone-induced glucose changes were preceded by higher levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone, corticosterone, and epinephrine but lower levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, prolactin, and luteinizing hormones. Higher glucose and glucose intolerance were inhibited in rats that were adrenalectomized or treated with adrenergic plus glucocorticoid receptor antagonists but exacerbated by agonists. DISCUSSION We demonstrated the temporality of neuroendocrine-stress-mediated biological sequalae responsible for ozone-induced glucose metabolic dysfunction and mechanism in a rodent model. Stress hormones assessment with real-time glucose monitoring may be useful in identifying interactions among irritant pollutants and stress-related illnesses. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11088.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres R. Henriquez
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Samantha J. Snow
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Thomas W. Jackson
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - John S. House
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Alison A. Motsinger-Reif
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Cavin K. Ward-Caviness
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mette C. Schladweiler
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Devin I. Alewel
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education Research Participation Program, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA), Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Colette N. Miller
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aimen K. Farraj
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mehdi S. Hazari
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Rachel Grindstaff
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - David Diaz-Sanchez
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew J. Ghio
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Urmila P. Kodavanti
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, U.S. EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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81
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Yulianti ES, Rahman SF, Whulanza Y. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensor for Electrochemical Detection of Cortisol. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:1090. [PMID: 36551057 PMCID: PMC9776045 DOI: 10.3390/bios12121090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
As a steroid hormone, cortisol has a close relationship with the stress response, and therefore, can be used as a biomarker for early detection of stress. An electrochemical immunosensor is one of the most widely used methods to detect cortisol, with antibodies as its bioreceptor. Apart from conventional laboratory-based methods, the trend for cortisol detection has seemed to be exploiting antibodies and aptamers. Both can provide satisfactory performance with high selectivity and sensitivity, but they still face issues with their short shelf life. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) have been widely used to detect macro- and micro-molecules by forming artificial antibodies as bioreceptors. MIPs are an alternative to natural antibodies, which despite demonstrating high selectivity and a low degree of cross-reactivity, often also show a high sensitivity to the environment, leading to their denaturation. MIPs can be prepared with convenient and relatively affordable fabrication processes. They also have high durability in ambient conditions, a long shelf life, and the ability to detect cortisol molecules at a concentration as low as 2 ag/mL. By collecting data from the past five years, this review summarizes the antibody and aptamer-based amperometric sensors as well as the latest developments exploiting MIPs rather than antibodies. Lastly, factors that can improve MIPs performance and are expected to be developed in the future are also explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elly Septia Yulianti
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Siti Fauziyah Rahman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Yudan Whulanza
- Research Center for Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universitas Indonesia, Kampus UI Depok, Depok 16424, West Java, Indonesia
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82
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Sempionatto JR, Lasalde-Ramírez JA, Mahato K, Wang J, Gao W. Wearable chemical sensors for biomarker discovery in the omics era. Nat Rev Chem 2022; 6:899-915. [PMID: 37117704 DOI: 10.1038/s41570-022-00439-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Biomarkers are crucial biological indicators in medical diagnostics and therapy. However, the process of biomarker discovery and validation is hindered by a lack of standardized protocols for analytical studies, storage and sample collection. Wearable chemical sensors provide a real-time, non-invasive alternative to typical laboratory blood analysis, and are an effective tool for exploring novel biomarkers in alternative body fluids, such as sweat, saliva, tears and interstitial fluid. These devices may enable remote at-home personalized health monitoring and substantially reduce the healthcare costs. This Review introduces criteria, strategies and technologies involved in biomarker discovery using wearable chemical sensors. Electrochemical and optical detection techniques are discussed, along with the materials and system-level considerations for wearable chemical sensors. Lastly, this Review describes how the large sets of temporal data collected by wearable sensors, coupled with modern data analysis approaches, would open the door for discovering new biomarkers towards precision medicine.
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83
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Wang M, Yang Y, Min J, Song Y, Tu J, Mukasa D, Ye C, Xu C, Heflin N, McCune JS, Hsiai TK, Li Z, Gao W. A wearable electrochemical biosensor for the monitoring of metabolites and nutrients. Nat Biomed Eng 2022; 6:1225-1235. [PMID: 35970928 PMCID: PMC10432133 DOI: 10.1038/s41551-022-00916-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Wearable non-invasive biosensors for the continuous monitoring of metabolites in sweat can detect a few analytes at sufficiently high concentrations, typically during vigorous exercise so as to generate sufficient quantity of the biofluid. Here we report the design and performance of a wearable electrochemical biosensor for the continuous analysis, in sweat during physical exercise and at rest, of trace levels of multiple metabolites and nutrients, including all essential amino acids and vitamins. The biosensor consists of graphene electrodes that can be repeatedly regenerated in situ, functionalized with metabolite-specific antibody-like molecularly imprinted polymers and redox-active reporter nanoparticles, and integrated with modules for iontophoresis-based sweat induction, microfluidic sweat sampling, signal processing and calibration, and wireless communication. In volunteers, the biosensor enabled the real-time monitoring of the intake of amino acids and their levels during physical exercise, as well as the assessment of the risk of metabolic syndrome (by correlating amino acid levels in serum and sweat). The monitoring of metabolites for the early identification of abnormal health conditions could facilitate applications in precision nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minqiang Wang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yiran Yang
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jihong Min
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yu Song
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jiaobing Tu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Mukasa
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Science, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Cui Ye
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Changhao Xu
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Nicole Heflin
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Jeannine S McCune
- Department of Hematologic Malignancy Translational Sciences, Beckman Research Institute at City of Hope, Duarte, CA, USA
| | - Tzung K Hsiai
- Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Zhaoping Li
- Division of Clinical Nutrition, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
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84
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van Smeden L, Saris A, Sergelen K, de Jong AM, Yan J, Prins MWJ. Reversible Immunosensor for the Continuous Monitoring of Cortisol in Blood Plasma Sampled with Microdialysis. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3041-3048. [PMID: 36255855 PMCID: PMC9623578 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cortisol is a steroid hormone involved in a wide range of medical conditions. The level of the hormone fluctuates over time, but with traditional laboratory-based assays, such dynamics cannot be monitored in real time. Here, a reversible cortisol sensor is reported that allows continuous monitoring of cortisol in blood plasma using sampling by microdialysis. The sensor is based on measuring single-molecule binding and unbinding events of tethered particles. The particles are functionalized with antibodies and the substrate with cortisol-analogues, causing binding and unbinding events to occur between particles and substrate. The frequency of binding events is reduced when cortisol is present in the solution as it blocks the binding sites of the antibodies. The sensor responds to cortisol in the high nanomolar to low micromolar range and can monitor cortisol concentrations over multiple hours. Results are shown for cortisol monitoring in filtered and in microdialysis-sampled human blood plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura van Smeden
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands,Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Annet Saris
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Khulan Sergelen
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands,Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Arthur M. de Jong
- Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands,Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Junhong Yan
- Helia
Biomonitoring, De Lismortel
31, 5612 AREindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Menno W. J. Prins
- Department
of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands,Department
of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University
of Technology, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands,Institute
for Complex Molecular Systems (ICMS), Eindhoven
University of Technology, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands,Helia
Biomonitoring, De Lismortel
31, 5612 AREindhoven, The Netherlands,
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85
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Kil MS, Kim SJ, Park HJ, Yoon JH, Jeong JM, Choi BG. Highly Stretchable Sensor Based on Fluid Dynamics-Assisted Graphene Inks for Real-Time Monitoring of Sweat. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:48072-48080. [PMID: 36222414 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Graphene inks have recently attracted attention for the development of printed wearable and flexible electronics and sensors not only because of their high conductivity and low cost but also because they are suitable for high-speed printing. Although reliable and scalable printing technologies are well established, further improvement in graphene inks in terms of electrical conductivity, stretchability/flexibility, and mass production is necessary for sensors for real-time monitoring. Herein, highly stretchable and conductive graphene inks were prepared by an efficient and scalable fluid dynamics-assisted exfoliation of graphite and a mixing process with elastomeric Ecoflex. After printing inks onto textile substrates, the serpentine-patterned conductors exhibited high conductivity and stable resistance even under a mechanically stretched state (a strain of 150%). Electrochemical sensors that detect sodium ions were fabricated on this conducting platform. These sensors indicated high potentiometric sensing ability under different mechanical deformations. To demonstrate the on-body performance of the developed sensors, real-time monitoring of sodium-ion concentration in the sweat of a human subject was carried out during an indoor stationary cycling exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Sik Kil
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Jin Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jun Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo Hee Yoon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Min Jeong
- Mineral Resources Research Division, Korea Institute of Geoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM), Daejeon 34132, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Gill Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Samcheok 25913, Republic of Korea
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86
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Singh A, Ahmed A, Sharma A, Arya S. Graphene and Its Derivatives: Synthesis and Application in the Electrochemical Detection of Analytes in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100910. [PMID: 36291046 PMCID: PMC9599499 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sensors and invasive devices have been studied extensively in recent years as the demand for real-time human healthcare applications and seamless human-machine interaction has risen exponentially. An explosion in sensor research throughout the globe has been ignited by the unique features such as thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties of graphene. This includes wearable sensors and implants, which can detect a wide range of data, including body temperature, pulse oxygenation, blood pressure, glucose, and the other analytes present in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for real-time human health monitoring are also being developed. This review is a comprehensive discussion about the properties of graphene, routes to its synthesis, derivatives of graphene, etc. Moreover, the basic features of a biosensor along with the chemistry of sweat are also discussed in detail. The review mainly focusses on the graphene and its derivative-based wearable sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat. Graphene-based sensors for health monitoring will be examined and explained in this study as an overview of the most current innovations in sensor designs, sensing processes, technological advancements, sensor system components, and potential hurdles. The future holds great opportunities for the development of efficient and advanced graphene-based sensors for the detection of analytes in sweat.
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87
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Mugo SM, Lu W, Robertson S. A Wearable, Textile-Based Polyacrylate Imprinted Electrochemical Sensor for Cortisol Detection in Sweat. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12100854. [PMID: 36290991 PMCID: PMC9599184 DOI: 10.3390/bios12100854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A wearable, textile-based molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) electrochemical sensor for cortisol detection in human sweat has been demonstrated. The wearable cortisol sensor was fabricated via layer-by-layer assembly (LbL) on a flexible cotton textile substrate coated with a conductive nanoporous carbon nanotube/cellulose nanocrystal (CNT/CNC) composite suspension, conductive polyaniline (PANI), and a selective cortisol-imprinted poly(glycidylmethacrylate-co-ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) (poly(GMA-co-EGDMA)) decorated with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), or plated with gold. The cortisol sensor rapidly (<2 min) responded to 9.8−49.5 ng/mL of cortisol, with an average relative standard deviation (%RSD) of 6.4% across the dynamic range, indicating excellent precision. The cortisol sensor yielded an excellent limit of detection (LOD) of 8.00 ng/mL, which is within the typical physiological levels in human sweat. A single cortisol sensor patch could be reused 15 times over a 30-day period with no loss in performance, attesting to excellent reusability. The cortisol sensor patch was successfully verified for use in quantification of cortisol levels in human sweat.
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88
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Ibrahim NFA, Sabani N, Johari S, Manaf AA, Wahab AA, Zakaria Z, Noor AM. A Comprehensive Review of the Recent Developments in Wearable Sweat-Sensing Devices. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:7670. [PMID: 36236769 PMCID: PMC9573257 DOI: 10.3390/s22197670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sweat analysis offers non-invasive real-time on-body measurement for wearable sensors. However, there are still gaps in current developed sweat-sensing devices (SSDs) regarding the concerns of mixing fresh and old sweat and real-time measurement, which are the requirements to ensure accurate the measurement of wearable devices. This review paper discusses these limitations by aiding model designs, features, performance, and the device operation for exploring the SSDs used in different sweat collection tools, focusing on continuous and non-continuous flow sweat analysis. In addition, the paper also comprehensively presents various sweat biomarkers that have been explored by earlier works in order to broaden the use of non-invasive sweat samples in healthcare and related applications. This work also discusses the target analyte's response mechanism for different sweat compositions, categories of sweat collection devices, and recent advances in SSDs regarding optimal design, functionality, and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Fatin Adini Ibrahim
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Norhayati Sabani
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Shazlina Johari
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Asrulnizam Abd Manaf
- Collaborative Microelectronic Design Excellence Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Gelugor 11800, Malaysia
| | - Asnida Abdul Wahab
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Health Sciences, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru 81310, Malaysia
| | - Zulkarnay Zakaria
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Sports Engineering Research Center, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
| | - Anas Mohd Noor
- Faculty of Electronic Engineering & Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
- Center of Excellance Micro System Technology, Universiti Malaysia Perlis, Arau 02600, Malaysia
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89
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Hu X, Yu C, Dong T, Yang Z, Fang Y, Jiang Z. Biomarkers and detection methods of bipolar disorder. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114842. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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90
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Demuru S, Kim J, El Chazli M, Bruce S, Dupertuis M, Binz PA, Saubade M, Lafaye C, Briand D. Antibody-Coated Wearable Organic Electrochemical Transistors for Cortisol Detection in Human Sweat. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2721-2731. [PMID: 36054907 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The dysregulation of the hormone cortisol is related to several pathological states, and its monitoring could help prevent severe stress, fatigue, and mental diseases. While wearable antibody-based biosensors could allow real-time and simple monitoring of antigens, an accurate and low-cost antibody-based cortisol detection through electrochemical methods is considerably challenging due to its low concentration and the high ionic strength of real biofluids. Here, a label-free and fast sensor for cortisol detection is proposed based on antibody-coated organic electrochemical transistors. The developed devices show unprecedented high sensitivities of 50 μA/dec for cortisol sensing in high-ionic-strength solutions with effective cortisol detection demonstrated with real human sweat. The sensing mechanism is analyzed through impedance spectroscopy and confirmed with electrical models. Compared to existing methods requiring bulky and expensive laboratory equipment, these wearable devices enable point-of-care cortisol detection in 5 min with direct sweat collection for personalized well-being monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Demuru
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Jaemin Kim
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Marwan El Chazli
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
| | - Stephen Bruce
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Michael Dupertuis
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Pierre-Alain Binz
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Mathieu Saubade
- Sports Medicine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Céline Lafaye
- Sports Medicine Unit, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne 1011, Switzerland
| | - Danick Briand
- School of Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Neuchâtel 2000, Switzerland
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91
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Chhabria K, Bonnen M, Asper J, Carnaby GD. Feasibility and value of salivary cortisol sampling to reflect distress in head and neck cancer patients undergoing chemoradiation: A proof-of-concept study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY RESEARCH 2022; 5:043. [PMID: 36408337 PMCID: PMC9671390 DOI: 10.23937/2643-4563/1710043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Head and neck cancer (HNC) patients undergoing chemo/radiation commonly experience severe and persistent distress associated with treatment related fear and physical side effects such as xerostomia, dysphagia, and dryness of mouth. Cortisol, a stress sensitive hormone, can be easily measured in saliva to reflect biobehavioral responses to such stressors. Unfortunately, it has not been used in this population due to concerns associated with chemoradiation (C/RT) related xerostomia. METHODS In a proof-of-concept study, we explored the feasibility of collecting salivary cortisol as a marker of fear and distress in HNC patients. Ten HNC subjects undergoing C/RT provided saliva samples for 3 consecutive days across three timepoints (pre-treatment, 3-weeks and 1-month post-treatment) and completed concurrent depression, anxiety and swallowing related fear measures. RESULTS Salivary cortisol collection adherence was between 80-60%. It was not impacted by xerostomia. Diurnal cortisol pattern demonstrated dysregulation at pretreatment in 62%, and flattened aberrant slopes continued at 3-weeks and beyond in 50% of subjects. CONCLUSIONS Our study supports the feasibility and utility of salivary cortisol measurement in HNC patients across the treatment trajectory. Diurnal cortisol measures may be a valuable tool to detect and monitor treatment distress during C/RT in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karishma Chhabria
- Department of Management, Policy and Community Health, University of Texas Health Science Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mark Bonnen
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Joshua Asper
- Radiation Oncology, University of Texas health Science Center, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Giselle D Carnaby
- School of Health Sciences, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX, USA
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92
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Yeung KK, Li J, Huang T, Hosseini II, Al Mahdi R, Alam MM, Sun H, Mahshid S, Yang J, Ye TT, Gao Z. Utilizing Gradient Porous Graphene Substrate as the Solid-Contact Layer To Enhance Wearable Electrochemical Sweat Sensor Sensitivity. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:6647-6654. [PMID: 35943807 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat monitoring represents an attractive opportunity for personalized healthcare and for evaluating sports performance. One of the limitations with such monitoring, however, is water layer formation upon cycling of ion-selective sensors, leading to degraded sensitivity and long-term instability. Our report is the first to use chemical vapor deposition-grown, three-dimensional, graphene-based, gradient porous electrodes to minimize such water layer formation. The proposed design reduces the ion diffusion path within the polymeric ion-selective membrane and enhances the electroactive surface for highly sensitive, real-time detection of Na+ ions in human sweat with high selectivity. We obtained a 7-fold enhancement in electroactive surface against 2D electrodes (e.g., carbon, gold), yielding a sensitivity of 65.1 ± 0.25 mV decade-1 (n = 3, RSD = 0.39%), the highest to date for wearable Na+ sweat sensors. The on-body sweat sensing performance is comparable to that of ICP-MS, suggesting its feasibility for health evaluation through sweat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Kan Yeung
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Jingwei Li
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Ting Huang
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Imman I Hosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Rakib Al Mahdi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Md Masruck Alam
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Honglin Sun
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0E9, Canada
| | - Jian Yang
- Faculty of Intelligent Manufacturing, Wuyi University, Jiangmen 529020, China
| | - Terry Tao Ye
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhaoli Gao
- Biomedical Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong 999077, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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93
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Tang L, Yang S, Zhang K, Jiang X. Skin Electronics from Biocompatible In Situ Welding Enabled By Intrinsically Sticky Conductors. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2022; 9:e2202043. [PMID: 35754311 PMCID: PMC9376824 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Welding usually involves high temperatures, toxic solvents, or conditions not compatible with human bodies, which severely limit the fusion of electronics and human tissues. To achieve direct welding of electronics on human skin, the intrinsically sticky conductors that can simultaneously achieve metal-grade electrical conductivity (≈41 7000 S m-1 ), hydrogel-grade stretchability (>900% strain), and self-adhesiveness (1.8 N cm-1 ) are reported. The sticky conductors composed of gallium indium alloy and acrylate polymer adhesives have a surface-enriched structure, which can form instant mechanical and electrical connections with different surfaces through gentle pressure without involving conditions that may damage human tissues. Based on the sticky conductors, the in situ welding of electronics on the skin is realized. To demonstrate the feasibility of in situ welding, electronic tattoos are achieved for movement monitoring. Intrinsically sticky electrodes that can resist drying and simultaneously deform with the skin for electrophysiological measurement are also developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixue Tang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringBeijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical ApplicationCapital Medical UniversityNo.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men WaiBeijing100069China
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyNo 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Xili, Nanshan DistrictShenzhenGuangdong518055China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Big Data‐Based Precision MedicineCapital Medical UniversityBeijing100069China
| | - Shuaijian Yang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyNo 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Xili, Nanshan DistrictShenzhenGuangdong518055China
| | - Kuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical EngineeringBeijing Key Laboratory of Fundamental Research on Biomechanics in Clinical ApplicationCapital Medical UniversityNo.10 Xitoutiao, You An Men WaiBeijing100069China
| | - Xingyu Jiang
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringShenzhen Key Laboratory of Smart Healthcare Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced BiomaterialsSouthern University of Science and TechnologyNo 1088, Xueyuan Rd., Xili, Nanshan DistrictShenzhenGuangdong518055China
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94
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Zhang L, Wang L, Li J, Cui C, Zhou Z, Wen L. Surface Engineering of Laser-Induced Graphene Enables Long-Term Monitoring of On-Body Uric Acid and pH Simultaneously. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:5451-5458. [PMID: 35731860 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c01500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced graphene (LIG) suffers from serious decay in long-term biosensing, which greatly restricts its practical applications. Herein, we report a new strategy to engineer the LIG surface with Au clusters and chitosan sequentially to form a C-Au-LIG electrode with a superhydrophilic and highly conductive 3D graphene surface, which demonstrates superior performance and negligible decay in both long-term storage and practical usage in vitro and in vivo environments. Moreover, the C-Au-LIG electrode can be used for detecting uric acid (UA) and pH simultaneously from a single differential pulse voltammetry curve with low-detection limitation, high accuracy, and negligible interference with other sweat biomarkers. The integrated C-Au-LIG wearable biosensor was employed to continuously monitor the UA content in human sweat, which can well reflect the daily intake of purines for at least 10 days. Therefore, the C-Au-LIG electrode demonstrates significant application potential and provides inspiration for surface engineering of other biosensor materials and electrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Lang Wang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Jiye Li
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Can Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering & Institute of Materials Science, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3136, United States of America
| | - Ziqian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Liaoyong Wen
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
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95
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Abstract
In recent years, wearable sensors have enabled the unique mode of real-time and noninvasive monitoring to develop rapidly in medical care, sports, and other fields. Sweat contains a wide range of biomarkers such as metabolites, electrolytes, and various hormones. Combined with wearable technology, sweat can reflect human fatigue, disease, mental stress, dehydration, and so on. This paper comprehensively describes the analysis of sweat components such as glucose, lactic acid, electrolytes, pH, cortisol, vitamins, ethanol, and drugs by wearable sensing technology, and the application of sweat wearable devices in glasses, patches, fabrics, tattoos, and paper. The development trend of sweat wearable devices is prospected. It is believed that if the sweat collection, air permeability, biocompatibility, sensing array construction, continuous monitoring, self-healing technology, power consumption, real-time data transmission, specific recognition, and other problems of the wearable sweat sensor are solved, we can provide the wearer with important information about their health level in the true sense.
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96
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Liu TL, Dong Y, Chen S, Zhou J, Ma Z, Li J. Battery-free, tuning circuit-inspired wireless sensor systems for detection of multiple biomarkers in bodily fluids. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo7049. [PMID: 35857473 PMCID: PMC9258955 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo7049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tracking the concentration of biomarkers in biofluids can provide crucial information about health status. However, the complexity and nonideal form factors of conventional digital wireless schemes impose challenges in realizing biointegrated, lightweight, and miniaturized sensors. Inspired by the working principle of tuning circuits in radio frequency electronics, this study reports a class of battery-free wireless biochemical sensors: In a resonance circuit, the coupling between a sensing interface and an inductor-capacitor oscillator through a pair of varactor diodes converts a change in electric potential into a modulation in capacitance, resulting in a quantifiable shift of the resonance circuit. Proper design of sensing interfaces with biorecognition elements enables the detection of various biomarkers, including ions, neurotransmitters, and metabolites. Demonstrations of "smart accessories" and miniaturized probes suggest the broad utility of this circuit model. The design concepts and sensing strategies provide a realistic pathway to building biointegrated electronics for wireless biochemical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Li Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220, USA
| | - Yan Dong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220, USA
| | - Shulin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220, USA
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Zhenqiang Ma
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Engineering Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jinghua Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220, USA
- Chronic Brain Injury Program, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43220, USA
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97
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Research Progress on the Preparation and Applications of Laser-Induced Graphene Technology. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12142336. [PMID: 35889560 PMCID: PMC9317010 DOI: 10.3390/nano12142336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Graphene has been regarded as a potential application material in the field of new energy conversion and storage because of its unique two-dimensional structure and excellent physical and chemical properties. However, traditional graphene preparation methods are complicated in-process and difficult to form patterned structures. In recent years, laser-induced graphene (LIG) technology has received a large amount of attention from scholars and has a wide range of applications in supercapacitors, batteries, sensors, air filters, water treatment, etc. In this paper, we summarized a variety of preparation methods for graphene. The effects of laser processing parameters, laser type, precursor materials, and process atmosphere on the properties of the prepared LIG were reviewed. Then, two strategies for large-scale production of LIG were briefly described. We also discussed the wide applications of LIG in the fields of signal sensing, environmental protection, and energy storage. Finally, we briefly outlined the future trends of this research direction.
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98
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Deshpande P, Ravikumar B, Tallur S, Paul D, Rai B. Eccrine Sweat Molecular Model for Development of de novo Biosensors. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2022; 2022:914-917. [PMID: 36085967 DOI: 10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a validated, novel, in silico molecular dynamics (MD) model of eccrine sweat with approx. 35k atoms developed using Large-scale Atomic/Molecular Massively Parallel Simulator (LAMMPS) program. CHARMMS36m force field for constituent atoms and SPC/E water model are used to develop this model. The model outputs transport properties such as self-diffusivity computed using mean squared displacement and bulk viscosity computed via Green-Kubo correlations, which are compared with existing literature values and experimental studies and presented. This validated model is intended to serve as a tool to develop eccrine sweat based biosensors.
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99
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The era of nano-bionic: 2D materials for wearable and implantable body sensors. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2022; 186:114315. [PMID: 35513130 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Nano-bionics have the potential of revolutionizing modern medicine. Among nano-bionic devices, body sensors allow to monitor in real-time the health of patients, to achieve personalized medicine, and even to restore or enhance human functions. The advent of two-dimensional (2D) materials is facilitating the manufacturing of miniaturized and ultrathin bioelectronics, that can be easily integrated in the human body. Their unique electronic properties allow to efficiently transduce physical and chemical stimuli into electric current. Their flexibility and nanometric thickness facilitate the adaption and adhesion to human body. The low opacity permits to obtain transparent devices. The good cellular adhesion and reduced cytotoxicity are advantageous for the integration of the devices in vivo. Herein we review the latest and more significant examples of 2D material-based sensors for health monitoring, describing their architectures, sensing mechanisms, advantages and, as well, the challenges and drawbacks that hampers their translation into commercial clinical devices.
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100
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Zhang H, Qiu Y, Yu S, Ding C, Hu J, Qi H, Tian Y, Zhang Z, Liu A, Wu H. Wearable microfluidic patch with integrated capillary valves and pumps for sweat management and multiple biomarker analysis. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2022; 16:044104. [PMID: 35915777 PMCID: PMC9338840 DOI: 10.1063/5.0092084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Wearable sweat sensors are essential for providing insight into human physiological health. The currently developed microfluidic sweat sensors have demonstrated the function of collecting and storing sweat. However, they detect more average concentrations of substances based on time periods, which leads to the fact that in situ real-time measurement for multiple biomarkers remains a grand challenge. Here, we propose a wearable epidermal microfluidic patch with integrated microfluidic pumps and micro-valves for accelerated and continuous collection of the sweat, where the micro-pumps ensure the complete separation of old and new sweat for real-time detection of real concentration of biomarkers in sweat. The biomarker concentration at different time periods is detected by introducing a burst valve, which is used to assist in the analysis of the real-time detection. A quantitative relationship between the minimum burst pressure difference required for sequential collection and the size of the microchannel structure is established to overcome the effects of additional resistance at the gas-liquid interface. Additionally, the sensing modules, including sodium ion, chlorine ion, glucose, and pH level in sweat, are integrated into the patch to realize in situ, real-time detection of multiple biomarkers in the human sweat, decoding the correlation between changes in substance concentrations and physiological conditions. This work provides a unique and simplifying strategy for developing wearable sweat sensors for potential applications in health monitoring and disease diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Chen Ding
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | | | | | - Aiping Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optical Field Manipulation of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huaping Wu
- Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed: and
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