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Wang Y, Liu Q, Xu Y, Zhang Y, Lv Y, Tan Y, Jiang N, Cao G, Ma X, Wang J, Cao Z, Yu B, Kou J. Ginsenoside Rg1 Protects against Oxidative Stress-induced Neuronal Apoptosis through Myosin IIA-actin Related Cytoskeletal Reorganization. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:1341-1356. [PMID: 27877086 PMCID: PMC5118780 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.15992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced cytoskeletal dysfunction of neurons has been implicated as a crucial cause of cell apoptosis or death in the central nervous system (CNS) diseases, such as neurodegenerative and psychiatric diseases. The application of neuroprotectants rescuing the neurons from cytoskeletal damage and apoptosis can be a potential treatment for these CNS diseases. Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1), one of the major active components of ginseng, has been reported possessing notable neuroprotective activities. However, there is rare report about its effect on cytoskeleton and its undergoing mechanism. The current study is to reveal the regulatory effects of Rg1 on cytoskeletal and morphological lesion in oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis. The results demonstrated that pre-treatment with Rg1 (0.1-10 μM) attenuated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress through reducing the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and methane dicarboxylic aldehyde (MDA) level. The Rg1 treatment also abolished H2O2-induced morphological changes, including cell rounding, membrane blebbing, neurite retraction and nuclei condensation, which were generated by myosin IIA-actin interaction. These effects were mediated via the down-regulation of caspase-3, ROCK1 (Rho-associated kinase1) activation and myosin light chain (MLC, Ser-19) phosphorylation. Furthermore, inhibiting myosin II activity with blebbistatin partly blocked the neuroprotective effects of Rg1. The computer-aided homology modelling revealed that Rg1 preferentially positioned in the actin binding cleft of myosin IIA and might block the binding of myosin IIA to actin filaments. Accordingly, the neuroprotective mechanism of Rg1 is related to the activity that inhibits myosin IIA-actin interaction and the caspase-3/ROCK1/MLC signaling pathway. These findings put some insights into the unique neuroprotective properties of Rg1 associated with the regulation of myosin IIA-actin cytoskeletal structure under oxidative stress and provide experimental evidence for Rg1 in CNS diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Neurology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 305 East Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210002, China.; School of Dentistry, Cardiff Institute of Tissue Engineering and Repair, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF14 4XY, UK
| | - Yingqiong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Yanni Lv
- Pharmacy Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, 17 Yongwai Street, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yisha Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Guosheng Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Center, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Jingrong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Boyang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
| | - Junping Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing, 211198, China
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Kezhu W, Pan X, Cong L, Liming D, Beiyue Z, Jingwei L, Yanyan Y, Xinmin L. Effects of Ginsenoside Rg1 on Learning and Memory in a Reward-directed Instrumental Conditioning Task in Chronic Restraint Stressed Rats. Phytother Res 2016; 31:81-89. [DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 09/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wang Kezhu
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Xu Pan
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Lu Cong
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Dong Liming
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Zhang Beiyue
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine; Chaoyang District, Beijing 100029 China
| | - Lu Jingwei
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
| | - Yang Yanyan
- China Astronauts Research and Training Center; Beijing 100094 China
| | - Liu Xinmin
- Research Center for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development; Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College; Beijing China
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Inhibition of HSP90 Promotes Neural Stem Cell Survival from Oxidative Stress through Attenuating NF- κB/p65 Activation. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2016; 2016:3507290. [PMID: 27818721 PMCID: PMC5080492 DOI: 10.1155/2016/3507290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2016] [Revised: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/25/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Stem cell survival after transplantation determines the efficiency of stem cell treatment, which develops as a novel potential therapy for several central nervous system (CNS) diseases in recent decades. The engrafted stem cells face the damage of oxidative stress, inflammation, and immune response at the lesion point in host. Among the damaging pathologies, oxidative stress directs stem cells to apoptosis and even death through several signalling pathways and DNA damage. However, the in-detail mechanism of stem cell survival from oxidative stress has not been revealed clearly. Here, in this study, we used hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to induce the oxidative damage on neural stem cells (NSCs). The damage was in consequence demonstrated involving the activation of heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and NF-κB/p65 signalling pathways. Further application of the pharmacological inhibitors, respectively, targeting at each signalling indicated an upper-stream role of HSP90 upon NF-κB/p65 on NSCs survival. Preinhibition of HSP90 with the specific inhibitor displayed a significant protection on NSCs against oxidative stress. In conclusion, inhibition of HSP90 would attenuate NF-κB/p65 activation by oxidative induction and promote NSCs survival from oxidative damage. The HSP90/NF-κB mechanism provides a new evidence on rescuing NSCs from oxidative stress and also promotes the stem cell application on CNS pathologies.
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Yang H, Li L, Zhou K, Wang Y, Guan T, Chai C, Kou J, Yu B, Yan Y. Shengmai injection attenuates the cerebral ischemia/reperfusion induced autophagy via modulation of the AMPK, mTOR and JNK pathways. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:2288-2297. [PMID: 26983890 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2016.1155625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Shengmai injection (SMI) is a patented Chinese medicine originated from the ancient Chinese herbal compound Shengmai san, which is used extensively for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease in the clinic. Objective To determine the neuroprotective effect of SMI, we investigated the effect of SMI on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in mice as well as the mechanisms underlying this effect. Materials and methods Right middle cerebral artery was occluded by inserting a thread through internal carotid artery for 1 h, and then reperfused for 24 h in mice. The neuroprotective effects were determined using transmission electron microscopic examination, the evaluation of infarct volume, neurological deficits and water brain content. Related mechanisms were evaluated by immunofluorescence staining and western blotting. SMI was injected intraperitoneally after 1 h of ischemia at doses of 1.42, 2.84 and 5.68 g/kg. The control group received saline as the SMI vehicle. Results Results showed that SMI (1.42, 2.84 and 5.68 g/kg) could significantly reduce the infarct volume, SMI (5.68 g/kg) could also significantly improve the neurological deficits, decreased brain water content, as well as the neuronal morphological changes. SMI (5.68g/kg) could significantly inhibit the expression of autophagy-related proteins: Beclin1 and LC3. It also reduced the increase in LC3-positive cells. SMI (5.68 g/kg) remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate activated protein kinase (AMPK), and down-regulated the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) after 24 h of reperfusion. Discussion and conclusion The results indicate that SMI provides remarkable protection against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, which may be partly due to the inhibition of autophagy and related signalling pathways.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Animals
- Autophagy/drug effects
- Beclin-1/metabolism
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/enzymology
- Brain/physiopathology
- Brain/ultrastructure
- Brain Edema/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Drug Combinations
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/administration & dosage
- Enzyme Activation
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/enzymology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/pathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/physiopathology
- Infarction, Middle Cerebral Artery/prevention & control
- Injections, Intraperitoneal
- JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism
- Neuroprotective Agents/administration & dosage
- Phosphorylation
- Phytotherapy
- Plants, Medicinal
- Reperfusion Injury/enzymology
- Reperfusion Injury/pathology
- Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology
- Reperfusion Injury/prevention & control
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- TOR Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Haopeng Yang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Long Li
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Kecheng Zhou
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Yuqing Wang
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Teng Guan
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Chengzhi Chai
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Junping Kou
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Boyang Yu
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
| | - Yongqing Yan
- a Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM , China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing , PR China
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CAO GS, LI SX, WANG Y, XU YQ, LV YN, KOU JP, YU BY. A combination of four effective components derived from Sheng-mai san attenuates hydrogen peroxide-induced injury in PC12 cells through inhibiting Akt and MAPK signaling pathways. Chin J Nat Med 2016; 14:508-17. [DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(16)30060-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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56
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Wu Y, Sun J, George J, Ye H, Cui Z, Li Z, Liu Q, Zhang Y, Ge D, Liu Y. Study of neuroprotective function of Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb761) derived-flavonoid monomers using a three-dimensional stem cell-derived neural model. Biotechnol Prog 2016; 32:735-44. [PMID: 26919031 DOI: 10.1002/btpr.2255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2015] [Revised: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro three-dimensional (3D) cell culture system that can mimic organ and tissue structure and function in vivo will be of great benefit for drug discovery and toxicity testing. In this study, the neuroprotective properties of the three most prevalent flavonoid monomers extracted from EGb 761 (isorharmnetin, kaempferol, and quercetin) were investigated using the developed 3D stem cell-derived neural co-culture model. Rat neural stem cells were differentiated into co-culture of both neurons and astrocytes at an equal ratio in the developed 3D model and standard two-dimensional (2D) model using a two-step differentiation protocol for 14 days. The level of neuroprotective effect offered by each flavonoid was found to be aligned with its effect as an antioxidant and its ability to inhibit Caspase-3 activity in a dose-dependent manner. Cell exposure to quercetin (100 µM) following oxidative insult provided the highest levels of neuroprotection in both 2D and 3D models, comparable with exposure to 100 µM of Vitamin E, whilst exposure to isorhamnetin and kaempferol provided a reduced level of neuroprotection in both 2D and 3D models. At lower dosages (10 µM flavonoid concentration), the 3D model was more representative of results previously reported in vivo. The co-cultures of stem cell derived neurons and astrocytes in 3D hydrogel scaffolds as an in vitro neural model closely replicates in vivo results for routine neural drug toxicity and efficacy testing. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Biotechnol. Prog., 32:735-744, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueting Wu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.,Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Jiachen Sun
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 300193, China.,Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Julian George
- Inst. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Hua Ye
- Inst. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Zhanfeng Cui
- Inst. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Zhaohui Li
- Inst. of Biomedical Engineering, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, U.K
| | - Qingxi Liu
- Tianjin Weikai Bioeng Ltd., Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Yaozhou Zhang
- Tianjin International Joint Academy of Biomedicine, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | - Dan Ge
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Dalian R&D Center for Stem Cell and Tissue Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, 116024, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, 116011, China
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Kim H, Jang M, Kim Y, Choi J, Jeon J, Kim J, Hwang YI, Kang JS, Lee WJ. Red ginseng and vitamin C increase immune cell activity and decrease lung inflammation induced by influenza A virus/H1N1 infection. J Pharm Pharmacol 2016; 68:406-20. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Because red ginseng and vitamin C have immunomodulatory function and anti-viral effect, we investigated whether red ginseng and vitamin C synergistically regulate immune cell function and suppress viral infection.
Methods
Red ginseng and vitamin C were treated to human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) or sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV)-infected BCBL-1, and administrated to Gulo(−/−) mice, which are incapable of synthesizing vitamin C, with or without influenza A virus/H1N1 infection.
Key findings
Red ginseng and vitamin C increased the expression of CD25 and CD69 of PBMCs and natural killer (NK) cells. Co-treatment of them decreased cell viability and lytic gene expression in BCBL-1. In Gulo(−/−) mice, red ginseng and vitamin C increased the expression of NKp46, a natural cytotoxic receptor of NK cells and interferon (IFN)-γ production. Influenza infection decreased the survival rate, and increased inflammation and viral plaque accumulation in the lungs of vitamin C-depleted Gulo(−/−) mice, which were remarkably reduced by red ginseng and vitamin C supplementation.
Conclusions
Administration of red ginseng and vitamin C enhanced the activation of immune cells like T and NK cells, and repressed the progress of viral lytic cycle. It also reduced lung inflammation caused by viral infection, which consequently increased the survival rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyemin Kim
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mirim Jang
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yejin Kim
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jiyea Choi
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jane Jeon
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jihoon Kim
- Department of Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-il Hwang
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seung Kang
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
- Institute of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Seoul National University Medical Research Center, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wang Jae Lee
- Laboratory of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Immunology, Department of Anatomy, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Wu J, Yang H, Zhao Q, Zhang X, Lou Y. Ginsenoside Rg1 exerts a protective effect against Aβ₂₅₋₃₅-induced toxicity in primary cultured rat cortical neurons through the NF-κB/NO pathway. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:781-8. [PMID: 26865401 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) is a multipotent triterpene saponin extracted from ginseng, and has been proven to act as a nootropic agent against various types of neurological damage. The present study was designed to investigate the neuroprotective effect and the underlying mechanisms of Rg1 on apoptosis induced by β-amyloid peptide 25-35 (Aβ25-35) in primary cultured cortical neurons. The primary neurons were preincubated with 20 µM Rg1 for 24 h and exposed to 10 µM Aβ25-35 for 72 h. In the present study, we found that Rg1 prevented nuclear factor κ-light-chain‑enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) nuclear translocation and IκB-α phosphorylation in primary cultured cortical neurons after Aβ25-35 exposure by scavenging excess reactive oxygen species (ROS); ROS was measured using DCFDA and examined using a fluorescence microscope. In addition, Rg1 successfully suppressed Aβ25‑35-inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and nitric oxide (NO) production in a NF-κB-dependent manner; the suppression of NO was clearly illustrated by the NO production assay. Pretreatment of the cells with Rg1 elevated the proportion of Bcl-2/Bax, lessened the release of cytochrome c from mitochondria into cytoplasm and then blocked mitochondrial apoptotic cascades after Aβ25-35 insult by lowering NO generation. Taken together, our data demonstrate that Rg1 rescues primary cultured cortical neurons from Aβ25-35-induced cell apoptosis through the downregulation of the NF-κB/NO signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Hongyu Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Qingwei Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Xingguo Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Yijia Lou
- Division of Cardio-Cerebral Vascular and Hepatic Pharmacology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, P.R. China
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Quan QK, Li X, Yuan HF, Wang Y, Liu WL. Ginsenoside Rg1 inhibits high-voltage-activated calcium channel currents in hippocampal neurons of beta-amyloid peptide-exposed rat brain slices. Chin J Integr Med 2016:10.1007/s11655-015-2301-4. [PMID: 26779710 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-2301-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine whether ginsenoside Rg1 (Rg1) inhibits the high-voltage-activated calcium currents (ICa,HVA) via mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) in hippocampal neurons in rat brain slices exposed to beta-amyloid peptide 25-35 (Aβ25-35). METHODS An experimental Alzheimer disease (AD) model was prepared by exposure of rat brain slices to Aβ25-35 (10 µmol/L). After treatment with Rg1 (20 µmol/L), the ICa,HVA elicited in hippocampal neurons in these rat brain slices upon depolarization from-40 to 40 mV for 200 ms was recorded by a whole-cell patch clamp to analyze the changes in the peak current density, I-V curve, activation-V curve, and inactivation-V curve. RESULTS Exposure of rat brain slices to Aβ led to a significant increase in ICa,HVA, enhancement of the voltage sensitivity of channel activation, and reduction of the voltage sensitivity of channel inactivation in neurons in the hippocampus of rat brain slices. Rg1 treatment significantly inhibited these changes. These effects of Rg1 could be effectively inhibited by the MAPK inhibitor PD98059. CONCLUSION Rg1 can inhibit Ica,HVA via MAPK in hippocampal neurons in Aβ-exposed rat brain slices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Kun Quan
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Xi Li
- Department of Geriatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710004, China.
| | - Hai-Feng Yuan
- Department of Encephalopathy, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710004, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Electronic Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Wen-Li Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University College of Medicine, Xi'an, 710061, China
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Chen Y, Xu X, Zhang Y, Liu K, Huang F, Liu B, Kou J. Diosgenin regulates adipokine expression in perivascular adipose tissue and ameliorates endothelial dysfunction via regulation of AMPK. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2016; 155:155-65. [PMID: 26277096 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has been recognized as an active contributor to vascular function due to its paracrine effects on cells contained within vascular wall. The present study was designed to investigate the effect of diosgenin on adipokine expression in PVAT with emphasis on the regulation of endothelial function. Palmitic acid (PA) stimulation induced inflammation and dysregulation of adipokine expression in PVAT. Diosgenin treatment inhibited IKKβ phosphorylation and downregulated mRNA expressions of proinflammatory cytokines/proteins including tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP-1), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), while reduced gene expressions for adiponectin, PPARγ, and arginase 1 (Arg-1) were reversed by diosgenin treatment. Diosgenin enhanced AMPK phosphorylation under basal and inflammatory conditions in PVAT, whereas knockdown of AMPK by SiRNA diminished its modulatory effect, indicating that diosgenin inhibited inflammation in an AMPK-dependent manner. We prepared conditioned medium from PA-stimulated PVAT to induce endothelial dysfunction and found that pre-treatment of PVAT with diosgenin effectively restored the loss of ACh-induced vasodilation and increased eNOS phosphorylation in rat aorta. High-fat diet feeding in rats induced inflammation in PVAT and the impairment of endothelium-dependent vasodilation, whereas these alterations were prevented by oral administration of diosgenin at doses of 20 and 40 mg/kg. In conclusion, the obtained data showed that diosgenin ameliorated inflammation-associated adipokine dysregulation, and thereby prevented endothelial dysfunction. Our findings would shed a novel insight into the potential mechanism by which diosgenin protected endothelial function against inflammatory insult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- National Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Xiaoshan Xu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Kang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Fang Huang
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China
| | - Baolin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology of Chinese Material Medica, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Junping Kou
- National Key Laboratory of Natural Products, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, 639 Longmian Road, Nanjing 211198, China.
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Heng Y, Zhang QS, Mu Z, Hu JF, Yuan YH, Chen NH. Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates motor impairment and neuroinflammation in the MPTP-probenecid-induced parkinsonism mouse model by targeting α-synuclein abnormalities in the substantia nigra. Toxicol Lett 2015; 243:7-21. [PMID: 26723869 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is pathologically characterized by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and the accumulation of aggregated α-synuclein in specific central nervous system (CNS) regions. Disease development is attributed to α-synuclein abnormalities, particularly aggregation and phosphorylation. The ginsenoside Rg1, an active component of ginseng, possesses neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory effects. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate these activities of Rg1 in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)/probenecid (MPTP/p)-induced PD mouse model for the first time and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Oral treatment with Rg1 significantly attenuated the high MPTP-induced mortality, behavior defects, loss of dopamine neurons and abnormal ultrastructure changes in the SNpc. Other assays indicated that the protective effect of Rg1 may be mediated by its anti-neuroinflammatory properties. Rg1 regulated MPTP-induced reactive astrocytes and microglia and decreased the release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the SNpc. Rg1 also alleviated the unusual MPTP-induced increase in oligomeric, phosphorylated and disease-related α-synuclein in the SNpc. In conclusion, Rg1 protects dopaminergic neurons, most likely by reducing aberrant α-synuclein-mediated neuroinflammation, and holds promise for PD therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Heng
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Qiu-Shuang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Zheng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Jin-Feng Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yu-He Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China.
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China; College of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, Hunan 410208, China.
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Zhou TT, Zu G, Wang X, Zhang XG, Li S, Liang ZH, Zhao J. Immunomodulatory and neuroprotective effects of ginsenoside Rg1 in the MPTP(1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) -induced mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 29:334-343. [PMID: 26548343 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1, one of the biologically active ingredients of ginseng, has been considered to be a candidate neuroprotective drug. The objective of the study was to study the protective effects of Rg1 through the peripheral and central inflammation in the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) mouse model. Rg1 treatment protected TH-positive cells in the SNpc region from MPTP toxicity measured with immunofluoresence. The protein expression levels of TH in the SNpc region of MPTP-induced mice following treatment with Rg1 were higher than MPTP-induced mice which were tested with Western blot. The ratio of CD3(+)CD4(+) to CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells and CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+) regulatory T cells in the blood increased in MPTP-induced mice following treatment with Rg1 which were detected by flow cytometry analysis. Moreover, Rg1 reduced the serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-6 which were tested with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In addition, Rg1 inhibited the activation of microglia and reduced the infiltration of CD3(+) T cells into the SNpc region which were measured by immunofluorescence. Our results indicated that Rg1 may represent a promising drug for the treatment of PD via the regulation of the peripheral and central inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Ting Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Guo Zu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Xiao-Gang Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Shao Li
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zhan-Hua Liang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China.
| | - Jie Zhao
- Department of Physiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Shanmuganathan B, Sheeja Malar D, Sathya S, Pandima Devi K. Antiaggregation Potential of Padina gymnospora against the Toxic Alzheimer's Beta-Amyloid Peptide 25-35 and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Property of Its Bioactive Compounds. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141708. [PMID: 26536106 PMCID: PMC4633220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibition of β-amyloid (Aβ) aggregation in the cerebral cortex of the brain is a promising therapeutic and defensive strategy in identification of disease modifying agents for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Since natural products are considered as the current alternative trend for the discovery of AD drugs, the present study aims at the evaluation of anti-amyloidogenic potential of the marine seaweed Padina gymnospora. Prevention of aggregation and disaggregation of the mature fibril formation of Aβ 25–35 by acetone extracts of P. gymnospora (ACTPG) was evaluated in two phases by Thioflavin T assay. The results were further confirmed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic analysis. The results of antiaggregation and disaggregation assay showed that the increase in fluorescence intensity of aggregated Aβ and the co-treatment of ACTPG (250 μg/ml) with Aβ 25–35, an extensive decrease in the fluorescence intensity was observed in both phases, which suggests that ACTPG prevents the oligomers formation and disaggregation of mature fibrils. In addition, ACTPG was subjected to column chromatography and the bioactivity was screened based on the cholinesterase inhibitory activity. Finally, the active fraction was subjected to LC-MS/MS analysis for the identification of bioactive compounds. Overall, the results suggest that the bioactive compound alpha bisabolol present in the alga might be responsible for the observed cholinesterase inhibition with the IC50 value < 10 μg/ml for both AChE and BuChE when compared to standard drug donepezil (IC50 value < 6 μg/ml) and support its use for the treatment of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dicson Sheeja Malar
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University (Science campus), Karaikudi- 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sethuraman Sathya
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University (Science campus), Karaikudi- 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kasi Pandima Devi
- Department of Biotechnology, Alagappa University (Science campus), Karaikudi- 630 004, Tamil Nadu, India
- * E-mail:
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Li F, Lv YN, Tan YS, Shen K, Zhai KF, Chen HL, Kou JP, Yu BY. An integrated pathway interaction network for the combination of four effective compounds from ShengMai preparations in the treatment of cardio-cerebral ischemic diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2015; 36:1337-48. [PMID: 26456587 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2015.70] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM SMXZF (a combination of ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, schizandrin and DT-13) derived from Chinese traditional medicine formula ShengMai preparations) is capable of alleviating cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in mice. In this study we used network pharmacology approach to explore the mechanisms of SMXZF in the treatment of cardio-cerebral ischemic diseases. METHODS Based upon the chemical predictors, such as chemical structure, pharmacological information and systems biology functional data analysis, a target-pathway interaction network was constructed to identify potential pathways and targets of SMXZF in the treatment of cardio-cerebral ischemia. Furthermore, the most related pathways were verified in TNF-α-treated human vascular endothelial EA.hy926 cells and H2O2-treated rat PC12 cells. RESULTS Three signaling pathways including the NF-κB pathway, oxidative stress pathway and cytokine network pathway were demonstrated to be the main signaling pathways. The results from the gene ontology analysis were in accordance with these signaling pathways. The target proteins were found to be associated with other diseases such as vision, renal and metabolic diseases, although they exerted therapeutic actions on cardio-cerebral ischemic diseases. Furthermore, SMXZF not only dose-dependently inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB, p50, p65 and IKKα/β in TNF-α-treated EA.hy926 cells, but also regulated the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway in H2O2-treated PC12 cells. CONCLUSION NF-κB signaling pathway, oxidative stress pathway and cytokine network pathway are mainly responsible for the therapeutic actions of SMXZF against cardio-cerebral ischemic diseases.
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Ganesan P, Ko HM, Kim IS, Choi DK. Recent trends in the development of nanophytobioactive compounds and delivery systems for their possible role in reducing oxidative stress in Parkinson's disease models. Int J Nanomedicine 2015; 10:6757-72. [PMID: 26604750 PMCID: PMC4631432 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s93918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a very critical role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD), which is the second most common neurodegenerative disease among elderly people worldwide. Increasing evidence has suggested that phytobioactive compounds show enhanced benefits in cell and animal models of PD. Curcumin, resveratrol, ginsenosides, quercetin, and catechin are phyto-derived bioactive compounds with important roles in the prevention and treatment of PD. However, in vivo studies suggest that their concentrations are very low to cross blood-brain barrier thereby it limits bioavailability, stability, and dissolution at target sites in the brain. To overcome these problems, nanophytomedicine with the controlled size of 1-100 nm is used to maximize efficiency in the treatment of PD. Nanosizing of phytobioactive compounds enhances the permeability into the brain with maximized efficiency and stability. Several nanodelivery techniques, including solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers, nanoliposomes, and nanoniosomes can be used for controlled delivery of nanobioactive compounds to brain. Nanocompounds, such as ginsenosides (19.9 nm) synthesized using a nanoemulsion technique, showed enhanced bioavailability in the rat brain. Here, we discuss the most recent trends and applications in PD, including 1) the role of phytobioactive compounds in reducing oxidative stress and their bioavailability; 2) the role of nanotechnology in reducing oxidative stress during PD; 3) nanodelivery systems; and 4) various nanophytobioactive compounds and their role in PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Palanivel Ganesan
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Myung Ko
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Department of Applied Life Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Science, Konkuk University, Chungju, Republic of Korea
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Shen K, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Zhou H, Song Y, Cao Z, Kou J, Yu B. Cocktail of Four Active Components Derived from Sheng Mai San Inhibits Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced PC12 Cell Apoptosis Linked with the Caspase-3/ROCK1/MLC Pathway. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 18:517-27. [PMID: 26058543 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2015.1697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SMXZF, a combination of four active components including ginsenoside Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, schizandrin, and DT-13 (6:9:5:4) that is derived from Sheng Mai San, has previously been shown to exhibit a neuroprotective effect against focal ischemia/reperfusion injury. Due to the key role of oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis in the pathogenesis of stroke, we examined the effect of SMXZF in oxidative stress responses and related signaling pathways in differentiated pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. Our results showed that incubation with 100 μM hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 12 hr could reduce cell viability and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity with an increase of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA). In contrast, SMXZF alleviated oxidative stress by reducing the over-production of ROS and MDA in parallel to concentration dependently increasing SOD activity. In addition, SMXZF significantly attenuated H2O2-induced caspase-3 cleavage, Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase-1 (ROCK1) activation, and myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphorylation. Inhibiting either caspase-3 or ROCK1 mimicked the effect. Consequently, our results suggest that SMXZF inhibits H2O2-induced neuronal apoptosis linked with the caspase-3/ROCK1/MLC pathway, which has also been confirmed to be a positive feedback loop in oxidative stress-injured PC12 cells. These findings support the pharmacological potential of SMXZF for neurodegenerative diseases and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Shen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Huana Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Zhengyu Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Junping Kou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Boyang Yu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of TCM Evaluation and Translational Research, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University , Nanjing, P.R. China
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67
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Kwon SH, Hong SI, Ma SX, Lee SY, Jang CG. 3′,4′,7-Trihydroxyflavone prevents apoptotic cell death in neuronal cells from hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 80:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Zhao XE, Zhu S, Yang H, You J, Song F, Liu Z, Liu S. Simultaneous determination of amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitters in PC12 cells and rats models of Parkinson's disease using a sensitizing derivatization reagent by UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 995-996:15-23. [PMID: 26021847 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Multi-analytes simultaneous monitoring of amino acid and monoamine neurotransmitters (NTs) has important scientific significance for their related pathology, physiology and drug screening. In this work, in virtue of a mass spectrometry sensitizing reagent 10-ethyl-acridone-3-sulfonyl chloride (EASC) as derivatization reagent, an Ultra High Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated for simultaneous determination of six amino acid NTs, two monoamine ones and its one metabolite. The simple and rapid derivatization reaction was innovatively combined with plasma preparation by using EASC acetonitrile solution as protein precipitant. This interesting combination brought the advantages of speediness, simpleness and high-throughput in a cost-effective way. Under the optimized conditions, LODs (0.004-3.80nM) and LOQs (0.014-13.3nM) of EASC derivatized-NTs were calculated and found to be significantly lower than those of direct UHPLC-MS/MS detection about 11.5-275.0 and 14.4-371.4 times, respectively. Moreover, EASC derivatization significantly improved chromatographic resolution and matrix effect when compared with direct UPLC-MS/MS detection method without derivatization. Meanwhile, it also brought acceptable precision (3.0-13.0%, peak area CVs%), accuracy (86.4-112.9%), recovery (88.3-107.8%) and stability (3.8-8.5%, peak area CVs%) results. This method was successfully applied for the antiparkinsonian effect evaluation of levodopa and Ginsenoside Rg1 using PC12 cells and rats models by measuring multiple NTs. This provided a new method for the NTs related studies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-En Zhao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, PR China; Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China.
| | - Shuyun Zhu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, PR China
| | - Hongmei Yang
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Jinmao You
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, Shandong, PR China
| | - Fengrui Song
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Liu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China
| | - Shuying Liu
- Changchun Center of Mass Spectrometry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, PR China; Jilin Ginseng Academy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, China.
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Ginsenoside Rg1 protects against transient focal cerebral ischemic injury and suppresses its systemic metabolic changes in cerabral injury rats. Acta Pharm Sin B 2015; 5:277-84. [PMID: 26579457 PMCID: PMC4629230 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2015.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (GR), a major bioactive compound of traditional Chinese medicine, such as Panax ginseng or Radix Notoginseng, has been shown to exert neuroprotective effects against ischemic stroke. However, pharmacokinetic studies have suggested that GR could not be efficiently transported through the blood-brain barrier. The mechanism by which GR attenuates cerebral ischemic injury in vivo remains largely unknown. Therefore, this study explored potential neuro-protective effects of GR through its systemic metabolic regulating mechanism by using mass spectrometry-based metabolomic profiling. Rats with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) were treated with GR intravenously. Their metabolic profiles in serum were measured by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry on 1 and 3 days after MCAO. GR exhibited a potent neuro-protective effect by significantly decreasing the neurological scores and infarct volume in the MCAO rats. Moreover, 18 differential metabolites were tentatively identified, all of which appeared to correlate well with these disease indices. Our findings suggested that GR carries a therapeutic potential in stroke possibly through a feed-back mechanism by regulating systematic metabolic mediation.
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70
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Huang XP, Tan H, Chen BY, Deng CQ. Combination of total Astragalus extract and total Panax notoginseng saponins strengthened the protective effects on brain damage through improving energy metabolism and inhibiting apoptosis after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion in mice. Chin J Integr Med 2015; 23:445-452. [PMID: 25804195 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-015-1965-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects and molecular mechanisms of the combination between total Astragalus extract (TAE) and total Panax notoginseng saponins (TPNS) against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into sham-operated group, model group, TAE (110 mg/kg) group, TPNS (115 mg/kg) group, TAE-TPNS combination group and Edaravone (4 mg/kg) group, treated for 4 days, then, cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury was established by bilateral common carotid artery (CCA) ligation for 20 min followed by reperfusion for 1 and 24 h. RESULTS TPNS could increase adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level, TAE and TAE-TPNS combination increased ATP, adenosine diphosphate (ADP) contents and Na+-K+-ATPase activity, and the effects of TAE-TPNS combination were stronger than those of TAE or TPNS alone after reperfusion for 1 h. After reperfusion for 24 h, TAE, TPNS and TAE-TPNS combination significantly increased neurocyte survival rate and decreased the apoptosis rate as well as down-regulated the expression of phosphorylated c-June N-terminal kinase1/2 (p-JNK1/2), cytochrome C (Cyt C), cysteine aspartic acid-specific protease (Caspase)-9 and Caspase-3. Furthermore, the effects in TAE-TPNS combination were better than those in TAE or TPNS alone. CONCLUSION The combination of TAE 110 mg/kg and TPNS 115 mg/kg could strengthen protective effects on cerebral ischemia injury, the mechanism underlying might be related to improving jointly the early energy metabolism, and relieving the delayed apoptosis via inhibiting the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway of JNK signal transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Universities for Cell Biology and Molecular Techniques, Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Hua Tan
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Universities for Cell Biology and Molecular Techniques, Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China
| | - Bei-Yang Chen
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410208, China
| | - Chang-Qing Deng
- Key Laboratory of Hunan Universities for Cell Biology and Molecular Techniques, Key Laboratory of Hunan Province for Prevention and Treatment of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine on Cardio-Cerebral Diseases, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, 410007, China.
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71
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Choi MJ, Kim SC, Cho SH. Intravenous injection of saeng maek san - a safe method of treatment in rats. J Pharmacopuncture 2015; 17:67-72. [PMID: 25780701 PMCID: PMC4331997 DOI: 10.3831/kpi.2014.17.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: This study evaluated the single-dose toxicity of Saeng Maek San (SMS) in rats. Methods: All experiments were conducted at Biotoxtech (Chungwon, Korea), an institute authorized to perform non-clinical studies under the regulations of Good Laboratory Practice (GLP). A single-dose intravenous toxicity study was carried out on 40 6-week-old Sprague-Daley rats. The animals were randomly divided into the following four groups of ten animals each: Group 1 (G1) was the control group, with each animal receiving an intravenous injection of 1.0 mL of saline, and Groups 2, 3 and 4 (G2, G3 and G4) were the experimental groups, with the animals in the groups receiving an injection of 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL of SMS, respectively. Mortality, clinical signs, body-weight changes and gross pathological findings were observed for 14 days following a single administration of SMS or saline. Organ weights, clinical chemistry and hematology were analyzed at 14 days. This study was conducted with the approval of the Institutional Animal Ethics Committee. Results: No deaths occurred in any of the four groups,indicating that the lethal dose of SMS in rats is greater than 1.0 mL/animal. Some changes in weights of male rats between the control group and the experimental groups were observed, but no significant changes in the weights of female rats were noted. To identify abnormalities in organs and tissues, we stained representative sections of each specified organ with hematoxylin and eosin for examination with a light microscope. No significant abnormalities were observed in any of the organs or tissues. Conclusion: The results suggest that intravenous injection of SMS is a safe method of treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Choi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung-Chul Kim
- Department of Acupuncture & Moxibustion Medicine, Wonkwang Gwangju Oriental Medical Hospital, Gwangju, Korea
| | - Seung-Hun Cho
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, Korea ; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Hospital of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University Medical Center, Seoul, Korea
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Li N, Zhou L, Li W, Liu Y, Wang J, He P. Protective effects of ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 on an Alzheimer's disease mouse model: A metabolomics study. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2015; 985:54-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2015.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Revised: 01/03/2015] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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73
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Ginseng protects against respiratory syncytial virus by modulating multiple immune cells and inhibiting viral replication. Nutrients 2015; 7:1021-36. [PMID: 25658239 PMCID: PMC4344572 DOI: 10.3390/nu7021021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2015] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has been used in humans for thousands of years but its effects on viral infection have not been well understood. We investigated the effects of red ginseng extract (RGE) on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection using in vitro cell culture and in vivo mouse models. RGE partially protected human epithelial (HEp2) cells from RSV-induced cell death and viral replication. In addition, RGE significantly inhibited the production of RSV-induced pro-inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α) in murine dendritic and macrophage-like cells. More importantly, RGE intranasal pre-treatment prevented loss of mouse body weight after RSV infection. RGE treatment improved lung viral clearance and enhanced the production of interferon (IFN-γ) in bronchoalveolar lavage cells upon RSV infection of mice. Analysis of cellular phenotypes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids showed that RGE treatment increased the populations of CD8+ T cells and CD11c+ dendritic cells upon RSV infection of mice. Taken together, these results provide evidence that ginseng has protective effects against RSV infection through multiple mechanisms, which include improving cell survival, partial inhibition of viral replication and modulation of cytokine production and types of immune cells migrating into the lung.
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Xu D, Huang P, Yu Z, Xing DH, Ouyang S, Xing G. Efficacy and Safety of Panax notoginseng Saponin Therapy for Acute Intracerebral Hemorrhage, Meta-Analysis, and Mini Review of Potential Mechanisms of Action. Front Neurol 2015; 5:274. [PMID: 25620952 PMCID: PMC4288044 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial/intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a leading cause of death and disability in people with traumatic brain injury (TBI) and stroke. No proven drug is available for ICH. Panax notoginseng (total saponin extraction, PNS) is one of the most valuable herb medicines for stroke and cerebralvascular disorders in China. We searched for randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) involving PNS injection to treat cerebral hemorrhage for meta-analysis from various databases including the Chinese Stroke Trials Register, the trials register of the Cochrane Complementary Medicine Field, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, MEDLINE, Chinese BioMedical disk, and China Doctorate/Master Dissertations Databases. The quality of the eligible trials was assessed by Jadad’s scale. Twenty (20) of the 24 identified randomized controlled trials matched the inclusive criteria including 984 ICH patients with PNS injection and 907 ICH patients with current treatment (CT). Compared to the CT groups, PNS-treated patients showed better outcomes in the effectiveness rate (ER), neurological deficit score, intracranial hematoma volume, intracerebral edema volume, Barthel index, the number of patients died, and incidence of adverse events. Conclusion: PNS injection is superior to CT for acute ICH. A review of the literature shows that PNS may exert multiple protective mechanisms against ICH-induced brain damage including hemostasis, anti-coagulation, anti-thromboembolism, cerebral vasodilation, invigorated blood dynamics, anti-inflammation, antioxidation, and anti-hyperglycemic effects. Since vitamin C and other brain cell activators (BCA) that are not considered common practice were also used as parts of the CT in several trials, potential PNS and BCA interactions could exist that may have made the effect of PNS therapy less or more impressive than by PNS therapy alone. Future PNS trials with and without the inclusion of such controversial BCAs as part of the CT could clarify the situation. As PNS has a long clinical track record in Asia, it could potentially become a therapy option to treat ICH in the US and Europe. Further clinical trials with better experimental design could determine the long-term effects of PNS treatment for TBI and stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongying Xu
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Ping Huang
- Faculty of Nursing, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine , Nanning , China
| | - Zhaosheng Yu
- Department of Oncology, Huanggang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Huanggang , China
| | | | - Shuai Ouyang
- School of Business, University of Alberta , Edmonton, AB , Canada
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Abstract
Background Ginseng total saponin (GTS) contains various ginsenosides. These ginsenosides are widely used for treating cardiovascular diseases in Asian communities. The aim of this study was to study the effects of GTS on cardiac injury after global ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) in isolated guinea pig hearts. Methods Animals were subjected to normothermic ischemia for 60 minutes, followed by 120 minutes of reperfusion. GTS significantly increased aortic flow, coronary flow, and cardiac output. Moreover, GTS significantly increased left ventricular systolic pressure and the maximal rate of contraction (+dP/dtmax) and relaxation (−dP/dtmax). In addition, GTS has been shown to ameliorate electrocardiographic changes such as the QRS complex, QT interval, and RR interval. Results GTS significantly suppressed the biochemical parameters (i.e., lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase-MB fraction, and cardiac troponin I levels) and normalized the oxidative stress markers (i.e., malondialdehyde, glutathione, and nitrite). In addition, GTS also markedly inhibits the expression of interleukin-1β (IL-1β), IL-6, and nuclear factor-κB, and improves the expression of IL-10 in cardiac tissue. Conclusion These data indicate that GTS mitigates myocardial damage by modulating the biochemical and oxidative stress related to cardiac I/R injury.
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YU MEILING, YU XIAOBING, GUO DAOHUA, YU BINBIN, LI LI, LIAO QIAO, XING RONG. Ginsenoside Rg1 attenuates invasion and migration by inhibiting transforming growth factor-β1-induced epithelial to mesenchymal transition in HepG2 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:3167-73. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.3098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Sun A, Xu X, Lin J, Cui X, Xu R. Neuroprotection by saponins. Phytother Res 2014; 29:187-200. [PMID: 25408503 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Saponins, an important group of bioactive plant natural products, are glycosides of triterpenoid or steroidal aglycones. Their diverse biological activities are ascribed to their different structures. Saponins have long been recognized as key ingredients in traditional Chinese medicine. Accumulated evidence suggests that saponins have significant neuroprotective effects on attenuation of central nervous system disorders, such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease. However, our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the observed effects remains incomplete. Based on recently reported data from basic and clinical studies, this review highlights the proposed mechanisms of their neuroprotective function including antioxidant, modulation of neurotransmitters, anti-apoptosis, anti-inflammation, attenuating Ca(2+) influx, modulating neurotrophic factors, inhibiting tau phosphorylation, and regeneration of neural networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijing Sun
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Huaqiao University and Engineering Research Center of Molecular Medicine, Ministry of Education, Quanzhou, China
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Gao J, Tao J, Zhang N, Liu Y, Jiang M, Hou Y, Wang Q, Bai G. Formula optimization of the Jiashitang scar removal ointment and antiinflammatory compounds screening by NF-κB bioactivity-guided dual-luciferase reporter assay system. Phytother Res 2014; 29:241-50. [PMID: 25363818 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation plays a role in scar formation; therefore, decreasing inflammation benefits scar removal. Jiashitang scar removal ointment (JST) is a commercially available traditional Chinese medicinal formulation. It is composed of extracts from Carthamus tinctorius L. (Car), Rheum officinale Baill. (Rhe), Salvia miltiorrhiza Beg. (Sal), and Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen (Pan), which are all herbs with potent antiinflammatory activities. Our aims are to optimize the formula of JST and to elucidate its antiinflammatory active components. Response surface methodology was applied to optimize proportions of the four herb extracts. The antiinflammatory effects were evaluated using in vitro and in vivo models. To screen for active components in this formula, a bioactivity-based ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry analysis was performed. After optimization, the antiinflammatory effects of the new formula were significantly superior to the original one. Screening identified 13 active ingredients: a series of saffiomin, emodin, salvianolic acid, tanshinone, and triterpenoid saponin derivatives. These active ingredients were predicted to exert nuclear factor-κB inhibiting effects through MAPK, PI3K/AKT, and NIK-IKK pathways. In conclusion, the original formula was successfully optimized with more potent antiinflammatory activity. These methods can be applied to researches of other formulas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China; College of Pharmacy, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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LI LI, WANG YIWEN, QI BENQUAN, YUAN DONGDONG, DONG SHUYING, GUO DAOHUA, ZHANG CUILING, YU MEILING. Suppression of PMA-induced tumor cell invasion and migration by ginsenoside Rg1 via the inhibition of NF-κB-dependent MMP-9 expression. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:1779-86. [PMID: 25174454 PMCID: PMC4203332 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng has become one of the most commonly used alternative herbal medicines, and its active component, ginsenoside Rg1 has known pharmacological effects, including anticancer properties. However, the effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on metastasis have yet to be investigated. In this study, we demonstrated the ability of ginsenoside Rg1 to suppress phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced invasion and migration in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. MCF-7 cells were treated with ginsenoside Rg1 and incubated with or without PMA. The protein and mRNA expression of MMP-9 and MMP-2 was analyzed using Transwell and wound‑healing assays and western blotting. The results showed that suppression was associated with the reduced secretion of MMP-9, a key metastatic enzyme. MMP-9 levels were regulated transcriptionally and correlated with the suppression of NF-κB phosphorylation and DNA binding activity. Conversely, ginsenoside Rg1 did not affect MMP-2 mRNA and TIMP-1 mRNA levels, or the activation of AP-1, suggesting a specificity of pathway inhibition. Inhibition of NF‑κB activation by p65 small‑interfering RNA (siRNA) was shown to suppress PMA-induced cell invasion and migration. The siRNA studies also showed that PMA-induced MMP-9 expression is NF-κB-dependent. The results suggested that the anticancer properties of ginsenoside Rg1 may derive from its ability to inhibit invasion and migration, and that these processes are regulated in breast cancer cells through the NF-κB‑mediated regulation of MMP-9 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- LI LI
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - YIWEN WANG
- Department of Pharmacy, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510120, P.R. China
| | - BENQUAN QI
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
- Department of Emergency Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
| | - DONGDONG YUAN
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - SHUYING DONG
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - DAOHUA GUO
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - CUILING ZHANG
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
| | - MEILING YU
- Department of Pharmacy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233004, P.R. China
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, Anhui 233030, P.R. China
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González-Burgos E, Fernandez-Moriano C, Gómez-Serranillos MP. Potential Neuroprotective Activity of Ginseng in Parkinson’s Disease: A Review. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2014; 10:14-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-014-9569-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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81
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Zhang LJ, Zhou EF. In vitro and in vivo inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on proliferation of colon cancer cells. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:4599-4603. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i30.4599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To assess the inhibitory effects of ginsenoside Rg1 on colon cancer cell proliferation in vivo and in vitro, and to investigate the possible underlying mechanism.
METHODS: The proliferation of normal colon cells and colon cancer cells treated with different concentrations of ginsenoside Rg1 was assessed in vitro, and related protein expression was also detected. A mouse model of colon cancer was created, and model mice were given different concentrations of ginsenoside Rg1 by gavage administration. Tumor growth and related protein expression in tumor tissue were then measured.
RESULTS: Ginsenoside Rg1 could not only inhibit colon cancer cell proliferation and alter cell cycle progression in vitro, but also suppress tumor growth and decrease cancer growth related protein expression in vivo.
CONCLUSION: Ginsenoside Rg1 can inhibit colon cancer growth and proliferation effectively possibly by down-regulating the expression of cell cycle- and proliferation-related proteins.
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Hu W, Wang G, Li P, Wang Y, Si CL, He J, Long W, Bai Y, Feng Z, Wang X. Neuroprotective effects of macranthoin G from Eucommia ulmoides against hydrogen peroxide-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells via inhibiting NF-κB activation. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 224:108-16. [PMID: 25451577 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-mediated cellular injury has been considered as a major cause of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer and Parkinson diseases. The scavenging of reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediated by antioxidants may be a potential strategy for retarding the disease's progression. Macranthoin G (MCG), isolated from Eucommia ulmoides, is a derivative from chlorogenic acid methyl ester and caffeic acid. This study is aimed to investigate the protective role of MCG against the cytotoxicity induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and to elucidate potential protective mechanisms in rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The results showed that the treatment of PC12 cells with MCG prior to H2O2 exposure effectively increased the cell viability, and stabilized the mitochondria membrane potential (MMP); furthermore, it enhanced the antioxidant enzyme activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the levels of intracellular glutathione (GSH); it also decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, intracellular ROS, caspase-3 activation, as well as cell apoptosis. In addition, the MCG treatment minimized the cell injury by H2O2 via down-regulation of the NF-κB pathway as well as activation of phosphorylation of IκBα, p38, and the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). These results showed that that MCG is promising as a potential therapeutic agent for neurodegenerative diseases induced by oxidative damage and should be encouraged for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weicheng Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Gongcheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Pengxia Li
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Yuning Wang
- Institute of Agro-food Science and Technology, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Chuan-Ling Si
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp & Paper, College of Material Science & Chemical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300457, China.
| | - Jing He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China; College of Food Science and Pharmacology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Wei Long
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Nuclear Medicine, Institute of Radiation Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Tianjin 300192, China
| | - Yujia Bai
- College of Food Science and Pharmacology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Zuoshan Feng
- College of Food Science and Pharmacology, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830052, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomass-based Energy and Enzyme Technology, School of Life Sciences, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China.
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Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effect of Angelica gigas Nakai (AGN) in RAW264.7 cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s13596-014-0165-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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84
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Ma L, Liu H, Xie Z, Yang S, Xu W, Hou J, Yu B. Ginsenoside Rb3 protects cardiomyocytes against ischemia-reperfusion injury via the inhibition of JNK-mediated NF-κB pathway: a mouse cardiomyocyte model. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103628. [PMID: 25084093 PMCID: PMC4118887 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rb3 is extracted from the plant Panax ginseng and plays important roles in cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. NF-κB is an important transcription factor involved in I/R injury. However, the underlying mechanism of ginsenoside Rb3 in myocardial I/R injury remains poorly understood. In the current study, a model of myocardial I/R injury was induced via oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) followed by reperfusion (OGD-Rep) in mouse cardiac myoblast H9c2 cells. Our data demonstrate that ginsenoside Rb3 suppresses OGD-Rep-induced cell apoptosis by the suppression of ROS generation. By detecting the NF-κB signaling pathway, we discover that the protective effect of ginsenoside Rb3 on the OGD-Rep injury is closely related to the inhibition of NF-κB activity. Ginsenoside Rb3 inhibits the upregulation of phospho-IκB-α and nuclear translocation of NF-κB subunit p65 which are induced by ORD-Rep injury. In addition, the extract also inhibits the OGD-Rep-induced increase in the expression of inflammation-related factors, such as IL-6, TNF-α, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1), MMP-2 and MMP-9. However, LPS treatment alleviates the protective roles of ginsenoside Rb3 and activates the NF-κB pathway. Finally, the upstream factors of NF-κB were analyzed, including the Akt/Foxo3a and MAPK signaling pathways. We find that ginsenoside Rb3 pretreatment only decreases the phosphorylation of JNK induced by OGD-Rep injury, an indicator of the MAPK pathway. Importantly, an inhibitor of phospho-JNK, SP600125, protects against OGD-Rep induced apoptosis and inhibited NF-κB signaling pathway, similar to the roles of ginsenoside Rb3. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the protective effect of ginsenoside Rb3 on the OGD-Rep injury is attributed to the inhibition of JNK-mediated NF-κB activation, suggesting that ginsenoside Rb3 has the potential to serve as a novel therapeutic agent for myocardial I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijia Ma
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Zulong Xie
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shuang Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Jingbo Hou
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia Mechanism and Treatment Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- * E-mail:
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Yang HP, Yue L, Jiang WW, Liu Q, Kou JP, Yu BY. Diosgenin inhibits tumor necrosis factor-induced tissue factor activity and expression in THP-1 cells via down-regulation of the NF-κB, Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways. Chin J Nat Med 2014; 11:608-15. [PMID: 24345501 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(13)60070-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
AIM To investigate whether diosgenin could modulate tissue factor (TF) procoagulation activity, expression, and related signal transduction pathways. METHODS Human THP-1 monocytic cells were exposed to tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α, 10 ng·mL(-1)) with or without diosgenin (0.01, 0.1, and 1 μmol · L(-1)) for 2 h or 5 h to induce TF procoagulant activity and expression, which were determined by the simplified chromogenic assay, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), real-time quantitative PCR, and Western blotting assays. In addition, the activation of the NF-κB, Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways were also measured by Western blotting. RESULTS Diosgenin significantly inhibited TNF-α-induced TF procoagulant activity at concentrations of 0.01 to 1 μmol · L(-1) with IC50 of 0.25 μmol · L(-1). It also reduced protein expression and mRNA accumulation of TF dose-dependently in activated THP-1 cells. TNF-α stimulated significantly phosphorylation on Ser536 of NF-κB/p65, Ser473 of Akt at 5-15 min, and activations of IKK-β and ERK at 15-30 min. Diosgenin (1 μmol · L(-1)) could inhibit the phosphorylation of NF-κB/p65, IKK-β, Akt, ERK, and JNK, but had no remarkable effects on IκB and p38 phosphorylation in THP-1 cells. CONCLUSION Diosgenin inhibits TNF-α-induced TF activity and expression in monocytes, partly due to its down-regulation of the phosphorylation of NF-κB/p65, IKK-β, Akt, ERK, and JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Peng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Lei Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Wen-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Jun-Ping Kou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
| | - Bo-Yang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China
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86
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Cytoprotective propensity of Bacopa monniera against hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative damage in neuronal and lung epithelial cells. Cytotechnology 2014; 68:157-172. [PMID: 25062987 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-014-9767-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a major reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced during oxidative stress, is toxic to the cells. Hence, H2O2 has been extensively used to study the effects of antioxidant and cytoprotective role of phytochemicals. In the present investigation H2O2 was used to induce oxidative stress via ROS production within PC12 and L132 cells. Cytoprotective propensity of Bacopa monniera extract (BME) was confirmed by cell viability assays, ROS estimation, lipid peroxidation, mitochondria membrane potential assay, comet assay followed by gene expression studies of antioxidant enzymes in PC12 and L132 cells treated with H2O2 for 24 h with or without BME pre-treatment. Our results elucidate that BME possesses radical scavenging activity by scavenging 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl, 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid), superoxide radical, and nitric oxide radicals. The IC50 value of BME against these radicals was found to be 226.19, 15.17, 30.07, and 34.55 µg/ml, respectively). The IC50 of BME against ROS, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonylation was found to be 1296.53, 753.22, and 589.04 µg/ml in brain and 1137.08, 1079.65, and 11101.25 µg/ml in lung tissues, respectively. Further cytoprotective potency of the BME ameliorated the mitochondrial and plasma membrane damage induced by H2O2 as evidenced by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and lactate dehydrogenase leakage assays in both PC12 and L132 cells. H2O2 induced cellular, nuclear and mitochondrial membrane damage was restored by BME pre-treatment. H2O2 induced depleted antioxidant status was also replenished by BME pre-treatment. This was confirmed by spectrophotometric analysis, semi-quantitative RT-PCR and western blot studies. These results justify the traditional usage of BME based on its promising antioxidant and cytoprotective property.
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87
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Hou XQ, Wu DW, Zhang CX, Yan R, Yang C, Rong CP, Zhang L, Chang X, Su RY, Zhang SJ, He WQ, Qu Z, Li S, Su ZR, Chen YB, Wang Q, Fang SH. Bushen‑Yizhi formula ameliorates cognition deficits and attenuates oxidative stress‑related neuronal apoptosis in scopolamine‑induced senescence in mice. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:429-39. [PMID: 24919922 PMCID: PMC4094586 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Bushen‑Yizhi formula (BSYZ), a traditional Chinese medicine formula consisting of six herbs has been reported to possess a neuroprotective effect. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of BSYZ on learning and memory abilities, as well as oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in the hippocampus of scopolamine (SCOP)‑induced senescence in mice, in order to reveal whether BSYZ is a potential therapeutic agent for Alzheimer's disease (AD). A high‑performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprint was applied to provide a chemical profile of BSYZ. Extracts of BSYZ were orally administered to mice with SCOP‑induced memory impairment for two weeks. The learning and memory abilities were determined by the Morris water maze test. The oxidant stress‑related indices, such as activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and levels of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were examined in hippocampus of SCOP‑treated mice. The cell death ratio was assessed by TUNEL staining, while apoptotic‑related proteins including Bcl‑2 and Bax were determined by immuno-fluorescent staining and western blot analysis. Caspase‑3 was determined by western blot analysis. Consequently, a chromatographic condition, which was conducted at 35˚C with a flow rate of 0.8 ml/min on the Gemini C18 column with mobile phase of acetonitrile and water‑phosphoric acid (100:0.1, v/v), was established to yield common fingerprint chromatography under 203 nm with a similarity index of 0.986 within 10 batches of BSYZ samples. BSYZ at a dose of 2.92 g/kg significantly improved the cognitive ability, restored the abnormal activity of SOD and increased the levels of MDA and GSH induced by SCOP. Moreover, the neural apoptosis in the hippocampus of SCOP‑treated mice was reversed by BSYZ by regulating the expression of Bcl‑2, Bax and caspase‑3. The results demonstrated that BSYZ had neuroprotective effects in SCOP‑induced senescence in mice by ameliorating oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis in the brain, supporting its potential in AD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Qin Hou
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Dian-Wei Wu
- Shantou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 515031, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Xia Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Rong Yan
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Cong Yang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Ping Rong
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Xiang Chang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Ru-Yu Su
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Jie Zhang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Wen-Qing He
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Qu
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Shi Li
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Zi-Ren Su
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510006, P.R. China
| | - Yun-Bo Chen
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
| | - Shu-Huan Fang
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510405, P.R. China
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Yang Y, Yang WS, Yu T, Sung GH, Park KW, Yoon K, Son YJ, Hwang H, Kwak YS, Lee CM, Rhee MH, Kim JH, Cho JY. ATF-2/CREB/IRF-3-targeted anti-inflammatory activity of Korean red ginseng water extract. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 154:218-228. [PMID: 24735861 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2014.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 04/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) is one of the representative traditional herbal medicines prepared from Panax ginseng Meyer (Araliaceae) in Korea. It has been reported that KRG exhibits a lot of different biological actions such as anti-aging, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, anti-atherosclerosis, anti-diabetic, anti-cancer, and anti-inflammatory activities. Although systematic studies have investigated how KRG is able to ameliorate various inflammatory diseases, its molecular inhibitory mechanisms had not been carried out prior to this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS In order to investigate these mechanisms, we evaluated the effects of a water extract of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG-WE) on the in vitro inflammatory responses of activated RAW264.7 cells, and on in vivo gastritis and peritonitis models by analyzing the activation events of inflammation-inducing transcription factors and their upstream kinases. RESULTS KRG-WE reduced the production of nitric oxide (NO), protected cells against NO-induced apoptosis, suppressed mRNA levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS), cyclooxygenase (COX)-2, and interferon (IFN)-β, ameliorated EtOH/HCl-induced gastritis, and downregulated peritoneal exudate-derived NO production from lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-injected mice. The inhibition of these inflammatory responses by KRG-WE was regulated through the suppression of p38, c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK), and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and by subsequent inhibition of activating transcription factor (ATF)-2, cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), and IRF-3 activation. Of ginsensides included in this extract, interestingly, G-Rc showed the highest inhibitory potency on IRF-3-mediated luciferase activity. CONCLUSION These results strongly suggest that the anti-inflammatory activities of KRG-WE could be due to its inhibition of the p38/JNK/TBK1 activation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Seok Yang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Gi-Ho Sung
- Mushroom Research Division, National Institute of Horticultural and Herbal Science, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong 369-873, Republic of Korea
| | - Kye Won Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Keejung Yoon
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Jin Son
- Department of Pharmacy, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 540-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunsik Hwang
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Seong Kwak
- Ginseng Corporation Central Research Institute, Daejeon 305-805, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Muk Lee
- Metabolic Engineering Division, National Academy of Agricultural Science, Rural Development Administration, Suwon 441-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Man Hee Rhee
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 702-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Biosafety Research Institute, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Youl Cho
- Department of Genetic Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea.
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89
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Guo Z, Cao G, Yang H, Zhou H, Li L, Cao Z, Yu B, Kou J. A combination of four active compounds alleviates cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in correlation with inhibition of autophagy and modulation of AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways. J Neurosci Res 2014; 92:1295-306. [PMID: 24801159 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SMXZF is a combination of Rb1, Rg1, schizandrin, and DT-13 (6:9:5:4) derived from Sheng-mai San, a widely used Chinese traditional medicine for the treatment of cardiovascular and cerebral diseases. The present study explores the inhibitory effects and signaling pathways of SMXZF on autophagy induced by cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were subjected to ischemia-reperfusion insult by right middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) for 1 hr with subsequent 24 hr reperfusion. Three doses of SMXZF (4.5, 9, and 18 mg/kg) were administered intraperitoneally (i.p.) after ischemia for 1 hr. An autophagic inhibitor, 3-methyladenine (3-MA; 300 μg/kg), was administered i.p. 20 min before ischemia as a positive drug. We found that SMXZF significantly increased cerebral blood flow and reduced the infarct volume, brain water content, and the neurological deficits in a dose-dependent manner. Similar to the positive control, SMXZF at 18 mg/kg also significantly inhibited autophagosome formation. Immunofluorescence staining and Western blotting demonstrated that SMXZF could significantly decrease the expression levels of beclin1 and microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3. SMXZF also remarkably inhibited the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) as well as the expression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and its phosphorylation induced by 24 hr reperfusion. Finally, we demonstrated that the optimal administration time of SMXZF was at the early period of reperfusion. This study reveals that SMXZF displays neuroprotective effect against focal ischemia-reperfusion injury, possibly associated with autophagy inactivation through AMPK/mTOR and JNK pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongshun Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Department of Complex Prescription of TCM, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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90
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Protection of ginsenoside Rg1 on chondrocyte from IL-1β-induced mitochondria-activated apoptosis through PI3K/Akt signaling. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 392:249-57. [PMID: 24671491 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2035-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Chondrocyte apoptosis is closely related to the development and progression of osteoarthritis. Ginsenoside Rg1 protects cells by antagonizing apoptosis. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of Rg1 on interleukin 1β (IL-1β)-induced chondrocyte apoptosis and the underlying molecular mechanisms. Chondrocytes were harvested from the joints of 1-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats. After treated with 10 μg/mL Rg1 for 2 h, the chondrocytes were cultured with 10 ng/mL IL-1β to induce cytotoxicity. Cell viability was assessed with MTT assays. Annexin V/propidium iodide staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling were used to detect chondrocyte apoptosis. The contents of total Akt, phosphorylated Akt (p-Akt), Bcl-2, Bax, and cytochrome C (Cyt c) were determined by Western blotting assay. A quantitative colorimetric assay was used to determine caspase-3 activity. Our present findings have shown that pre-treatment of chondrocytes with Rg1 reduces IL-1β induced cytotoxicity/apoptosis. Rg1 pretreatment also decreases the activity of IL-1β that reduces expression of Bcl-2 and level of p-Akt, and increases Bax activity, Cyt c release, and caspase-3 activation. It also reverses the activity of IL-1β that reduces the expression of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 expression and increased the synthesis of matrix metalloproteinase-13, with the net effect of inhibiting extracellular matrix degradation. These results indicate that Rg1 may protect chondrocytes from IL-1β-induced apoptosis via the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B signaling pathway, through preventing caspase-3 release.
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91
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Choi HS, Seo HS, Kim SR, Choi YK, Shin YC, Ko SG. Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effect of herbal medicines (APR) in RAW264.7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2014; 9:1569-74. [PMID: 24626965 PMCID: PMC4020494 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to analyze the effect of a mixture of medicinal plants [Angelica gigas Nakai, Panax ginseng and Rhus verniciflua Stokes (APR)] on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory responses in the murine macrophage cell line RAW264.7. Cells were treated with APR and LPS at various concentrations and indicated times. WST assay, trypan blue assay and quantification of activated cells demonstrated that APR suppressed cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. APR induced G1 cell cycle arrest and inhibited the LPS-induced phosphorylation of protein kinase B (AKT), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38) and necrosis factor κB (NF-κB). APR also suppressed nitric oxide synthase isoform (iNOS) and prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase 2 (Cox-2) messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) expression induced by LPS. Furthermore, APR decreased LPS-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, as well as induced PARP and caspase-3 cleavage, suggesting that APR causes apoptosis. In conclusion, the present study indicated that APR may be advantageous in treating inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Seok Choi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Sook Seo
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Re Kim
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Kyung Choi
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Cheol Shin
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Gyu Ko
- Laboratory of Clinical Biology and Pharmacogenomics and Center for Clinical Research and Genomics, Institute of Oriental Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
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92
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Meng X, Sun G, Ye J, Xu H, Wang H, Sun X. Notoginsenoside R1-mediated neuroprotection involves estrogen receptor-dependent crosstalk between Akt and ERK1/2 pathways: a novel mechanism of Nrf2/ARE signaling activation. Free Radic Res 2014; 48:445-60. [PMID: 24437944 DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2014.885117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Notoginsenoside R1 (NGR1), a novel phytoestrogen isolated from Panax notoginseng, has antioxidant and anti-apoptotic properties. Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in neurodegenerative diseases. To mimic oxidative stress in neurons and explore the neuroprotection of NGR1, H₂O₂-induced neurotoxicity in NGF-induced differentiation of PC12 cells was used. In this study, NGR1 preconditioning provided neuroprotective effects via suppressing H₂O₂-induced the intracellular ROS accumulation, the increase in the product of lipid peroxidation (MDA), protein oxidation (protein carbonyl), and DNA fragmentation (8-OHdG), and mitochondrial membrane depolarization as well as caspase-3 activation. Moreover, NGR1 treatment alone potently increased the nuclear translocation of Nrf2, augmented ARE enhancer activity, and upregulated the expression and activity of phase II antioxidant enzymes including HO-1, NQO-1, and γ-GCSc. NGR1 could also increase the ERE activity and activate Akt and ERK1/2 pathways. NGR1-mediated activation of Nrf2/ARE signaling and neuroprotection were abolished by genetic silencing of Nrf2 using siRNA or the pharmacological blockade of estrogen receptors using ICI-182780, and partially inhibited by Akt siRNA or ERK siRNA transfection. In addition, the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 mediated by NGR1 was markedly inhibited in PC12 cells transfected with Akt siRNA. On the contrary, ERK1/2 siRNA transfection hardly had any effect on the phosphorylation of Akt mediated by NGR1. NGR1-mediated activation of Akt and ERK1/2 pathways was blocked by ICI-182780. In conclusion, NGR1 provided neuroprotection via inducing an estrogen receptor-dependent crosstalk between Akt and ERK1/2 pathways, subsequently activating Nrf2/ARE signaling and thereby up-regulating phase II antioxidant enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Meng
- Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College , Beijing , P. R. China
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93
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Immunomodulatory activity of red ginseng against influenza A virus infection. Nutrients 2014; 6:517-29. [PMID: 24473234 PMCID: PMC3942714 DOI: 10.3390/nu6020517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2013] [Revised: 01/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Ginseng herbal medicine has been known to have beneficial effects on improving human health. We investigated whether red ginseng extract (RGE) has preventive effects on influenza A virus infection in vivo and in vitro. RGE was found to improve survival of human lung epithelial cells upon influenza virus infection. Also, RGE treatment reduced the expression of pro-inflammatory genes (IL-6, IL-8) probably in part through interference with the formation of reactive oxygen species by influenza A virus infection. Long-term oral administration of mice with RGE showed multiple immunomodulatory effects such as stimulating antiviral cytokine IFN-γ production after influenza A virus infection. In addition, RGE administration in mice inhibited the infiltration of inflammatory cells into the bronchial lumens. Therefore, RGE might have the potential beneficial effects on preventing influenza A virus infections via its multiple immunomodulatory functions.
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94
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Liu Q, Fan X, Zhu J, Xu G, Li Y, Liu X. Co-culturing improves the OGD-injured neuron repairing and NSCs differentiation via Notch pathway activation. Neurosci Lett 2014; 559:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.11.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 11/13/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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95
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Li KR, Zhang ZQ, Yao J, Zhao YX, Duan J, Cao C, Jiang Q. Ginsenoside Rg-1 protects retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells from cobalt chloride (CoCl2) and hypoxia assaults. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84171. [PMID: 24386346 PMCID: PMC3873980 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe retinal ischemia causes persistent visual impairments in eye diseases. Retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells are located near the choroidal capillaries, and are easily affected by ischemic or hypoxia. Ginsenoside Rg-1 has shown significant neuroprotective effects. This study was performed to test the cytoprotective effect of ginsenoside Rg-1 in RPE cells against hypoxia and cobalt chloride (CoCl2) assaults, and to understand the underlying mechanisms. We found that Rg-1 pre-administration significantly inhibited CoCl2- and hypoxia-induced RPE cell death and apoptosis. Reactive oxygen specisis (ROS)-dependent p38 and c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinases (JNK) MAPK activation was required for CoCl2-induced RPE cell death, and Rg-1 pre-treatment significantly inhibited ROS production and following p38/JNK activation. Further, CoCl2 suppressed pro-survival mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) activation in RPE cells through activating of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), while Rg-1 restored mTORC1 activity through inhibiting AMPK activation. CoCl2-induced AMPK activation was also dependent on ROS production, and anti-oxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prevented AMPK activation and RPE cell death by CoCl2. Our results indicated that Rg-1 could be further investigated as a novel cell-protective agent for retinal ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-ran Li
- Department of Eye, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhi-qing Zhang
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jin Yao
- Department of Eye, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu-xia Zhao
- Department of Eye, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jing Duan
- The Center for Safety Evaluation of Drugs, Academic Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Cong Cao
- Institute of Neuroscience, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qin Jiang
- Department of Eye, the Affiliated Eye Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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96
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Huang XP, Liu XD, Deng CQ. [Effects of the combination of active component extracts from Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng on apoptosis, reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential of PC12 cells with oxidative injury]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 10:1127-34. [PMID: 23073196 DOI: 10.3736/jcim20121009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the effects and mechanisms of combining astragaloside IV (the effective component of Astragalus membranaceus) with notoginsenoside R1, ginsenoside Rb1 and ginsenoside Rg1 (the effective components of Panax notoginseng) against oxidative injury in PC12 cells induced by cobalt chloride (CoCl₂). METHODS CoCl₂ was used to stimulate PC12 cells to induce injury after transdifferentiation with nerve growth factor. Then the PC12 cells were divided into 10 groups and cultured with corresponding drugs. After culture, apoptotic cells were tested by using Hocchst 33258 fluorescent staining, the level of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was analyzed by rhodamine 123 fluorescent staining and the content of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in PC12 cell was measured by dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescent staining. RESULTS CoCl₂ induced apoptosis along with the obvious decrease of MMP as well as overproduction of ROS in PC12 cells. Astragaloside IV, ginsenosides Rg1, ginsenosides Rb1 and notoginsenoside R1 had inhibition effects in different degree on PC12 cell apoptosis induced by CoCl₂, reduced the overproduction of ROS and the decrease of MMP. The effects of the combination were better than those of active component alone. CONCLUSION Active components extracted from Astragalus and Panax notoginseng can inhibit PC12 cell apoptosis induced by oxidative injury, furthermore, the effects were enhanced by combination of these components, which may be associated with jointly antagonizing the generation of ROS and raising MMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ping Huang
- College of Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, Hunan Province, China
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97
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CHOI HANSEOK, SEO HYESOOK, KIM SOONRE, CHOI YOUNKYUNG, JANG BOHYOUNG, SHIN YONGCHEOL, KO SEONGGYU. Anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative effects of Rhus verniciflua Stokes in RAW264.7 cells. Mol Med Rep 2013; 9:311-5. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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98
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Kumar A, Rinwa P, Dhar H. Microglial inhibitory effect of ginseng ameliorates cognitive deficits and neuroinflammation following traumatic head injury in rats. Inflammopharmacology 2013; 22:155-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-013-0187-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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99
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Advances in neuroprotective ingredients of medicinal herbs by using cellular and animal models of Parkinson's disease. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:957875. [PMID: 24073012 PMCID: PMC3774059 DOI: 10.1155/2013/957875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a multifactorial disorder, which is neuropathologically identified by age-dependent neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. Development of symptomatic treatments has been partly successful for PD research, but there remain a number of inadequacies in therapeutic strategies for the disease. The pathogenesis of PD remains intricate, and the present anti-PD treatments appears to be clinically insufficient. Comprehensive research on discovery of novel drug candidates has demonstrated that natural products, such as medicinal herbs, plant extracts, and their secondary metabolites, have great potential as therapeutics with neuroprotective activity in PD. Recent preclinical studies suggest that a number of herbal medicines and their bioactive ingredients can be developed into optimum pharmaceuticals for treating PD. In many countries, traditional herbal medicines are used to prevent or treat neurodegenerative disorders, and some have been developed as nutraceuticals or functional foods. Here we focus on recent advances of the evidence-linked neuroprotective activity of bioactive ingredients of herbal origin in cellular and animal models of PD research.
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Ma J, Liu J, Wang Q, Yu H, Chen Y, Xiang L. The beneficial effect of ginsenoside Rg1 on Schwann cells subjected to hydrogen peroxide induced oxidative injury. Int J Biol Sci 2013; 9:624-36. [PMID: 23847444 PMCID: PMC3708042 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.5885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Rg1 (GRg1) has been considered to have therapeutic potential in promoting peripheral nerve regeneration and functional recovery after sciatic nerve injuries. However, the mechanism underlying the beneficial effect of GRg1 on peripheral nerve regeneration is currently unclear. The possible effect of GRg1 on Schwann cells (SCs), which were subjected to oxidative injury after nerve injury, might contribute to the beneficial effect of GRg1 on nerve regeneration. The present study was designed to investigate the potential beneficial effect of GRg1 on SCs exposed to oxidative injury. The oxidative injury to SCs was induced by hydrogen peroxide. The effect of GRg1 (50 μM) on SCs exposed to oxidative injury was measured by the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and catalase (CAT) in SCs. The cell number and cell viability of SCs were evaluated through fluorescence observation and MTT assay. The apoptosis of SCs induced by oxidative injury was evaluated by an apoptosis assay. The expression and secretion of nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) were evaluated using RT-PCR, Western blotting, and an ELISA method. We found that GRg1 significantly up-regulated the level of SOD, GSH and CAT, and decreased the level of MDA in SCs treated with hydrogen peroxide. In addition, GRg1 has been shown to be able to inhibit the proapoptotic effect of hydrogen peroxide, as well as inhibit the detrimental effect of hydrogen peroxide on cell number and cell viability. Furthermore, GRg1 also increased the mRNA levels, protein levels and secretion of NGF and BDNF in SCs after incubation of hydrogen peroxide. Further study showed that preincubation with H89 (a PKA inhibitor) significantly inhibited the effects induced by hydrogen peroxide, indicating that the PKA pathway might be involved in the antioxidant effect and neurotrophic factors (NTFs) promoting effect of GRg1. In addition, a short-term in vivo study was performed to confirm and validate the antioxidant effect and nerve regeneration-promoting effect of GRg1 in a sciatic crush injury model in rats. We found that GRg1 significantly increased SOD, CAT and GSH, decreased MDA, as well as promoted nerve regeneration after crush injury. In conclusion, the present study showed that GRg1 is capable of helping SCs recover from the oxidative insult induced by hydrogen peroxide, which might account, at least in part, for the beneficial effect of GRg1 on nerve regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junxiong Ma
- Department of Orthopedics, General Hospital of Shenyang Military Area Command of Chinese PLA, Shenyang, 110016 Liaoning, China
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