51
|
Magalhaes J, Gegg ME, Migdalska-Richards A, Doherty MK, Whitfield PD, Schapira AHV. Autophagic lysosome reformation dysfunction in glucocerebrosidase deficient cells: relevance to Parkinson disease. Hum Mol Genet 2016; 25:3432-3445. [PMID: 27378698 PMCID: PMC5179940 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddw185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene mutations increase the risk of Parkinson disease (PD). While the cellular mechanisms associating GBA1 mutations and PD are unknown, loss of the glucocerebrosidase enzyme (GCase) activity, inhibition of autophagy and increased α-synuclein levels have been implicated. Here we show that autophagy lysosomal reformation (ALR) is compromised in cells lacking functional GCase. ALR is a cellular process controlled by mTOR which regenerates functional lysosomes from autolysosomes formed during macroautophagy. A decrease in phopho-S6K levels, a marker of mTOR activity, was observed in models of GCase deficiency, including primary mouse neurons and the PD patient derived fibroblasts with GBA1 mutations, suggesting that ALR is compromised. Importantly Rab7, a GTPase crucial for endosome-lysosome trafficking and ALR, accumulated in GCase deficient cells, supporting the notion that lysosomal recycling is impaired. Recombinant GCase treatment reversed ALR inhibition and lysosomal dysfunction. Moreover, ALR dysfunction was accompanied by impairment of macroautophagy and chaperone-mediated autophagy, increased levels of total and phosphorylated (S129) monomeric α-synuclein, evidence of amyloid oligomers and increased α-synuclein release. Concurrently, we found increased cholesterol and altered glucosylceramide homeostasis which could compromise ALR. We propose that GCase deficiency in PD inhibits lysosomal recycling. Consequently neurons are unable to maintain the pool of mature and functional lysosomes required for the autophagic clearance of α-synuclein, leading to the accumulation and spread of pathogenic α-synuclein species in the brain. Since GCase deficiency and lysosomal dysfunction occur with ageing and sporadic PD pathology, the decrease in lysosomal reformation may be a common feature in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joana Magalhaes
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Matthew E Gegg
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Anna Migdalska-Richards
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| | - Mary K Doherty
- Lipidomics Research Facility, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, University of the Highlands and Islands, Inverness, UK
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, Rowland Hill Street, London, UK
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Abstract
Lysosomes have emerged in the last decade as an immensely important intracellular site of Ca2+ storage and signalling. More recently there has been an increase in the number of new ion channels found to be functional on lysosomes and the potential roles that these signalling pathways might play in fundamental cellular processes are being uncovered. Defects in lysosomal function have been shown to result in changes in lysosomal Ca2+ homeostasis and ultimately can result in cell death. Several neurodegenerative diseases, from rare lysosomal storage diseases through to more common diseases of ageing, have recently been identified as having alterations in lysosomal Ca2+ homeostasis that may play an important role in neuronal excitotoxicity and ultimately cell death. This review will critically summarise these recent findings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emyr Lloyd-Evans
- School of Biosciences, Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff, CF10 3AX
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Astudillo L, Therville N, Colacios C, Ségui B, Andrieu-Abadie N, Levade T. Glucosylceramidases and malignancies in mammals. Biochimie 2016; 125:267-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
54
|
Duda J, Pötschke C, Liss B. Converging roles of ion channels, calcium, metabolic stress, and activity pattern of Substantia nigra dopaminergic neurons in health and Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:156-178. [PMID: 26865375 PMCID: PMC5095868 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine‐releasing neurons within the Substantia nigra (SN DA) are particularly vulnerable to degeneration compared to other dopaminergic neurons. The age‐dependent, progressive loss of these neurons is a pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD), as the resulting loss of striatal dopamine causes its major movement‐related symptoms. SN DA neurons release dopamine from their axonal terminals within the dorsal striatum, and also from their cell bodies and dendrites within the midbrain in a calcium‐ and activity‐dependent manner. Their intrinsically generated and metabolically challenging activity is created and modulated by the orchestrated function of different ion channels and dopamine D2‐autoreceptors. Here, we review increasing evidence that the mechanisms that control activity patterns and calcium homeostasis of SN DA neurons are not only crucial for their dopamine release within a physiological range but also modulate their mitochondrial and lysosomal activity, their metabolic stress levels, and their vulnerability to degeneration in PD. Indeed, impaired calcium homeostasis, lysosomal and mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic stress in SN DA neurons represent central converging trigger factors for idiopathic and familial PD. We summarize double‐edged roles of ion channels, activity patterns, calcium homeostasis, and related feedback/feed‐forward signaling mechanisms in SN DA neurons for maintaining and modulating their physiological function, but also for contributing to their vulnerability in PD‐paradigms. We focus on the emerging roles of maintained neuronal activity and calcium homeostasis within a physiological bandwidth, and its modulation by PD‐triggers, as well as on bidirectional functions of voltage‐gated L‐type calcium channels and metabolically gated ATP‐sensitive potassium (K‐ATP) channels, and their probable interplay in health and PD.
We propose that SN DA neurons possess several feedback and feed‐forward mechanisms to protect and adapt their activity‐pattern and calcium‐homeostasis within a physiological bandwidth, and that PD‐trigger factors can narrow this bandwidth. We summarize roles of ion channels in this view, and findings documenting that both, reduced as well as elevated activity and associated calcium‐levels can trigger SN DA degeneration.
This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Duda
- Department of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
| | | | - Birgit Liss
- Department of Applied Physiology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Characterization of the complex formed by β-glucocerebrosidase and the lysosomal integral membrane protein type-2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:3791-6. [PMID: 27001828 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1514005113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal integral membrane protein type-2 (LIMP-2) plays a pivotal role in the delivery of β-glucocerebrosidase (GC) to lysosomes. Mutations in GC result in Gaucher's disease (GD) and are the major genetic risk factor for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Variants in the LIMP-2 gene cause action myoclonus-renal failure syndrome and also have been linked to PD. Given the importance of GC and LIMP-2 in disease pathogenesis, we studied their interaction sites in more detail. Our previous data demonstrated that the crystal structure of LIMP-2 displays a hydrophobic three-helix bundle composed of helices 4, 5, and 7, of which helix 5 and 7 are important for ligand binding. Here, we identified a similar helical motif in GC through surface potential analysis. Coimmunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence studies revealed a triple-helical interface region within GC as critical for LIMP-2 binding and lysosomal transport. Based on these findings, we generated a LIMP-2 helix 5-derived peptide that precipitated and activated recombinant wild-type and GD-associated N370S mutant GC in vitro. The helix 5 peptide fused to a cell-penetrating peptide also activated endogenous lysosomal GC and reduced α-synuclein levels, suggesting that LIMP-2-derived peptides can be used to activate endogenous as well as recombinant wild-type or mutant GC efficiently. Our data also provide a structural model of the LIMP-2/GC complex that will facilitate the development of GC chaperones and activators as potential therapeutics for GD, PD, and related synucleinopathies.
Collapse
|
56
|
Yerbury JJ, Ooi L, Dillin A, Saunders DN, Hatters DM, Beart PM, Cashman NR, Wilson MR, Ecroyd H. Walking the tightrope: proteostasis and neurodegenerative disease. J Neurochem 2016; 137:489-505. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin J. Yerbury
- Proteostasis and Disease Research Centre; School of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; Wollongong; New South Wales Australia
| | - Lezanne Ooi
- Proteostasis and Disease Research Centre; School of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; Wollongong; New South Wales Australia
| | - Andrew Dillin
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology; Li Ka Shing Center for Biomedical and Health Sciences; The University of California; California USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; The University of California; Berkeley California USA
| | - Darren N. Saunders
- School of Medical Sciences; Faculty of Medicine; University of New South Wales; Randwick New South Wales Australia
- The Kinghorn Cancer Centre; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Darlinghurst New South Wales Australia
| | - Danny M. Hatters
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Philip M. Beart
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health; University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Neil R. Cashman
- Department of Medicine (Neurology); University of British Columbia and Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute; Brain Research Centre; University of British Columbia; Vancouver British Columbia Canada
| | - Mark R. Wilson
- Proteostasis and Disease Research Centre; School of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; Wollongong; New South Wales Australia
| | - Heath Ecroyd
- Proteostasis and Disease Research Centre; School of Biological Sciences; Faculty of Science, Medicine and Health; University of Wollongong; Wollongong New South Wales Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute; Wollongong; New South Wales Australia
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Migdalska-Richards A, Schapira AHV. The relationship between glucocerebrosidase mutations and Parkinson disease. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:77-90. [PMID: 26860875 PMCID: PMC5111601 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disorder after Alzheimer disease, whereas Gaucher disease (GD) is the most frequent lysosomal storage disorder caused by homozygous mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene. Increased risk of developing PD has been observed in both GD patients and carriers. It has been estimated that GBA1 mutations confer a 20‐ to 30‐fold increased risk for the development of PD, and that at least 7–10% of PD patients have a GBA1 mutation. To date, mutations in the GBA1 gene constitute numerically the most important risk factor for PD. The type of PD associated with GBA1 mutations (PD‐GBA1) is almost identical to idiopathic PD, except for a slightly younger age of onset and a tendency to more cognitive impairment. Importantly, the pathology of PD‐GBA1 is identical to idiopathic PD, with nigral dopamine cell loss, Lewy bodies, and neurites containing alpha‐synuclein. The mechanism by which GBA1 mutations increase the risk for PD is still unknown. However, given that clinical manifestation and pathological findings in PD‐GBA1 patients are almost identical to those in idiopathic PD individuals, it is likely that, as in idiopathic PD, alpha‐synuclein accumulation, mitochondrial dysfunction, autophagic impairment, oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress may contribute to the development and progression of PD‐GBA1. Here, we review the GBA1 gene, its role in GD, and its link with PD.
The impact of glucocerebrosidase 1 (GBA1) mutations on functioning of endoplasmic reticulum (ER), lysosomes, and mitochondria. GBA1 mutations resulting in production of misfolded glucocerebrosidase (GCase) significantly affect the ER functioning. Misfolded GCase trapped in the ER leads to both an increase in the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and the ER stress. The presence of ER stress triggers the unfolded protein response (UPR) and/or endoplasmic reticulum‐associated degradation (ERAD). The prolonged activation of UPR and ERAD subsequently leads to increased apoptosis. The presence of misfolded GCase in the lysosomes together with a reduction in wild‐type GCase levels lead to a retardation of alpha‐synuclein degradation via chaperone‐mediated autophagy (CMA), which subsequently results in alpha‐synuclein accumulation and aggregation. Impaired lysosomal functioning also causes a decrease in the clearance of autophagosomes, and so their accumulation. GBA1 mutations perturb normal mitochondria functioning by increasing generation of free radical species (ROS) and decreasing adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, oxygen consumption, and membrane potential. GBA1 mutations also lead to accumulation of dysfunctional and fragmented mitochondria.
This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
Collapse
|
58
|
Blanz J, Saftig P. Parkinson's disease: acid-glucocerebrosidase activity and alpha-synuclein clearance. J Neurochem 2016; 139 Suppl 1:198-215. [PMID: 26860955 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The role of mutations in the gene GBA1 encoding the lysosomal hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase for the development of synucleinopathies, such as Parkinson's disease and dementia with Lewy bodies, was only very recently uncovered. The knowledge obtained from the study of carriers or patients suffering from Gaucher disease (a common lysosomal storage disorder because of GBA1 mutations) is of particular importance for understanding the role of the enzyme and its catabolic pathway in the development of synucleinopathies. Decreased activity of β-glucocerebrosidase leads to lysosomal dysfunction and the accumulation of its substrate glucosylceramide and related lipid derivatives. Glucosylceramide is suggested to stabilize toxic oligomeric forms of α-synuclein that negatively influence the activity of β-glucocerebrosidase and to partially block export of newly synthesized β-glucocerebrosidase from the endoplasmic reticulum to late endocytic compartments, amplifying the pathological effects of α-synuclein and ultimately resulting in neuronal cell death. This pathogenic molecular feedback loop and most likely other factors (such as impaired endoplasmic reticulum-associated degradation, activation of the unfolded protein response and dysregulation of calcium homeostasis induced by misfolded GC mutants) are involved in shifting the cellular homeostasis from monomeric α-synuclein towards oligomeric neurotoxic and aggregated forms, which contribute to Parkinson's disease progression. From a therapeutic point of view, strategies aiming to increase either the expression, stability or delivery of the β-glucocerebrosidase to lysosomes are likely to decrease the α-synuclein burden and may be useful for an in depth evaluation at the organismal level. Lysosomes are critical for protein and lipid homeostasis. Recent research revealed that dysfunction of this organelle contributes to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Mutations in the lysosomal hydrolase β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) are a major risk factor for the development of PD and the molecular events linked to the reduced activity of GBA1 and the pathological accumulation of lipids and α-synuclein are just at the beginning to be understood. New therapeutic concepts in regards to how to increase the expression, stability, or delivery of β-glucocerebrosidase to lysosomes are currently developed. This article is part of a special issue on Parkinson disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Judith Blanz
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Paul Saftig
- Institut für Biochemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, Kiel, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Ortega RA, Torres PA, Swan M, Nichols W, Boschung S, Raymond D, Barrett MJ, Johannes BA, Severt L, Shanker V, Hunt AL, Bressman S, Pastores GM, Saunders-Pullman R. Glucocerebrosidase enzyme activity in GBA mutation Parkinson's disease. J Clin Neurosci 2016; 28:185-6. [PMID: 26857292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Revised: 11/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene, the most common genetic contributor to Parkinson's disease (PD), are associated with an increased risk of PD in heterozygous and homozygous carriers. While glucocerebrosidase enzyme (GCase) activity is consistently low in Gaucher disease, there is a range of leukocyte GCase activity in healthy heterozygous GBA1 mutation carriers. To determine whether GCase activity may be a marker for PD with heterozygous GBA1 mutations (GBA1 mutation PD, GBA PD), GBA PD patients (n=15) were compared to PD patients without heterozygous GBA1 mutations (idiopathic PD; n=8), heterozygous GBA1 carriers without PD (asymptomatic carriers; n=4), and biallelic mutation carriers with PD (Gaucher disease with PD, GD1 PD; n=3) in a pilot study. GCase activity (nmol/mg protein/hour) in GD1 PD (median [interquartile range]; minimum-maximum: 6.4 [5.7]; 5.3-11) was lower than that of GBA PD (16.0 [7.0]; 11-40) (p=0.01), while GCase activity in GBA PD was lower than idiopathic PD (28.5 [15.0]; 16-56) (p=0.01) and asymptomatic carriers (25.5 [2.5]; 23-27) (p=0.04). Therefore, GCase activity appears to be a possible marker of heterozygous GBA1 mutation PD, and larger studies are warranted. Prospective studies are also necessary to determine whether lower GCase activity precedes development of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roberto A Ortega
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Paola A Torres
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew Swan
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - William Nichols
- Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Boschung
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Deborah Raymond
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Matthew J Barrett
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Brooke A Johannes
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Lawrence Severt
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Vicki Shanker
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Ann L Hunt
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - Susan Bressman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - Gregory M Pastores
- Department of Neurology, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, USA; Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rachel Saunders-Pullman
- Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5J, New York, NY 10003, USA; Department of Neurology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Coutinho MF, Alves S. From rare to common and back again: 60years of lysosomal dysfunction. Mol Genet Metab 2016; 117:53-65. [PMID: 26422115 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Sixty years after its discovery, the lysosome is no longer considered as cell's waste bin but as an organelle playing a central role in cell metabolism. Besides its well known association with lysosomal storage disorders (mostly rare and life-threatening diseases), recent data have shown that the lysosome is also a player in some of the most common conditions of our time; and, perhaps even most important, it is not only a target for orphan drugs (rare disease therapeutic approaches) but also a putative target to treat patients suffering from common complex diseases worldwide. Here we review the striking associations linking rare lysosomal storage disorders such as the well-known Gaucher disease, or even the recently discovered, extremely rare Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis-11 and some of the most frequent, multifaceted and complex disorders of modern society such as cancer, Parkinson's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sandra Alves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, INSA, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Collins LM, Williams-Gray CH. The Genetic Basis of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia in Parkinson's Disease. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:89. [PMID: 27242557 PMCID: PMC4873499 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive dysfunction is a common feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) with mild cognitive impairment affecting around a quarter of patients in the early stages of their disease, and approximately half developing dementia by 10 years from diagnosis. However, the pattern of cognitive impairments and their speed of evolution vary markedly between individuals. While some of this variability may relate to extrinsic factors and comorbidities, inherited genetic heterogeneity is also known to play an important role. A number of common genetic variants have been identified, which contribute to cognitive function in PD, including variants in catechol-O-methyltransferase, microtubule-associated protein tau, and apolipoprotein E. Furthermore, rarer mutations in glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein and are strongly associated with dementia risk in PD. This review explores the functional impact of these variants on cognition in PD and discusses how such genotype-phenotype associations provide a window into the mechanistic basis of cognitive heterogeneity in this disorder. This has consequent implications for the development of much more targeted therapeutic strategies for cognitive symptoms in PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucy M Collins
- John Van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge , Cambridge , UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Volta M, Milnerwood AJ, Farrer MJ. Insights from late-onset familial parkinsonism on the pathogenesis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol 2015; 14:1054-64. [PMID: 26376970 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(15)00186-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 07/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Disease-modifying therapies that slow or halt the progression of Parkinson's disease are an unmet clinical need. Many hypotheses have been put forward to explain the pathogenesis of the disease, but none has led to the development of disease-modifying drugs. Here we focus on familial forms of late-onset parkinsonism that most closely resemble idiopathic Parkinson's disease and present a synthesis of emerging molecular advances. Genetic discoveries and mechanistic investigations have highlighted early alterations to synaptic function, endosomal maturation, and protein sorting that might lead to an intracellular proteinopathy. We propose that these cellular processes constitute one pathway to pathogenesis and suggest that neuroprotection, as an adjunct to current symptomatic treatments, need not remain an elusive goal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Volta
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Austen J Milnerwood
- Division of Neurology, Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Matthew J Farrer
- Department of Medical Genetics, Centre for Applied Neurogenetics, Djavad Mowafaghian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Korczyn AD, Hassin-Baer S. Can the disease course in Parkinson's disease be slowed? BMC Med 2015; 13:295. [PMID: 26653056 PMCID: PMC4675014 DOI: 10.1186/s12916-015-0534-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is needed for useful symptomatic therapy, is based on clinical criteria. However, it became quite clear in recent years that the same features can occur through different etiopathogenic mechanisms. Even a pathological diagnosis of PD, based on the demonstration of α-synuclein deposits in a typical distribution, can result from different causes and, vice versa, nigral cell loss can occur without α-synuclein deposition. DISCUSSION Thus far, attempts to influence the progression of PD have failed. However, since the clinical manifestations of PD can be the result of diverse mechanisms, a single intervention may not be able to slow the course of the disease in all patients. Indeed, targeting the underlying pathogenic processes, which differ among cases, may be more effective. PD may develop as a consequence of mitochondrial damage, which itself may result from a variety of genetic or environmental factors. Correction of the ensuing oxidative stress may theoretically be useful in these PD patients, but will not affect the progression of the disease among other PD patients in whom an identical clinical syndrome derives from defects in other pathways such as the ubiquitin-proteasome system and lysosomal dysfunction, among others. Precision medicine can now be used to identify the underlying pathogenic mechanisms in individual patients, paving the way to the development of real disease modification through a pathway-oriented approach, aimed at the underlying biologic processes of disease occurrence and evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amos D Korczyn
- Department of Neurology, Tel Aviv University Medical School, Ramat Aviv, Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Sharon Hassin-Baer
- The Movement Disorders Institute, Sagol Neuroscience Center and Department of Neurology, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, 52621, Ramat-Gan, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
van den Berg RJBHN, van Rijssel ER, Ferraz MJ, Houben J, Strijland A, Donker-Koopman WE, Wennekes T, Bonger KM, Ghisaidoobe ABT, Hoogendoorn S, van der Marel GA, Codée JDC, Overkleeft HS, Aerts JMFG. Synthesis and Evaluation of Hybrid Structures Composed of Two Glucosylceramide Synthase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2015; 10:2042-62. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201500407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erwin R. van Rijssel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Maria Joao Ferraz
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Judith Houben
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Anneke Strijland
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Wilma E. Donker-Koopman
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Tom Wennekes
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry; Wageningen University; Dreijenplein 8 6703 HB Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Kimberly M. Bonger
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Amar B. T. Ghisaidoobe
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Sascha Hoogendoorn
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Gijsbert A. van der Marel
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen D. C. Codée
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Herman S. Overkleeft
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Johannes M. F. G. Aerts
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry; Leiden University; Gorlaeus Laboratories; Einsteinweg 55 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
- Department of Medical Biochemistry; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Meibergdreef 9 1105 AZ Amsterdam The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Ambrosi G, Ghezzi C, Zangaglia R, Levandis G, Pacchetti C, Blandini F. Ambroxol-induced rescue of defective glucocerebrosidase is associated with increased LIMP-2 and saposin C levels in GBA1 mutant Parkinson's disease cells. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:235-242. [PMID: 26094596 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 06/03/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in GBA1 gene, encoding for lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are a major risk factor for sporadic Parkinson's disease (PD). Defective GCase has been reported in fibroblasts of GBA1-mutant PD patients and pharmacological chaperone ambroxol has been shown to correct such defect. To further explore this issue, we investigated GCase and elements supporting GCase function and trafficking in fibroblasts from sporadic PD patients--with or without heterozygous GBA1 mutations--and healthy subjects, in basal conditions and following in vitro exposure to ambroxol. We assessed protein levels of GCase, lysosomal integral membrane protein-2 (LIMP-2), which mediates GCase trafficking to lysosomes, GCase endogenous activator saposin (Sap) C and parkin, which is involved in degradation of defective GCase. We also measured activities of GCase and cathepsin D, which cleaves Sap C from precursor prosaposin. GCase activity was reduced in fibroblasts from GBA1-mutant patients and ambroxol corrected this defect. Ambroxol increased cathepsin D activity, GCase and Sap C protein levels in all groups, while LIMP-2 levels were increased only in GBA1-mutant PD fibroblasts. Parkin levels were slightly increased only in the PD group without GBA1 mutations and were not significantly modified by ambroxol. Our study confirms that GCase activity is deficient in fibroblasts of GBA1-mutant PD patients and that ambroxol corrects this defect. The drug increased Sap C and LIMP-2 protein levels, without interfering with parkin. These results confirm that chemical chaperone ambroxol modulates lysosomal markers, further highlighting targets that may be exploited for innovative PD therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Ambrosi
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Ghezzi
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Roberta Zangaglia
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giovanna Levandis
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Claudio Pacchetti
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fabio Blandini
- Center for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, C. Mondino National Neurological Institute, Pavia, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Herrera Moro Chao D, Kallemeijn WW, Marques ARA, Orre M, Ottenhoff R, van Roomen C, Foppen E, Renner MC, Moeton M, van Eijk M, Boot RG, Kamphuis W, Hol EM, Aten J, Overkleeft HS, Kalsbeek A, Aerts JMFG. Visualization of Active Glucocerebrosidase in Rodent Brain with High Spatial Resolution following In Situ Labeling with Fluorescent Activity Based Probes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138107. [PMID: 26418157 PMCID: PMC4587854 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease is characterized by lysosomal accumulation of glucosylceramide due to deficient activity of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase (GBA). In cells, glucosylceramide is also degraded outside lysosomes by the enzyme glucosylceramidase 2 (GBA2) of which inherited deficiency is associated with ataxias. The interest in GBA and glucosylceramide metabolism in the brain has grown following the notion that mutations in the GBA gene impose a risk factor for motor disorders such as α-synucleinopathies. We earlier developed a β-glucopyranosyl-configured cyclophellitol-epoxide type activity based probe (ABP) allowing in vivo and in vitro visualization of active molecules of GBA with high spatial resolution. Labeling occurs through covalent linkage of the ABP to the catalytic nucleophile residue in the enzyme pocket. Here, we describe a method to visualize active GBA molecules in rat brain slices using in vivo labeling. Brain areas related to motor control, like the basal ganglia and motor related structures in the brainstem, show a high content of active GBA. We also developed a β-glucopyranosyl cyclophellitol-aziridine ABP allowing in situ labeling of GBA2. Labeled GBA2 in brain areas can be identified and quantified upon gel electrophoresis. The distribution of active GBA2 markedly differs from that of GBA, being highest in the cerebellar cortex. The histological findings with ABP labeling were confirmed by biochemical analysis of isolated brain areas. In conclusion, ABPs offer sensitive tools to visualize active GBA and to study the distribution of GBA2 in the brain and thus may find application to establish the role of these enzymes in neurodegenerative disease conditions such as α-synucleinopathies and cerebellar ataxia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Herrera Moro Chao
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter W. Kallemeijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Insitute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andre R. A. Marques
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marie Orre
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cindy van Roomen
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maria C. Renner
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Martina Moeton
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco van Eijk
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Insitute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rolf G. Boot
- Department of Biochemistry, Leiden Insitute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Willem Kamphuis
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elly M. Hol
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan Aten
- Department of Pathology, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hermen S. Overkleeft
- Department of Bio-organic Synthesis, Leiden institute of Chemistry, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Cox TM, Rosenbloom BE, Barker RA. Gaucher disease and comorbidities: B-cell malignancy and parkinsonism. Am J Hematol 2015; 90 Suppl 1:S25-8. [PMID: 26096744 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.24057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Data emerging from the International Collaborative Gaucher Group (ICGG) Gaucher Registry together with other contemporary clinical surveys have revealed a close association between Gaucher disease and non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphoma and myeloma and Gaucher disease and Parkinson's disease. Several possible explanations for increased B-cell proliferation and neoplasia in Gaucher disease have been proposed, including the possible influence of sphingosine (derived from the extra lysosomal metabolism of glucosylceramide), gene modifiers, splenectomy and immune system deregulation induced by cytokines, chemokines, and hydrolases released from Gaucher cells. Parkinson's disease is frequently seen in the otherwise-healthy relatives of Gaucher disease patients leading to the finding that GBA mutations represent a genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease. The mechanism of the association between GBA mutations and Parkinson's disease has yet to be elucidated but the pathogenesis appears distinct from that of Gaucher disease. Several pathogenic pathways have been proposed including lysosomal and/or mitochondrial dysfunction. The effect of Gaucher disease specific therapies on the incidence of cancer or Parkinson's disease are not clear and will likely be evaluated in future ICGG Gaucher Registry studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy M. Cox
- Department of Medicine; University of Cambridge; United Kingdom
| | | | - Roger A. Barker
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences; University of Cambridge; United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Xu S, Chan P. Interaction between Neuromelanin and Alpha-Synuclein in Parkinson's Disease. Biomolecules 2015; 5:1122-42. [PMID: 26057626 PMCID: PMC4496713 DOI: 10.3390/biom5021122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a very common neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the accumulation of α-synuclein (α-syn) into Lewy body (LB) inclusions and the loss of neuronmelanin (NM) containing dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra (SN). Pathological α-syn and NM are two prominent hallmarks in this selective and progressive neurodegenerative disease. Pathological α-syn can induce dopaminergic neuron death by various mechanisms, such as inducing oxidative stress and inhibiting protein degradation systems. Therefore, to explore the factors that trigger α-syn to convert from a non-toxic protein to toxic one is a pivotal question to clarify the mechanisms of PD pathogenesis. Many triggers for pathological α-syn aggregation have been identified, including missense mutations in the α-syn gene, higher concentration, and posttranslational modifications of α-Syn. Recently, the role of NM in inducing α-syn expression and aggregation has been suggested as a mechanism for this pigment to modulate neuronal vulnerability in PD. NM may be responsible for PD and age-associated increase and aggregation in α-syn. Here, we reviewed our previous study and other recent findings in the area of interaction between NM and α-syn.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shengli Xu
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital University of Medical Sciences, No.45 changchun St., Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
- Parkinson's disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.
| | - Piu Chan
- Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital University of Medical Sciences, No.45 changchun St., Xicheng District, Beijing 100053, China.
- Parkinson's disease Center of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing 100053, China.
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Pharmacological Chaperones and Coenzyme Q10 Treatment Improves Mutant β-Glucocerebrosidase Activity and Mitochondrial Function in Neuronopathic Forms of Gaucher Disease. Sci Rep 2015; 5:10903. [PMID: 26045184 PMCID: PMC4456666 DOI: 10.1038/srep10903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Gaucher disease (GD) is caused by mutations in the GBA1 gene, which encodes lysosomal β-glucocerebrosidase. Homozygosity for the L444P mutation in GBA1 is associated with high risk of neurological manifestations which are not improved by enzyme replacement therapy. Alternatively, pharmacological chaperones (PCs) capable of restoring the correct folding and trafficking of the mutant enzyme represent promising alternative therapies.Here, we report on how the L444P mutation affects mitochondrial function in primary fibroblast derived from GD patients. Mitochondrial dysfunction was associated with reduced mitochondrial membrane potential, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitophagy activation and impaired autophagic flux.Both abnormalities, mitochondrial dysfunction and deficient β-glucocerebrosidase activity, were partially restored by supplementation with coenzyme Q10 (CoQ) or a L-idonojirimycin derivative, N-[N’-(4-adamantan-1-ylcarboxamidobutyl)thiocarbamoyl]-1,6-anhydro-L-idonojirimycin (NAdBT-AIJ), and more markedly by the combination of both treatments. These data suggest that targeting both mitochondria function by CoQ and protein misfolding by PCs can be promising therapies in neurological forms of GD.
Collapse
|
70
|
Wexselblatt E, Esko JD, Tor Y. GNeosomes: Highly Lysosomotropic Nanoassemblies for Lysosomal Delivery. ACS NANO 2015; 9:3961-3968. [PMID: 25831231 DOI: 10.1021/nn507382n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
GNeosomes, lysosomotropic lipid vesicles decorated with guanidinoneomycin, can encapsulate and facilitate the cellular internalization and lysosomal delivery of cargo ranging from small molecules to high molecular weight proteins, in a process that is exclusively dependent on cell surface glycosaminoglycans. Their cellular uptake mechanism and co-localization with lysosomes, as well as the delivery, release, and activity of internalized cargo, are quantified. GNeosomes are proposed as a universal platform for lysosomal delivery with potential as a basic research tool and a therapeutic vehicle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Wexselblatt
- †Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jeffrey D Esko
- †Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yitzhak Tor
- †Chemistry and Biochemistry and ‡Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Li Y, Li P, Liang H, Zhao Z, Hashimoto M, Wei J. Gaucher-Associated Parkinsonism. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:755-61. [PMID: 25820783 PMCID: PMC4502293 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gaucher disease is associated with Parkinson’s disease (PD) by mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GCase). The gene encoding GCase, glucosidase beta acid (GBA), is an important risk factor for PD. Findings from large studies have shown that patients with PD have an increased frequency of mutations in GBA and that GBA mutation carriers exhibit diverse parkinsonian phenotypes and Lewy body pathology. Although the mechanism for this association remains elusive, some hypotheses have been proposed to explain it, including gain of function caused by GBA mutations, which increases α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation, loss of function due to lysosomal enzyme deficiency, which affects α-syn clearance, and even a bidirectional feedback loop, but each of these hypotheses has its limitations. It is also worth noting that many findings have implicated the interaction between α-syn and GCase, indicating the essential role of the interaction in the pathogenesis of GBA-associated parkinsonism. Therefore, the current review focuses on α-syn and GCase, and it provides some new thoughts that may be helpful for understanding the α-syn-GCase interaction and unraveling the exact mechanism underlying GBA-associated parkinsonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaqiong Li
- Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Institute for Brain Sciences Research, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, 475004, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
72
|
Tool compounds robustly increase turnover of an artificial substrate by glucocerebrosidase in human brain lysates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119141. [PMID: 25763858 PMCID: PMC4357465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) cause Gaucher disease and also represent a common risk factor for Parkinson’s disease and Dementia with Lewy bodies. Recently, new tool molecules were described which can increase turnover of an artificial substrate 4MUG when incubated with mutant N370S GBA1 from human spleen. Here we show that these compounds exert a similar effect on the wild-type enzyme in a cell-free system. In addition, these tool compounds robustly increase turnover of 4MUG by GBA1 derived from human cortex, despite substantially lower glycosylation of GBA1 in human brain, suggesting that the degree of glycosylation is not important for compound binding. Surprisingly, these tool compounds failed to robustly alter GBA1 turnover of 4MUG in the mouse brain homogenate. Our data raise the possibility that in vivo models with humanized glucocerebrosidase may be needed for efficacy assessments of such small molecules.
Collapse
|
73
|
Gruschus JM, Jiang Z, Yap TL, Hill SA, Grishaev A, Piszczek G, Sidransky E, Lee JC. Dissociation of glucocerebrosidase dimer in solution by its co-factor, saposin C. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 457:561-6. [PMID: 25600808 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the gene for the lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase (GCase) cause Gaucher disease and are the most common risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD). Analytical ultracentrifugation of 8 μM GCase shows equilibrium between monomer and dimer forms. However, in the presence of its co-factor saposin C (Sap C), only monomer GCase is seen. Isothermal calorimetry confirms that Sap C associates with GCase in solution in a 1:1 complex (Kd = 2.1 ± 1.1 μM). Saturation cross-transfer NMR determined that the region of Sap C contacting GCase includes residues 63-66 and 74-76, which is distinct from the region known to enhance GCase activity. Because α-synuclein (α-syn), a protein closely associated with PD etiology, competes with Sap C for GCase binding, its interaction with GCase was also measured by ultracentrifugation and saturation cross-transfer. Unlike Sap C, binding of α-syn to GCase does not affect multimerization. However, adding α-syn reduces saturation cross-transfer from Sap C to GCase, confirming displacement. To explore where Sap C might disrupt multimeric GCase, GCase x-ray structures were analyzed using the program PISA, which predicted stable dimer and tetramer forms. For the most frequently predicted multimer interface, the GCase active sites are partially buried, suggesting that Sap C might disrupt the multimer by binding near the active site.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James M Gruschus
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, United States.
| | - Zhiping Jiang
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, United States
| | - Thai Leong Yap
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, United States
| | - Stephanie A Hill
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, United States
| | - Alexander Grishaev
- Laboratory of Chemical Physics, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Grzegorz Piszczek
- Biophysics Core, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD 20892, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Giráldez-Pérez RM, Antolín-Vallespín M, Muñoz MD, Sánchez-Capelo A. Models of α-synuclein aggregation in Parkinson's disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun 2014; 2:176. [PMID: 25497491 PMCID: PMC4272812 DOI: 10.1186/s40478-014-0176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is not only characterized by motor disturbances but also, by cognitive, sensory, psychiatric and autonomic dysfunction. It has been proposed that some of these symptoms might be related to the widespread pathology of α-synuclein (α-syn) aggregation in different nuclei of the central and peripheral nervous system. However, the pathogenic formation of α-syn aggregates in different brain areas of PD patients is poorly understood. Most experimental models of PD are valuable to assess specific aspects of its pathogenesis, such as toxin-induced dopaminergic neurodegeneration. However, new models are required that reflect the widespread and progressive formation of α-syn aggregates in different brain areas. Such α-syn aggregation is induced in only a few animal models, for example perikaryon inclusions are found in rats administered rotenone, aggregates with a neuritic morphology develop in mice overexpressing either mutated or wild-type α-syn, and in Smad3 deficient mice, aggregates form extensively in the perikaryon and neurites of specific brain nuclei. In this review we focus on α-syn aggregation in the human disorder, its genetics and the availability of experimental models. Indeed, evidences show that dopamine (DA) metabolism may be related to α-syn and its conformational plasticity, suggesting an interesting link between the two pathological hallmarks of PD: dopaminergic neurodegeneration and Lewy body (LB) formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rosa María Giráldez-Pérez
- />CIBERNED - Ser. Neurobiología – Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal – IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo Km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain
- />Departamento Fisiología, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Sevilla, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Mónica Antolín-Vallespín
- />CIBERNED - Ser. Neurobiología – Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal – IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo Km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Dolores Muñoz
- />Unidad de Neurología Experimental, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal – IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo Km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amelia Sánchez-Capelo
- />CIBERNED - Ser. Neurobiología – Investigación, Hospital Universitario Ramón y Cajal – IRYCIS, Ctra. Colmenar Viejo Km 9, 28034 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Osellame LD, Duchen MR. Quality control gone wrong: mitochondria, lysosomal storage disorders and neurodegeneration. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1958-72. [PMID: 24116849 PMCID: PMC3976615 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell possesses specialized pathways to turn over and degrade redundant proteins and organelles. Each pathway is unique and responsible for degradation of distinctive cytosolic material. The ubiquitin-proteasome system and autophagy (chaperone-mediated, macro, micro and organelle specific) act synergistically to maintain proteostasis. Defects in this equilibrium can be deleterious at cellular and organism level, giving rise to various disease states. Dysfunction of quality control pathways are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and appear particularly important in Parkinson's disease and the lysosomal storage disorders. Neurodegeneration resulting from impaired degradation of ubiquitinated proteins and α-synuclein is often accompanied by mitochondrial dysfunction. Mitochondria have evolved to control a diverse number of processes, including cellular energy production, calcium signalling and apoptosis, and like every other organelle within the cell, they must be ‘recycled.’ Failure to do so is potentially lethal as these once indispensible organelles become destructive, leaking reactive oxygen species and activating the intrinsic cell death pathway. This process is paramount in neurons which have an absolute dependence on mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation as they cannot up-regulate glycolysis. As such, mitochondrial bioenergetic failure can underpin neural death and neurodegenerative disease. In this review, we discuss the links between cellular quality control and neurodegenerative diseases associated with mitochondrial dysfunction, with particular attention to the emerging links between Parkinson's and Gaucher diseases in which defective quality control is a defining factor. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed issue on Mitochondrial Pharmacology: Energy, Injury & Beyond. To view the other articles in this issue visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-8
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L D Osellame
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Rothaug M, Zunke F, Mazzulli JR, Schweizer M, Altmeppen H, Lüllmann-Rauch R, Kallemeijn WW, Gaspar P, Aerts JM, Glatzel M, Saftig P, Krainc D, Schwake M, Blanz J. LIMP-2 expression is critical for β-glucocerebrosidase activity and α-synuclein clearance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:15573-8. [PMID: 25316793 PMCID: PMC4217458 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1405700111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations within the lysosomal enzyme β-glucocerebrosidase (GC) result in Gaucher disease and represent a major risk factor for developing Parkinson disease (PD). Loss of GC activity leads to accumulation of its substrate glucosylceramide and α-synuclein. Since lysosomal activity of GC is tightly linked to expression of its trafficking receptor, the lysosomal integral membrane protein type-2 (LIMP-2), we studied α-synuclein metabolism in LIMP-2-deficient mice. These mice showed an α-synuclein dosage-dependent phenotype, including severe neurological impairments and premature death. In LIMP-2-deficient brains a significant reduction in GC activity led to lipid storage, disturbed autophagic/lysosomal function, and α-synuclein accumulation mediating neurotoxicity of dopaminergic (DA) neurons, apoptotic cell death, and inflammation. Heterologous expression of LIMP-2 accelerated clearance of overexpressed α-synuclein, possibly through increasing lysosomal GC activity. In surviving DA neurons of human PD midbrain, LIMP-2 levels were increased, probably to compensate for lysosomal GC deficiency. Therefore, we suggest that manipulating LIMP-2 expression to increase lysosomal GC activity is a promising strategy for the treatment of synucleinopathies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Joseph R Mazzulli
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Michaela Schweizer
- Department of Electron Microscopy, Centre for Molecular Neurobiology, and
| | - Hermann Altmeppen
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Wouter W Kallemeijn
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Paulo Gaspar
- Unidade de Biologia do Lisossoma e do Peroxissoma, Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular, 4150-180 Porto, Portugal; and
| | - Johannes M Aerts
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Markus Glatzel
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Centre Hamburg-Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Dimitri Krainc
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611
| | - Michael Schwake
- Institute of Biochemistry and Faculty of Chemistry/Biochemistry III, University of Bielefeld, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
77
|
Fishbein I, Kuo YM, Giasson BI, Nussbaum RL. Augmentation of phenotype in a transgenic Parkinson mouse heterozygous for a Gaucher mutation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:3235-47. [PMID: 25351739 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The involvement of the protein α-synuclein (SNCA) in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease is strongly supported by the facts that (i) missense and copy number mutations in the SNCA gene can cause inherited Parkinson's disease; and (ii) Lewy bodies in sporadic Parkinson's disease are largely composed of aggregated SNCA. Unaffected heterozygous carriers of Gaucher disease mutations have an increased risk for Parkinson's disease. As mutations in the GBA gene encoding glucocerebrosidase (GBA) are known to interfere with lysosomal protein degradation, GBA heterozygotes may demonstrate reduced lysosomal SNCA degradation, leading to increased steady-state SNCA levels and promoting its aggregation. We have created mouse models to investigate the interaction between GBA mutations and synucleinopathies. We investigated the rate of SNCA degradation in cultured primary cortical neurons from mice expressing wild-type mouse SNCA, wild-type human SNCA, or mutant A53T SNCA, in a background of either wild-type Gba or heterozygosity for the L444P GBA mutation associated with Gaucher disease. We also tested the effect of this Gaucher mutation on motor and enteric nervous system function in these transgenic animals. We found that human SNCA is stable, with a half-life of 61 h, and that the A53T mutation did not significantly affect its half-life. Heterozygosity for a naturally occurring Gaucher mutation, L444P, reduced GBA activity by 40%, reduced SNCA degradation and triggered accumulation of the protein in culture. This mutation also resulted in the exacerbation of motor and gastrointestinal deficits found in the A53T mouse model of Parkinson's disease. This study demonstrates that heterozygosity for a Gaucher disease-associated mutation in Gba interferes with SNCA degradation and contributes to its accumulation, and exacerbates the phenotype in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ianai Fishbein
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yien-Ming Kuo
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Benoit I Giasson
- 2 Department of Neuroscience, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Robert L Nussbaum
- 1 Department of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Liou B, Haffey WD, Greis KD, Grabowski GA. The LIMP-2/SCARB2 binding motif on acid β-glucosidase: basic and applied implications for Gaucher disease and associated neurodegenerative diseases. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:30063-74. [PMID: 25202012 PMCID: PMC4208013 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.593616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The acid β-glucosidase (glucocerbrosidase (GCase)) binding sequence to LIMP-2 (lysosomal integral membrane protein 2), the receptor for intracellular GCase trafficking to the lysosome, has been identified. Heterologous expression of deletion constructs, the available GCase crystal structures, and binding and co-localization of identified peptides or mutant GCases were used to identify and characterize a highly conserved 11-amino acid sequence, DSPIIVDITKD, within human GCase. The binding to LIMP-2 is not dependent upon a single amino acid, but the interactions of GCase with LIMP-2 are heavily influenced by Asp(399) and the di-isoleucines, Ile(402) and Ile(403). A single alanine substitution at any of these decreases GCase binding to LIMP-2 and alters its pH-dependent binding as well as diminishing the trafficking of GCase to the lysosome and significantly increasing GCase secretion. Enterovirus 71 also binds to LIMP-2 (also known as SCARB2) on the external surface of the plasma membrane. However, the LIMP-2/SCARB2 binding sequences for enterovirus 71 and GCase are not similar, indicating that LIMP-2/SCARB2 may have multiple or overlapping binding sites with differing specificities. These findings have therapeutic implications for the production of GCase and the distribution of this enzyme that is delivered to various organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Liou
- From the Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| | - Wendy D Haffey
- the Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Kenneth D Greis
- the Department of Cancer Biology, Vontz Center for Molecular Studies, University of Cincinnati Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
| | - Gregory A Grabowski
- From the Division of Human Genetics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229 and
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Swan M, Saunders-Pullman R. The association between ß-glucocerebrosidase mutations and parkinsonism. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2014; 13:368. [PMID: 23812893 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-013-0368-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the ß-glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA), which encodes the lysosomal enzyme ß-glucocerebrosidase, have traditionally been implicated in Gaucher disease, an autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder. Yet the past two decades have yielded an explosion of epidemiological and basic-science evidence linking mutations in GBA with the development of Parkinson disease (PD) as well. Although the specific contribution of mutant GBA to the pathogenesis of parkinsonism remains unknown, evidence suggests that both loss of function and toxic gain of function by abnormal ß-glucocerebrosidase may be important, and implicates a close relationship between ß-glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein. Furthermore, multiple lines of evidence suggest that although GBA-associated PD closely mimics idiopathic PD (IPD), it may present at a younger age, and is more frequently complicated by cognitive dysfunction. Understanding the clinical association between GBA and PD, and the relationship between ß-glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein, may enhance understanding of the pathogenesis of IPD, improve prognostication and treatment of GBA carriers with parkinsonism, and furthermore inform therapies for IPD not due to GBA mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Swan
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5K, New York, NY 10003, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Abstract
Lysosomal storage disorders are a group of about 50 rare metabolic diseases that result from defects in lysosomal function. The majority is recessively inherited and caused by mutations in genes encoding lysosomal proteins as the basis for its pathobiology. The lysosome plays a pivotal role in a cell's ability to recycle and degrade unwanted material. One of its functions relates to regulating iron levels throughout the body. Iron is a double-edged sword: It is absolutely required for an organism's survival, but high levels of iron quickly lead to cell death. In addition, recent results have put the lysosome on the map of pathways leading to common neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. It is plausible that the mechanisms through which the lysosome acts in these diseases also involve iron and this would have significant implications in our understanding of the molecular etiology of these disorders.
Collapse
|
81
|
Zhang H, Duan C, Yang H. Defective autophagy in Parkinson's disease: lessons from genetics. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 51:89-104. [PMID: 24990317 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the most prevalent neurodegenerative movement disorder. Genetic studies over the past two decades have greatly advanced our understanding of the etiological basis of PD and elucidated pathways leading to neuronal degeneration. Recent studies have suggested that abnormal autophagy, a well conserved homeostatic process for protein and organelle turnover, may contribute to neurodegeneration in PD. Moreover, many of the proteins related to both autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive PD, such as α-synuclein, PINK1, Parkin, LRRK2, DJ-1, GBA, and ATPA13A2, are also involved in the regulation of autophagy. We propose that reduced autophagy enhances the accumulation of α-synuclein, other pathogenic proteins, and dysfunctional mitochondria in PD, leading to oxidative stress and neuronal death.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Zhang
- Center of Parkinson's Disease Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disease of the Ministry of Education, Department of Neurobiology Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100069, China
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
82
|
Ferrari R, Hernandez DG, Nalls MA, Rohrer JD, Ramasamy A, Kwok JBJ, Dobson-Stone C, Brooks WS, Schofield PR, Halliday GM, Hodges JR, Piguet O, Bartley L, Thompson E, Haan E, Hernández I, Ruiz A, Boada M, Borroni B, Padovani A, Cruchaga C, Cairns NJ, Benussi L, Binetti G, Ghidoni R, Forloni G, Galimberti D, Fenoglio C, Serpente M, Scarpini E, Clarimón J, Lleó A, Blesa R, Waldö ML, Nilsson K, Nilsson C, Mackenzie IRA, Hsiung GYR, Mann DMA, Grafman J, Morris CM, Attems J, Griffiths TD, McKeith IG, Thomas AJ, Pietrini P, Huey ED, Wassermann EM, Baborie A, Jaros E, Tierney MC, Pastor P, Razquin C, Ortega-Cubero S, Alonso E, Perneczky R, Diehl-Schmid J, Alexopoulos P, Kurz A, Rainero I, Rubino E, Pinessi L, Rogaeva E, St George-Hyslop P, Rossi G, Tagliavini F, Giaccone G, Rowe JB, Schlachetzki JCM, Uphill J, Collinge J, Mead S, Danek A, Van Deerlin VM, Grossman M, Trojanowski JQ, van der Zee J, Deschamps W, Van Langenhove T, Cruts M, Van Broeckhoven C, Cappa SF, Le Ber I, Hannequin D, Golfier V, Vercelletto M, Brice A, Nacmias B, Sorbi S, Bagnoli S, Piaceri I, Nielsen JE, Hjermind LE, Riemenschneider M, Mayhaus M, Ibach B, Gasparoni G, Pichler S, Gu W, Rossor MN, Fox NC, Warren JD, Spillantini MG, Morris HR, Rizzu P, Heutink P, Snowden JS, Rollinson S, Richardson A, Gerhard A, Bruni AC, Maletta R, Frangipane F, Cupidi C, Bernardi L, Anfossi M, Gallo M, Conidi ME, Smirne N, Rademakers R, Baker M, Dickson DW, Graff-Radford NR, Petersen RC, Knopman D, Josephs KA, Boeve BF, Parisi JE, Seeley WW, Miller BL, Karydas AM, Rosen H, van Swieten JC, Dopper EGP, Seelaar H, Pijnenburg YAL, Scheltens P, Logroscino G, Capozzo R, Novelli V, Puca AA, Franceschi M, Postiglione A, Milan G, Sorrentino P, Kristiansen M, Chiang HH, Graff C, Pasquier F, Rollin A, Deramecourt V, Lebert F, Kapogiannis D, Ferrucci L, Pickering-Brown S, Singleton AB, Hardy J, Momeni P. Frontotemporal dementia and its subtypes: a genome-wide association study. Lancet Neurol 2014; 13:686-99. [PMID: 24943344 PMCID: PMC4112126 DOI: 10.1016/s1474-4422(14)70065-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 251] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a complex disorder characterised by a broad range of clinical manifestations, differential pathological signatures, and genetic variability. Mutations in three genes-MAPT, GRN, and C9orf72--have been associated with FTD. We sought to identify novel genetic risk loci associated with the disorder. METHODS We did a two-stage genome-wide association study on clinical FTD, analysing samples from 3526 patients with FTD and 9402 healthy controls. To reduce genetic heterogeneity, all participants were of European ancestry. In the discovery phase (samples from 2154 patients with FTD and 4308 controls), we did separate association analyses for each FTD subtype (behavioural variant FTD, semantic dementia, progressive non-fluent aphasia, and FTD overlapping with motor neuron disease [FTD-MND]), followed by a meta-analysis of the entire dataset. We carried forward replication of the novel suggestive loci in an independent sample series (samples from 1372 patients and 5094 controls) and then did joint phase and brain expression and methylation quantitative trait loci analyses for the associated (p<5 × 10(-8)) single-nucleotide polymorphisms. FINDINGS We identified novel associations exceeding the genome-wide significance threshold (p<5 × 10(-8)). Combined (joint) analyses of discovery and replication phases showed genome-wide significant association at 6p21.3, HLA locus (immune system), for rs9268877 (p=1·05 × 10(-8); odds ratio=1·204 [95% CI 1·11-1·30]), rs9268856 (p=5·51 × 10(-9); 0·809 [0·76-0·86]) and rs1980493 (p value=1·57 × 10(-8), 0·775 [0·69-0·86]) in the entire cohort. We also identified a potential novel locus at 11q14, encompassing RAB38/CTSC (the transcripts of which are related to lysosomal biology), for the behavioural FTD subtype for which joint analyses showed suggestive association for rs302668 (p=2·44 × 10(-7); 0·814 [0·71-0·92]). Analysis of expression and methylation quantitative trait loci data suggested that these loci might affect expression and methylation in cis. INTERPRETATION Our findings suggest that immune system processes (link to 6p21.3) and possibly lysosomal and autophagy pathways (link to 11q14) are potentially involved in FTD. Our findings need to be replicated to better define the association of the newly identified loci with disease and to shed light on the pathomechanisms contributing to FTD. FUNDING The National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke and National Institute on Aging, the Wellcome/MRC Centre on Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's Research UK, and Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Raffaele Ferrari
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA; Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Dena G Hernandez
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jonathan D Rohrer
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Adaikalavan Ramasamy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK; Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, King's College London, Guy's Hospital, London, UK
| | - John B J Kwok
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Carol Dobson-Stone
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - William S Brooks
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter R Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - John R Hodges
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Olivier Piguet
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW, Australia; University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Elizabeth Thompson
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Eric Haan
- South Australian Clinical Genetics Service, SA Pathology at Women's and Children's Hospital, North Adelaide, SA, Australia; Department of Paediatrics, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Isabel Hernández
- Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Agustín Ruiz
- Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Boada
- Memory Clinic of Fundació ACE, Institut Català de Neurociències Aplicades, Barcelona, Spain; Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron-Institut de Recerca, Universitat Autonoma de Barcelona (VHIR-UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nigel J Cairns
- Hope Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri, USA; Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University, St Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Luisa Benussi
- NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuliano Binetti
- NeuroBioGen Lab-Memory Clinic, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Roberta Ghidoni
- Proteomics Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Biology of Neurodegenerative Disorders, IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milano, Italy
| | - Daniela Galimberti
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Fenoglio
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Serpente
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Elio Scarpini
- University of Milan, Milan, Italy; Fondazione Cà Granda, IRCCS Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Jordi Clarimón
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto Lleó
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rafael Blesa
- Memory Unit, Neurology Department and Sant Pau Biomedical Research Institute, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Maria Landqvist Waldö
- Unit of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Karin Nilsson
- Unit of Geriatric Psychiatry, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Christer Nilsson
- Clinical Memory Research Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Sweden
| | - Ian R A Mackenzie
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Ging-Yuek R Hsiung
- Division of Neurology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - David M A Mann
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, University of Manchester, Salford Royal Hospital, Stott Lane, Salford, UK
| | - Jordan Grafman
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Department of Psychology, Weinberg College of Arts and Sciences, Northwestern University, IL, USA
| | - Christopher M Morris
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Johannes Attems
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Timothy D Griffiths
- Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Departments of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Psychiatry, and Cognitive Neurology and Alzheimer's Disease Center, IL, USA; Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, IL, USA; Newcastle Brain Tissue Resource, Institute for Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Institute of Neuroscience, Newcastle University Medical School, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Ian G McKeith
- Biomedical Research Building, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Alan J Thomas
- Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P Pietrini
- Clinical Psychology Branch, Pisa University Hospital, Pisa, Italy; Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Edward D Huey
- Taub Institute, Departments of Psychiatry and Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA 10032
| | - Eric M Wassermann
- Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Atik Baborie
- Neuropathology Department, Walton Centre FT, Liverpool, UK
| | - Evelyn Jaros
- Newcastle University, Institute for Ageing and Health, Campus for Ageing and Vitality, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK; Neuropathology/Cellular Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Michael C Tierney
- Behavioral Neurology Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Pau Pastor
- Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Neurology, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, University of Navarra School of Medicine, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cristina Razquin
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Ortega-Cubero
- Center for Networker Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), Madrid, Spain; Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Elena Alonso
- Neurogenetics Laboratory, Division of Neurosciences, Center for Applied Medical Research, Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Robert Perneczky
- Neuroepidemiology and Ageing Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, The Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, UK; West London Cognitive Disorders Treatment and Research Unit, West London Mental Health Trust, London TW8 8 DS, UK; Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Janine Diehl-Schmid
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Alexopoulos
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Kurz
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Innocenzo Rainero
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy; AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Elisa Rubino
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy; AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Pinessi
- Neurology I, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, Italy; AO Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Italy
| | - Ekaterina Rogaeva
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Peter St George-Hyslop
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Cambridge Institute for Medical Research and the Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Giacomina Rossi
- Division of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Fabrizio Tagliavini
- Division of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giaccone
- Division of Neurology V and Neuropathology, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta, Milano, Italy
| | - James B Rowe
- Cambridge University Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK; MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences Unit, Cambridge, UK; Behavioural and Clinical Neuroscience Institute, Cambridge, UK
| | - Johannes C M Schlachetzki
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Freiburg Medical School, Germany; Department of Molecular Neurology, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - James Uphill
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - John Collinge
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Simon Mead
- MRC Prion Unit, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Adrian Danek
- Neurologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany; German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Munich, Germany
| | - Vivianna M Van Deerlin
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Murray Grossman
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John Q Trojanowski
- University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Department of Neurology and Penn Frontotemporal Degeneration Center, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Julie van der Zee
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - William Deschamps
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tim Van Langenhove
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Marc Cruts
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Christine Van Broeckhoven
- Neurodegenerative Brain Diseases group, Department of Molecular Genetics, VIB, Antwerp, Belgium; Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Institute Born-Bunge, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Stefano F Cappa
- Neurorehabilitation Unit, Deptartment Of Clinical Neuroscience, Vita-Salute University and San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milan, Italy
| | - Isabelle Le Ber
- Inserm, UMR_S975, CRICM, F-75013; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S975, F-75013; and CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie-Centre de Références des Démences Rares, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Didier Hannequin
- Service de Neurologie, Inserm U1079, CNR-MAJ, Rouen University Hospital, France
| | | | | | - Alexis Brice
- Inserm, UMR_S975, CRICM, F-75013; UPMC Univ Paris 06, UMR_S975, F-75013; and CNRS UMR 7225, F-75013, Paris, France; AP-HP, Hôpital de la Salpêtrière, Département de Neurologie-Centre de Références des Démences Rares, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Benedetta Nacmias
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA) University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Sandro Sorbi
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA) University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Silvia Bagnoli
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA) University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Irene Piaceri
- Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health (NEUROFARBA) University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jørgen E Nielsen
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lena E Hjermind
- Danish Dementia Research Centre, Neurogenetics Clinic, Department of Neurology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Denmark; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Section of Neurogenetics, The Panum Institute, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Matthias Riemenschneider
- Saarland University Hospital, Department for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Manuel Mayhaus
- Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Bernd Ibach
- University Regensburg, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Universitätsstr 84, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gilles Gasparoni
- Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Sabrina Pichler
- Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany
| | - Wei Gu
- Saarland University, Laboratory for Neurogenetics, Kirrberger, Homburg/Saar, Germany; Luxembourg Centre For Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Martin N Rossor
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Nick C Fox
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Jason D Warren
- Dementia Research Centre, Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Maria Grazia Spillantini
- University of Cambridge, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, John Van Geest Brain Repair Centre, Cambridge, UK
| | - Huw R Morris
- MRC Centre for Neuropsychiatric Genetics and Genomics, Cardiff University, School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Patrizia Rizzu
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Peter Heutink
- German Center of Neurodegenerative Diseases-Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Julie S Snowden
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Sara Rollinson
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Anna Richardson
- Salford Royal Foundation Trust, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, UK
| | - Alexander Gerhard
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, The University of Manchester, Withington, Manchester, UK
| | - Amalia C Bruni
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | | | | | - Chiara Cupidi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Livia Bernardi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Maria Anfossi
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | - Maura Gallo
- Regional Neurogenetic Centre, ASPCZ, Lamezia Terme, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosa Rademakers
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Matt Baker
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic Jacksonville, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - David Knopman
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Keith A Josephs
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Bradley F Boeve
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joseph E Parisi
- Department of Pathology, Mayo Clinic Rochester, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - William W Seeley
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Bruce L Miller
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Anna M Karydas
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Howard Rosen
- Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John C van Swieten
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Medical Genetics, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Elise G P Dopper
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harro Seelaar
- Department of Neurology, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Yolande A L Pijnenburg
- Alzheimer Centre and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Philip Scheltens
- Alzheimer Centre and Department of Neurology, VU University Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Logroscino
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the Aldo Moro, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Rosa Capozzo
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs of the Aldo Moro, University of Bari, Italy
| | - Valeria Novelli
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, IRCCS Fondazione S Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
| | - Annibale A Puca
- Cardiovascular Research Unit, IRCCS Multimedica, Milan, Italy; Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi (SA), Italy
| | | | - Alfredo Postiglione
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Graziella Milan
- Geriatric Center Frullone-ASL Napoli 1 Centro, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Huei-Hsin Chiang
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, KI-Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics Unit, Karolinska Universtiy Hospital, Stockholm
| | - Caroline Graff
- Karolinska Institutet, Department NVS, KI-Alzheimer Disease Research Center, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Geriatric Medicine, Genetics Unit, Karolinska Universtiy Hospital, Stockholm
| | | | | | | | | | - Dimitrios Kapogiannis
- Laboratory of Neurosciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Clinical Research Branch, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stuart Pickering-Brown
- Institute of Brain, Behaviour and Mental Health, Faculty of Medical and Human Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Andrew B Singleton
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - John Hardy
- Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, Department of Molecular Neuroscience, UCL Institute of Neurology, London, UK.
| | - Parastoo Momeni
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, Department of Internal Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Science Center, Lubbock, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Jenner P, Morris HR, Robbins TW, Goedert M, Hardy J, Ben-Shlomo Y, Bolam P, Burn D, Hindle JV, Brooks D. Parkinson's disease--the debate on the clinical phenomenology, aetiology, pathology and pathogenesis. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2014; 3:1-11. [PMID: 23938306 PMCID: PMC4078250 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-130175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The definition of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is changing with the expansion of clinical phenomenology and improved understanding of environmental and genetic influences that impact on the pathogenesis of the disease at the cellular and molecular level. This had led to debate and discussion with as yet, no general acceptance of the direction that change should take either at the level of diagnosis or of what should and should not be sheltered under an umbrella of PD. This article is one contribution to this on-going discussion. There are two different themes running through the article - widening the definition of PD/LBD/synucleinopathies and the heterogeneity that exists within PD itself from a clinical, pathological and genetic per-spective. The conclusion reached is that in the future, further diagnostic categories will need to be recognized. These are likely to include - Parkinson’s syndrome, Parkinson’s syndrome likely to be Lewy body PD, clinical PD (defined by QSBB criteria), Lewy body disease (PD, LBD, REM SBD) and synucleinopathies (including LBD, MSA).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Jenner
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Group, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Biomedical Sciences, King's College, London, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
84
|
iPSC-derived neurons from GBA1-associated Parkinson's disease patients show autophagic defects and impaired calcium homeostasis. Nat Commun 2014; 5:4028. [PMID: 24905578 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the acid β-glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) gene, responsible for the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher's disease (GD), are the strongest genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD) known to date. Here we generate induced pluripotent stem cells from subjects with GD and PD harbouring GBA1 mutations, and differentiate them into midbrain dopaminergic neurons followed by enrichment using fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Neurons show a reduction in glucocerebrosidase activity and protein levels, increase in glucosylceramide and α-synuclein levels as well as autophagic and lysosomal defects. Quantitative proteomic profiling reveals an increase of the neuronal calcium-binding protein 2 (NECAB2) in diseased neurons. Mutant neurons show a dysregulation of calcium homeostasis and increased vulnerability to stress responses involving elevation of cytosolic calcium. Importantly, correction of the mutations rescues such pathological phenotypes. These findings provide evidence for a link between GBA1 mutations and complex changes in the autophagic/lysosomal system and intracellular calcium homeostasis, which underlie vulnerability to neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
85
|
Barrett MJ, Shanker VL, Severt WL, Raymond D, Gross SJ, Schreiber-Agus N, Kornreich R, Ozelius LJ, Bressman SB, Saunders-Pullman R. Cognitive and Antipsychotic Medication Use in Monoallelic GBA-Related Parkinson Disease. JIMD Rep 2014; 16:31-8. [PMID: 24850235 PMCID: PMC4221612 DOI: 10.1007/8904_2014_315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 03/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in glucosidase, beta, acid (GBA) are associated with cognitive impairment in Parkinson disease (PD) as well as dementia with Lewy bodies. For both of these diseases, dementia and hallucinations are typically treated with cholinesterase inhibitors and antipsychotics. However, in some lysosomal storage disorders certain antipsychotic medications are poorly tolerated. This study examined cholinesterase inhibitor and antipsychotic use in monoallelic GBA-related PD to explore potential pharmacogenetic relationships. Monoallelic GBA mutation carriers with PD (GBA-PD) with at least two clinic visits (n = 34) were matched for age-of-onset and gender to GBA and leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) mutation negative idiopathic PD subjects (IPD) (n = 60). Information regarding cholinesterase inhibitor and antipsychotic use as well as impaired cognition (UPDRS Mentation >1) and hallucinations (UPDRS Thought Disorder >1) were obtained. GBA-PD more frequently reported hallucinations (HR = 5.0; p = 0.01) and they were more likely to have cognitive impairment but this was not statistically significant (HR 2.2, p = 0.07). Antipsychotic use was not significantly different between GBA-PD and IPD (HR = 1.9; p = 0.28), but GBA-PD were more likely to have sustained cholinesterase inhibitor use (HR = 3.1; p = 0.008), even after adjustment for cognition and hallucinations. Consistent with reports of worse cognition, GBA-PD patients are more likely to use cholinesterase inhibitors compared to IPD. While there was no difference in antipsychotic use between IPD and GBA-PD, persistent use of quetiapine in GBA-PD suggests that it is tolerated and that a significant interaction is unlikely. Further prospective study in larger samples with more extensive cognitive assessment is warranted to better understand pharmacogenetic relationships in GBA-PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M J Barrett
- Department of Neurology, University of Virginia, 800394, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA,
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that misfolding of a mutant protein followed by its aggregation or premature degradation in the endoplasmic reticulum is one of the main mechanisms that underlie inherited neurodegenerative diseases, including lysosomal storage diseases. Chemical or pharmacological chaperones are small molecules that bind to and stabilize mutant lysosomal enzyme proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum. A number of chaperone compounds for lysosomal hydrolases have been identified in the last decade. They have gained attention because they can be orally administrated, and also because they can penetrate the blood-brain barrier. In this article, we describe two chaperone candidates for the treatment of GM1-gangliosidosis. We also discuss the future direction of this strategy targeting other lysosomal storage diseases as well as protein misfolding diseases in general.
Collapse
|
87
|
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aimed to determine if the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is able to alter peripheral and central redox capabilities in patients with Parkinson disease (PD) or Gaucher disease (GD). METHODS The study included nondemented adult subjects: 3 with PD, 3 with GD, and 3 healthy controls. Baseline brain glutathione (GSH) concentrations were measured using 7-T magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS). Baseline blood reduced-to-oxidized GSH ratios were determined for each subject. Brain GSH concentrations and blood redox ratios were then determined during and at specified time points after a single, 150-mg/kg NAC infusion. RESULTS N-acetylcysteine increased blood GSH redox ratios in those with PD and GD and healthy controls, which was followed by an increase in brain GSH concentrations in all subjects. CONCLUSIONS This is the first demonstration that with MRS, it is possible to directly measure and monitor increases in brain GSH levels in the human brain in response to a single, intravenous administration of NAC. This work shows the potential utility of MRS monitoring, which could assist in determining dosing regimens for clinical trials of this potentially useful antioxidant therapy for PD disease, GD, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|
88
|
Siebert M, Sidransky E, Westbroek W. Glucocerebrosidase is shaking up the synucleinopathies. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:1304-22. [PMID: 24531622 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal enzyme glucocerebrosidase, encoded by the glucocerebrosidase gene, is involved in the breakdown of glucocerebroside into glucose and ceramide. Lysosomal build-up of the substrate glucocerebroside occurs in cells of the reticulo-endothelial system in patients with Gaucher disease, a rare lysosomal storage disorder caused by the recessively inherited deficiency of glucocerebrosidase. Gaucher disease has a broad clinical phenotypic spectrum, divided into non-neuronopathic and neuronopathic forms. Like many monogenic diseases, the correlation between clinical manifestations and molecular genotype is not straightforward. There is now a well-established clinical association between mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene and the development of more prevalent multifactorial disorders including Parkinson's disease and other synucleinopathies. In this review we discuss recent studies advancing our understanding of the cellular relationship between glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein, the potential impact of established and emerging therapeutics for Gaucher disease for the treatment of the synucleinopathies, and the role of lysosomal pathways in the pathogenesis of these neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marina Siebert
- 1 Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 35 Room 1A213, 35 Convent Drive, MSC 3708, Bethesda, MD 20892-3708, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Fujita KA, Ostaszewski M, Matsuoka Y, Ghosh S, Glaab E, Trefois C, Crespo I, Perumal TM, Jurkowski W, Antony PMA, Diederich N, Buttini M, Kodama A, Satagopam VP, Eifes S, del Sol A, Schneider R, Kitano H, Balling R. Integrating pathways of Parkinson's disease in a molecular interaction map. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 49:88-102. [PMID: 23832570 PMCID: PMC4153395 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8489-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a major neurodegenerative chronic disease, most likely caused by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Information on various aspects of PD pathogenesis is rapidly increasing and needs to be efficiently organized, so that the resulting data is available for exploration and analysis. Here we introduce a computationally tractable, comprehensive molecular interaction map of PD. This map integrates pathways implicated in PD pathogenesis such as synaptic and mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired protein degradation, alpha-synuclein pathobiology and neuroinflammation. We also present bioinformatics tools for the analysis, enrichment and annotation of the map, allowing the research community to open new avenues in PD research. The PD map is accessible at http://minerva.uni.lu/pd_map .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Marek Ostaszewski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Integrated Biobank of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | | | - Samik Ghosh
- The Systems Biology Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Enrico Glaab
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Christophe Trefois
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Isaac Crespo
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Thanneer M. Perumal
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Wiktor Jurkowski
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Paul M. A. Antony
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nico Diederich
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Department of Neuroscience, Centre Hospitalier Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Manuel Buttini
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Akihiko Kodama
- Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Venkata P. Satagopam
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Serge Eifes
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Antonio del Sol
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Reinhard Schneider
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
- Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hiroaki Kitano
- The Systems Biology Institute, Minato-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- Division of Systems Biology, Cancer Institute, Tokyo, Japan
- Open Biology Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Kunigami, Okinawa Japan
| | - Rudi Balling
- Luxembourg Centre for Systems Biomedicine (LCSB), University of Luxembourg, 7, Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Murphy KE, Gysbers AM, Abbott SK, Tayebi N, Kim WS, Sidransky E, Cooper A, Garner B, Halliday GM. Reduced glucocerebrosidase is associated with increased α-synuclein in sporadic Parkinson's disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 137:834-48. [PMID: 24477431 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous mutations in GBA1, the gene encoding lysosomal glucocerebrosidase, are the most frequent known genetic risk factor for Parkinson's disease. Reduced glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein accumulation are directly related in cell models of Parkinson's disease. We investigated relationships between Parkinson's disease-specific glucocerebrosidase deficits, glucocerebrosidase-related pathways, and α-synuclein levels in brain tissue from subjects with sporadic Parkinson's disease without GBA1 mutations. Brain regions with and without a Parkinson's disease-related increase in α-synuclein levels were assessed in autopsy samples from subjects with sporadic Parkinson's disease (n = 19) and age- and post-mortem delay-matched controls (n = 10). Levels of glucocerebrosidase, α-synuclein and related lysosomal and autophagic proteins were assessed by western blotting. Glucocerebrosidase enzyme activity was measured using a fluorimetric assay, and glucocerebrosidase and α-synuclein messenger RNA expression determined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Related sphingolipids were analysed by mass spectrometry. Multivariate statistical analyses were performed to identify differences between disease groups and regions, with non-parametric correlations used to identify relationships between variables. Glucocerebrosidase protein levels and enzyme activity were selectively reduced in the early stages of Parkinson's disease in regions with increased α-synuclein levels although limited inclusion formation, whereas GBA1 messenger RNA expression was non-selectively reduced in Parkinson's disease. The selective loss of lysosomal glucocerebrosidase was directly related to reduced lysosomal chaperone-mediated autophagy, increased α-synuclein and decreased ceramide. Glucocerebrosidase deficits in sporadic Parkinson's disease are related to the abnormal accumulation of α-synuclein and are associated with substantial alterations in lysosomal chaperone-mediated autophagy pathways and lipid metabolism. Our data suggest that the early selective Parkinson's disease changes are likely a result of the redistribution of cellular membrane proteins leading to a chronic reduction in lysosome function in brain regions vulnerable to Parkinson's disease pathology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen E Murphy
- 1 Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Yap TL, Gruschus JM, Velayati A, Sidransky E, Lee JC. Saposin C protects glucocerebrosidase against α-synuclein inhibition. Biochemistry 2013; 52:7161-3. [PMID: 24070323 PMCID: PMC3833811 DOI: 10.1021/bi401191v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in GBA1, the gene for glucocerebrosidase (GCase), are genetic risk factors for Parkinson disease (PD). α-Synuclein (α-Syn), a protein implicated in PD, interacts with GCase and efficiently inhibits enzyme activity. GCase deficiency causes the lysosomal storage disorder Gaucher disease (GD). We show that saposin C (Sap C), a protein vital for GCase activity in vivo, protects GCase against α-syn inhibition. Using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, site-specific fluorescence, and Förster energy transfer probes, Sap C was observed to displace α-syn from GCase in solution and on lipid vesicles. Our results suggest that Sap C might play a crucial role in GD-related PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thai Leong Yap
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - James M. Gruschus
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Arash Velayati
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Section on Molecular Neurogenetics, Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jennifer C. Lee
- Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biophysics Center, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Abstract
Gaucher disease is a progressive lysosomal storage disorder caused by a deficiency in the activity of β-glucocerebrosidase and is characterized by the accumulation of the glycosphingolipid glucosylceramide in the lysosomes of macrophages that leads to dysfunction in multiple organ system. An emerging strategy for the treatment of Gaucher disease is pharmacological chaperone therapy, based on the use of β-glucocerebrosidase inhibitors that are capable of enhancing residual hydrolytic activity at subinhibitory concentrations. In this article, the most common lysosomal storage disorder, Gaucher disease, is introduced and the current therapeutic strategies based on the use of enzyme inhibitors to ameliorate this disease are discussed, with a focus on the efforts being made toward finding and optimizing novel molecules as pharmacological chaperones for Gaucher disease that offer the promise to remedy this malady.
Collapse
|
93
|
Chahine LM, Qiang J, Ashbridge E, Minger J, Yearout D, Horn S, Colcher A, Hurtig HI, Lee VMY, Van Deerlin VM, Leverenz JB, Siderowf AD, Trojanowski JQ, Zabetian CP, Chen-Plotkin A. Clinical and biochemical differences in patients having Parkinson disease with vs without GBA mutations. JAMA Neurol 2013; 70:852-8. [PMID: 23699752 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Biochemical abnormalities present in GBA (mut/wt) carriers may offer new pathogenetic insights to and potential therapeutic targets in Parkinson disease (PD). OBJECTIVE To determine whether patients having PD with vs without GBA mutations differ in clinical phenotype or plasma protein expression. DESIGN AND SETTING Case-control study of patients having PD with vs without GBA mutations. Clinical characteristics were compared between groups, and biochemical profiling of 40 plasma proteins was performed to identify proteins that differed in expression between groups. PARTICIPANTS The discovery cohort included 20 patients having PD with GBA mutations. Clinical characteristics of GBA-associated PD cases were compared with those of 242 patients having PD in whom GBA mutations were excluded by full gene sequencing. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Biochemical profiling was available for all 20 GBA-associated PD cases, as well as a subset (87 of 242) of the GBA-negative PD cases. The replication cohort included 19 patients having PD with GBA mutations and 41 patients having PD without GBA mutations. RESULTS Compared with patients having PD without GBA mutations, patients having PD with GBA mutations were younger at disease onset (P = .04) and were more likely to demonstrate cognitive dysfunction (P = .001). In a multiple regression model that included age, sex, and assay batch as covariates, GBA mutation status was significantly associated with plasma levels of interleukin 8 (P = .001), monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (P = .008), and macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (P = .005). The association between interleukin 8 and GBA mutation status was replicated (P = .03) in a separate cohort of patients having PD with vs without GBA mutations. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Patients having PD with GBA mutations have earlier age at disease onset and are more likely to demonstrate cognitive dysfunction. Monocyte-associated inflammatory mediators may be elevated in patients having PD with GBA mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lama M Chahine
- Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia 19104, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
94
|
Nixon RA. The role of autophagy in neurodegenerative disease. Nat Med 2013; 19:983-97. [PMID: 23921753 DOI: 10.1038/nm.3232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1447] [Impact Index Per Article: 131.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a lysosomal degradative process used to recycle obsolete cellular constituents and eliminate damaged organelles and protein aggregates. These substrates reach lysosomes by several distinct mechanisms, including delivery within endosomes as well as autophagosomes. Completion of digestion involves dynamic interactions among compartments of the autophagic and endocytic pathways. Neurons are particularly vulnerable to disruptions of these interactions, especially as the brain ages. Not surprisingly, mutations of genes regulating autophagy cause neurodegenerative diseases across the age spectrum with exceptional frequency. In late-onset disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and familial Parkinson's disease, defects arise at different stages of the autophagy pathway and have different implications for pathogenesis and therapy. This Review provides an overview of the role of autophagy in neurodegenerative disease, focusing particularly on less frequently considered lysosomal clearance mechanisms and their considerable impact on disease. Various therapeutic strategies for modulating specific stages of autophagy and the current state of drug development for this purpose are also evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ralph A Nixon
- Center for Dementia Research, Nathan S. Kline Institute, Orangeburg, New York, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Osellame LD, Rahim AA, Hargreaves IP, Gegg ME, Richard-Londt A, Brandner S, Waddington SN, Schapira AHV, Duchen MR. Mitochondria and quality control defects in a mouse model of Gaucher disease--links to Parkinson's disease. Cell Metab 2013; 17:941-953. [PMID: 23707074 PMCID: PMC3678026 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the glucocerebrosidase (gba) gene cause Gaucher disease (GD), the most common lysosomal storage disorder, and increase susceptibility to Parkinson's disease (PD). While the clinical and pathological features of idiopathic PD and PD related to gba (PD-GBA) mutations are very similar, cellular mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration in each are unclear. Using a mouse model of neuronopathic GD, we show that autophagic machinery and proteasomal machinery are defective in neurons and astrocytes lacking gba. Markers of neurodegeneration--p62/SQSTM1, ubiquitinated proteins, and insoluble α-synuclein--accumulate. Mitochondria were dysfunctional and fragmented, with impaired respiration, reduced respiratory chain complex activities, and a decreased potential maintained by reversal of the ATP synthase. Thus a primary lysosomal defect causes accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria as a result of impaired autophagy and dysfunctional proteasomal pathways. These data provide conclusive evidence for mitochondrial dysfunction in GD and provide insight into the pathogenesis of PD and PD-GBA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D Osellame
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ahad A Rahim
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Iain P Hargreaves
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Matthew E Gegg
- UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Angela Richard-Londt
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Sebastian Brandner
- Division of Neuropathology and Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Simon N Waddington
- Gene Transfer Technology Group, Institute for Women's Health, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; School of Pathology, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Anthony H V Schapira
- UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; Department of Clinical Neurosciences, UCL Institute of Neurology, Royal Free Campus, London NW3 2PF, UK
| | - Michael R Duchen
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK; UCL Consortium for Mitochondrial Research, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
96
|
Nalls MA, Duran R, Lopez G, Kurzawa-Akanbi M, McKeith IG, Chinnery PF, Morris CM, Theuns J, Crosiers D, Cras P, Engelborghs S, De Deyn PP, Van Broeckhoven C, Mann DMA, Snowden J, Pickering-Brown S, Halliwell N, Davidson Y, Gibbons L, Harris J, Sheerin UM, Bras J, Hardy J, Clark L, Marder K, Honig LS, Berg D, Maetzler W, Brockmann K, Gasser T, Novellino F, Quattrone A, Annesi G, De Marco EV, Rogaeva E, Masellis M, Black SE, Bilbao JM, Foroud T, Ghetti B, Nichols WC, Pankratz N, Halliday G, Lesage S, Klebe S, Durr A, Duyckaerts C, Brice A, Giasson BI, Trojanowski JQ, Hurtig HI, Tayebi N, Landazabal C, Knight MA, Keller M, Singleton AB, Wolfsberg TG, Sidransky E. A multicenter study of glucocerebrosidase mutations in dementia with Lewy bodies. JAMA Neurol 2013; 70:727-35. [PMID: 23588557 PMCID: PMC3841974 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.1925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 312] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE While mutations in glucocerebrosidase (GBA1) are associated with an increased risk for Parkinson disease (PD), it is important to establish whether such mutations are also a common risk factor for other Lewy body disorders. OBJECTIVE To establish whether GBA1 mutations are a risk factor for dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). DESIGN We compared genotype data on patients and controls from 11 centers. Data concerning demographics, age at onset, disease duration, and clinical and pathological features were collected when available. We conducted pooled analyses using logistic regression to investigate GBA1 mutation carrier status as predicting DLB or PD with dementia status, using common control subjects as a reference group. Random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to account for additional heterogeneity. SETTING Eleven centers from sites around the world performing genotyping. PARTICIPANTS Seven hundred twenty-one cases met diagnostic criteria for DLB and 151 had PD with dementia. We compared these cases with 1962 controls from the same centers matched for age, sex, and ethnicity. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Frequency of GBA1 mutations in cases and controls. RESULTS We found a significant association between GBA1 mutation carrier status and DLB, with an odds ratio of 8.28 (95% CI, 4.78-14.88). The odds ratio for PD with dementia was 6.48 (95% CI, 2.53-15.37). The mean age at diagnosis of DLB was earlier in GBA1 mutation carriers than in noncarriers (63.5 vs 68.9 years; P < .001), with higher disease severity scores. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Mutations in GBA1 are a significant risk factor for DLB. GBA1 mutations likely play an even larger role in the genetic etiology of DLB than in PD, providing insight into the role of glucocerebrosidase in Lewy body disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Nalls
- Laboratory of Neurogenetics, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
97
|
Barrett MJ, Giraldo P, Capablo JL, Alfonso P, Irun P, Garcia-Rodriguez B, Pocovi M, Pastores GM. Greater risk of parkinsonism associated with non-N370S GBA1 mutations. J Inherit Metab Dis 2013; 36:575-80. [PMID: 22968580 PMCID: PMC4102607 DOI: 10.1007/s10545-012-9527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2012] [Revised: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Mutations in β-glucosidase (GBA1) are the most common genetic risk factor for Parkinson disease (PD). There is evidence to suggest that PD risk is greater (1) in GBA1 heterozygotes with non-N370S GBA1 mutations compared to N370S mutations and (2) in GD type 1 (GD1) patients compared to GBA1 heterozygotes. This study aimed to determine the comparative risk of parkinsonism in individuals who are affected or carriers of Gaucher disease (GD) and to ascertain the influence of different GBA1 mutations on risk/clinical expression. We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data assessing the prevalence of parkinsonism in a population of GD1 patients and their heterozygote and non-carrier family members. Two logistic regression models, both employing a family-specific random effect, were used to assess (1) the association between GBA1 mutation (N370S or non-N370S) and parkinsonism among GBA1 heterozygotes and (2) the association between GBA1 genotype and parkinsonism. Parkinsonism was present in 8.6 % of GD1 (7/81), 8.7 % of GBA1 heterozygotes (18/207), and 2.2 % of non-carriers (1/45). For those greater than 60 years old, parkinsonism was present in 38.5 % (5/13) of GD1 (5/13), 15.3 % of GBA1 heterozygotes (13/85), and 7.1 % of non-carriers (1/14). Among GBA1 heterozygotes, non-N370S mutations were associated with a significantly increased risk of parkinsonism compared to N370S (OR = 22.5; p = 0.035; 95%CI: 1.24, 411). In this population, each additional GBA1 mutation was associated with a non-significant two-fold increased risk of parkinsonism. GBA1 heterozygotes with non-N370S mutations associated with Gaucher disease have an increased risk of parkinsonism compared to those with N370S mutations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. J. Barrett
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Medical Center, 10 Union Square East, Suite 5K, New York, NY 10003, USA
| | - P. Giraldo
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
- Translational Research Unit, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - J. L. Capablo
- Neurology Department, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P. Alfonso
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
- Translational Research Unit, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - P. Irun
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Zaragoza, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
| | - B. Garcia-Rodriguez
- Translational Research Unit, Miguel Servet University Hospital, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - M. Pocovi
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Aragón (IIS), Zaragoza, Spain
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular y Celular, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - G. M. Pastores
- Department of Neurology, Neurogenetics Unit, NYU Langone Medical Center, New York, NY 10016, USA
| |
Collapse
|
98
|
Kalinderi K, Bostantjopoulou S, Katsarou Z, Fidani L. Association study of rs6812193 polymorphism with Parkinson's disease in a Greek population. Neurosci Lett 2013; 541:190-2. [PMID: 23473716 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.02.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2012] [Revised: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In a recent web based genome-wide association study (GWA) the rs6812193 polymorphism was identified as a new risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of our study was to examine the association of the rs6812193 polymorphism with Parkinson's disease (PD) in case-control association study of Greek individuals. We studied a total of 343 individuals, 210 Greek patients with sporadic PD and 133 control subjects, using a polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) method. We found no differences in genotype or allele frequencies between PD patients and controls (P=0.795 and P=0.892, respectively), suggesting that the rs6812193 polymorphism does not increase susceptibility to PD in the Greek population. Additional studies further investigating the association of the rs6812193 polymorphism with PD are needed in order to clarify the role of this polymorphism in different ethnicities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kallirhoe Kalinderi
- Department of General Biology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Winder-Rhodes SE, Evans JR, Ban M, Mason SL, Williams-Gray CH, Foltynie T, Duran R, Mencacci NE, Sawcer SJ, Barker RA. Glucocerebrosidase mutations influence the natural history of Parkinson's disease in a community-based incident cohort. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:392-9. [PMID: 23413260 DOI: 10.1093/brain/aws318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Carriers of mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA) are at increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease. The frequency of GBA mutations in unselected Parkinson's disease populations has not been established. Furthermore, no previous studies have investigated the influence of GBA mutations on the natural history of Parkinson's disease using prospective follow-up. We studied DNA from 262 cases who had been recruited at diagnosis into one of two independent community-based incidence studies of Parkinson's disease. In 121 cases, longitudinal data regarding progression of motor disability and cognitive function were derived from follow-up assessments conducted every 18 months for a median of 71 months. Sequencing of the GBA was performed after two-stage polymerase chain reaction amplification. The carrier frequency of genetic variants in GBA was determined. Baseline demographic and clinical variables were compared between cases who were either GBA mutation carriers, polymorphism carriers or wild-type homozygotes. Cox regression analysis was used to model progression to major motor (Hoehn and Yahr stage 3), and cognitive (dementia) end-points in cases followed longitudinally. We show that in a representative, unselected UK Parkinson's disease population, GBA mutations are present at a frequency of 3.5%. This is higher than the prevalence of other genetic mutations currently associated with Parkinson's disease and indicates that GBA mutations make an important contribution to Parkinson's disease encountered in the community setting. Baseline clinical characteristics did not differ significantly between cases with and without GBA sequence variants. However, the hazard ratio for progression both to dementia (5.7, P = 0.003) and Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 (4.2, P = 0.003) were significantly greater in GBA mutation carriers. We also show that carriers of polymorphisms in GBA which are not generally considered to increase Parkinson's disease risk are at significantly increased risk of progression to Hoehn and Yahr stage 3 (3.2, P = 0.004). Our results indicate that genetic variation in GBA has an important impact on the natural history of Parkinson's disease. To our knowledge, this is the first time a genetic locus has been shown to influence motor progression in Parkinson's disease. If confirmed in further studies, this may indicate that GBA mutation status could be used as a prognostic marker in Parkinson's disease. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that underlie this effect will further our understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease and may in turn suggest novel therapeutic strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie E Winder-Rhodes
- Cambridge Centre for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Forvie Site, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Abstract
Clinical diagnosis of Parkinson disease (PD) is difficult in early stages of disease, with high risk of misdiagnosis. The long preclinical phase of PD provides the possibility for early therapeutic intervention once disease-modifying therapies have been developed, but lack of biomarkers for early diagnosis and monitoring of disease progression represents a major obstacle to achievement of this goal. Accordingly, research efforts aimed at identification of novel biomarkers have been increasing in the past 5 years. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is an accessible source of brain-derived proteins, which mirror molecular changes that take place in the CNS. In this Review, we discuss evidence from numerous studies that have focused on identification of candidate CSF biomarkers for PD. Notably, molecular pathways related to α-synuclein, tau and β-amyloid peptides have received considerable attention. CSF levels of the protein DJ-1 are also of interest, although further investigation of this candidate marker is required. These studies support the usefulness of a combination of various CSF biomarkers of PD to increase diagnostic accuracy during early phases of the disease, and to differentiate PD from other neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
|