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Ito R, Shima H, Masuda K, Sato I, Shimada H, Yokoyama A, Shirahige K, Igarashi K, Sugawara A. Comparative proteomic analysis to identify the novel target gene of angiotensin II in adrenocortical H295R cells. Endocr J 2021; 68:441-450. [PMID: 33390420 DOI: 10.1507/endocrj.ej20-0144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a well-known peptide that maintains the balance of electrolytes in the higher vertebrates. Ang II stimulation in the adrenal gland induces the synthesis of mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone, through the up-regulation of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) gene expression. Additionally, it has been reported that Ang II activates multiple signaling pathways such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Ca2+ signaling. Although Ang II has various effects on the cellular signaling in the adrenal cells, its biological significance, except for the aldosterone synthesis, is still unclear. In this study, we attempted to search the novel target gene(s) of Ang II in the human adrenal H295R cells using a proteomic approach combined with stable isotopic labeling using amino acid in cell culture (SILAC). Interestingly, we found that Ang II stimulation elevated the expression of phosphofructokinase type platelet (PFKP) in both protein and mRNA levels. Moreover, transactivation of PFKP by Ang II was dependent on extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 activation. Finally, we observed that Ang II treatment facilitated glucose uptake in the H295R cells. Taken together, we here identified PFKP as a novel target gene of Ang II, indicating that Ang II not only stimulates steroidogenesis but also affects glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ito
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shima
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Koji Masuda
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Ikuko Sato
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shimada
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Shirahige
- Research Center for Epigenetic Disease, Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biosciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0032, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai 980-8575, Japan
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Tezuka Y, Atsumi N, Blinder AR, Rege J, Giordano TJ, Rainey WE, Turcu AF. The Age-Dependent Changes of the Human Adrenal Cortical Zones Are Not Congruent. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1389-1397. [PMID: 33524149 PMCID: PMC8502483 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While previous studies indicate that the zonae reticularis (ZR) and glomerulosa (ZG) diminish with aging, little is known about age-related transformations of the zona fasciculata (ZF). OBJECTIVES To investigate the morphological and functional changes of the adrenal cortex across adulthood, with emphasis on (i) the understudied ZF and (ii) sexual dimorphisms. METHODS We used immunohistochemistry to evaluate the expression of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), visinin-like protein 1 (VSNL1), 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type II (HSD3B2), 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1), and cytochrome b5 type A (CYB5A) in adrenal glands from 60 adults (30 men), aged 18 to 86. Additionally, we employed mass spectrometry to quantify the morning serum concentrations of cortisol, 11-deoxycortisol (11dF), 17α-hydroxyprogesterone, 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and androstenedione in 149 pairs of age- and body mass index-matched men and women, age 21 to 95 years. RESULTS The total cortical area was positively correlated with age (r = 0.34, P = 0.008). Both the total (VSNL1-positive) and functional ZG (CYP11B2-positive) areas declined with aging in men (r = -0.57 and -0.67, P < 0.01), but not in women. The CYB5A-positive area declined with age in both sexes (r = -0.76, P < 0.0001). In contrast, the estimated ZF area correlated positively with age in men (r = 0.59, P = 0.0006) and women (r = 0.49, P = 0.007), while CYP11B1-positive area remained unchanged across ages. Serum cortisol, corticosterone, and 11-deoxycorticosterone levels were stable across ages, while 11dF levels increased slightly with age (r = 0.16, P = 0.007). CONCLUSION Unlike the ZG and ZR, the ZF and the total adrenal cortex areas enlarge with aging. An abrupt decline of the ZG occurs with age in men only, possibly contributing to sexual dimorphism in cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tezuka
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Nanako Atsumi
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Amy R Blinder
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology and Clinical Laboratories, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - William E Rainey
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adina F Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Correspondence: Adina F. Turcu, MD, MS, Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, 1150 W Medical Center Drive, MSRB II, 5570B, Ann Arbor, MI 48109.
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Enhanced Ca 2+ signaling, mild primary aldosteronism, and hypertension in a familial hyperaldosteronism mouse model ( Cacna1h M1560V/+ ). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2014876118. [PMID: 33879608 PMCID: PMC8092574 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2014876118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (increased production of the adrenal steroid hormone aldosterone) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. We here generated a mouse model of familial hyperaldosteronism type IV with a heterozygous gain-of-function mutation in a calcium channel gene (Cacna1hM1560V/+). Cacna1hM1560V/+ mice have about twofold elevated aldosterone:renin ratios (a screening parameter for primary aldosteronism) and elevated blood pressure, with an overall mild phenotype. Elevated adrenal aldosterone synthase expression in Cacna1hM1560V/+ mice is associated with increased intracellular calcium concentrations in glomerulosa cells. This model allows for the ex vivo analysis of calcium signaling in aldosterone-producing glomerulosa cells of the adrenal gland. Cacna1h−/− mice have normal aldosterone synthase expression, with implications for the evaluation of CACNA1H as a therapeutic target. Gain-of-function mutations in the CACNA1H gene (encoding the T-type calcium channel CaV3.2) cause autosomal-dominant familial hyperaldosteronism type IV (FH-IV) and early-onset hypertension in humans. We used CRISPR/Cas9 to generate Cacna1hM1560V/+ knockin mice as a model of the most common FH-IV mutation, along with corresponding knockout mice (Cacna1h−/−). Adrenal morphology of both Cacna1hM1560V/+ and Cacna1h−/− mice was normal. Cacna1hM1560V/+ mice had elevated aldosterone:renin ratios (a screening parameter for primary aldosteronism). Their adrenal Cyp11b2 (aldosterone synthase) expression was increased and remained elevated on a high-salt diet (relative autonomy, characteristic of primary aldosteronism), but plasma aldosterone was only elevated in male animals. The systolic blood pressure of Cacna1hM1560V/+ mice was 8 mmHg higher than in wild-type littermates and remained elevated on a high-salt diet. Cacna1h−/− mice had elevated renal Ren1 (renin-1) expression but normal adrenal Cyp11b2 levels, suggesting that in the absence of CaV3.2, stimulation of the renin-angiotensin system activates alternative calcium entry pathways to maintain normal aldosterone production. On a cellular level, Cacna1hM1560V/+ adrenal slices showed increased baseline and peak intracellular calcium concentrations in the zona glomerulosa compared to controls, but the frequency of calcium spikes did not rise. We conclude that FH-IV, on a molecular level, is caused by elevated intracellular Ca2+ concentrations as a signal for aldosterone production in adrenal glomerulosa cells. We demonstrate that a germline Cacna1h gain-of-function mutation is sufficient to cause mild primary aldosteronism, whereas loss of CaV3.2 channel function can be compensated for in a chronic setting.
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Butterworth MB. Non-coding RNAs and the mineralocorticoid receptor in the kidney. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 521:111115. [PMID: 33301840 PMCID: PMC7796954 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The final steps in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone signaling System (RAAS) involve binding of the corticosteroid hormone, aldosterone to its mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The bound MR interacts with response elements to induce or repress the transcription of aldosterone-regulated genes. Along with the classic genomic targets of aldosterone that alter mRNA and protein expression, aldosterone also regulates the expression of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). Short ncRNAs termed microRNAs (miRs) have been shown to play a role in transducing aldosterone's actions via MR signaling. The role of miRs in homeostatic regulation of aldosterone signaling, and the potential for aldosterone-regulated miRs to act as feedback regulators of MR have been recently reported. In this review, the role of miRs in RAAS signaling and feedback regulation of MR in kidney epithelial cells will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael B Butterworth
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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Bose HS, Whittal RM, Marshall B, Rajapaksha M, Wang NP, Bose M, Perry EW, Zhao ZQ, Miller WL. A Novel Mitochondrial Complex of Aldosterone Synthase, Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein, and Tom22 Synthesizes Aldosterone in the Rat Heart. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 377:108-120. [PMID: 33526603 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.120.000365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone, which regulates renal salt retention, is synthesized in adrenocortical mitochondria in response to angiotensin II. Excess aldosterone causes myocardial injury and heart failure, but potential intracardiac aldosterone synthesis has been controversial. We hypothesized that the stressed heart might produce aldosterone. We used blue native gel electrophoresis, immunoblotting, protein crosslinking, coimmunoprecipitations, and mass spectrometry to assess rat cardiac aldosterone synthesis. Chronic infusion of angiotensin II increased circulating corticosterone levels 350-fold and induced cardiac fibrosis. Angiotensin II doubled and telmisartan inhibited aldosterone synthesis by heart mitochondria and cardiac production of aldosterone synthase (P450c11AS). Heart aldosterone synthesis required P450c11AS, Tom22 (a mitochondrial translocase receptor), and the intramitochondrial form of the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR); protein crosslinking and coimmunoprecipitation studies showed that these three proteins form a 110-kDa complex. In steroidogenic cells, extramitochondrial (37-kDa) StAR promotes cholesterol movement from the outer to inner mitochondrial membrane where cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) converts cholesterol to pregnenolone, thus initiating steroidogenesis, but no function has previously been ascribed to intramitochondrial (30-kDa) StAR; our data indicate that intramitochondrial 30-kDa StAR is required for aldosterone synthesis in the heart, forming a trimolecular complex with Tom22 and P450c11AS. This is the first activity ascribed to intramitochondrial StAR, but how this promotes P450c11AS activity is unclear. The stressed heart did not express P450scc, suggesting that circulating corticosterone (rather than intracellular cholesterol) is the substrate for cardiac aldosterone synthesis. Thus, the stressed heart produced aldosterone using a previously undescribed intramitochondrial mechanism that involves P450c11AS, Tom22, and 30-kDa StAR. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Prior studies of potential cardiac aldosterone synthesis have been inconsistent. This study shows that the stressed rat heart produces aldosterone by a novel mechanism involving aldosterone synthase, Tom22, and intramitochondrial steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) apparently using circulating corticosterone as substrate. This study establishes that the stressed rat heart produces aldosterone and for the first time identifies a biological role for intramitochondrial 30-kDa StAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangshu S Bose
- Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B., M.R., N.P.W., Z.-Q.Z.); Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.M.W.); Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia (B.M., E.W.P.); Curtiss Healthcare, University of Florida Innovate Sid Martin Biotechbology Incubator, Gainesville, Florida (M.B.); Anderson Cancer Institute, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B.); and Department of Pediatrics and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (W.L.M.)
| | - Randy M Whittal
- Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B., M.R., N.P.W., Z.-Q.Z.); Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.M.W.); Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia (B.M., E.W.P.); Curtiss Healthcare, University of Florida Innovate Sid Martin Biotechbology Incubator, Gainesville, Florida (M.B.); Anderson Cancer Institute, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B.); and Department of Pediatrics and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (W.L.M.)
| | - Brendan Marshall
- Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B., M.R., N.P.W., Z.-Q.Z.); Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.M.W.); Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia (B.M., E.W.P.); Curtiss Healthcare, University of Florida Innovate Sid Martin Biotechbology Incubator, Gainesville, Florida (M.B.); Anderson Cancer Institute, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B.); and Department of Pediatrics and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (W.L.M.)
| | - Maheshinie Rajapaksha
- Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B., M.R., N.P.W., Z.-Q.Z.); Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.M.W.); Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia (B.M., E.W.P.); Curtiss Healthcare, University of Florida Innovate Sid Martin Biotechbology Incubator, Gainesville, Florida (M.B.); Anderson Cancer Institute, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B.); and Department of Pediatrics and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (W.L.M.)
| | - Ning Ping Wang
- Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B., M.R., N.P.W., Z.-Q.Z.); Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.M.W.); Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia (B.M., E.W.P.); Curtiss Healthcare, University of Florida Innovate Sid Martin Biotechbology Incubator, Gainesville, Florida (M.B.); Anderson Cancer Institute, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B.); and Department of Pediatrics and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (W.L.M.)
| | - Madhuchanda Bose
- Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B., M.R., N.P.W., Z.-Q.Z.); Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.M.W.); Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia (B.M., E.W.P.); Curtiss Healthcare, University of Florida Innovate Sid Martin Biotechbology Incubator, Gainesville, Florida (M.B.); Anderson Cancer Institute, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B.); and Department of Pediatrics and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (W.L.M.)
| | - Elizabeth W Perry
- Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B., M.R., N.P.W., Z.-Q.Z.); Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.M.W.); Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia (B.M., E.W.P.); Curtiss Healthcare, University of Florida Innovate Sid Martin Biotechbology Incubator, Gainesville, Florida (M.B.); Anderson Cancer Institute, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B.); and Department of Pediatrics and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (W.L.M.)
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhao
- Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B., M.R., N.P.W., Z.-Q.Z.); Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.M.W.); Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia (B.M., E.W.P.); Curtiss Healthcare, University of Florida Innovate Sid Martin Biotechbology Incubator, Gainesville, Florida (M.B.); Anderson Cancer Institute, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B.); and Department of Pediatrics and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (W.L.M.)
| | - Walter L Miller
- Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B., M.R., N.P.W., Z.-Q.Z.); Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada (R.M.W.); Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Georgia (B.M., E.W.P.); Curtiss Healthcare, University of Florida Innovate Sid Martin Biotechbology Incubator, Gainesville, Florida (M.B.); Anderson Cancer Institute, Savannah, Georgia (H.S.B.); and Department of Pediatrics and Center for Reproductive Sciences, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California (W.L.M.)
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Zimmerman AD, Mackay L, Kemppainen RJ, Jones MA, Read CC, Schwartz D, Foradori CD. The Herbicide Atrazine Potentiates Angiotensin II-Induced Aldosterone Synthesis and Release From Adrenal Cells. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:697505. [PMID: 34335472 PMCID: PMC8317615 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.697505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Atrazine is one of the most commonly used pre-emergence and early post-emergence herbicides in the world. We have shown previously that atrazine does not directly stimulate the pituitary or adrenal to trigger hormone release but acts centrally to activate a stress-like activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. In doing so, atrazine treatment has been shown to cause adrenal morphology changes characteristic of repeated stress. In this study, adrenals from atrazine treated and stressed animals were directly compared after 4 days of atrazine treatment or restraint stress. Both atrazine and stressed animals displayed reduced adrenocortical zona glomerulosa thickness and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression, indicative of repeated adrenal stimulation by adrenocorticotropic hormone. To determine if reduced CYP11B2 expression resulted in attenuated aldosterone synthesis, stressed and atrazine treated animals were challenged with angiotensin II (Ang II). As predicted, stressed animals produced less aldosterone compared to control animals when stimulated. However, atrazine treated animals had higher circulating aldosterone concentrations compared to both stressed and control groups. Ang II-induced aldosterone release was also potentiated in atrazine pretreated human adrenocortical carcinoma cells (H295R). Atrazine pretreated did not alter the expression of the rate limiting steroidogenic StAR protein or angiotensin II receptor 1. Atrazine treated animals also presented with higher basal blood pressure than vehicle treated control animals suggesting sustained elevations in circulating aldosterone levels. Our results demonstrate that treatment with the widely used herbicide, atrazine, directly increases stimulated production of aldosterone in adrenocortical cells independent of expression changes to rate limiting steroidogenic enzymes.
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Ito R, Morita M, Nakano T, Sato I, Yokoyama A, Sugawara A. The establishment of a novel high-throughput screening system using RNA-guided genome editing to identify chemicals that suppress aldosterone synthase expression. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2021; 534:672-679. [PMID: 33220920 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone is synthesized in the adrenal by the aldosterone synthase CYP11B2. Although the control of CYP11B2 expression is important to maintain the mineral homeostasis, its overexpression induced by the depolarization-induced calcium (Ca2+) signaling activation has been reported to increase the synthesis of aldosterone in primary aldosteronism (PA). The drug against PA focused on the suppression of CYP11B2 expression has not yet been developed, since the molecular mechanism of CYP11B2 transcriptional regulation activated via Ca2+ signaling remains unclear. To address the issue, we attempted to reveal the mechanism of the transcriptional regulation of CYP11B2 using chemical screening. We generated a cell line by inserting Nanoluc gene as a reporter into CYP11B2 locus in H295R adrenocortical cells using the CRSPR/Cas9 system, and established the high-throughput screening system using the cell line. We then identified 9 compounds that inhibited the CYP11B2 expression induced by potassium-mediated depolarization from the validated compound library (3399 compounds). Particularly, tacrolimus, an inhibitor of phosphatase calcineurin, strongly suppressed the CYP11B2 expression even at 10 nM. These results suggest that the system is effective in identifying drugs that suppress the depolarization-induced CYP11B2 expression. Our screening system may therefore be a useful tool for the development of novel medicines against PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Ito
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Masanobu Morita
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Taichi Nakano
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ikuko Sato
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Atsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Akira Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan.
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Pauzi FA, Azizan EA. Functional Characteristic and Significance of Aldosterone-Producing Cell Clusters in Primary Aldosteronism and Age-Related Hypertension. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:631848. [PMID: 33763031 PMCID: PMC7982842 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.631848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is one of the most frequent curable forms of secondary hypertension. It can be caused by the overproduction of aldosterone in one or both adrenal glands. The most common subtypes of PA are unilateral aldosterone over-production due to aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) or bilateral aldosterone over-production due to bilateral hyperaldosteronism (BHA). Utilizing the immunohistochemical (IHC) detection of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) has allowed the identification of aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs) with unique focal localization positive for CYP11B2 expression in the subcapsular portion of the human adult adrenal cortex. The presence of CYP11B2 supports that synthesis of aldosterone can occur in these cell clusters and therefore might contribute to hyperaldosteronism. However, the significance of the steroidogenic properties of APCCs especially in regards to PA remains unclear. Herein, we review the available evidence on the presence of APCCs in normal adrenals and adrenal tissues adjacent to APAs, their aldosterone-stimulating somatic gene mutations, and their accumulation during the ageing process; raising the possibility that APCCs may play a role in the development of PA and age-related hypertension.
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Du B, Jia X, Tian W, Yan X, Wang N, Cai D, Li X, Zhang H, Jin M, Wu N, Qiu C, Zhang Q. Associations of SUCNR1, GRK4, CAMK1D gene polymorphisms and the susceptibility of type 2 diabetes mellitus and essential hypertension in a northern Chinese Han population. J Diabetes Complications 2021; 35:107752. [PMID: 33127268 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdiacomp.2020.107752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Diabetes mellitus and hypertension are both complex diseases that are caused by interactions among multiple genetic and physiological factors. To investigate the association of common single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of SUCNR1, GRK4 and CAMK1D genes with the susceptibility of the two diseases in a northern Chinese Han population. METHODS 36 SNPs were genotyped in 2304 clinical patients (1152 type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1152 essential hypertension) and 1152 health controls by Sequenom Mass-ARRAY RS1000. RESULTS In this study, we found that BMI, blood press, pulse pressure, FBG, total cholesterol and triglycerides were associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and essential hypertension (EH). Three SNPs (SUCNR1: rs73168929; GRK4: rs1557213; CAMK1D: rs17151584) significantly associated with the susceptibility of T2DM and EH at the same time. Also, the susceptibility genotypes of 3 SNPs were significantly correlated with liver and renal function parameters. CONCLUSION To the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to report that three SNPs (SUCNR1: rs73168929; GRK4: rs1557213; CAMK1D: rs17151584) contributed to the risk of T2DM and EH in a northern Chinese Han population. These results provide a favourable evidence for better understand of the underlying common mechanism of these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingxin Du
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xinhui Jia
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Wenqi Tian
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xueqin Yan
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Ningning Wang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Defu Cai
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xueyan Li
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Ming Jin
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Nan Wu
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Changchun Qiu
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Institute of Medicine and Drug Research, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China.
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Gao X, Yamazaki Y, Tezuka Y, Omata K, Ono Y, Morimoto R, Nakamura Y, Suzuki T, Satoh F, Sasano H. Pathology of Aldosterone Biosynthesis and its Action. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2021; 254:1-15. [PMID: 34011803 DOI: 10.1620/tjem.254.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Aldosterone plays pivotal roles in renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in order to maintain the equilibrium of liquid volume and electrolyte metabolism. Aldosterone action is mediated by both mineralocorticoid receptor and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2). Its excessive actions directly induced tissue injuries in its target organs such as myocardial and vascular fibrosis in addition to chronic kidney diseases. Excessive aldosterone actions were also reported to be involved in unbalanced electrolyte metabolism in inflammatory bowel disease and development of pulmonary diseases. Hyperaldosteronism is tentatively classified into primary and secondary types. Primary aldosteronism is more frequent and has been well known to result in secondary hypertension with subsequent cardiovascular damages. Primary aldosteronism is also further classified into distinctive subtypes and among those, aldosterone-producing adenoma is the most frequent one accounting for the great majority of unilateral primary aldosteronism cases. In bilateral hyperaldosteronism, aldosterone-producing diffuse hyperplasia and aldosterone-producing micronodules or nodules are the major subtypes. All these aldosterone-producing lesions were reported to harbor somatic mutations including KCNJ5, CACNA1D, ATP1A1 and ATP2B3, which were all related to excessive aldosterone production. Among those mutations above, somatic mutation of KCNJ5 is the most frequent in aldosterone-producing adenoma and mostly composed of clear cells harboring abundant aldosterone synthase expression. In contrast, CACNA1D-mutated aldosterone-producing micronodules or aldosterone-producing nodules were frequently detected not only in primary aldosteronism patients but also in the zona glomerulosa of normal adrenal glands, which could eventually lead to an autonomous aldosterone production resulting in normotensive or overt primary aldosteronism, but their details have remained unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Yuta Tezuka
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Kei Omata
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Yoshikiyo Ono
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine.,Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University, Graduate School of Medicine
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Lim JS, Plaska SW, Rege J, Rainey WE, Turcu AF. Aldosterone-Regulating Receptors and Aldosterone-Driver Somatic Mutations. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:644382. [PMID: 33796077 PMCID: PMC8008747 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.644382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Somatic gene mutations that facilitate inappropriate intracellular calcium entrance have been identified in most aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs). Studies suggest that angiotensin II and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) augment aldosterone production from APAs. Little is known, however, regarding possible variations in response to hormonal stimuli between APAs with different aldosterone-driver mutations. OBJECTIVE To analyze the transcript expression of type 1 angiotensin II receptors (AGTR1), ACTH receptors (MC2R), and melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) in APAs with known aldosterone-driver somatic mutations. METHODS RNA was isolated from APAs with mutations in: KCNJ5 (n = 14), ATP1A1 (n = 14), CACNA1D (n = 14), and ATP2B3 (n = 5), and from normal adjacent adrenal tissue (n = 45). Transcript expression of MC2R, MRAP, AGTR1, aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2), 17α-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase (CYP17A1), and 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) were quantified using quantitative RT-PCR and normalized to β-actin. RESULTS Compared to adjacent normal adrenal tissue, APAs had higher transcript levels of CYP11B2 (2,216.4 [1,112.0, 2,813.5]-fold, p < 0.001), MC2R (2.88 [2.00, 4.52]-fold, p < 0.001), and AGTR1 (1.80 [1.02, 2.80]-fold, p < 0.001]), and lower transcript levels of MRAP, CYP17A1, and CYP11B1 (0.28-0.36, p < 0.001 for all). MC2R and CYP11B2 transcripts were lower in APAs with KCNJ5 vs. other mutations (p < 0.01 for both). MC2R expression correlated positively with that of AGTR1 in APAs harboring KCNJ5 and CACNA1D mutations, and with MRAP expression in APAs harboring ATPase mutations. CONCLUSIONS While MC2R and AGTR1 are expressed in all APAs, differences were observed based on the underlying aldosterone-driver somatic mutations. In tandem, our findings suggest that APAs with ATPase-mutations are more responsive to ACTH than KCNJ5-mutated APAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Soo Lim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju, South Korea
| | - Samuel W. Plaska
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Juilee Rege
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - William E. Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Adina F. Turcu
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Adina F. Turcu,
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Piaditis GP, Kaltsas G, Markou A, Chrousos GP. Five Reasons for the Failure to Diagnose Aldosterone Excess in Hypertension. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:827-833. [PMID: 32882712 DOI: 10.1055/a-1236-4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Primary hyperaldosteronism (PA) is a well-known cause of hypertension although its exact prevalence amongst patients with apparent essential hypertension has been a matter of debate. A number of recent studies have suggested that mild forms of PA may be relatively common taking into consideration factors that were previously either overestimated or ignored when developing diagnostic tests of PA and when applying these tests into normotensive individuals. The performance characteristics and diagnostic accuracy of such tests are substantially increased when the adrenocorticotrophin effect, inappropriate potassium levels and their application in carefully selected normotensive individuals are considered. In the present review, we critically analyze these issues and provide evidence that several, particularly mild, forms of PA can be effectively identified exhibiting potentially important clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- George P Piaditis
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, "G. Gennimatas" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory Kaltsas
- Department of Pathophysiology, National University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athina Markou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, "G. Gennimatas" General Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - George P Chrousos
- University Research Institute of Maternal and Child Health and Precision Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Medical School, Athens, Greece
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Tezuka Y, Turcu AF. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists Decrease the Rates of Positive Screening for Primary Aldosteronism. Endocr Pract 2020; 26:1416-1424. [PMID: 33471733 PMCID: PMC7881525 DOI: 10.4158/ep-2020-0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) are effective in patients with resistant hypertension and/or primary aldosteronism (PA). Screening for PA should ideally be conducted after stopping medications that might interfere with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, but this is challenging in patients with recalcitrant hypertension or hypokalemia. Herein, we aimed to evaluate the impact of MRAs on PA screening in clinical practice. METHODS We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with hypertension who had plasma aldosterone and renin measurements before and after MRA use in a tertiary referral center, over 19 years. RESULTS A total of 146 patients, 91 with PA, were included and followed for up to 18 months. Overall, both plasma renin and aldosterone increased after MRA initiation (from median, interquartile range: 0.5 [0.1, 0.8] to 1.2 [0.6, 4.8] ng/mL/hour and from 19.1 [12.9, 27.7] to 26.4 [17.1, 42.3] ng/dL, respectively; P<.0001 for both), while the aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR) decreased from 40.3 (18.5, 102.7) to 23.1 (8.6, 58.7) ng/dL per ng/mL/hour (P<.0001). Similar changes occurred irrespective of the MRA treatment duration and other antihypertensives used. Positive PA screening abrogation after MRA initiation was found in 45/94 (48%) patients. Conversely, 17% of patients had positive PA screening only after MRA treatment, mostly due to correction of hypokalemia. An initially positive screening test was more likely altered by high MRA doses and more likely persistent in patients with confirmed PA or taking beta-blockers. CONCLUSION MRAs commonly reduce ARR and the proportion of positive PA screening results. When PA is suspected, screening should be repeated off MRAs. ABBREVIATIONS ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ARB = angiotensin receptor blocker; ARR = aldosterone/renin ratio; DRC = direct renin concentration; MRA = mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist; PA = primary aldosteronism; PAC = plasma aldosterone concentration; PRA = plasma renin activity; RAAS = renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Tezuka
- From the (1)Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and; Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Adina F Turcu
- From the (1)Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology and Diabetes, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, and.
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Vodička M, Vavřínová A, Mikulecká A, Zicha J, Behuliak M. Hyper-reactivity of HPA axis in Fischer 344 rats is associated with impaired cardiovascular and behavioral adaptation to repeated restraint stress. Stress 2020; 23:667-677. [PMID: 32543321 DOI: 10.1080/10253890.2020.1777971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fischer 344 (F344) rats are characterized by the hyper-reactive hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis to stressful stimuli, while Lewis (LEW) rats are considered to be hypo-reactive. We studied stress-induced cardiovascular, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses of adult male F344 and LEW rats subjected to the single (120 min) or the repeated restraint stress (daily 120 min for 1 week). Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and heart rate (HR) were measured in the restrained rats (n = 7-8 for each group) via a catheter inserted into the femoral artery. Baroreceptor sensitivity was evaluated using NO donor sodium nitroprusside and α1-adrenoceptor agonist phenylephrine. The plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), corticosterone, aldosterone, and adrenaline were determined before and during the restraint. Exploratory behavior was tested in open field test. F344 rats exerted the augmented stress-induced increase in plasma ACTH, corticosterone, and adrenaline as well as the impaired endocrine adaptation to the repeated stress compared to LEW rats. F344 rats exhibited higher MAP than LEW rats during single and repeated restraint. Moreover, repeatedly restrained F344 showed elevated HR and diminished baroreflex sensitivity. F344 and LEW rats exhibited similar total locomotor activity and the time spent in the center of open field arena, both parameters being decreased by the repeated restraint. The detailed analysis revealed altered pattern of locomotor behavior in F344 rats subjected to repeated restraint. In conclusion, F344 rats showed the impaired endocrine adaptation that resulted in allostatic overload, which might contribute to the impaired cardiovascular and behavioral adaptation to chronic stress observed in this strain. Lay summary F344 rats, characterized by HPA axis hyper-reactivity, exhibited higher blood pressure during restraint than LEW rats. Moreover, repeatedly restrained F344 rats showed elevated heart rate and impaired baroreflex sensitivity. It can be concluded that a poor adaptation to the repeated stress in F344 rats is not only limited to the neuroendocrine response but also has important cardiovascular consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Vodička
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Vavřínová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Mikulecká
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Zicha
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Behuliak
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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65
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Guo Z, Poglitsch M, McWhinney BC, Ungerer JPJ, Ahmed AH, Gordon RD, Wolley M, Stowasser M. Measurement of Equilibrium Angiotensin II in the Diagnosis of Primary Aldosteronism. Clin Chem 2020; 66:483-492. [PMID: 32068832 DOI: 10.1093/clinchem/hvaa001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many medications (including most antihypertensives) and physiological factors affect the aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR) when screening for primary aldosteronism (PA). We sought to validate a novel equilibrium angiotensin II (eqAngII) assay and compare correlations between the aldosterone/angiotensin II ratio (AA2R) and the current ARR under conditions affecting the renin-angiotensin system. METHODS Among 78 patients recruited, PA was excluded in 22 and confirmed in 56 by fludrocortisone suppression testing (FST). Peripheral levels of eqAngII, plasma renin activity (PRA) and direct renin concentration (DRC) were measured. RESULTS EqAngII showed good consistency with DRC and PRA independent of PA diagnosis, posture, and fludrocortisone administration. EqAngII showed close (P < 0.01) correlations with DRC (r = 0.691) and PRA (r = 0.754) during FST. DRC and PRA were below their assays' functional sensitivity in 43.9% and 15.1%, respectively, of the total 312 samples compared with only 7.4% for eqAngII (P < 0.01). Bland-Altman analysis revealed an overestimation of PRA and DRC compared with eqAngII in a subset of samples with low renin levels. The AA2R showed not only consistent changes with the ARR but also close (P < 0.01) correlations with the ARR, whether renin was measured by DRC (r = 0.878) or PRA (r = 0.880). CONCLUSIONS Dynamic changes of eqAngII and the AA2R show good consistency and close correlations with renin and the ARR. The eqAngII assay shows better sensitivity than DRC and PRA assays, especially at low concentrations. Whether the AA2R can reduce the impact of some factors that influence the diagnostic power of the ARR warrants further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Guo
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | | | - Brett C McWhinney
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jacobus P J Ungerer
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ashraf H Ahmed
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Richard D Gordon
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Martin Wolley
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michael Stowasser
- Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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Vohra T, Kemter E, Sun N, Dobenecker B, Hinrichs A, Burrello J, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Wang J, Kinker IS, Teupser D, Fischer K, Schnieke A, Peitzsch M, Eisenhofer G, Walch A, Reincke M, Wolf E, Williams TA. Effect of Dietary Sodium Modulation on Pig Adrenal Steroidogenesis and Transcriptome Profiles. Hypertension 2020; 76:1769-1777. [PMID: 33070662 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.15998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is a frequent form of endocrine hypertension caused by aldosterone overproduction from the adrenal cortex. Regulation of aldosterone biosynthesis has been studied in rodents despite differences in adrenal physiology with humans. We, therefore, investigated pig adrenal steroidogenesis, morphology, and transcriptome profiles of the zona glomerulosa (zG) and zona fasciculata in response to activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system by dietary sodium restriction. Six-week-old pigs were fed a low- or high-sodium diet for 14 days (3 pigs per group, 0.4 g sodium/kg feed versus 6.8 g sodium/kg). Plasma aldosterone concentrations displayed a 43-fold increase (P=0.011) after 14 days of sodium restriction (day 14 versus day 0). Low dietary sodium caused a 2-fold increase in thickness of the zG (P<0.001) and an almost 3-fold upregulation of CYP11B (P<0.05) compared with high dietary sodium. Strong immunostaining of the KCNJ5 (G protein-activated inward rectifier potassium channel 4), which is frequently mutated in primary aldosteronism, was demonstrated in the zG. mRNA sequencing transcriptome analysis identified significantly altered expression of genes modulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in the zG (n=1172) and zona fasciculata (n=280). These genes included many with a known role in the regulation of aldosterone synthesis and adrenal function. The most highly enriched biological pathways in the zG were related to cholesterol biosynthesis, steroid metabolism, cell cycle, and potassium channels. This study provides mechanistic insights into the physiology and pathophysiology of aldosterone production in a species closely related to humans and shows the suitability of pigs as a translational animal model for human adrenal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Twinkle Vohra
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kemter
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Na Sun
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Britta Dobenecker
- Chair of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Oberschleißheim, Germany (B.D.)
| | - Arne Hinrichs
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Jacopo Burrello
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (J.B., T.A.W.)
| | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (E.P.G.-S.)
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Endocrine Division, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, MS (C.E.G.-S.).,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson (C.E.G.-S.)
| | - Jun Wang
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Isabella-Sabrina Kinker
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Daniel Teupser
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital (D.T.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Konrad Fischer
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany (K.F., A.S.)
| | - Angelika Schnieke
- School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan, Technical University Munich, Freising, Germany (K.F., A.S.)
| | - Mirko Peitzsch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.P., G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Graeme Eisenhofer
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (M.P., G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany.,Department of Medicine III (G.E.), University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Neuherberg, Germany (N.S., J.W., A.W.)
| | - Martin Reincke
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Eckhard Wolf
- Chair for Molecular Animal Breeding and Biotechnology, Gene Center and Department of Veterinary Sciences (E.K., A.H., E.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Tracy Ann Williams
- From the Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München (T.V., I.-S.K., M.R., T.A.W.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany.,Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Italy (J.B., T.A.W.)
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Ozbaki-Yagan N, Liu X, Bodnar A, Ho J, Butterworth M. Aldosterone-induced microRNAs act as feedback regulators of mineralocorticoid receptor signaling in kidney epithelia. FASEB J 2020; 34:11714-11728. [PMID: 32652691 PMCID: PMC7725848 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201902254rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The final steps in the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone signaling System (RAAS) involve binding of the corticosteroid hormone, aldosterone to its mineralocorticoid receptor (MR). The bound MR interacts with response elements to induce or repress the transcription of aldosterone-regulated genes. A well characterized aldosterone-induced gene is the serum and glucocorticoid-induced kinase (SGK1), which acts downstream to increase sodium transport in distal kidney nephron epithelial cells. The role of microRNAs (miRs) induced by extended aldosterone stimulation in regulating MR and SGK1 has not been reported. In these studies, miRs predicted to bind to the 3'-UTR of mouse MR were profiled by qRT-PCR after aldosterone stimulation. The miR-466a/b/c/e family was upregulated in mouse kidney cortical collecting duct epithelial cells. A luciferase reporter assay confirmed miR-466 binding to both MR and SGK1 3'-UTRs. Inhibition of miR-466 increased MR and SGK1 mRNA and protein levels. Inhibiting miR-466b and preventing its upregulation after aldosterone stimulation increased amiloride-sensitive sodium transport and sensitivity to aldosterone stimulation. In vivo upregulation of miR-466 was confirmed in distal nephrons of mice on low Na+ diets. Repression of MR and SGK1 by aldosterone-induced miRs may represent a negative feedback loop that contributes to a form of aldosterone escape in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Ozbaki-Yagan
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - X. Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - A.J. Bodnar
- Division of Nephrology in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - J. Ho
- Division of Nephrology in the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - M.B. Butterworth
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Aldosterone synthase deficiency type II: an unusual presentation of the first Greek case reported with confirmed genetic analysis. Endocr Regul 2020; 54:227-229. [PMID: 32857717 DOI: 10.2478/enr-2020-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aldosterone synthase deficiency (ASD) is a rare, autosomal recessive inherited disease with an overall clinical phenotype of failure to thrive, vomiting, severe dehydration, hyperkalemia, and hyponatremia. Mutations in the CYP11B2 gene encoding aldosterone synthase are responsible for the occurrence of ASD. Defects in CYP11B2 gene have only been reported in a limited number of cases worldwide. Due to this potential life-threatening risk, comprehensive hormonal investigation followed by genetic confirmation is essential for the clinical management of offsprings. CASE PRESENTATION We herein describe an unusual case of ASD type II in a neonate with faltering growth as a single presenting symptom. To our knowledge, this is the first Greek case of ASD type II reported with confirmed genetic analysis. Next generation sequencing of her DNA revealed the homozygous mutation p.T185I (ACC-ATC) (c.554C>T) (g.7757C>T) in exon 3 of the CYP11B2 gene in the neonate, inherited from both parents who were heterozygotes for the mutation. CONCLUSIONS Physicians handling neonates with faltering growth, particularly in the initial six weeks of life, should be suspicious of mineralocorticoid insufficiency either as isolated hypoaldosteronism or in the context of congenital adrenal hyperplasia. Essential investigations should be performed and appropriate treatment should be administered promptly without awaiting for the hormonal profile results. Interpretation of the clinical picture and the hormonal profile will guide the analysis of candidate genes. Primary selective hypoaldosteronism is a rare, life threatening disease, but still with an unknown overall population impact. Thus, reporting cases with confirmed gene mutations is of major importance.
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BENCZE M, VAVŘÍNOVÁ A, ZICHA J, BEHULIAK M. Pharmacological Suppression of Endogenous Glucocorticoid Synthesis Attenuated Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Response to Acute Restraint in Wistar Rats. Physiol Res 2020; 69:415-426. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCS) are known to modulate cardiovascular response during stress conditions. The present study was aimed to test the hypothesis that permissive and/or stimulating effect of GCs is essential for the maintenance of peripheral vascular resistance and for the adequate response of cardiovascular system to stressor exposure. The effects of acute pharmacological adrenalectomy (PhADX) on humoral and cardiovascular parameters were studied in adult Wistar rats under the basal conditions and during the acute restraint stress. Acute PhADX was performed by the administration of metyrapone and aminoglutethimide (100 mg/kg s.c. of each drug) resulting in a suppression of endogenous glucocorticoid synthesis. Blood pressure (BP), heart rate (HR) and core body temperature were measured using radiotelemetry. BP responses to administration of vasoactive agents were determined in pentobarbital-anesthetized animals. PhADX considerably attenuated stress-induced increase of BP, HR and core body temperature. PhADX did not abolish BP and HR lowering effects of ganglionic blocker pentolinium indicating preserved sympathetic function in PhADX rats. BP response to exogenous norepinephrine administration was attenuated in PhADX rats, suggesting reduced sensitivity of cardiovascular system. Suppression of corticosterone synthesis by PhADX increased basal plasma levels of ACTH, aldosterone and plasma renin activity in unstressed animals but there was no further increase of these hormones following stressor exposure. In conclusion, PhADX attenuated stress-induced rise of blood pressure, heart rate and core body temperature indicating an important permissive and/or stimulating role of glucocorticoids in the maintenance of the adequate response of cardiovascular system and thermoregulation to several stimuli including acute exposure to stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- M BENCZE
- Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - A VAVŘÍNOVÁ
- Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - J ZICHA
- Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - M BEHULIAK
- Laboratory of Experimental Hypertension, Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
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70
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Fernandes-Rosa FL, Boulkroun S, Zennaro MC. Genetic and Genomic Mechanisms of Primary Aldosteronism. Trends Mol Med 2020; 26:819-832. [PMID: 32563556 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2020.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA) and bilateral adrenal hyperplasia are the main cause of primary aldosteronism (PA), the most frequent form of secondary hypertension. Mutations in ion channels and ATPases have been identified in APA and inherited forms of PA, highlighting the central role of calcium signaling in PA development. Different somatic mutations are also found in aldosterone-producing cell clusters in adrenal glands from healthy individuals and from patients with unilateral and bilateral PA, suggesting additional pathogenic mechanisms. Recent mouse models have also contributed to a better understanding of PA. Application of genetic screening in familial PA, development of surrogate biomarkers for somatic mutations in APA, and use of targeted treatment directed at mutated proteins may allow improved management of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- Inserm, PARCC, Université de Paris, F-75015 Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France.
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71
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Guo Z, Poglitsch M, Cowley D, Domenig O, McWhinney BC, Ungerer JPJ, Wolley M, Stowasser M. Effects of Ramipril on the Aldosterone/Renin Ratio and the Aldosterone/Angiotensin II Ratio in Patients With Primary Aldosteronism. Hypertension 2020; 76:488-496. [PMID: 32507039 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.120.14871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The aldosterone/renin ratio (ARR) is currently considered the most reliable approach for case detection of primary aldosteronism (PA). ACE (Angiotensin-converting enzyme) inhibitors are known to raise renin and lower aldosterone levels, thereby causing false-negative ARR results. Because ACE inhibitors lower angiotensin II levels, we hypothesized that the aldosterone/equilibrium angiotensin II (eqAngII) ratio (AA2R) would remain elevated in PA. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis involving 60 patients with PA and 40 patients without PA revealed that the AA2R was not inferior to the ARR in screening for PA. When using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry to measure plasma aldosterone concentration, the predicted optimal AA2R cutoff for PA screening was 8.3 (pmol/L)/(pmol/L). We then compared the diagnostic performance of the AA2R with the ARR among 25 patients with PA administered ramipril (5 mg/day) for 2 weeks. Compared with basally, plasma levels of equilibrium angiotensin I (eqAngI) and direct renin concentration increased significantly (P<0.01 or P<0.05) after ramipril treatment, whereas eqAngII and ACE activity (eqAngII/eqAngI) decreased significantly (P<0.01). The changes of plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration in the current study were not significant. On day 14, 4 patients displayed false-negative results using ARR_direct renin concentration (plasma aldosterone concentration/direct renin concentration), 3 of whom also showed false-negative ARR_plasma renin activity (plasma aldosterone concentration/plasma renin activity). On day 15, 2 patients still demonstrated false-negative ARR_plasma renin activity, one of whom also showed a false-negative ARR_direct renin concentration. No false-negative AA2R results were observed on either day 14 or 15. In conclusion, compared with ARR which can be affected by ACE inhibitors causing false-negative screening results, the AA2R seems to be superior in detecting PA among subjects receiving ACE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeng Guo
- From the Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia (Z.G., D.C., M.W., M.S.)
| | | | - Diane Cowley
- From the Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia (Z.G., D.C., M.W., M.S.)
| | - Oliver Domenig
- Attoquant Diagnostics GmbH, Vienna, Austria (M.P., O.D.)
| | - Brett C McWhinney
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia (B.C.M., J.P.J.U.)
| | - Jacobus P J Ungerer
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Pathology Queensland, Queensland Health, Brisbane, Australia (B.C.M., J.P.J.U.).,School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia (J.P.J.U.)
| | - Martin Wolley
- From the Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia (Z.G., D.C., M.W., M.S.)
| | - Michael Stowasser
- From the Endocrine Hypertension Research Centre, University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, Greenslopes and Princess Alexandra Hospitals, Brisbane, Australia (Z.G., D.C., M.W., M.S.)
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72
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Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common cause of secondary hypertension. The hallmark of PA is adrenal production of aldosterone under suppressed renin conditions. PA subtypes include adrenal unilateral and bilateral hyperaldosteronism. Considerable progress has been made in defining the role for somatic gene mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APA) as the primary cause of unilateral PA. This includes the use of next-generation sequencing (NGS) to define recurrent somatic mutations in APA that disrupt calcium signaling, increase aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) expression, and aldosterone production. The use of CYP11B2 immunohistochemistry on adrenal glands from normal subjects, patients with unilateral and bilateral PA has allowed the identification of CYP11B2-positive cell foci, termed aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCC). APCC lie beneath the adrenal capsule and like APA, many APCC harbor somatic gene mutations known to increase aldosterone production. These findings suggest that APCC may play a role in pathologic progression of PA. Herein, we provide an update on recent research directed at characterizing APCC and also discuss the unanswered questions related to the role of APCC in PA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Soo Lim
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju Severance Christian Hospital, Wonju 26426, South Korea
| | - William E Rainey
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology and Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
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73
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Gomez-Sanchez CE, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Nishimoto K. Immunohistochemistry of the Human Adrenal CYP11B2 in Normal Individuals and in Patients with Primary Aldosteronism. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:421-426. [PMID: 32289837 PMCID: PMC7299743 DOI: 10.1055/a-1139-2079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The CYP11B2 enzyme is the terminal enzyme in the biosynthesis of aldosterone. Immunohistochemistry using antibodies against CYP11B2 defines cells of the adrenal ZG that synthesize aldosterone. CYP11B2 expression is normally stimulated by angiotensin II, but becomes autonomous in primary hyperaldosteronism, in most cases driven by recently discovered somatic mutations of ion channels or pumps. Cells expressing CYP11B2 in young normal humans form a continuous band beneath the adrenal capsule; in older individuals they form discrete clusters, aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCC), surrounded by non-aldosterone producing cells in the outer layer of the adrenal gland. Aldosterone-producing adenomas may exhibit a uniform or heterogeneous expression of CYP11B2. APCC frequently persist in the adrenal with an aldosterone-producing adenoma suggesting autonomous CYP11B2 expression in these cells as well. This was confirmed by finding known mutations that drive aldosterone production in adenomas in the APCC of clinically normal people. Unilateral aldosteronism may also be due to multiple CYP11B2-expressing nodules of various sizes or a continuous band of hyperplastic ZG cells expressing CYP11B2. Use of CYP11B2 antibodies to identify areas for sequencing has greatly facilitated the detection of aldosterone-driving mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celso E. Gomez-Sanchez
- G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
- Medicine (Endocrinology), University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Elise P. Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology,University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Biochemistry, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Gao X, Yamazaki Y, Tezuka Y, Omata K, Ono Y, Morimoto R, Nakamura Y, Satoh F, Sasano H. The Effect of Extracellular Calcium Metabolism on Aldosterone Biosynthesis in Physiological and Pathological Status. Horm Metab Res 2020; 52:448-453. [PMID: 32403152 DOI: 10.1055/a-1157-0511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) was reported to frequently harbor not only cardiovascular diseases but also some metabolic disorders including secondary calcium metabolic diseases. Recently, the potential association between aldosterone producing cells and systemic calcium metabolism has been proposed. For instance, PA is frequently associated with hypercalciuria or hypocalcemia, which subsequently stimulates parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion. This altered calcium metabolism in PA patients could frequently result in secondary osteoporosis and fracture in some patients. On the other hand, extracellular calcium itself directly acts on adrenal cortex and has been also proposed as an independent regulator of aldosterone biosynthesis in human adrenals. However, it is also true that both PTH and vitamin D pathways stimulate endocrine functions of adrenal cortical adenomas to co-secret both aldosterone and cortisol. Therefore, it has become pivotal to explore the potential crosstalk between aldosterone and systemic calcium metabolism. We herein reviewed recent advances in these fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuto Yamazaki
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yuta Tezuka
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Kei Omata
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yoshikiyo Ono
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Ryo Morimoto
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Nakamura
- Division of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Sendai, Japan
| | - Fumitoshi Satoh
- Division of Clinical Hypertension, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
- Division of Nephrology, Endocrinology, and Vascular Medicine, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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75
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The neuropeptide substance P regulates aldosterone secretion in human adrenals. Nat Commun 2020; 11:2673. [PMID: 32471973 PMCID: PMC7260184 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-16470-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Aldosterone, produced by the adrenals and under the control of plasma angiotensin and potassium levels, regulates hydromineral homeostasis and blood pressure. Here we report that the neuropeptide substance P (SP) released by intraadrenal nerve fibres, stimulates aldosterone secretion via binding to neurokinin type 1 receptors (NK1R) expressed by aldosterone-producing adrenocortical cells. The action of SP is mediated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway and involves upregulation of steroidogenic enzymes. We also conducted a prospective proof-of-concept, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial aimed to investigate the impact of the NK1R antagonist aprepitant on aldosterone secretion in healthy male volunteers (EudraCT: 2008-003367-40, ClinicalTrial.gov: NCT00977223). Participants received during two 7-day treatment periods aprepitant (125 mg on the 1st day and 80 mg during the following days) or placebo in a random order at a 2-week interval. The primary endpoint was plasma aldosterone levels during posture test. Secondary endpoints included basal aldosterone alterations, plasma aldosterone variation during metoclopramide and hypoglycaemia tests, and basal and stimulated alterations of renin, cortisol and ACTH during the three different stimulatory tests. The safety of the treatment was assessed on the basis of serum transaminase measurements on days 4 and 7. All pre-specified endpoints were achieved. Aprepitant decreases aldosterone production by around 30% but does not influence the aldosterone response to upright posture. These results indicate that the autonomic nervous system exerts a direct stimulatory tone on mineralocorticoid synthesis through SP, and thus plays a role in the maintenance of hydromineral homeostasis. This regulatory mechanism may be involved in aldosterone excess syndromes. Adrenal aldosterone production is regulated by plasma angiotensin and potassium levels. Here the authors report that the neuropeptide substance P stimulates aldosterone production via neurokinin type 1 receptors (NK1R), and report a proof-of-concept placebo controlled clinical trial showing that a NK1R antagonist decreases aldosterone levels.
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76
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Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) is the most common form of secondary hypertension affecting 5%-10% of patients with arterial hypertension. In PA, high blood pressure is associated with high aldosterone and low renin levels, and often hypokalemia. In a majority of cases, autonomous aldosterone production by the adrenal gland is caused by an aldosterone producing adenoma (APA) or bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (BAH). During the last ten years, a better knowledge of the pathophysiology of PA came from the discovery of somatic and germline mutations in different genes in both sporadic and familial forms of the disease. Those genes code for ion channels and pumps, as well as proteins involved in adrenal cortex development and function. Targeted next generation sequencing following immunohistochemistry guided detection of aldosterone synthase expression allows detection of somatic mutations in up to 90% of APA, while whole exome sequencing has discovered the genetic causes of four different familial forms of PA. The identification, in BAH, of somatic mutations in aldosterone producing cell clusters open new perspectives in our understanding of the bilateral form of the disease and the development of new therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria-Christina Zennaro
- Université de Paris, PARCC, INSERM, Paris, France; Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Service de Génétique, Paris, France
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77
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Ajdžanović V, Miler M, Živanović J, Filipović B, Šošić-Jurjević B, Popovska-Perčinić F, Milošević V. The adrenal cortex after estradiol or daidzein application in a rat model of the andropause: Structural and hormonal study. Ann Anat 2020; 230:151487. [PMID: 32120001 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2020.151487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND AIM Daidzein application may represent an effective and less harmful alternative to indicated, classical estrogenization of ageing men. The aim of this study was to perform structural and hormonal analysis of the adrenal cortex, after estradiol or daidzein supplementation in a rat model of the andropause. MATERIAL AND METHODS Middle-aged Wistar rats were divided into sham operated (SO; n = 8), orchidectomized (Orx; n = 8), estradiol treated orchidectomized (Orx + E; n = 8) and daidzein treated orchidectomized (Orx + D; n = 8) groups. Estradiol (0.625 mg/kg b.m./day) or daidzein (30 mg/kg b.m./day) were administered subcutaneously for three weeks, while the SO and Orx groups received the vehicle alone. Set objectives were achieved using stereology, histochemistry/immunohistochemistry, immunoassays and ultrastructural analysis. RESULTS Both estradiol and daidzein treatment significantly increased volumes of the zona glomerulosa cell and nuclei, but decreased circulating aldosterone levels. Estradiol markedly increased volumes of the zona fasciculata cell and nuclei in parallel with significant decrease of the adrenal tissue level of corticosterone, while daidzein significantly decreased both the adrenal and circulating levels of corticosterone. Serum DHEA level and volumes of the zona reticularis cell and nuclei significantly increased upon estradiol treatment, whereas daidzein even stronger increased the circulating level of DHEA. Shunting of the corticosteroidogenesis pathways towards adrenal androgens production, after the treatments, corresponded to the ultrastructural findings and zonal capillary network rearrangements. CONCLUSIONS Given the coherence of its effects and relative safety, daidzein could be the remedy of choice for the treatment of ageing-caused androgen deprivation and the hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis hyperfunction/related metabolic issues in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Ajdžanović
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Marko Miler
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Jasmina Živanović
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branko Filipović
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Branka Šošić-Jurjević
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | | | - Verica Milošević
- Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research "Siniša Stanković" - National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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78
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Gupta G, Dahiya R, Singh Y, Mishra A, Verma A, Gothwal SK, Aljabali AA, Dureja H, Prasher P, Negi P, Kapoor DN, Goyal R, Tambuwala MM, Chellappan DK, Dua K. Monotherapy of RAAS blockers and mobilization of aldosterone: A mechanistic perspective study in kidney disease. Chem Biol Interact 2020; 317:108975. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2020.108975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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79
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Nanba K, Blinder AR, Rege J, Hattangady NG, Else T, Liu CJ, Tomlins SA, Vats P, Kumar-Sinha C, Giordano TJ, Rainey WE. Somatic CACNA1H Mutation As a Cause of Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma. Hypertension 2020; 75:645-649. [PMID: 31983310 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.119.14349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Driver somatic mutations for aldosterone excess have been found in ≈90% of aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) using an aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2)-guided sequencing approach. In the present study, we identified a novel somatic CACNA1H mutation (c.T4289C, p.I1430T) in an APA without any currently known aldosterone-driver mutations using CYP11B2 immunohistochemistry-guided whole exome sequencing. The CACNA1H gene encodes a voltage-dependent T-type calcium channel alpha-1H subunit. Germline variants in this gene are known as a cause of familial hyperaldosteronism IV. Targeted next-generation sequencing detected identical CACNA1H variants in 2 additional APAs in a cohort of the University of Michigan, resulting in a prevalence of 4% (3/75) in APAs. We tested the functional effect of the variant on adrenal cell aldosterone production and CYP11B2 mRNA expression using the human adrenocortical HAC15 cell line with a doxycycline-inducible CACNA1HI1430T mutation. Doxycycline treatment increased CYP11B2 mRNA levels as well as aldosterone production, supporting a pathological role of the CACNA1H p.I1430T mutation on the development of primary aldosteronism. In conclusion, somatic CACNA1H mutation is a genetic cause of APAs. Although the prevalence of this mutation is low, this study will provide better understanding of molecular mechanism of inappropriate aldosterone production in APAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazutaka Nanba
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.N., A.R.B., J.R., W.E.R.).,Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, National Hospital Organization Kyoto Medical Center, Kyoto, Japan (K.N.)
| | - Amy R Blinder
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.N., A.R.B., J.R., W.E.R.)
| | - Juilee Rege
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.N., A.R.B., J.R., W.E.R.)
| | - Namita G Hattangady
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (N.G.H., T.E., T.J.G., W.E.R.)
| | - Tobias Else
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (N.G.H., T.E., T.J.G., W.E.R.)
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S., T.J.G.).,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.J.-L., S.A.T., T.J.G.).,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S.)
| | - Scott A Tomlins
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S., T.J.G.).,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.J.-L., S.A.T., T.J.G.).,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S.)
| | - Pankaj Vats
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S., T.J.G.).,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S.)
| | - Chandan Kumar-Sinha
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S., T.J.G.).,Michigan Center for Translational Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S.)
| | - Thomas J Giordano
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.-J.L., S.A.T., P.V., C.K.-S., T.J.G.).,Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (C.J.-L., S.A.T., T.J.G.)
| | - William E Rainey
- From the Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (K.N., A.R.B., J.R., W.E.R.).,Division of Metabolism, Endocrine, and Diabetes, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor (N.G.H., T.E., T.J.G., W.E.R.)
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80
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Azhar S, Dong D, Shen WJ, Hu Z, Kraemer FB. The role of miRNAs in regulating adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis. J Mol Endocrinol 2020; 64:R21-R43. [PMID: 31671401 PMCID: PMC7202133 DOI: 10.1530/jme-19-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs are endogenous noncoding single-stranded small RNAs of ~22 nucleotides in length that post-transcriptionally repress the expression of their various target genes. They contribute to the regulation of a variety of physiologic processes including embryonic development, differentiation and proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, hemostasis and inflammation. In addition, aberrant miRNA expression is implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous diseases including cancer, hepatitis, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic diseases. Steroid hormones regulate virtually every aspect of metabolism, and acute and chronic steroid hormone biosynthesis is primarily regulated by tissue-specific trophic hormones involving transcriptional and translational events. In addition, it is becoming increasingly clear that steroidogenic pathways are also subject to post-transcriptional and post-translational regulations including processes such as phosphorylation/dephosphorylation, protein‒protein interactions and regulation by specific miRNAs, although the latter is in its infancy state. Here, we summarize the recent advances in miRNA-mediated regulation of steroidogenesis with emphasis on adrenal and gonadal steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salman Azhar
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Dachuan Dong
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Wen-Jun Shen
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Zhigang Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Molecular and Medical Biotechnology and College of Life Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fredric B Kraemer
- Geriatric Research, Education and Clinical Center, VA Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Gerontology and Metabolism, Stanford University, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
- Stanford Diabetes Research Center, Stanford, California, USA
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81
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Zhang WW, Zheng RH, Bai F, Sturdivant K, Wang NP, James EA, Bose HS, Zhao ZQ. Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein/aldosterone synthase mediates angiotensin II-induced cardiac fibrosis and hypertrophy. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 47:1207-1222. [PMID: 31820314 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-05222-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Aldosterone produced in adrenal glands by angiotensin II (Ang II) is known to elicit myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy. This study was designed to test the hypothesis that Ang II causes cardiac morphological changes through the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR)/aldosterone synthase (AS)-dependent aldosterone synthesis primarily initiated in the heart. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomized to following groups: Ang II infusion for a 4-week period, treatment with telmisartan, spironolactone or adrenalectomy during Ang II infusion. Sham-operated rats served as control. Relative to Sham rats, Ang II infusion significantly increased the protein levels of AT1 receptor, StAR, AS and their tissue expression in the adrenal glands and heart. In coincidence with reduced aldosterone level in the heart, telmisartan, an AT1 receptor blocker, significantly down-regulated the protein level and expression of StAR and AS. Ang II induced changes in the expression of AT1/StAR/AS were not altered by an aldosterone receptor antagonist spironolactone. Furthermore, Ang II augmented migration of macrophages, protein level of TGFβ1, phosphorylation of Smad2/3 and proliferation of myofibroblasts, accompanied by enhanced perivascular/interstitial collagen deposition and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, which all were significantly abrogated by telmisartan or spironolactone. However, adrenalectomy did not fully suppress Ang II-induced cell migration/proliferation and fibrosis/hypertrophy, indicating a role of aldosterone synthesized within the heart in pathogenesis of Ang II induced injury. These results indicate that myocardial fibrosis and hypertrophy stimulated by Ang II is associated with tissue-specific activation of aldosterone synthesis, primarily mediated by AT1/StAR/AS signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Wei Zhang
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Rong-Hua Zheng
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Feng Bai
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
| | - Katelyn Sturdivant
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Ning-Ping Wang
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Erskine A James
- Department of Internal Medicine, Navicent Health, Macon, GA, USA
| | - Himangshu S Bose
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA
| | - Zhi-Qing Zhao
- Department of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Mercer University School of Medicine, Savannah, GA, USA.
- Department of Physiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China.
- Cardiovascular Research Laboratory, Mercer University School of Medicine, 1250 East 66th Street, Savannah, GA, 31404, USA.
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82
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Hundemer GL, Vaidya A. Primary Aldosteronism Diagnosis and Management: A Clinical Approach. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am 2019; 48:681-700. [PMID: 31655770 PMCID: PMC6824480 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecl.2019.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism used to be considered a rare cause of secondary hypertension. However, accruing evidence indicates that primary aldosteronism is more common than previously recognized. The implications of this increased prevalence are important to public health because autonomous aldosterone production contributes to cardiovascular disease and can be treated in a targeted manner. This article focuses on clinical approaches for diagnosing primary aldosteronism more frequently and earlier in its course, as well as practical treatment objectives to reduce the risk for incident cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory L Hundemer
- Division of Nephrology, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, 501 Smyth Box 511, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L6, Canada
| | - Anand Vaidya
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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83
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Liu L, Panzitt K, Racedo S, Wagner M, Platzer W, Zaufel A, Theiler‐Schwetz V, Obermayer‐Pietsch B, Müller H, Höfler G, Heinemann A, Zollner G, Fickert P. Bile acids increase steroidogenesis in cholemic mice and induce cortisol secretion in adrenocortical H295R cells via S1PR2, ERK and SF-1. Liver Int 2019; 39:2112-2123. [PMID: 30664326 PMCID: PMC6899711 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Bile acids are now accepted as central signalling molecules for the regulation of glucose, amino acid and lipid metabolism. Adrenal gland cortex cells express the bile acid receptors farnesoid X receptor (FXR), the G protein-coupled bile acid receptor (TGR5) and the sphingosine-1-phosphate receptor 2 (S1PR2). We aimed to determine the effects of cholestasis and more specifically of bile acids on cortisol production. METHODS FXR and TGR5 knockout mice and controls were subjected to common bile duct ligation (CBDL) or chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) feeding to model cholestasis. Human adrenocortical H295R cells were challenged with bile acids for mechanistic studies. RESULTS We found that CBDL and CDCA feeding increased the levels of corticosterone, the rodent equivalent to human cortisol and mRNA and protein levels of steroidogenesis-related enzymes in adrenals independent of FXR and TGR5. Taurine-conjugated CDCA (TCDCA) significantly stimulated cortisol secretion, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and expression of steroidogenesis-related genes in human adrenocortical H295R cells. FXR and TGR5 agonists failed to induce cortisol secretion in H295R cells. S1PR2 inhibition significantly abolished TCDCA-induced cortisol secretion, lowered phosphorylation of ERK and abrogated enhanced transcription of steroidogenesis-related genes in H295R cells. Likewise, siRNA S1PR2 treatment reduced the phosphorylation of ERK and cortisol secretion. Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1) transactivation activity was increased upon TCDCA treatment suggesting that bile acid signalling is linked to SF-1. Treatment with SF-1 inverse agonist AC45594 also reduced TCDCA-induced steroidogenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that supraphysiological bile acid levels as observed in cholestasis stimulate steroidogenesis via an S1PR2-ERK-SF-1 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Liu
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Katrin Panzitt
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research in Liver MetabolismDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Silvia Racedo
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Martin Wagner
- Research Unit for Translational Nuclear Receptor Research in Liver MetabolismDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Wolfgang Platzer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Alex Zaufel
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | | | | | - Helmut Müller
- Division of Transplant SurgeryMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Gerald Höfler
- Institute of PathologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Akos Heinemann
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical PharmacologyMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Gernot Zollner
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Peter Fickert
- Research Unit for Experimental and Molecular HepatologyDivision of Gastroenterology and HepatologyDepartment of Internal MedicineMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
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84
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Sarhan NM, Shahin MH, El Rouby NM, El-Wakeel LM, Solayman MH, Langaee T, Khorshid H, Schaalan MF, Sabri NA, Cavallari LH. Effect of Genetic and Nongenetic Factors on the Clinical Response to Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonist Therapy in Egyptians with Heart Failure. Clin Transl Sci 2019; 13:195-203. [PMID: 31560448 PMCID: PMC6951455 DOI: 10.1111/cts.12702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective cohort study evaluated the association between the renin angiotensin aldosterone system genotypes and response to spironolactone in 155 Egyptian patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Genotype frequencies for AGT rs699 were: CC = 16%, CT = 48%, and TT = 36%. Frequencies for CYP11B2 rs1799998 were: TT = 33%, TC = 50%, and CC = 17%. After 6 months of spironolactone treatment, change in the left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) differed by AGT rs699 (CC, 14.6%; TC, 7.9%; TT, 2.7%; P = 2.1E‐26), and CYP11B2 rs1799998 (TT, 9.1%; TC, 8.7%; CC, 1.4%; P = 0.0006) genotypes. Multivariate linear regression showed that the AGT rs699 and CYP11B2 rs1799998 polymorphisms plus baseline serum potassium explained 71% of variability in LVEF improvement (P = 0.001), 63% of variability in serum potassium increase (P = 2.25E‐08), and 39% of the variability in improvement in quality of life (P = 2.3E‐04) with spironolactone therapy. These data suggest that AGT and CYP11B2 genotypes as well as baseline serum K are predictors of spironolactone response in HFrEF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neven M Sarhan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Shahin
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Nihal M El Rouby
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lamia M El-Wakeel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohamed H Solayman
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Taimour Langaee
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hazem Khorshid
- Department of Cardiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mona F Schaalan
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Misr International University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Nagwa A Sabri
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Larisa H Cavallari
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Translational Research, Center for Pharmacogenomics and Precision Medicine, College of Pharmacy, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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85
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Bai J, Duraisamy K, Mak SOK, Allam A, Ajarem J, Li Z, Chow BKC. Role of SCTR/AT1aR heteromer in mediating ANGII-induced aldosterone secretion. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0222005. [PMID: 31479491 PMCID: PMC6719825 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0222005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The involvement of secretin (SCT) and its receptor (SCTR) in angiotensin II (ANGII)-mediated osmoregulation by forming SCTR/ angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) heteromer is well established. In this study, we demonstrated that SCTR/AT1R complex can mediate ANGII-induced aldosterone secretion/release through potentiating calcium mobilization. Through IHC and cAMP studies, we showed the presence of functional SCTR and AT1R in the primary zona glomerulosa (ZG) cells of C57BL/6N (C57), and functional AT1R and non-functional SCTR in SCTR knockout (SCTR-/-) mice. Calcium mobilization studies revealed the important role of SCTR on ANGII-mediated calcium mobilization in adrenal gland. The fluo4-AM loaded primary adrenal ZG cells from the C57 mice displayed a dose-dependent increase in intracellular calcium influx ([Ca2+]i) when exposed to ANGII but not from the SCTR-/- ZG cells. Synthetic SCTR transmembrane (TM) peptides STM-II/-IV were able to alter [Ca2+]i in C57 mice, but not the mice with mutated STM-II/-IV (STM-IIm/IVm) peptides. Through enzyme immunoassay (EIA), we measured the aldosterone release from primary ZG cells of both C57 and SCTR-/- mice by exposing them to ANGII (10nM). SCTR-/- ZG cells showed impaired ANGII-induced aldosterone secretion compared to the C57 mice. TM peptide, STM-II hindered the aldosterone secretion in ZG cells of C57 mice. These findings support the involvement of SCTR/AT1R heterodimer complex in aldosterone secretion/release through [Ca2+]i.
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MESH Headings
- Aldosterone/metabolism
- Angiotensin II/metabolism
- Animals
- Calcium Signaling
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mutation
- Osmoregulation/genetics
- Osmoregulation/physiology
- Peptide Fragments/chemistry
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Protein Structure, Quaternary
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/chemistry
- Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/chemistry
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/deficiency
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/chemistry
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/deficiency
- Receptors, Gastrointestinal Hormone/metabolism
- Zona Glomerulosa/cytology
- Zona Glomerulosa/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Bai
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karthi Duraisamy
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sarah O. K. Mak
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ahmed Allam
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Jamaan Ajarem
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, KSA
| | - Zhang Li
- GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Billy K. C. Chow
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- * E-mail:
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86
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Makowski N, Burckhardt BB. Enabling insights into the maturation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in children-Development of a low-volume LC-MS assay for the simultaneous determination of aldosterone, its precursor, and main metabolite. Steroids 2019; 148:73-81. [PMID: 31075338 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION As part of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), aldosterone is key to the pathology of cardiovascular and renal diseases, leading to end-organ damage and cardiovascular death. Because of different aetiology and metabolism, pharmacotherapy in adults shows only limited transferability to children. Comprehensive investigations of humoral parameters, their precursors, and metabolites are necessary to establish a more rational and safe therapy in children. The LENA (Labeling of Enalapril from Neonates up to Adolescents) project aims to generate these missing data in neonates up to adolescents and provide insight into the maturing RAAS. METHODS A HRMS (high-resolution mass spectrometry) assay was developed, utilizing blank serum depleted of the endogenous aldosterone, its precursor, 18-hydroxycorticosterone, and its main metabolite, tetrahydroaldosterone. A TOF-MS (time-of-flight-mass spectrometry) scan run in parallel with the simultaneous determination of all three analytes enriches the acquired data. Validation of aldosterone was conducted according to EMA and FDA bioanalytical guidelines. RESULTS Using the Sciex TripleTOF 6600, a reliable determination in 50 µL serum was successfully shown. Appropriate calibration ranges from 19.53 pg/mL for aldosterone, 39.06 pg/mL for 18-hydroxycorticosterone, and 78.13 pg/mL for tetrahydroaldosterone to 2500 pg/mL were established to ensure the applicability in diseased paediatric patients. Between-run accuracy and precision for aldosterone ranged between -1.21 and -6.99 % and 2.07 and -10.22 %, respectively, confirming compliance with international guidelines. CONCLUSION A simultaneous bioanalytical LC-HRMS assay for the determination of the biomarker aldosterone, its precursor, and main metabolite, utilizing 50 µL serum, was successfully established. This assay facilitates insight into the maturing RAAS from neonates up to adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Makowski
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Bjoern Bengt Burckhardt
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmacotherapy, Heinrich Heine University, Duesseldorf, Germany.
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87
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Takeo E, Sugiura Y, Uemura T, Nishimoto K, Yasuda M, Sugiyama E, Ohtsuki S, Higashi T, Nishikawa T, Suematsu M, Fukusaki E, Shimma S. Tandem Mass Spectrometry Imaging Reveals Distinct Accumulation Patterns of Steroid Structural Isomers in Human Adrenal Glands. Anal Chem 2019; 91:8918-8925. [PMID: 31204806 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b00619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Visualizing tissue distribution of steroid hormones is a promising application of MALDI mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). On-tissue chemical derivatization using Girard's T reagent has enhanced the ionization efficiency of steroids. However, discriminating between structural isomers with distinct bioactivities remains a challenge. Herein, we used ion trap MS/tandem MS (MS3) to distinguish a mineralcorticoid aldosterone (Aldo) and a glucocorticoid cortisol (F), from their structural isomers. Our method is also useful to detect hybrid steroids (18-hydroxycortisol [18-OHF] and 18-oxocortisol) with sufficient signal-to-noise ratio. The clinical applicability of the tandem MS method was evaluated by analyzing F, Aldo, and 18-OHF distributions in human adrenal glands. In such clinical specimens, small Aldo-producing cell clusters (APCCs) were identified and were first found to produce a high level of Aldo and not to contain F. Moreover, a part of APCCs produced 18-OHF, presumably converted from F by APCC-specific CYP11B2 activity. Catecholamine species were also visualized with another derivatization reagent (TAHS), and those profiling successfully discriminated pheochromocytoma species. These tandem MSI-methods, coupled with on-tissue chemical derivatization has proven to be useful for detecting low-abundance steroids, including Aldo and hybrid steroids and thus identifying steroid hormone-producing lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emi Takeo
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Yuki Sugiura
- Department of Biochemistry , Keio University School of Medicine , 35 Shinanomachi , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 , Japan
| | - Tatsuki Uemura
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences , Kumamoto University , 5-1 Oe-honmachi , Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973 , Japan
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- Department of Biochemistry , Keio University School of Medicine , 35 Shinanomachi , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 , Japan.,Department of Uro-Oncology , Saitama Medical University International Medical Center , 1397-1 Yamane , Hidaka , Saitama 350-1298 , Japan
| | - Masanori Yasuda
- Department of Pathology , Saitama Medical University International Medical Center , 1397-1 Yamane , Hidaka , Saitama 350-1298 , Japan
| | - Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Biochemistry , Keio University School of Medicine , 35 Shinanomachi , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 , Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences , Kumamoto University , 5-1 Oe-honmachi , Chuo-ku, Kumamoto 862-0973 , Japan
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Tokyo University of Science , 2641 Yamazaki , Noda , Chiba 278-8510 , Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nishikawa
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center , Yokohama Rosai Hospital , 3211 Kozukuecho , Kohoku-ku, Yokohama , Kanagawa 222-0036 , Japan
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- Department of Biochemistry , Keio University School of Medicine , 35 Shinanomachi , Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 160-8582 , Japan
| | - Eiichiro Fukusaki
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
| | - Shuichi Shimma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering , Osaka University , 2-1 Yamadaoka , Suita , Osaka 565-0871 , Japan
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88
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Ren K, Wei J, Liu Q, Zhu Y, Wu N, Tang Y, Li Q, Zhang Q, Yu Y, An Z, Chen J, Li J. Hypercortisolism and primary aldosteronism caused by bilateral adrenocortical adenomas: a case report. BMC Endocr Disord 2019; 19:63. [PMID: 31208392 PMCID: PMC6580498 DOI: 10.1186/s12902-019-0395-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Co-existing Cushing's syndrome and primary aldosteronism caused by bilateral adrenocortical adenomas, secreting cortisol and aldosterone, respectively, have rarely been reported. Precise diagnosis and management of this disorder constitute a challenge to clinicians due to its atypical clinical manifestations and laboratory findings. CASE PRESENTATION We here report a Chinese male patient with co-existing Cushing's syndrome and primary aldosteronism caused by bilateral adrenocortical adenomas, who complained of intermittent muscle weakness for over 3 years. Computed tomography scans revealed bilateral adrenal masses. Undetectable ACTH and unsuppressed cortisol levels by dexamethasone suggested ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome. Elevated aldosterone to renin ratio and unsuppressed plasma aldosterone concentration after saline infusion test suggested primary aldosteronism. Adrenal venous sampling adjusted by plasma epinephrine revealed hypersecretion of cortisol from the left adrenal mass and of aldosterone from the right one. A sequential bilateral laparoscopic adrenalectomy was performed. The cortisol level was normalized after partial left adrenalectomy and the aldosterone level was normalized after subsequent partial right adrenalectomy. Histopathological evaluation of the resected surgical specimens, including immunohistochemical staining for steroidogenic enzymes, revealed a left cortisol-producing adenoma and a right aldosterone-producing adenoma. The patient's symptoms and laboratory findings resolved after sequential adrenalectomy without any pharmacological treatment. CONCLUSIONS Adrenal venous sampling is essential in diagnosing bilateral functional adrenocortical adenomas prior to surgery. Proper interpretation of the laboratory findings is particularly important in these patients. Immunohistochemistry may be a valuable tool to identify aldosterone/cortisol-producing lesions and to validate the clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyun Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qilin Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yuchun Zhu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Nianwei Wu
- Department of Urology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ying Tang
- Department of Pathology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qianrui Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qianying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yerong Yu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhenmei An
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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89
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Abstract
Steroids are complex lipophilic molecules that have many actions in the body to regulate cellular, tissue and organ functions across the life-span. Steroid hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, estradiol and testosterone are synthesised from cholesterol in specialised endocrine cells in the adrenal gland, ovary and testis, and released into the circulation when required. Steroid hormones move freely into cells to activate intracellular nuclear receptors that function as multi-domain ligand-dependent transcriptional regulators in the cell nucleus. Activated nuclear receptors modify expression of hundreds to thousands of specific target genes in the genome. Steroid hormone actions in the fetus include developmental roles in the respiratory system, brain, and cardiovascular system. The synthetic glucocorticoid steroid betamethasone is used antenatally to reduce the complications of preterm birth. Development of novel selective partial glucocorticoid receptor agonists may provide improved therapies to treat the respiratory complications of preterm birth and spare the deleterious effects of postnatal glucocorticoids in other organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy J Cole
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, 3800, Australia; Division of Endocrinology & Metabolism, Hudson Institute, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Vic, Australia.
| | - Kelly L Short
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic, 3800, Australia
| | - Stuart B Hooper
- The Richie Centre, Hudson Institute, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Vic, Australia; Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Vic, Australia
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90
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Sugiura Y, Takeo E, Shimma S, Yokota M, Higashi T, Seki T, Mizuno Y, Oya M, Kosaka T, Omura M, Nishikawa T, Suematsu M, Nishimoto K. Aldosterone and 18-Oxocortisol Coaccumulation in Aldosterone-Producing Lesions. Hypertension 2019; 72:1345-1354. [PMID: 30571232 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.118.11243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is a secondary hypertensive disease caused by autonomous aldosterone production that often caused by an aldosterone-producing adenoma (APA). Immunohistochemistry of aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) shows the presence of aldosterone-producing cell clusters (APCCs) even in non-primary aldosteronism adult adrenal cortex. An APCC-like structure also exists as possible APCC-to-APA transitional lesions (a speculative designation) in primary aldosteronism adrenals. However, whether APCCs produce aldosterone or 18-oxocortisol, a potential serum marker of APA, remains unknown because of lack of technology to visualize adrenocorticosteroids on tissue sections. To address this obstacle, in this study, we used highly sensitive Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry to image various adrenocorticosteroids, including 18-oxocortisol, in adrenal tissue sections from 8 primary aldosteronism patients with APCC (cases 1-4), possible APCC-to-APA transitional lesions (case 5), and APA (cases 6-8). Further analyses by tandem mass spectrometry imaging allowed us to differentially visualize aldosterone from cortisone, which share identical mass-to-charge ratio value ( m/z). In conclusion, these advanced imaging techniques revealed that aldosterone and 18-oxocortisol coaccumulated within CYP11B2-expressing lesions. These imaging outcomes along with a growing body of aldosterone research led us to build a progressive development hypothesis of an aldosterone-producing pathology in the adrenal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Sugiura
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.S., M.S., K.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emi Takeo
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan (E.T., S.S.)
| | - Shuichi Shimma
- Department of Biotechnology, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Japan (E.T., S.S.)
| | - Mai Yokota
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan (M.Y., T.H.)
| | - Tatsuya Higashi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, Noda, Chiba, Japan (M.Y., T.H.)
| | - Tsugio Seki
- Department of Medical Education, School of Medicine, California University of Science and Medicine, San Bernardino (T.S.)
| | - Yosuke Mizuno
- Division of Functional Genomics & Systems Medicine, Research Center for Genomic Medicine, Saitama Medical University, Hidakashi, Japan (Y.M.)
| | - Mototsugu Oya
- Department of Urology (M. Oya, T.K.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Kosaka
- Department of Urology (M. Oya, T.K.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masao Omura
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (M. Omura, T.N.)
| | - Tetsuo Nishikawa
- Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, Japan (M. Omura, T.N.)
| | - Makoto Suematsu
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.S., M.S., K.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koshiro Nishimoto
- From the Department of Biochemistry (Y.S., M.S., K.N.), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Uro-Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Hidaka, Japan (K.N.)
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91
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The review describes studies investigating the role of microRNAs in the signaling pathway of the mineralocorticoid hormone, aldosterone. RECENT FINDINGS Emerging evidence indicates that aldosterone alters the expression of microRNAs in target tissues thereby modulating the expression of key regulatory proteins. SUMMARY The mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone is released by the adrenal glands in a homeostatic mechanism to regulate blood volume. The long-term renal action of aldosterone is to increase the retrieval of sodium from filtered plasma to restore blood pressure. Emerging evidence indicates aldosterone may alter noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) to integrate this hormonal response in target tissue. Expression of the best characterized small ncRNAs, microRNAs, is regulated by aldosterone stimulation. MicroRNAs modulate protein expression at all steps in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-signaling (RAAS) system. In addition to acting as a rheostat to fine-tune protein levels in aldosterone-responsive cells, there is evidence that microRNAs down-regulate components of the signaling cascade as a feedback mechanism. The role of microRNAs is, therefore, as signal integrator, and damper in aldosterone signaling, which has implications in understating the RAAS system from both a physiological and pathophysiological perspective. Recent evidence for microRNA's role in RAAS signaling will be discussed.
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92
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Ali Y, Dohi K, Okamoto R, Katayama K, Ito M. Novel molecular mechanisms in the inhibition of adrenal aldosterone synthesis: Action of tolvaptan via vasopressin V 2 receptor-independent pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:1315-1327. [PMID: 30801659 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We investigated the inhibitory effect and associated molecular mechanisms of tolvaptan on angiotensin II (AngII)-induced aldosterone production in vitro and in vivo. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH In vitro, H295R human adrenocarcinoma cells were incubated with 1 μmol·L-1 arginine vasopressin (AVP) or dDAVP, or tolvaptan (0.1, 1, and 3 μmol·L-1 ) in the presence and absence of 100 nmol·L-1 of AngII. In vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats were treated with tolvaptan 0.05% in the diet for 6 days in the presence and absence of 200 pmol·min-1 AngII. KEY RESULTS Tolvaptan suppressed AngII-induced aldosterone production in a dose-dependent manner in H295R cells, whereas neither AVP nor dDAVP in the presence or absence of AngII altered aldosterone production, suggesting the vasopressin V2 receptor was not involved in the inhibitory effect of tolvaptan on aldosterone synthesis. In addition, tolvaptan inhibited the AngII-induced increase in aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) protein levels without suppressing CYP11B2 mRNA expression. Notably, tolvaptan increased the levels of unfolded protein response (UPR) marker DDIT3 and eIF2α phosphorylation (a UPR-induced event), which could block the translation of CYP11B2 mRNA into protein and thereby inhibit aldosterone production. In vivo, tolvaptan significantly inhibited AngII-induced increases in serum and adrenal aldosterone levels and CYP11B2 protein levels. This anti-aldosterone effect was associated with a reduction in the elevated systolic and diastolic BP. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Tolvaptan inhibited AngII-stimulated aldosterone production via a V2 receptor-independent pathway, which can counteract or even surpass its potential activating effect of diuresis-induced aldosterone secretion in certain aldosterone-mediated pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Ali
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kaoru Dohi
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Ryuji Okamoto
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Kan Katayama
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Masaaki Ito
- Department of Cardiology and Nephrology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
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93
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Itcho K, Oki K, Kobuke K, Ohno H, Yoneda M, Hattori N. Angiotensin 1-7 suppresses angiotensin II mediated aldosterone production via JAK/STAT signaling inhibition. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 185:137-141. [PMID: 30125658 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Angiotensin 1-7 (Ang 1-7), which is a protein cleaved from angiotensin II (A-II), binds to the MAS receptor. Ang 1-7 has been demonstrated to exert protective effects against A-II-mediated cardiac, atherosclerotic, and renal damages. The aims of our study were to demonstrate the inhibitory role of Ang 1-7 in A-II-mediated aldosterone production by interacting with the MAS receptor in human adrenocortical carcinoma (HAC15) cells, and clarify the intracellular signaling mechanisms underlying the inhibition of aldosterone production by Ang 1-7. Ang 1-7 significantly suppressed A-II-stimulated aldosterone production, and partially abrogated A-II-induced upregulation of CYP11B2 expression. Treatment with a selective Ang 1-7 antagonist abrogated Ang 1-7-mediated inhibition of aldosterone production in HAC15 cells. Incubation of A-II-treated HAC15 cells with conditioned medium containing Ang 1-7 was demonstrated to suppress A-II-mediated aldosterone production and CYP11B2 expression. Proteomic analysis showed that Ang 1-7 predominantly inhibited the phosphorylation of JAK-STAT proteins in A-II stimulated HAC15 cells. Treatment of HAC15 cells with a STAT3 inhibitor partially but significantly repressed A-II-mediated aldosterone production by 63.2%. Similarly, treatment with a STAT5 inhibitor significantly abrogated A-II-stimulated aldosterone production in HAC15 cells by 60.7%. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Ang 1-7 negatively regulates A-II-mediated aldosterone production, and the observed inhibition of aldosterone production was associated with JAK/STAT signaling in human adrenal cells. Therefore, activation of Ang 1-7 or stimulation of the MAS receptor, which inhibits aldosterone production, is a promising therapeutic approach for the prevention of cardiovascular events that can directly affect the target organs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiyotaka Itcho
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Kenji Oki
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Kobuke
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Haruya Ohno
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Masayasu Yoneda
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Noboru Hattori
- Department of Molecular and Internal Medicine, Graduate School of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
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94
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Usanov SA, Kliuchenovich AV, Strushkevich NV. Drug design strategies for Cushing's syndrome. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2018; 14:143-151. [PMID: 30572739 DOI: 10.1080/17460441.2019.1559146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a metabolic disorder caused by chronic hypercortisolism. CS is associated with cardiovascular, metabolic, skeletal and psychological dysfunctions and can be fatal if left untreated. The first-line treatment for all forms of CS is a surgery. However, medical therapy has to be chosen if surgical resection is not an option or is deemed ineffective. Currently available therapeutics are either not selective and have side effects or are only available as an injection (pasireotide). Areas covered: The authors discuss the recent drug developments for the medical treatment of CS through two validated molecular targets. Specifically, the authors look at selective inhibitors of CYP11B1 that reduce cortisol production by inhibiting steroid 11beta-hydroxylase and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) antagonists that interrupt cortisol-mediating transcriptional regulation of related genes. Expert opinion: Patients with CS have limited treatment options; indeed, there is an unmet need for new compounds that target CYP11B1 selectively versus several steroidogenic enzymes and/or GR-signaling pathways. The complexity of steroid biosynthesis and signaling requires the application of structure-based drug discovery techniques that use molecular targets and highly similar off-targets. Significant differences in steroidogenesis between humans and other species necessitates caution over the choice of in vivo model for the preclinical evaluation of future potential compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Usanov
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Science of Belarus , Minsk , Republic of Belarus
| | - A V Kliuchenovich
- b Target Medicals LLC , Skolkovo Innovation Center (Technopark) , Moscow , Russian Federation
| | - N V Strushkevich
- a Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry of the National Academy of Science of Belarus , Minsk , Republic of Belarus
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95
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Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone is an important regulator of blood pressure and electrolyte balance. However, excess aldosterone can be deleterious as a driver of inflammation, vascular remodeling and tissue fibrosis associated with cardiometabolic diseases. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRA) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) antagonists are current clinical therapies used to antagonize deleterious effects of aldosterone in patients. MRAs compete with aldosterone for binding at its cognate receptor thereby limiting its effect while RAS antagonists reduce aldosterone levels indirectly by blocking the stimulatory effect of angiotensin. Both MRAs and RAS antagonists can result in incomplete inhibition of the harmful effects of excess aldosterone. Aldosterone synthase (AS) inhibitors (ASI) attenuate the production of aldosterone directly and have been proposed as an alternative to MRAs and RAS blockers. Cortisol synthase (CS) is an enzyme closely related to AS and responsible for generating the important glucocorticoid cortisol, required for maintaining critical metabolic and immune responses. The importance of selectivity against CS is shown by early examples of ASIs that were only modestly selective and as such, attenuated cortisol responses when evaluated in patients. Recently, next-generation, highly selective ASIs have been described and are presently being evaluated in the clinic as an alternative to angiotensin and MR antagonists for cardiometabolic disease. Herein we provide a brief review of the challenges associated with discovery of selective ASIs and the transition from the early compounds that paved the way toward the next-generation of highly selective ASIs currently under development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Weldon
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States.
| | - Nicholas F Brown
- Cardiometabolic Disease Research, Boehringer-Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc., Ridgefield, CT, United States
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96
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Montero D, Lundby C. Regulation of Red Blood Cell Volume with Exercise Training. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:149-164. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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97
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Medzikovic L, de Vries CJM, de Waard V. NR4A nuclear receptors in cardiac remodeling and neurohormonal regulation. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2018; 29:429-437. [PMID: 30553703 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure is characterized by the constant interplay between the underlying cardiac insult, degree of myocardial dysfunction and the activity of compensatory neurohormonal mechanisms. The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) become activated to maintain cardiac output; however, their chronic hyperactivity will eventually become deleterious. Several nuclear hormone receptors, including the mineralocorticoid receptor and estrogen receptor, are well-known to modulate cardiac disease. Recently, the subfamily of NR4A nuclear receptors i.e. Nur77, Nurr1 and NOR-1, are emerging as key players in cardiac stress responses, as well as pivotal regulators of neurohormonal mechanisms. In this review, we summarize current literature on NR4A nuclear receptors in the heart and in various components of the SNS, RAAS and immune system and discuss the functional implications for NR4As in cardiac function and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lejla Medzikovic
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, room K1-115, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Carlie J M de Vries
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, room K1-115, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian de Waard
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, room K1-115, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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98
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Abstract
The mineralocorticoid hormone aldosterone is released by the adrenal glands in a homeostatic mechanism to regulate blood volume. Several cues elicit aldosterone release, and the long-term action of the hormone is to restore blood pressure and/or increase the retrieval of sodium from filtered plasma in the kidney. While the signaling cascade that results in aldosterone release is well studied, the impact of this hormone on tissues and cells in various organ systems is pleotropic. Emerging evidence indicates aldosterone may alter non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) to integrate the hormonal response, and these ncRNAs may contribute to the heterogeneity of signaling outcomes in aldosterone target tissues. The best studied of the ncRNAs in aldosterone action are the small ncRNAs, microRNAs. MicroRNA expression is regulated by aldosterone stimulation, and microRNAs are able to modulate protein expression at all steps in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone-signaling system. The discovery and synthesis of microRNAs will be briefly covered followed by a discussion of the reciprocal role of aldosterone/microRNA regulation, including misregulation of microRNA signaling in aldosterone-linked disease states.
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99
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Seccia TM, Caroccia B, Gomez-Sanchez EP, Gomez-Sanchez CE, Rossi GP. The Biology of Normal Zona Glomerulosa and Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma: Pathological Implications. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:1029-1056. [PMID: 30007283 PMCID: PMC6236434 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The identification of several germline and somatic ion channel mutations in aldosterone-producing adenomas (APAs) and detection of cell clusters that can be responsible for excess aldosterone production, as well as the isolation of autoantibodies activating the angiotensin II type 1 receptor, have rapidly advanced the understanding of the biology of primary aldosteronism (PA), particularly that of APA. Hence, the main purpose of this review is to discuss how discoveries of the last decade could affect histopathology analysis and clinical practice. The structural remodeling through development and aging of the human adrenal cortex, particularly of the zona glomerulosa, and the complex regulation of aldosterone, with emphasis on the concepts of zonation and channelopathies, will be addressed. Finally, the diagnostic workup for PA and its subtyping to optimize treatment are reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa M Seccia
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua PD, Italy
| | | | - Elise P Gomez-Sanchez
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Celso E Gomez-Sanchez
- Division of Endocrinology, G.V. (Sonny) Montgomery VA Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi.,University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Gian Paolo Rossi
- Department of Medicine-DIMED, University of Padua, Padua PD, Italy
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100
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Vaidya A, Mulatero P, Baudrand R, Adler GK. The Expanding Spectrum of Primary Aldosteronism: Implications for Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:1057-1088. [PMID: 30124805 PMCID: PMC6260247 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Primary aldosteronism is characterized by aldosterone secretion that is independent of renin and angiotensin II and sodium status. The deleterious effects of primary aldosteronism are mediated by excessive activation of the mineralocorticoid receptor that results in the well-known consequences of volume expansion, hypertension, hypokalemia, and metabolic alkalosis, but it also increases the risk for cardiovascular and kidney disease, as well as death. For decades, the approaches to defining, diagnosing, and treating primary aldosteronism have been relatively constant and generally focused on detecting and treating the more severe presentations of the disease. However, emerging evidence suggests that the prevalence of primary aldosteronism is much greater than previously recognized, and that milder and nonclassical forms of renin-independent aldosterone secretion that impart heightened cardiovascular risk may be common. Public health efforts to prevent aldosterone-mediated end-organ disease will require improved capabilities to diagnose all forms of primary aldosteronism while optimizing the treatment approaches such that the excess risk for cardiovascular and kidney disease is adequately mitigated. In this review, we present a physiologic approach to considering the diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment of primary aldosteronism. We review evidence suggesting that primary aldosteronism manifests across a wide spectrum of severity, ranging from mild to overt, that correlates with cardiovascular risk. Furthermore, we review emerging evidence from genetic studies that begin to provide a theoretical explanation for the pathogenesis of primary aldosteronism and a link to its phenotypic severity spectrum and prevalence. Finally, we review human studies that provide insights into the optimal approach toward the treatment of primary aldosteronism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Vaidya
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paolo Mulatero
- Division of Internal Medicine and Hypertension, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Rene Baudrand
- Program for Adrenal Disorders and Hypertension, Department of Endocrinology, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gail K Adler
- Center for Adrenal Disorders, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Hypertension, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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