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Nehme PA, Amaral F, Lowden A, Skene DJ, Cipolla-Neto J, Moreno CRC. Reduced melatonin synthesis in pregnant night workers: Metabolic implications for offspring. Med Hypotheses 2019; 132:109353. [PMID: 31421432 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2019.109353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Several novel animal studies have shown that intrauterine metabolic programming can be modified in the event of reduced melatonin synthesis during pregnancy, leading to glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in the offspring. It is therefore postulated that female night workers when pregnant may expose the offspring to unwanted health threats. This may be explained by the fact that melatonin is essential for regulating energy metabolism and can influence reproductive activity. Moreover, the circadian misalignment caused by shift work affects fertility and the fetus, increasing the risk of miscarriage, premature birth and low birth weight, phenomena observed in night workers. Thus, we hypothesize that light-induced melatonin suppression as a result of night work may alter intrauterine metabolic programming in pregnant women, potentially leading to metabolic disorders in their offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Nehme
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F Amaral
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - A Lowden
- Stress Research Institute, University of Stockholm, Sweden
| | - D J Skene
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK
| | - J Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics Neurobiology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - C R C Moreno
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil; Stress Research Institute, University of Stockholm, Sweden.
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de Oliveira MAB, Scop M, Abreu ACO, Sanches PRS, Rossi AC, Díez-Noguera A, Calcagnotto ME, Hidalgo MP. Entraining effects of variations in light spectral composition on the rest-activity rhythm of a nocturnal rodent. Chronobiol Int 2019; 36:934-944. [DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2019.1599008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa A. B. de Oliveira
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Marina Scop
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Odebrecht Abreu
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Augusto Camargo Rossi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Antoni Díez-Noguera
- Department de Bioquimica i Fisiologia, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l’Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Elisa Calcagnotto
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Departamento de Bioquímica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Neurociências, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Laboratório de Neurofisiologia e Neuroquímica da Excitabilidade Neuronal e Plasticidade Sináptica, Departamento de Bioquímica, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Maria Paz Hidalgo
- Laboratório de Cronobiologia e Sono (BRAIN), Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCPA), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Psiquiatria e Ciências do Comportamento, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Departamento de Psiquiatria e Medicina Legal, Faculdade de Medicina, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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53
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Effect of Melatonin on Blood Loss After Cesarean Section: A Prospective Randomized Double-Blind Trial. J Obstet Gynaecol India 2019; 69:436-443. [PMID: 31598047 DOI: 10.1007/s13224-019-01205-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives The similarities between the melatonin and oxytocin signaling could lead to increased contractility of myometrium. We designed this randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy of melatonin in reduction of blood loss during and after the lower segment cesarean section. Methods One hundred and twenty patients who had been scheduled for cesarean section under spinal anesthesia were enrolled in the study. We randomly allocated them to one of the three following groups to receive either melatonin 3 mg (M3), melatonin 6 mg (M6), or placebo (P) sublingually 20 min before the surgery. The hemoglobin levels before and 12 h after surgery, the mean weight of the materials used in the operation time, the need for additional oxytocic therapy, and the incidence of adverse effects were probed and recorded. Results There was a significant difference between the group M6 and both M3 and P in the mean weight of the materials (p = .024 and .041, respectively) and between M6 and P groups in terms of mean decrease in hemoglobin during 12 h after cesarean section (p = .029). Conclusion Using 6 mg melatonin, sublingually, as a premedication in patients undergoing cesarean section with spinal anesthesia could statistically reduce the amount of blood loss after the lower segment cesarean section, although it may not be clinically meaningful.Registration number: ACTRN12612000117819 and ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01572805.
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Nehme PA, Amaral FG, Middleton B, Lowden A, Marqueze E, França-Junior I, Antunes JLF, Cipolla-Neto J, Skene DJ, Moreno CRC. Melatonin profiles during the third trimester of pregnancy and health status in the offspring among day and night workers: A case series. Neurobiol Sleep Circadian Rhythms 2019; 6:70-76. [PMID: 31236522 PMCID: PMC6586602 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbscr.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful pregnancy requires adaptation in maternal physiology. During intrauterine life the mother's circadian timing system supports successful birth and postnatal development. Maternal melatonin is important to transmit circadian timing and day length to the fetus. This study aims to describe the third trimester of pregnancy among day (n = 5) and night (n = 3) workers by assessing their melatonin levels in a natural environment. Additionally, we describe the worker's metabolic profiles and compare the health status of the newborns between groups of day and night working mothers. Our results indicate an occurrence of assisted delivery (cesarean and forceps) among night workers. Moreover, the newborns of night workers showed lower Apgar index and breastfeeding difficulty indicating a worse condition to deal with the immediate outside the womb environment. Additionally, there was lower night-time melatonin production among pregnant night workers compared to day workers. These findings may be related to light-induced suppression of melatonin that occurs during night work. We conclude that night work and consequent exposure to light at unconventional times might compromise the success of pregnancy and the health of the newborn. Further studies need to be carried out to monitor pregnancy and newborn health in pregnant night workers. There was lower night-time melatonin production among pregnant night workers compared to day workers. Night work might compromise the success of pregnancy. Night work during pregnancy might compromise the health of the newborn.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Nehme
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - F G Amaral
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - B Middleton
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK
| | - A Lowden
- Stress Research Institute, University of Stockholm, Sweden
| | - E Marqueze
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Catholic University of Santos, Brazil
| | | | - J L F Antunes
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - J Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics Neurobiology Lab, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Brazil
| | - D J Skene
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, UK
| | - C R C Moreno
- School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Brazil.,Stress Research Institute, University of Stockholm, Sweden
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55
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Abstract
Many processes in the human body - including brain function - are regulated over the 24-hour cycle, and there are strong associations between disrupted circadian rhythms (for example, sleep-wake cycles) and disorders of the CNS. Brain disorders such as autism, depression and Parkinson disease typically develop at certain stages of life, and circadian rhythms are important during each stage of life for the regulation of processes that may influence the development of these disorders. Here, we describe circadian disruptions observed in various brain disorders throughout the human lifespan and highlight emerging evidence suggesting these disruptions affect the brain. Currently, much of the evidence linking brain disorders and circadian dysfunction is correlational, and so whether and what kind of causal relationships might exist are unclear. We therefore identify remaining questions that may direct future research towards a better understanding of the links between circadian disruption and CNS disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Colleen A McClung
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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56
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Amaral FGD, Cipolla-Neto J. A brief review about melatonin, a pineal hormone. ARCHIVES OF ENDOCRINOLOGY AND METABOLISM 2018; 62:472-479. [PMID: 30304113 PMCID: PMC10118741 DOI: 10.20945/2359-3997000000066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule in nature, being locally synthesized in several cells and tissues, besides being a hormone that is centrally produced in the pineal gland of vertebrates, particularly in mammals. Its pineal synthesis is timed by the suprachiasmatic nucleus, that is synchronized to the light-dark cycle via the retinohypothalamic tract, placing melatonin synthesis at night, provided its dark. This unique trait turns melatonin into an internal synchronizer that adequately times the organism's physiology to the daily and seasonal demands. Besides being amphiphilic, melatonin presents specific mechanisms and ways of action devoted to its role as a time-giving agent, being widely spread in the organism. The present review aims to focus on melatonin as a pineal hormone with specific mechanisms and ways of action, besides presenting the clinical syndromes related to its synthesis and/or function disruptions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Cipolla-Neto
- Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, SP, Brasil
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57
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Cipolla-Neto J, Amaral FGD. Melatonin as a Hormone: New Physiological and Clinical Insights. Endocr Rev 2018; 39:990-1028. [PMID: 30215696 DOI: 10.1210/er.2018-00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 310] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is a ubiquitous molecule present in almost every live being from bacteria to humans. In vertebrates, besides being produced in peripheral tissues and acting as an autocrine and paracrine signal, melatonin is centrally synthetized by a neuroendocrine organ, the pineal gland. Independently of the considered species, pineal hormone melatonin is always produced during the night and its production and secretory episode duration are directly dependent on the length of the night. As its production is tightly linked to the light/dark cycle, melatonin main hormonal systemic integrative action is to coordinate behavioral and physiological adaptations to the environmental geophysical day and season. The circadian signal is dependent on its daily production regularity, on the contrast between day and night concentrations, and on specially developed ways of action. During its daily secretory episode, melatonin coordinates the night adaptive physiology through immediate effects and primes the day adaptive responses through prospective effects that will only appear at daytime, when melatonin is absent. Similarly, the annual history of the daily melatonin secretory episode duration primes the central nervous/endocrine system to the seasons to come. Remarkably, maternal melatonin programs the fetuses' behavior and physiology to cope with the environmental light/dark cycle and season after birth. These unique ways of action turn melatonin into a biological time-domain-acting molecule. The present review focuses on the above considerations, proposes a putative classification of clinical melatonin dysfunctions, and discusses general guidelines to the therapeutic use of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Cipolla-Neto
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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58
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Rodrigues Helmo F, Etchebehere RM, Bernardes N, Meirelles MF, Galvão Petrini C, Penna Rocha L, Gonçalves Dos Reis Monteiro ML, Souza de Oliveira Guimarães C, de Paula Antunes Teixeira V, Dos Reis MA, Machado JR, Miranda Corrêa RR. Melatonin treatment in fetal and neonatal diseases. Pathol Res Pract 2018; 214:1940-1951. [PMID: 30377024 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2018.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
This literature review aims to address the main scientific findings on oxidative stress activity in different gestational disorders, as well as the function and application of melatonin in the treatment of fetal and neonatal changes. Oxidative stress has been associated with the etiopathogenesis of recurrent miscarriages, preeclampsia, intrauterine growth restriction, and stillbirth. Both, the exacerbated consumption of the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase, and the increased synthesis of reactive oxygen species, such as superoxide, peroxynitrite, and hydrogen peroxide, induce phospholipid peroxidation and endothelial dysfunction, impaired invasion and death of trophoblast cells, impaired decidualization, and remodeling of maternal spiral arteries. It has been postulated that melatonin induces specific biochemical responses that regulate cell proliferation in fetuses, and that its antioxidant action promotes bioavailability of nitric oxide and, thus, placental perfusion and also fetal nutrition and oxygenation. Therefore, the therapeutic action of melatonin has been the subject of major studies that aim to minimize or prevent different injuries affecting this pediatric age group, such as intrauterine growth restriction, encephalopathy, chronic lung diseases, retinopathy of prematurity Conclusion: the results antioxidant and indicate that melatonin is an important therapy for the clinical treatment of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Rodrigues Helmo
- Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Renata Margarida Etchebehere
- Surgical Pathology Service, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Natália Bernardes
- Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Maria Flávia Meirelles
- Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Caetano Galvão Petrini
- Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Laura Penna Rocha
- Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Vicente de Paula Antunes Teixeira
- Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marlene Antônia Dos Reis
- Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Juliana Reis Machado
- Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rosana Rosa Miranda Corrêa
- Discipline of General Pathology, Institute of Biological and Natural Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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Chronodisruption: An untimely cause of preterm birth? Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2018; 52:60-67. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpobgyn.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Moreira AC, Antonini SR, de Castro M. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: A sense of time of the glucocorticoid circadian clock: from the ontogeny to the diagnosis of Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:R1-R18. [PMID: 29661784 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm of glucocorticoids has long been recognised within the last 75 years. Since the beginning, researchers have sought to identify basic mechanisms underlying the origin and emergence of the corticosteroid circadian rhythmicity among mammals. Accordingly, Young, Hall and Rosbash, laureates of the 2017 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, as well as Takahashi's group among others, have characterised the molecular cogwheels of the circadian system, describing interlocking transcription/translation feedback loops essential for normal circadian rhythms. Plasma glucocorticoid circadian variation depends on the expression of intrinsic clock genes within the anatomic components of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, which are organised in a hierarchical manner. This review presents a general overview of the glucocorticoid circadian clock mechanisms, highlighting the ontogeny of the pituitary-adrenal axis diurnal rhythmicity as well as the involvement of circadian rhythm abnormalities in the physiopathology and diagnosis of Cushing's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayrton Custodio Moreira
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sonir Rauber Antonini
- Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Departments of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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61
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Dhillon SK, Lear CA, Galinsky R, Wassink G, Davidson JO, Juul S, Robertson NJ, Gunn AJ, Bennet L. The fetus at the tipping point: modifying the outcome of fetal asphyxia. J Physiol 2018; 596:5571-5592. [PMID: 29774532 DOI: 10.1113/jp274949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain injury around birth is associated with nearly half of all cases of cerebral palsy. Although brain injury is multifactorial, particularly after preterm birth, acute hypoxia-ischaemia is a major contributor to injury. It is now well established that the severity of injury after hypoxia-ischaemia is determined by a dynamic balance between injurious and protective processes. In addition, mothers who are at risk of premature delivery have high rates of diabetes and antepartum infection/inflammation and are almost universally given treatments such as antenatal glucocorticoids and magnesium sulphate to reduce the risk of death and complications after preterm birth. We review evidence that these common factors affect responses to fetal asphyxia, often in unexpected ways. For example, glucocorticoid exposure dramatically increases delayed cell loss after acute hypoxia-ischaemia, largely through secondary hyperglycaemia. This critical new information is important to understand the effects of clinical treatments of women whose fetuses are at risk of perinatal asphyxia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christopher A Lear
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Galinsky
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Guido Wassink
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Sandra Juul
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Alistair J Gunn
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Laura Bennet
- The Department of Physiology, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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62
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Bennet L, Walker DW, Horne RSC. Waking up too early - the consequences of preterm birth on sleep development. J Physiol 2018; 596:5687-5708. [PMID: 29691876 DOI: 10.1113/jp274950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Good quality sleep of sufficient duration is vital for optimal physiological function and our health. Sleep deprivation is associated with impaired neurocognitive function and emotional control, and increases the risk for cardiometabolic diseases, obesity and cancer. Sleep develops during fetal life with the emergence of a recognisable pattern of sleep states in the preterm fetus associated with the development, maturation and connectivity within neural networks in the brain. Despite the physiological importance of sleep, surprisingly little is known about how sleep develops in individuals born preterm. Globally, an estimated 15 million babies are born preterm (<37 weeks gestation) each year, and these babies are at significant risk of neural injury and impaired brain development. This review discusses how sleep develops during fetal and neonatal life, how preterm birth impacts on sleep development to adulthood, and the factors which may contribute to impaired brain and sleep development, leading to altered neurocognitive, behavioural and motor capabilities in the infant and child. Going forward, the challenge is to identify specific risk factors for impaired sleep development in preterm babies to allow for the design of interventions that will improve the quality and quantity of sleep throughout life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bennet
- Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - David W Walker
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rosemary S C Horne
- The Ritchie Centre, Department of Paediatrics, Monash University and Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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63
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Bennet L, Galinsky R, Draghi V, Lear CA, Davidson JO, Unsworth CP, Gunn AJ. Time and sex dependent effects of magnesium sulphate on post-asphyxial seizures in preterm fetal sheep. J Physiol 2018; 596:6079-6092. [PMID: 29572829 DOI: 10.1113/jp275627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We evaluated the effect of magnesium sulphate (MgSO4 ) on seizures induced by asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep. MgSO4 did not prevent seizures, but significantly reduced the total duration, number of seizures, seizure amplitude and average seizure burden. Saline-asphyxia male fetuses had significantly more seizures than female fetuses, but male fetuses showed significantly greater reduction in seizures during MgSO4 infusion than female fetuses. A circadian profile of seizure activity was observed in all fetuses, with peak seizures seen around 04.00-06.00 h on the first and second days after the end of asphyxia. This study is the first to demonstrate that MgSO4 has utility as an anti-seizure agent after hypoxia-ischaemia. More information is needed about the mechanisms mediating the effect of MgSO4 on seizures and sexual dimorphism, and the influence of circadian rhythms on seizure expression. ABSTRACT Seizures are common in newborns after asphyxia at birth and are often refractory to anti-seizure agents. Magnesium sulphate (MgSO4 ) has anticonvulsant effects and is increasingly given to women in preterm labour for potential neuroprotection. There is limited information on its effects on perinatal seizures. We examined the hypothesis that MgSO4 infusion would reduce fetal seizures after asphyxia in utero. Preterm fetal sheep at 0.7 gestation (104 days, term = 147 days) were given intravenous infusions of either saline (n = 14) or MgSO4 (n = 12, 160 mg bolus + 48 mg h-1 infusion over 48 h). Fetuses underwent umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) for 25 min, 24 h after the start of infusion. The start time for seizures did not differ between groups, but MgSO4 significantly reduced the total number of seizures (P < 0.001), peak seizure amplitude (P < 0.05) and seizure burden (P < 0.005). Within the saline-asphyxia group, male fetuses had significantly more seizures than females (P < 0.05). Within the MgSO4 -asphyxia group, although both sexes had fewer seizures than the saline-asphyxia group, the greatest effect of MgSO4 was on male fetuses, with reduced numbers of seizures (P < 0.001) and seizure burden (P < 0.005). Only 1 out of 6 MgSO4 males had seizures on the second day post-UCO compared to 5 out of 6 MgSO4 female fetuses (P = 0.08). Finally, seizures showed a circadian profile with peak seizures between 04.00 and 06.00 h on the first and second day post-UCO. Collectively, these results suggest that MgSO4 may have utility in treating perinatal seizures and has sexually dimorphic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Bennet
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Robert Galinsky
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Vittoria Draghi
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher A Lear
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Joanne O Davidson
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Charles P Unsworth
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alistair J Gunn
- The Fetal Physiology and Neuroscience Group, The Department of Physiology, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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64
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Dierickx P, Van Laake LW, Geijsen N. Circadian clocks: from stem cells to tissue homeostasis and regeneration. EMBO Rep 2018; 19:18-28. [PMID: 29258993 PMCID: PMC5757216 DOI: 10.15252/embr.201745130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian clock is an evolutionarily conserved timekeeper that adapts body physiology to diurnal cycles of around 24 h by influencing a wide variety of processes such as sleep-to-wake transitions, feeding and fasting patterns, body temperature, and hormone regulation. The molecular clock machinery comprises a pathway that is driven by rhythmic docking of the transcription factors BMAL1 and CLOCK on clock-controlled output genes, which results in tissue-specific oscillatory gene expression programs. Genetic as well as environmental perturbation of the circadian clock has been implicated in various diseases ranging from sleep to metabolic disorders and cancer development. Here, we review the origination of circadian rhythms in stem cells and their function in differentiated cells and organs. We describe how clocks influence stem cell maintenance and organ physiology, as well as how rhythmicity affects lineage commitment, tissue regeneration, and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pieterjan Dierickx
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute for Diabetes, Obesity, and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Linda W Van Laake
- Division of Heart and Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Niels Geijsen
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Center, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Galván-Arrieta T, Trueta C, Cercós MG, Valdés-Tovar M, Alarcón S, Oikawa J, Zamudio-Meza H, Benítez-King G. The role of melatonin in the neurodevelopmental etiology of schizophrenia: A study in human olfactory neuronal precursors. J Pineal Res 2017; 63. [PMID: 28500770 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Dim light exposure of the mother during pregnancy has been proposed as one of the environmental factors that affect the fetal brain development in schizophrenia. Melatonin circulating levels are regulated by the environmental light/dark cycle. This hormone stimulates neuronal differentiation in the adult brain. However, little is known about its role in the fetal human brain development. Olfactory neuronal precursors (ONPs) are useful for studying the physiopathology of neuropsychiatric diseases because they mimic all the stages of neurodevelopment in culture. Here, we first characterized whether melatonin stimulates neuronal differentiation in cloned ONPs obtained from a healthy control subject (HCS). Then, melatonin effects were evaluated in primary cultures of ONPs derived from a patient diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ) and an age- and gender-matched HCS. Axonal formation was evidenced morphologically by tau immunostaining and by GSK3β phosphorylated state. Potassium-evoked secretion was assessed as a functional feature of differentiated neurons. As well, we report the expression of MT1/2 receptors in human ONPs for the first time. Melatonin stimulated axonal formation and ramification in cloned ONPs through a receptor-mediated mechanism and enhanced the amount and velocity of axonal and somatic secretion. SZ ONPs displayed reduced axogenesis associated with lower levels of pGSK3β and less expression of melatonergic receptors regarding the HCS ONPs. Melatonin counteracted this reduction in SZ cells. Altogether, our results show that melatonin signaling is crucial for functional differentiation of human ONPs, strongly suggesting that a deficit of this indoleamine may lead to an impaired neurodevelopment which has been associated with the etiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Galván-Arrieta
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Citlali Trueta
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Montserrat G Cercós
- Departamento de Neurofisiología, Dirección de Investigaciones en Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Marcela Valdés-Tovar
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Salvador Alarcón
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Julian Oikawa
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Horacio Zamudio-Meza
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gloria Benítez-King
- Laboratorio de Neurofarmacología, Subdirección de Investigaciones Clínicas, Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz, Ciudad de México, México
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66
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Mark PJ, Crew RC, Wharfe MD, Waddell BJ. Rhythmic Three-Part Harmony: The Complex Interaction of Maternal, Placental and Fetal Circadian Systems. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:534-549. [PMID: 28920512 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417728671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
From the perspective of circadian biology, mammalian pregnancy presents an unusual biological scenario in which an entire circadian system (i.e., that of the fetus) is embodied within another (i.e., that of the mother). Moreover, both systems are likely to be influenced at their interface by a third player, the placenta. Successful pregnancy requires major adaptations in maternal physiology, many of which involve circadian changes that support the high metabolic demands of the growing fetus. A functional role for maternal circadian adaptations is implied by the effects of circadian disruption, which result in pregnancy complications including higher risks for miscarriage, preterm labor, and low birth weight. Various aspects of fetal physiology lead to circadian variation, at least in late gestation, but it remains unclear what drives this rhythmicity. It likely involves contributions from the maternal environment and possibly from the placenta and the developing intrinsic molecular clocks within fetal tissues. The role of the placenta is of particular significance because it serves not only to relay signals about the external environment (via the mother) but may also exhibit its own circadian rhythmicity. This review considers how the fetus may be influenced by dynamic circadian signals from the mother and the placenta during gestation, and how, in the face of these changing influences, a new fetal circadian system emerges. Particular emphasis is placed on the role of endocrine signals, most notably melatonin and glucocorticoids, as mediators of maternal-fetal circadian interactions, and on the expression of the clock gene in the 3 compartments. Further study is required to understand how the mother, placenta, and fetus interact across pregnancy to optimize circadian adaptations that support adequate growth and development of the fetus and its transition to postnatal life in a circadian environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Mark
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Rachael C Crew
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Michaela D Wharfe
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Brendan J Waddell
- School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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Involvement of posttranscriptional regulation of Clock in the emergence of circadian clock oscillation during mouse development. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E7479-E7488. [PMID: 28827343 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1703170114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian clock oscillation emerges in mouse embryo in the later developmental stages. Although circadian clock development is closely correlated with cellular differentiation, the mechanisms of its emergence during mammalian development are not well understood. Here, we demonstrate an essential role of the posttranscriptional regulation of Clock subsequent to the cellular differentiation for the emergence of circadian clock oscillation in mouse fetal hearts and mouse embryonic stem cells (ESCs). In mouse fetal hearts, no apparent oscillation of cell-autonomous molecular clock was detectable around E10, whereas oscillation was clearly visible in E18 hearts. Temporal RNA-sequencing analysis using mouse fetal hearts reveals many fewer rhythmic genes in E10-12 hearts (63, no core circadian genes) than in E17-19 hearts (483 genes), suggesting the lack of functional circadian transcriptional/translational feedback loops (TTFLs) of core circadian genes in E10 mouse fetal hearts. In both ESCs and E10 embryos, CLOCK protein was absent despite the expression of Clock mRNA, which we showed was due to Dicer/Dgcr8-dependent translational suppression of CLOCK. The CLOCK protein is required for the discernible molecular oscillation in differentiated cells, and the posttranscriptional regulation of Clock plays a role in setting the timing for the emergence of the circadian clock oscillation during mammalian development.
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68
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Corrales A, Parisotto EB, Vidal V, García-Cerro S, Lantigua S, Diego M, Wilhem Filho D, Sanchez-Barceló EJ, Martínez-Cué C, Rueda N. Pre- and post-natal melatonin administration partially regulates brain oxidative stress but does not improve cognitive or histological alterations in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Behav Brain Res 2017; 334:142-154. [PMID: 28743603 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin administered during adulthood induces beneficial effects on cognition and neuroprotection in the Ts65Dn (TS) mouse model of Down syndrome. Here, we investigated the effects of pre- and post-natal melatonin treatment on behavioral and cognitive abnormalities and on several neuromorphological alterations (hypocellularity, neurogenesis impairment and increased oxidative stress) that appear during the early developmental stages in TS mice. Pregnant TS females were orally treated with melatonin or vehicle from the time of conception until the weaning of the offspring, and the pups continued to receive the treatment from weaning until the age of 5 months. Melatonin administered during the pre- and post-natal periods did not improve the cognitive impairment of TS mice as measured by the Morris Water maze or fear conditioning tests. Histological alterations, such as decreased proliferation (Ki67+ cells) and hippocampal hypocellularity (DAPI+ cells), which are typical in TS mice, were not prevented by melatonin. However, melatonin partially regulated brain oxidative stress by modulating the activity of the primary antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase in the cortex and catalase in the cortex and hippocampus) and slightly decreasing the levels of lipid peroxidation in the hippocampus of TS mice. These results show the inability of melatonin to prevent cognitive impairment in TS mice when it is administered at pre- and post-natal stages. Additionally, our findings suggest that to induce pro-cognitive effects in TS mice during the early stages of development, in addition to attenuating oxidative stress, therapies should aim to improve other altered processes, such as hippocampal neurogenesis and/or hypocellularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Corrales
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Eduardo B Parisotto
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Verónica Vidal
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Susana García-Cerro
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Sara Lantigua
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Marian Diego
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Danilo Wilhem Filho
- Department of Ecology and Zoology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Emilio J Sanchez-Barceló
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Carmen Martínez-Cué
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Noemí Rueda
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain.
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Roa SLR, Martinez EZ, Martins CS, Antonini SR, de Castro M, Moreira AC. Postnatal Ontogeny of the Circadian Expression of the Adrenal Clock Genes and Corticosterone Rhythm in Male Rats. Endocrinology 2017; 158:1339-1346. [PMID: 28324022 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The postnatal synchronization of the circadian variation of the adrenal clock genes in mammals remains unknown. We evaluated the postnatal ontogeny of daily variation of clock genes (Clock/Bmal1/Per1/Per2/Per3/Cry1/Cry2/Rorα/Rev-Erbα) and steroidogenesis-related genes (Star and Mc2r) in rat adrenals and its relationship with the emergence of plasma corticosterone rhythm using cosinor analysis. Plasma corticosterone circadian rhythm was detected from postnatal day (P)1, with morning acrophase, between zeitgeber time (ZT)0 and ZT2. From P14, there was a nocturnal acrophase of corticosterone at ZT20, which was associated with pups' eye opening. From P3 there was a circadian variation of the mRNA expression of Bmal1, Per2, Per3, and Cry1 genes with morning acrophase, whereas Rev-Erbα had nocturnal acrophase. From P14, Bmal1, Per2, Per3, and Cry1 acrophases advanced by approximately 10 hours, as compared with early neonatal days, becoming vespertine-nocturnal. In all postnatal ages, Per2 and Cry1 circadian profiles were synchronized in phase with the circadian rhythm of plasma corticosterone, whereas Bmal1 was in antiphase. An adult-like Star circadian rhythm profile was observed only from P21. In conclusion, our original data demonstrated a progressive postnatal maturation of the circadian variation of the adrenal clock genes in synchrony with the development of the corticosterone circadian rhythm in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Liliana Ruiz Roa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Edson Zangiacomi Martinez
- Department of Social Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Clarissa Silva Martins
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Sonir Rauber Antonini
- Department of Pediatrics, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Margaret de Castro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Ayrton Custódio Moreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of Sao Paulo, Ribeirao Preto, SP 14049-900, Brazil
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Mizutani H, Tamagawa-Mineoka R, Minami Y, Yagita K, Katoh N. Constant light exposure impairs immune tolerance development in mice. J Dermatol Sci 2017; 86:63-70. [PMID: 28041661 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2016.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An intrinsic daily physiological rhythm called circadian rhythm has been indicated to affect the immune system and its related diseases. Immune tolerance development is closely associated with the onset of immunological disorders. However, the effect of circadian rhythm in the mechanisms of immune tolerance development has not yet been fully understood. OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of circadian rhythm disruption on the development of immune tolerance by the perturbation of light environment, using a mouse model of neonatally induced cutaneous tolerance. METHODS Mice were kept under constant light (LL) or light-dark (LD) conditions, and hapten was applied at 2days after birth. Six weeks later, hapten was reapplied to abdominal skin, followed by hapten application to ear skin 5days later. RESULTS The ear-swelling responses and cell infiltration into inflamed skin significantly increased in LL mice compared with those in LD mice. Interestingly, the percentage and the number of Foxp3+-regulatory T cells notably decreased in inflamed skin and draining lymph nodes of LL mice compared with that in LD mice. Loss-of-function mutation of a key circadian gene, Bmal1, also exacerbated the ear-swelling responses and cell infiltration into inflamed skin in mice. CONCLUSION These results suggest that circadian rhythm may be implicated in immune tolerance development in allergic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Mizutani
- Departments of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Risa Tamagawa-Mineoka
- Departments of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Yoichi Minami
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Yagita
- Department of Physiology and Systems Bioscience, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Norito Katoh
- Departments of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
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Tain YL, Huang LT, Hsu CN. Developmental Programming of Adult Disease: Reprogramming by Melatonin? Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18020426. [PMID: 28212315 PMCID: PMC5343960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) can originate from early life through so-called the "developmental origins of health and disease" (DOHaD) or "developmental programming". The DOHaD concept offers the "reprogramming" strategy to shift the treatment from adulthood to early life, before clinical disease is apparent. Melatonin, an endogenous indoleamine produced by the pineal gland, has pleiotropic bioactivities those are beneficial in a variety of human diseases. Emerging evidence support that melatonin is closely inter-related to other proposed mechanisms contributing to the developmental programming of a variety of chronic NCDs. Recent animal studies have begun to unravel the multifunctional roles of melatonin in many experimental models of developmental programming. Even though some progress has been made in research on melatonin as a reprogramming strategy to prevent DOHaD-related NCDs, future human studies should aim at filling the translational gap between animal models and clinical trials. Here, we review several key themes on the reprogramming effects of melatonin in DOHaD research. We have particularly focused on the following areas: mechanisms of developmental programming; the interrelationship between melatonin and mechanisms underlying developmental programming; pathophysiological roles of melatonin in pregnancy and fetal development; and insight provided by animal models to support melatonin as a reprogramming therapy. Rates of NCDs are increasing faster than anticipated all over the world. Hence, there is an urgent need to understand reprogramming mechanisms of melatonin and to translate experimental research into clinical practice for halting a growing list of DOHaD-related NCDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- You-Lin Tain
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
- Institute for Translational Research in Biomedicine, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
| | - Li-Tung Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chang Gung University, Linkow 244, Taiwan.
| | - Chien-Ning Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan.
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan.
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A New Perspective for Parkinson's Disease: Circadian Rhythm. Neurosci Bull 2016; 33:62-72. [PMID: 27995565 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-016-0089-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythm is manifested by the behavioral and physiological changes from day to night, which is controlled by the pacemaker and its regulator. The former is located at the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN) in the anterior hypothalamus, while the latter is composed of clock genes present in all tissues. Circadian desynchronization influences normal patterns of day-night rhythms such as sleep and alertness cycles, rest and activity cycles. Parkinson's disease (PD) exhibits diurnal fluctuations. Circadian dysfunction has been observed in PD patients and animal models, which may result in negative consequences to the homeostasis and even exacerbate the disease progression. Therefore, circadian therapies, including light stimulation, physical activity, dietary and social schedules, may be helpful for PD patients. However, the cellular and molecular mechanisms that underlie the circadian dysfunction in PD remain elusive. Further research on circadian patterns is needed. This article summarizes the existing research on the circadian rhythms in PD, focusing on the clinical symptom variations, molecular changes, as well as the available treatment options.
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73
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Mendez N, Halabi D, Spichiger C, Salazar ER, Vergara K, Alonso-Vasquez P, Carmona P, Sarmiento JM, Richter HG, Seron-Ferre M, Torres-Farfan C. Gestational Chronodisruption Impairs Circadian Physiology in Rat Male Offspring, Increasing the Risk of Chronic Disease. Endocrinology 2016; 157:4654-4668. [PMID: 27802074 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure to light at night, as in shift work, alters biological clocks (chronodisruption), negatively impacting pregnancy outcome in humans. Actually the interaction of maternal and fetal circadian systems could be a key factor determining a fitting health in adults. We propose that chronic photoperiod shift (CPS) during pregnancy alter maternal circadian rhythms and impair circadian physiology in the adult offspring, increasing health risks. Pregnant rats were exposed to normal photoperiod (12 h light, 12 h dark) or to CPS until 85% of gestation. The effects of gestational CPS were evaluated on the mother and adult offspring. In the mother we measured rhythms of heart rate, body temperature, and activity through gestation and daily rhythms of plasma variables (melatonin, corticosterone, aldosterone, and markers of renal function) at 18 days of gestation. In adult offspring, we measured rhythms of the clock gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), locomotor activity, body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, plasma variables, glucose tolerance, and corticosterone response to ACTH. CPS altered all maternal circadian rhythms, lengthened gestation, and increased newborn weight. The adult CPS offspring presented normal rhythms of clock gene expression in the SCN, locomotor activity, and body temperature. However, the daily rhythm of plasma melatonin was absent, and corticosterone, aldosterone, renal markers, blood pressure, and heart rate rhythms were altered. Moreover, CPS offspring presented decreased glucose tolerance and an abnormal corticosterone response to ACTH. Altogether these data show that gestational CPS induced long-term effects on the offspring circadian system, wherein a normal SCN coexists with altered endocrine, cardiovascular, and metabolic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Mendez
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology (N.M., D.H., C.S., E.R.S., K.V., P.A.-V., H.G.R., C.T.-F.), Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology and Institute of Physiology (P.C., J.M.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and Laboratorio de Cronobiología (M.S.-F.), Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 6640750 Santiago, Chile
| | - Diego Halabi
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology (N.M., D.H., C.S., E.R.S., K.V., P.A.-V., H.G.R., C.T.-F.), Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology and Institute of Physiology (P.C., J.M.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and Laboratorio de Cronobiología (M.S.-F.), Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 6640750 Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Spichiger
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology (N.M., D.H., C.S., E.R.S., K.V., P.A.-V., H.G.R., C.T.-F.), Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology and Institute of Physiology (P.C., J.M.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and Laboratorio de Cronobiología (M.S.-F.), Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 6640750 Santiago, Chile
| | - Esteban R Salazar
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology (N.M., D.H., C.S., E.R.S., K.V., P.A.-V., H.G.R., C.T.-F.), Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology and Institute of Physiology (P.C., J.M.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and Laboratorio de Cronobiología (M.S.-F.), Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 6640750 Santiago, Chile
| | - Karina Vergara
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology (N.M., D.H., C.S., E.R.S., K.V., P.A.-V., H.G.R., C.T.-F.), Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology and Institute of Physiology (P.C., J.M.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and Laboratorio de Cronobiología (M.S.-F.), Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 6640750 Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Alonso-Vasquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology (N.M., D.H., C.S., E.R.S., K.V., P.A.-V., H.G.R., C.T.-F.), Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology and Institute of Physiology (P.C., J.M.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and Laboratorio de Cronobiología (M.S.-F.), Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 6640750 Santiago, Chile
| | - Pamela Carmona
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology (N.M., D.H., C.S., E.R.S., K.V., P.A.-V., H.G.R., C.T.-F.), Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology and Institute of Physiology (P.C., J.M.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and Laboratorio de Cronobiología (M.S.-F.), Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 6640750 Santiago, Chile
| | - Jose M Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology (N.M., D.H., C.S., E.R.S., K.V., P.A.-V., H.G.R., C.T.-F.), Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology and Institute of Physiology (P.C., J.M.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and Laboratorio de Cronobiología (M.S.-F.), Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 6640750 Santiago, Chile
| | - Hans G Richter
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology (N.M., D.H., C.S., E.R.S., K.V., P.A.-V., H.G.R., C.T.-F.), Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology and Institute of Physiology (P.C., J.M.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and Laboratorio de Cronobiología (M.S.-F.), Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 6640750 Santiago, Chile
| | - Maria Seron-Ferre
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology (N.M., D.H., C.S., E.R.S., K.V., P.A.-V., H.G.R., C.T.-F.), Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology and Institute of Physiology (P.C., J.M.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and Laboratorio de Cronobiología (M.S.-F.), Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 6640750 Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Torres-Farfan
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology (N.M., D.H., C.S., E.R.S., K.V., P.A.-V., H.G.R., C.T.-F.), Institute of Anatomy, Histology, and Pathology and Institute of Physiology (P.C., J.M.S.), Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile; and Laboratorio de Cronobiología (M.S.-F.), Programa de Fisiopatología, ICBM, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, 6640750 Santiago, Chile
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Disruption of adolescents’ circadian clock: The vicious circle of media use, exposure to light at night, sleep loss and risk behaviors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 110:467-479. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphysparis.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Sergina S, Ilyukha V, Uzenbaeva L, Khizhkin E, Antonova E. Morphologic changes in the pineal gland of rats exposed to continuous darkness. BIOL RHYTHM RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/09291016.2016.1183842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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76
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Cheng TS, Loy SL, Toh JY, Cheung YB, Chan JKY, Godfrey KM, Gluckman PD, Saw SM, Chong YS, Lee YS, Lek N, Chong MFF, Yap F. Predominantly nighttime feeding and weight outcomes in infants. Am J Clin Nutr 2016; 104:380-8. [PMID: 27385614 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.116.130765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of circadian feeding patterns on weight outcomes has been shown in animal and human studies but not in very young children. OBJECTIVE We aimed to examine the association of infant circadian feeding patterns at 12 mo of age with subsequent growth and weight status after 1 y. DESIGN Mothers from a Singapore birth cohort (n = 349) reported the food given to their infants and the feeding time at 12 mo of age. Predominantly daytime (pDT) (0700-1859; n = 282) and predominantly nighttime (pNT) (1900-0659; n = 67) feeding infants were defined by whether daytime energy intake was >50% or <50% of total energy intake as assessed with the use of a 24-h recall. Body mass index-for-age z scores (BAZs) were computed with the use of the WHO Child Growth Standards 2006 to determine changes in BAZs from 12 to 24 mo of age and weight status at 24 mo of age. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS Compared with pDT feeding, pNT feeding was associated with a higher BAZ gain from 12 to 24 mo of age (adjusted β = 0.38; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.65; P = 0.006) and increased risk of becoming overweight at 24 mo of age (adjusted OR: 2.78; 95% CI: 1.11, 6.97; P = 0.029) with adjustments for maternal age, education, ethnicity, monthly household income, parity, infant BAZ at 12 mo of age, feeding mode in the first 6 mo of life, and total daily energy intake. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that the role of the daily distribution of energy consumption in weight regulation begins in infancy. The feeding of infants predominantly during nighttime hours was associated with adiposity gain and risk of overweight in early childhood. The inclusion of advice on the appropriate feeding time may be considered when implementing strategies to combat childhood obesity. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - See Ling Loy
- KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jia Ying Toh
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore
| | - Yin Bun Cheung
- Center for Quantitative Medicine, Tampere Center for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jerry Kok Yen Chan
- Reproductive Medicine and KK Research Center, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom; National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Center, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Peter D Gluckman
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Seang Mei Saw
- Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health and Departments of
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Obstetrics and Gynaecology and
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research, Singapore; Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and
| | - Ngee Lek
- Departments of Pediatrics and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Mary Foong-Fong Chong
- Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; and
| | - Fabian Yap
- Departments of Pediatrics and Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
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77
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Qian J, Scheer FAJL. Circadian System and Glucose Metabolism: Implications for Physiology and Disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2016; 27:282-293. [PMID: 27079518 PMCID: PMC4842150 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2016.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The circadian system serves one of the most fundamental properties present in nearly all organisms: it generates 24-h rhythms in behavioral and physiological processes and enables anticipating and adapting to daily environmental changes. Recent studies indicate that the circadian system is important in regulating the daily rhythm in glucose metabolism. Disturbance of this circadian control or of its coordination relative to the environmental/behavioral cycle, such as in shift work, eating late, or due to genetic changes, results in disturbed glucose control and increased type 2 diabetes risk. Therefore, an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms underlying glucose regulation by the circadian system and its disturbance may help in the development of therapeutic interventions against the deleterious health consequences of circadian disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Qian
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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78
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Abstract
Little is known about the influence of meal timing and energy consumption patterns throughout the day on glucose regulation during pregnancy. We examined the association of maternal feeding patterns with glycaemic levels among lean and overweight pregnant women. In a prospective cohort study in Singapore, maternal 24-h dietary recalls, fasting glucose (FG) and 2-h postprandial glucose (2HPPG) concentrations were measured at 26-28 weeks of gestation. Women (n 985) were classified into lean (BMI<23 kg/m2) or overweight (BMI≥23 kg/m2) groups. They were further categorised as predominantly daytime (pDT) or predominantly night-time (pNT) feeders according to consumption of greater proportion of energy content from 07.00 to 18.59 hours or from 19.00 to 06.59 hours, respectively. On stratification by weight status, lean pNT feeders were found to have higher FG than lean pDT feeders (4·36 (sd 0·38) v. 4·22 (sd 0·35) mmol/l; P=0·002); however, such differences were not observed between overweight pDT and pNT feeders (4·49 (sd 0·60) v. 4·46 (sd 0·45) mmol/l; P=0·717). Using multiple linear regression with confounder adjustment, pNT feeding was associated with higher FG in the lean group (β=0·16 mmol/l; 95 % CI 0·05, 0·26; P=0·003) but not in the overweight group (β=0·02 mmol/l; 95 % CI -0·17, 0·20; P=0·879). No significant association was found between maternal feeding pattern and 2HPPG in both the lean and the overweight groups. In conclusion, pNT feeding was associated with higher FG concentration in lean but not in overweight pregnant women, suggesting that there may be an adiposity-dependent effect of maternal feeding patterns on glucose tolerance during pregnancy.
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79
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Circadian Rhythms in the Fetus and Newborn: Significance of Interactions with Maternal Physiology and the Environment. NEUROMETHODS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3014-2_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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80
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Spichiger C, Torres-Farfan C, Galdames HA, Mendez N, Alonso-Vazquez P, Richter HG. Gestation under chronic constant light leads to extensive gene expression changes in the fetal rat liver. Physiol Genomics 2015; 47:621-33. [DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00023.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports account for altered metabolism in adult offspring from pregnancy subjected to abnormal photoperiod, suggesting fetal programming of liver physiology. To generate a pipeline of subsequent mechanistic experiments addressing strong candidate genes, here we investigated the effects of constant gestational light on the fetal liver transcriptome. At 10 days of gestation, dams were randomized in two groups ( n = 7 each): constant light (LL) and normal photoperiod (12 h light/12 h dark; LD). At 18 days of gestation, RNA was isolated from the fetal liver and subjected to DNA microarray (Affymetrix platform for 28,000 genes). Selected differential mRNAs were validated by quantitative PCR (qPCR), while integrated transcriptional changes were analyzed with Ingenuity Pathway Analysis and other bioinformatics tools. Comparison of LL relative to LD fetal liver led to the following findings. Significant differential expression was found for 3,431 transcripts (1,960 upregulated and 1,471 downregulated), with 393 of them displaying ≥ 1.5-fold change. We validated 27 selected transcripts by qPCR, which displayed fold-change values highly correlated with microarray ( r2 = 0.91). Different markers of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were either upregulated (e.g., Ndn and Pnpla3) or downregulated (e.g., Gnmt, Bhmt1/2, Sult1a1, Mpo, and Mat1a). Diverse pathways were altered, including hematopoiesis, coagulation cascade, complement system, and carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. The microRNAs 7a-1, 431, 146a, and 153 were upregulated, while the abundant hepatic miRNA 122 was downregulated. Constant gestational light induced extensive modification of the fetal liver transcriptome. A number of differentially expressed transcripts belong to fundamental functional pathways, potentially contributing to long-term liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Spichiger
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Torres-Farfan
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hugo A. Galdames
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natalia Mendez
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Pamela Alonso-Vazquez
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hans G. Richter
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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81
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Abstract
Daily variations of metabolism, physiology and behaviour are controlled by a network of coupled circadian clocks, comprising a master clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei of the hypothalamus and a multitude of secondary clocks in the brain and peripheral organs. Light cues synchronize the master clock that conveys temporal cues to other body clocks via neuronal and hormonal signals. Feeding at unusual times can reset the phase of most peripheral clocks. While the neuroendocrine aspect of circadian regulation has been underappreciated, this review aims at showing that the role of hormonal rhythms as internal time-givers is the rule rather than the exception. Adrenal glucocorticoids, pineal melatonin and adipocyte-derived leptin participate in internal synchronization (coupling) within the multi-oscillatory network. Furthermore, pancreatic insulin is involved in food synchronization of peripheral clocks, while stomach ghrelin provides temporal signals modulating behavioural anticipation of mealtime. Circadian desynchronization induced by shift work or chronic jet lag has harmful effects on metabolic regulation, thus favouring diabetes and obesity. Circadian deregulation of hormonal rhythms may participate in internal desynchronization and associated increase in metabolic risks. Conversely, adequate timing of endocrine therapies can promote phase-adjustment of the master clock (e.g. via melatonin agonists) and peripheral clocks (e.g. via glucocorticoid agonists).
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Affiliation(s)
- E Challet
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, UPR3212 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
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82
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Johnston JD, Skene DJ. 60 YEARS OF NEUROENDOCRINOLOGY: Regulation of mammalian neuroendocrine physiology and rhythms by melatonin. J Endocrinol 2015; 226:T187-98. [PMID: 26101375 DOI: 10.1530/joe-15-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The isolation of melatonin was first reported in 1958. Since the demonstration that pineal melatonin synthesis reflects both daily and seasonal time, melatonin has become a key element of chronobiology research. In mammals, pineal melatonin is essential for transducing day-length information into seasonal physiological responses. Due to its lipophilic nature, melatonin is able to cross the placenta and is believed to regulate multiple aspects of perinatal physiology. The endogenous daily melatonin rhythm is also likely to play a role in the maintenance of synchrony between circadian clocks throughout the adult body. Pharmacological doses of melatonin are effective in resetting circadian rhythms if taken at an appropriate time of day, and can acutely regulate factors such as body temperature and alertness, especially when taken during the day. Despite the extensive literature on melatonin physiology, some key questions remain unanswered. In particular, the amplitude of melatonin rhythms has been recently associated with diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus but understanding of the physiological significance of melatonin rhythm amplitude remains poorly understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D Johnston
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Debra J Skene
- Faculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
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83
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Mogi M, Uji S, Yokoi H, Suzuki T. Early development of circadian rhythmicity in the suprachiamatic nuclei and pineal gland of teleost, flounder (Paralichthys olivaeus), embryos. Dev Growth Differ 2015; 57:444-452. [PMID: 26010733 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms enable organisms to coordinate multiple physiological processes and behaviors with the earth's rotation. In mammals, the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the sole master circadian pacemaker, has entrainment mechanisms that set the circadian rhythm to a 24-h cycle with photic signals from retina. In contrast, the zebrafish SCN is not a circadian pacemaker, instead the pineal gland (PG) houses the major circadian oscillator. The SCN of flounder larvae, unlike that of zebrafish, however, expresses per2 with a rhythmicity of daytime/ON and nighttime/OFF. Here, we examined whether the rhythm of per2 expression in the flounder SCN represents the molecular clock. We also examined early development of the circadian rhythmicity in the SCN and PG. Our three major findings were as follows. First, rhythmic per2 expression in the SCN was maintained under 24 h dark (DD) conditions, indicating that a molecular clock exists in the flounder SCN. Second, onset of circadian rhythmicity in the SCN preceded that in the PG. Third, both 24 h light (LL) and DD conditions deeply affected the development of circadian rhythmicity in the SCN and PG. This is the first report dealing with the early development of circadian rhythmicity in the SCN in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Mogi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Susumu Uji
- National Research Institute of Aquaculture, Farming Biology Division, Fisheries Research Agency, 422-1 Minamiise, Watarai, Mie, 516-0193, Japan
| | - Hayato Yokoi
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
| | - Tohru Suzuki
- Laboratory of Marine Life Science and Genetics, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, 981-8555, Japan
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84
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Wreschnig D, Dolatshad H, Davis FC. Embryonic development of circadian oscillations in the mouse hypothalamus. J Biol Rhythms 2015; 29:299-310. [PMID: 25238858 DOI: 10.1177/0748730414545086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in mammals are regulated by the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). The generation of circadian oscillations is a cell-autonomous property, and coupling among cells is essential for the SCN to function as a pacemaker. The development of SCN anatomy and cytology has been extensively studied, but the point in development when the SCN first has the capacity to generate circadian oscillations has not been established. We therefore examined the development of circadian oscillations using per2::luc mice in which bioluminescence tracks the expression of the circadian clock protein, PER2. In vitro, hypothalamic explants first expressed consistent oscillations when isolated between 15 and 16 days postfertilization (e15). Oscillations were more robust at later ages. Explants from other brain areas did not express oscillations, indicating that the development of oscillations is not a general property of embryonic tissue. SCN explants obtained on e14 did not initially express oscillations but developed them in vitro over 4 to 6 d. Although coupling among cells is required for the long-term expression of tissue-level oscillations, explants from mice lacking the coupling peptide vasoactive intestinal peptide still developed oscillations. In the mouse, the capacity to generate molecular oscillations on e15 coincides with the completion of neurogenesis and SCN-specific transcription factor expression. Thus, within a day of its genesis at an age approximately equivalent to the end of the first trimester in humans, the SCN develops the capacity to express circadian oscillations and autonomously develops mechanisms sufficient to couple and synchronize its cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wreschnig
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Hamid Dolatshad
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Fred C Davis
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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85
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Circadian System and Melatonin Hormone: Risk Factors for Complications during Pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol Int 2015; 2015:825802. [PMID: 25821470 PMCID: PMC4363680 DOI: 10.1155/2015/825802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy is a complex and well-regulated temporal event in which several steps are finely orchestrated including implantation, decidualization, placentation, and partum and any temporary alteration has serious effects on fetal and maternal health. Interestingly, alterations of circadian rhythms (i.e., shiftwork) have been correlated with increased risk of preterm delivery, intrauterine growth restriction, and preeclampsia. In the last few years evidence is accumulating that the placenta may have a functional circadian system and express the clock genes Bmal1, Per1-2, and Clock. On the other hand, there is evidence that the human placenta synthesizes melatonin, hormone involved in the regulation of the circadian system in other tissues. Moreover, is unknown the role of this local production of melatonin and whether this production have a circadian pattern. Available information indicates that melatonin induces in placenta the expression of antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase, prevents the injury produced by oxidative stress, and inhibits the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) a gene that in other tissues is controlled by clock genes. In this review we aim to analyze available information regarding clock genes and clock genes controlled genes such as VEGF and the possible role of melatonin synthesis in the placenta.
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86
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Elvira AL, Caldelas I, De Ita-Pérez D, Díaz-Muñoz M. The circadian timing system: a recent addition in the physiological mechanisms underlying pathological and aging processes. Aging Dis 2014; 5:406-18. [PMID: 25489492 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2014.0500406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental findings and clinical observations have strengthened the association between physio-pathologic aspects of several diseases, as well as aging process, with the occurrence and control of circadian rhythms. The circadian system is composed by a principal pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SNC) which is in coordination with a number of peripheral circadian oscillators. Many pathological entities such as metabolic syndrome, cancer and cardiovascular events are strongly connected with a disruptive condition of the circadian cycle. Inadequate circadian physiology can be elicited by genetic defects (mutations in clock genes or circadian control genes) or physiological deficiencies (desynchronization between SCN and peripheral oscillators). In this review, we focus on the most recent experimental findings regarding molecular defects in the molecular circadian clock and the altered coordination in the circadian system that are related with clinical conditions such as metabolic diseases, cancer predisposition and physiological deficiencies associated to jet-lag and shiftwork schedules. Implications in the aging process will be also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ivette Caldelas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México 04510, D.F., MÉXICO
| | - Dalia De Ita-Pérez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México 04510, D.F., MÉXICO
| | - Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, UNAM, Ciudad de México 04510, D.F., MÉXICO
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87
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Thomas KA, Burr RL, Spieker S, Lee J, Chen J. Mother-infant circadian rhythm: development of individual patterns and dyadic synchrony. Early Hum Dev 2014; 90:885-90. [PMID: 25463836 PMCID: PMC4312214 DOI: 10.1016/j.earlhumdev.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/07/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutual circadian rhythm is an early and essential component in the development of maternal-infant physiological synchrony. AIMS The aim of this to examine the longitudinal pattern of maternal-infant circadian rhythm and rhythm synchrony as measured by rhythm parameters. STUDY DESIGN In-home dyadic actigraphy monitoring at infant age 4, 8, and 12 weeks. SUBJECTS Forty-three healthy mother-infant pairs. OUTCOME MEASURES Circadian parameters derived from cosinor and non-parametric analysis including mesor, magnitude, acrophase, L5 and M10 midpoints (midpoint of lowest 5 and highest 10h of activity), amplitude, interdaily stability (IS), and intradaily variability (IV). RESULTS Mothers experienced early disruption of circadian rhythm, with re-establishment of rhythm over time. Significant time effects were noted in increasing maternal magnitude, amplitude, and IS and decreasing IV (p<.001). Infants demonstrated a developmental trajectory of circadian pattern with significant time effects for increasing mesor, magnitude, amplitude, L5, IS, and IV (p<.001). By 12 weeks, infant phase advancement was evidenced by mean acrophase and M10 midpoint occurring 60 and 43 min (respectively) earlier than at 4 weeks. While maternal acrophase remained consistent over time, infants became increasingly phase advanced relative to mother and mean infant acrophase at 12 weeks occurred 60 min before mother. Mother-infant synchrony was evidenced in increasing correspondence of acrophase at 12 weeks (r=0.704), L5 (r=0.453) and M10 (r=0.479) midpoints. CONCLUSIONS Development of mother-infant synchrony reflects shared elements of circadian rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen A. Thomas
- Department of Family and Child Nursing University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-7262
| | - Robert L. Burr
- Department of Biobehavioral Nursing and Health Systems University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-7266
| | - Susan Spieker
- Barnard Center for Infant Mental Health & Development Department of Family and Child Nursing University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-7262
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Department of Family and Child Nursing University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-7262
| | - Jessica Chen
- Department of Psychology University of Washington Seattle, WA 98195-1525
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88
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Landgraf D, Achten C, Dallmann F, Oster H. Embryonic development and maternal regulation of murine circadian clock function. Chronobiol Int 2014; 32:416-27. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.986576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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89
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Servais S, Baudoux E, Brichard B, Bron D, Debruyn C, De Hemptinne D, Deneys V, Paulus JM, Schaaps JP, Van Cauwenberge JR, Seidel L, Delforge A, Beguin Y. Circadian and circannual variations in cord blood hematopoietic cell composition. Haematologica 2014; 100:e32-4. [PMID: 25261093 DOI: 10.3324/haematol.2014.115394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Servais
- Departments of Clinical Hematology, Laboratory Hematology, Transfusion Medicine, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Biostatistics, CHU of Liège and University of Liège
| | - Etienne Baudoux
- Departments of Clinical Hematology, Laboratory Hematology, Transfusion Medicine, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Biostatistics, CHU of Liège and University of Liège
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Jean-Michel Paulus
- Departments of Clinical Hematology, Laboratory Hematology, Transfusion Medicine, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Biostatistics, CHU of Liège and University of Liège
| | - Jean-Pierre Schaaps
- Departments of Clinical Hematology, Laboratory Hematology, Transfusion Medicine, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Biostatistics, CHU of Liège and University of Liège
| | - Jean-Remy Van Cauwenberge
- Departments of Clinical Hematology, Laboratory Hematology, Transfusion Medicine, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Biostatistics, CHU of Liège and University of Liège
| | - Laurence Seidel
- Departments of Clinical Hematology, Laboratory Hematology, Transfusion Medicine, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Biostatistics, CHU of Liège and University of Liège
| | | | - Yves Beguin
- Departments of Clinical Hematology, Laboratory Hematology, Transfusion Medicine, Gynecology and Obstetrics and Biostatistics, CHU of Liège and University of Liège
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90
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Du Pré BC, Van Veen TAB, Young ME, Vos MA, Doevendans PA, Van Laake LW. Circadian rhythms in cell maturation. Physiology (Bethesda) 2014; 29:72-83. [PMID: 24382873 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00036.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are of major importance in mammalian physiology and disease. In this review, we give an overview of the present knowledge on origination of circadian rhythms. We discuss the development of both master and peripheral clocks and compare the origination of circadian rhythms in utero and in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bastiaan C Du Pré
- Department of Cardiology, Division of Heart and Lungs, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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91
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Amaral FG, Castrucci AM, Cipolla-Neto J, Poletini MO, Mendez N, Richter HG, Sellix MT. Environmental control of biological rhythms: effects on development, fertility and metabolism. J Neuroendocrinol 2014; 26:603-12. [PMID: 24617798 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Internal temporal organisation properly synchronised to the environment is crucial for health maintenance. This organisation is provided at the cellular level by the molecular clock, a macromolecular transcription-based oscillator formed by the clock and the clock-controlled genes that is present in both central and peripheral tissues. In mammals, melanopsin in light-sensitive retinal ganglion cells plays a considerable role in the synchronisation of the circadian timing system to the daily light/dark cycle. Melatonin, a hormone synthesised in the pineal gland exclusively at night and an output of the central clock, has a fundamental role in regulating/timing several physiological functions, including glucose homeostasis, insulin secretion and energy metabolism. As such, metabolism is severely impaired after a reduction in melatonin production. Furthermore, light pollution during the night and shift work schedules can abrogate melatonin synthesis and impair homeostasis. Chronodisruption during pregnancy has deleterious effects on the health of progeny, including metabolic, cardiovascular and cognitive dysfunction. Developmental programming by steroids or steroid-mimetic compounds also produces internal circadian disorganisation that may be a significant factor in the aetiology of fertility disorders such as polycystic ovary syndrome. Thus, both early and late in life, pernicious alterations of the endogenous temporal order by environmental factors can disrupt the homeostatic function of the circadian timing system, leading to pathophysiology and/or disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- F G Amaral
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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92
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Developmental and light-entrained expression of melatonin and its relationship to the circadian clock in the sea anemone Nematostella vectensis. EvoDevo 2014; 5:26. [PMID: 25243057 PMCID: PMC4169136 DOI: 10.1186/2041-9139-5-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The primary hormone of the vertebrate pineal gland, melatonin, has been identified broadly throughout the eukaryotes. While the role for melatonin in cyclic behavior via interactions with the circadian clock has only been reported in vertebrates, comparative research has shown that the transcription-translation loops of the animal circadian clock likely date to the cnidarian-bilaterian ancestor, leaving open significant questions about the evolutionary origin of melatonin signaling in circadian behavior by interacting with the molecular clock. Results Expression of melatonin in adult anemones showed peak expression at the end of light period (zeitgeber time (ZT) = 12) when cultured under diel conditions, coinciding with expression of genes and enzyme activity for members of the melatonin synthesis pathway (tryptophan hydroxylase and hydroxyindol-O-methyltransferase), which also showed rhythmic expression. During embryogenesis and juvenile stages, melatonin showed cyclic oscillations in concentration, peaking in midday. Spatial (in situ hybridization) and quantitative (real-time PCR) transcription of clock genes during development of N. vectensis showed these ‘clock’ genes are expressed early in the development, prior to rhythmic oscillations, suggesting functions independent of a function in the circadian clock. Finally, time-course studies revealed that animals transferred from diel conditions to constant darkness lose circadian expression for most of the clock genes within 4 days, which can be reset by melatonin supplementation. Conclusions Our results support an ancient role for melatonin in the circadian behavior of animals by showing cyclic expression of this hormone under diel conditions, light-dependent oscillations in genes in the melatonin synthesis pathway, and the function of melatonin in initiating expression of circadian clock genes in the cnidarian N. vectensis. The differences in expression melatonin and the circadian clock gene network in the adult stage when compared with developmental stages of N. vectensis suggests new research directions to characterize stage-specific mechanisms of circadian clock function in animals.
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93
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Houdek P, Polidarová L, Nováková M, Matějů K, Kubík Š, Sumová A. Melatonin administered during the fetal stage affects circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus but not in the liver. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:131-44. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Houdek
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations; Institute of Physiology, v.v.i., Academy of Science of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Polidarová
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations; Institute of Physiology, v.v.i., Academy of Science of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Marta Nováková
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations; Institute of Physiology, v.v.i., Academy of Science of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Matějů
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations; Institute of Physiology, v.v.i., Academy of Science of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Kubík
- Department of Neurophysiology of Memory; Institute of Physiology, v.v.i., Academy of Science of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
| | - Alena Sumová
- Department of Neurohumoral Regulations; Institute of Physiology, v.v.i., Academy of Science of the Czech Republic; Videnska 1083 14220 Prague Czech Republic
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94
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Vilches N, Spichiger C, Mendez N, Abarzua-Catalan L, Galdames HA, Hazlerigg DG, Richter HG, Torres-Farfan C. Gestational chronodisruption impairs hippocampal expression of NMDA receptor subunits Grin1b/Grin3a and spatial memory in the adult offspring. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91313. [PMID: 24663672 PMCID: PMC3963867 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental evidence correlates adverse intrauterine conditions with the onset of disease later in life. For a fetus to achieve a successful transition to extrauterine life, a myriad of temporally integrated humoral/biophysical signals must be accurately provided by the mother. We and others have shown the existence of daily rhythms in the fetus, with peripheral clocks being entrained by maternal cues, such as transplacental melatonin signaling. Among developing tissues, the fetal hippocampus is a key structure for learning and memory processing that may be anticipated as a sensitive target of gestational chronodisruption. Here, we used pregnant rats exposed to constant light treated with or without melatonin as a model of gestational chronodisruption, to investigate effects on the putative fetal hippocampus clock, as well as on adult offspring’s rhythms, endocrine and spatial memory outcomes. The hippocampus of fetuses gestated under light:dark photoperiod (12:12 LD) displayed daily oscillatory expression of the clock genes Bmal1 and Per2, clock-controlled genes Mtnr1b, Slc2a4, Nr3c1 and NMDA receptor subunits 1B-3A-3B. In contrast, in the hippocampus of fetuses gestated under constant light (LL), these oscillations were suppressed. In the adult LL offspring (reared in LD during postpartum), we observed complete lack of day/night differences in plasma melatonin and decreased day/night differences in plasma corticosterone. In the adult LL offspring, overall hippocampal day/night difference of gene expression was decreased, which was accompanied by a significant deficit of spatial memory. Notably, maternal melatonin replacement to dams subjected to gestational chronodisruption prevented the effects observed in both, LL fetuses and adult LL offspring. Collectively, the present data point to adverse effects of gestational chronodisruption on long-term cognitive function; raising challenging questions about the consequences of shift work during pregnancy. The present study also supports that developmental plasticity in response to photoperiodic cues may be modulated by maternal melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Vilches
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Carlos Spichiger
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Natalia Mendez
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Lorena Abarzua-Catalan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Hugo A. Galdames
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - David G. Hazlerigg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Zoology Building, Tillydrone Avenue, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Hans G. Richter
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Claudia Torres-Farfan
- Laboratorio de Cronobiologia del Desarrollo, Instituto de Anatomia, Histologia y Patologia, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- * E-mail:
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95
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Cuesta IH, Lahiri K, Lopez-Olmeda JF, Loosli F, Foulkes NS, Vallone D. Differential maturation of rhythmic clock gene expression during early development in medaka (Oryzias latipes). Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:468-78. [PMID: 24456338 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2013.856316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
One key challenge for the field of chronobiology is to identify how circadian clock function emerges during early embryonic development. Teleosts such as the zebrafish are ideal models for studying circadian clock ontogeny since the entire process of development occurs ex utero in an optically transparent chorion. Medaka (Oryzias latipes) represents another powerful fish model for exploring early clock function with, like the zebrafish, many tools available for detailed genetic analysis. However, to date there have been no reports documenting circadian clock gene expression during medaka development. Here we have characterized the expression of key clock genes in various developmental stages and in adult tissues of medaka. As previously reported for other fish, light dark cycles are required for the emergence of clock gene expression rhythms in this species. While rhythmic expression of per and cry genes is detected very early during development and seems to be light driven, rhythmic clock and bmal expression appears much later around hatching time. Furthermore, the maturation of clock function seems to correlate with the appearance of rhythmic expression of these positive elements of the clock feedback loop. By accelerating development through elevated temperatures or by artificially removing the chorion, we show an earlier onset of rhythmicity in clock and bmal expression. Thus, differential maturation of key elements of the medaka clock mechanism depends on the developmental stage and the presence of the chorion.
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96
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Galdames HA, Torres-Farfan C, Spichiger C, Mendez N, Abarzua-Catalan L, Alonso-Vazquez P, Richter HG. Impact of gestational chronodisruption on fetal cardiac genomics. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 66:1-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 10/20/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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97
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Tryphonopoulos PD, Letourneau N, Azar R. Approaches to salivary cortisol collection and analysis in infants. Biol Res Nurs 2013; 16:398-408. [PMID: 24136995 DOI: 10.1177/1099800413507128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Salivary cortisol is becoming more commonly utilized as a biologic marker of stress in observational studies and intervention research. However, its use with infants (12 months of age or younger) is less widespread and poses some special challenges to researchers. In order to decide on the most suitable collection procedure for salivary cortisol in infants, a number of criteria should be considered. This article will aid investigators interested in integrating salivary cortisol measurement into their research studies by presenting (1) an overview of the patterns of cortisol secretion in infancy including the development of diurnal rhythm and response to stress; (2) a comparison of the most commonly used approaches for collecting salivary cortisol samples in infants including cotton rope, syringe aspiration technique, filter paper, hydrocellulose microsponge, and the Salimetrics children's swab; (3) a discussion of the factors contributing to heightened cortisol variability in infancy and how these can be limited; (4) analytical issues associated with cortisol measurement; and (5) examples of criteria to consider when choosing a saliva sampling method and lab for conducting assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Letourneau
- Norlien/ACHF Research Chair in Parent-Infant Mental Health, Faculty of Nursing, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Rima Azar
- CIHR/RPP New Investigator, Psychobiology of Stress & Health Lab, Psychology Department, Mount Allison University, Sackville, New Brunswick, Canada
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98
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Newborn intensive care units and perinatal healthcare: on light's imprinting role on circadian system stability for research and prevention. J Perinatol 2013; 33:824-5. [PMID: 24071966 DOI: 10.1038/jp.2013.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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99
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100
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Weger M, Weger BD, Diotel N, Rastegar S, Hirota T, Kay SA, Strähle U, Dickmeis T. Real-time in vivo monitoring of circadian E-box enhancer activity: A robust and sensitive zebrafish reporter line for developmental, chemical and neural biology of the circadian clock. Dev Biol 2013; 380:259-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 04/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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