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Tebbe L, Sakthivel H, Makia MS, Kakakhel M, Conley SM, Al-Ubaidi MR, Naash MI. Prph2 disease mutations lead to structural and functional defects in the RPE. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22284. [PMID: 35344225 PMCID: PMC10599796 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101562rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Prph2 is a photoreceptor-specific tetraspanin with an essential role in the structure and function of photoreceptor outer segments. PRPH2 mutations cause a multitude of retinal diseases characterized by the degeneration of photoreceptors as well as defects in neighboring tissues such as the RPE. While extensive research has analyzed photoreceptors, less attention has been paid to these secondary defects. Here, we use different Prph2 disease models to evaluate the damage of the RPE arising from photoreceptor defects. In Prph2 disease models, the RPE exhibits structural abnormalities and cell loss. Furthermore, RPE functional defects are observed, including impaired clearance of phagocytosed outer segment material and increased microglia activation. The severity of RPE damage is different between models, suggesting that the different abnormal outer segment structures caused by Prph2 disease mutations lead to varying degrees of RPE stress and thus influence the clinical phenotype observed in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Tebbe
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Haarthi Sakthivel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mustafa S. Makia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Mashal Kakakhel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shannon M. Conley
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Muayyad R. Al-Ubaidi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Muna I. Naash
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA
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Fisher CR, Ebeling MC, Ferrington DA. Quantification of mitophagy using mKeima-mito in cultured human primary retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108981. [PMID: 35167864 PMCID: PMC8957530 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium is a pigmented monolayer of cells that help maintain a healthy retina. Loss of this essential cell layer is implicated in a number of visual disorders, including age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Utilizing primary RPE cultures to investigate disease is an important step in understanding disease mechanisms. However, the use of primary RPE cultures presents a number of challenges, including the limited number of cells available and the presence of auto-fluorescent pigment that interferes with quantifying fluorescent probes. Additionally, primary RPE are difficult to transfect with exogenous nucleic acids traditionally used for fluorescent imaging. To overcome these challenges, we used an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to express a pH sensitive fluorescent protein, mKeima, fused to the mitochondrial targeting sequence of cytochrome oxidase subunit 8A (mKeima-mito). mKeima-mito allows for quantification of mitochondrial autophagy (mitophagy) in live-cell time-lapse imaging experiments. We also developed an image analysis pipeline to selectively quantify mKeima-mito while removing the signal of auto-fluorescent pigment from the dataset by utilizing information from the mKeima fluorescent channels. These techniques are demonstrated in primary RPE cultures expressing mKeima-mito treated with 2-[2-[4-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl]hydrazinylidene]-propanedinitrile (FCCP), an uncoupler that depolarizes the mitochondrial membrane and leads to mitochondrial fragmentation and mitophagy. The techniques outlined provide a roadmap for investigating disease mechanisms or the effect of treatments utilizing fluorescent probes in an important cell culture model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody R Fisher
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Mara C Ebeling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Deborah A Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA; Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA.
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Ming-Mu-Di-Huang-Pill Activates SQSTM1 via AMPK-Mediated Autophagic KEAP1 Degradation and Protects RPE Cells from Oxidative Damage. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2022; 2022:5851315. [PMID: 35378824 PMCID: PMC8976466 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5851315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2021] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress and diminished autophagy in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) play crucial roles in the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Enhancing autophagy has recently been identified as an important strategy to protect RPE cells from oxidative damage. Ming-Mu-Di-Huang-Pill (MMDH pill) is a traditional herbal medicine used to treat AMD, and its molecular mechanism is not well understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the MMDH pill relieved acute oxidative damage by activating autophagy in an in vitro and in vivo model of sodium iodate (NaIO3). The results showed that NaIO3 induced cell death and inhibited proliferation. The MMDH pill increased cell viability, restored the activities of antioxidant enzymes, and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) fluorescence intensity. The MMDH pill mediated Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) degradation and decreased oxidative damage, which was blocked in autophagy inhibitor (chloroquine) or sequestosome-1 (SQSTM1) siRNA-treated RPE cells. Furthermore, we indicated that the MMDH pill could promote adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and autophagy adaptor-SQSTM1 expression, which could stimulate autophagic degradation of Keap1. In addition, the MMDH pill increased nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation in a SQSTM1-dependent manner and induced the expression of the downstream antioxidant factors heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate quinone dehydrogenase 1 (NQO1). In conclusion, MMDH pill plays a protective role in relieving NaIO3-induced oxidative stress by activating the AMPK/SQSTM1/Keap1 pathway. The MMDH pill may be useful to treat AMD by maintaining redox homeostasis and autophagy.
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Martínez-Alberquilla I, Gasull X, Pérez-Luna P, Seco-Mera R, Ruiz-Alcocer J, Crooke A. Neutrophils and neutrophil extracellular trap components: Emerging biomarkers and therapeutic targets for age-related eye diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 74:101553. [PMID: 34971794 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Age-related eye diseases, including dry eye, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy, represent a major global health issue based on their increasing prevalence and disabling action. Unraveling the molecular mechanisms underlying these diseases will provide novel opportunities to reduce the burden of age-related eye diseases and improve eye health, contributing to sustainable development goals achievement. The impairment of neutrophil extracellular traps formation/degradation processes seems to be one of these mechanisms. These traps formed by a meshwork of DNA and neutrophil cytosolic granule proteins may exacerbate the inflammatory response promoting chronic inflammation, a pivotal cause of age-related diseases. In this review, we describe current findings that suggest the role of neutrophils and their traps in the pathogenesis of the above-mentioned age-related eye diseases. Furthermore, we discuss why these cells and their constituents could be biomarkers and therapeutic targets for dry eye, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration, and diabetic retinopathy. We also examine the therapeutic potential of some neutrophil function modulators and provide several recommendations for future research in age-related eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Martínez-Alberquilla
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Clinical and Experimental Eye Research Group, UCM 971009, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Xavier Gasull
- Neurophysiology Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Medical School, Institute of Neurosciences, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Pérez-Luna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rubén Seco-Mera
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Ruiz-Alcocer
- Department of Optometry and Vision, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Clinical and Experimental Eye Research Group, UCM 971009, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Almudena Crooke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; Clinical and Experimental Eye Research Group, UCM 971009, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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55
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Olchawa MM, Herrnreiter AM, Skumatz CMB, Krzysztynska-Kuleta OI, Mokrzynski KT, Burke JM, Sarna TJ. The Inhibitory Effect of Blue Light on Phagocytic Activity by ARPE-19 Cells. Photochem Photobiol 2022; 98:1110-1121. [PMID: 35067943 DOI: 10.1111/php.13596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Chronic exposure of the retina to short wavelength visible light is a risk factor in pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration. The proper functioning and survival of photoreceptors depends on efficient phagocytosis of photoreceptor outer segments (POS) by retinal pigment epithelium. The purpose of this study was to analyze the phagocytic activity of blue light-treated ARPE-19 cells, and to examine whether the observed effects could be related to altered levels of POS phagocytosis receptor proteins and/or to oxidation of cellular proteins and lipids. POS phagocytosis was measured by flow cytometry. Phagocytosis receptor proteins αv and β5 integrin subunits and Mer tyrosine kinase (MerTK) were quantified by western blotting. The intact functional heterodimer αvβ5 was quantified by immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting. Cellular protein and lipid hydroperoxides were analyzed by coumarin boronic acid probe and iodometric assay, respectively. Cell irradiation induced reversible inhibition of specific phagocytosis and transient reductions in phagocytosis receptor proteins. Full recovery of functional heterodimer was apparent. Significant photooxidation of cellular proteins and lipids was observed. The results indicate that transient inhibition of specific phagocytosis by blue light could be related to the reduction in phagocytosis receptor proteins. Such changes may arise from oxidative modifications of cell phagocytic machinery components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena M Olchawa
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland.,Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Anja M Herrnreiter
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Christine M B Skumatz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Olga I Krzysztynska-Kuleta
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Krystian T Mokrzynski
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
| | - Janice M Burke
- Department of Ophthalmology, Eye Institute, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA.,Emeritus Professor of Ophthalmology
| | - Tadeusz J Sarna
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387, Krakow, Poland
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56
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Testing Mitochondrial-Targeted Drugs in iPSC-RPE from Patients with Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15010062. [PMID: 35056119 PMCID: PMC8781759 DOI: 10.3390/ph15010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 12/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the leading cause of blindness in the elderly. No universally effective treatments exist for atrophic or “dry” AMD, which results from loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors and accounts for ≈80% of all AMD patients. Prior studies provide evidence for the involvement of mitochondrial dysfunction in AMD pathology. This study used induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) RPE derived from five AMD patients to test the efficacy of three drugs (AICAR (5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide), Metformin, trehalose) that target key processes in maintaining optimal mitochondrial function. The patient iPSC-RPE lines were used in a proof-of-concept drug screen, utilizing an analysis of RPE mitochondrial function following acute and extended drug exposure. Results show considerable variability in drug response across patient cell lines, supporting the need for a personalized medicine approach for treating AMD. Furthermore, our results demonstrate the feasibility of using iPSC-RPE from AMD patients to develop a personalized drug treatment regime and provide a roadmap for the future clinical management of AMD.
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57
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Saada J, McAuley RJ, Marcatti M, Tang TZ, Motamedi M, Szczesny B. Oxidative stress induces Z-DNA-binding protein 1-dependent activation of microglia via mtDNA released from retinal pigment epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 2022; 298:101523. [PMID: 34953858 PMCID: PMC8753185 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress, inflammation, and aberrant activation of microglia in the retina are commonly observed in ocular pathologies. In glaucoma or age-related macular degeneration, the chronic activation of microglia affects retinal ganglion cells and photoreceptors, respectively, contributing to gradual vision loss. However, the molecular mechanisms that cause activation of microglia in the retina are not fully understood. Here we show that exposure of retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells to chronic low-level oxidative stress induces mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-specific damage, and the subsequent translocation of damaged mtDNA to the cytoplasm results in the binding and activation of intracellular DNA receptor Z-DNA-binding protein 1 (ZBP1). Activation of the mtDNA/ZBP1 pathway triggers the expression of proinflammatory markers in RPE cells. In addition, we show that the enhanced release of extracellular vesicles (EVs) containing fragments of mtDNA derived from the apical site of RPE cells induces a proinflammatory phenotype of microglia via activation of ZBP1 signaling. Collectively, our report establishes oxidatively damaged mtDNA as an important signaling molecule with ZBP1 as its intracellular receptor in the development of an inflammatory response in the retina. We propose that this novel mtDNA-mediated autocrine and paracrine mechanism for triggering and maintaining inflammation in the retina may play an important role in ocular pathologies. Therefore, the molecular mechanisms identified in this report are potentially suitable therapeutic targets to ameliorate development of ocular pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Saada
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Ryan J McAuley
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Michela Marcatti
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Department of Neurology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Tony Zifeng Tang
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Massoud Motamedi
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Bartosz Szczesny
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA.
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58
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Visioli F, Ingram A, Beckman JS, Magnusson KR, Hagen TM. Strategies to protect against age-related mitochondrial decay: Do natural products and their derivatives help? Free Radic Biol Med 2022; 178:330-346. [PMID: 34890770 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2021.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria serve vital roles critical for overall cellular function outside of energy transduction. Thus, mitochondrial decay is postulated to be a key factor in aging and in age-related diseases. Mitochondria may be targets of their own decay through oxidative damage. However, treating animals with antioxidants has been met with only limited success in rejuvenating mitochondrial function or in increasing lifespan. A host of nutritional strategies outside of using traditional antioxidants have been devised to promote mitochondrial function. Dietary compounds are under study that induce gene expression, enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, or replenish key metabolites that decline with age. Moreover, redox-active compounds may now be targeted to mitochondria which improve their effectiveness. Herein we review the evidence that representative dietary effectors modulate mitochondrial function by stimulating their renewal or reversing the age-related loss of key metabolites. While in vitro evidence continues to accumulate that many of these compounds benefit mitochondrial function and/or prevent their decay, the results using animal models and, in some instances human clinical trials, are more mixed and sometimes even contraindicated. Thus, further research on optimal dosage and age of intervention are warranted before recommending potential mitochondrial rejuvenating compounds for human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Visioli
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Italy; IMDEA-Food, Madrid, Spain
| | - Avery Ingram
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Joseph S Beckman
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Kathy R Magnusson
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Tory M Hagen
- Linus Pauling Institute, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA.
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Zeviani M, Carelli V. Mitochondrial Retinopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 23:210. [PMID: 35008635 PMCID: PMC8745158 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is an exquisite target for defects of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) associated with mitochondrial impairment. Retinal involvement occurs in two ways, retinal dystrophy (retinitis pigmentosa) and subacute or chronic optic atrophy, which are the most common clinical entities. Both can present as isolated or virtually exclusive conditions, or as part of more complex, frequently multisystem syndromes. In most cases, mutations of mtDNA have been found in association with mitochondrial retinopathy. The main genetic abnormalities of mtDNA include mutations associated with neurogenic muscle weakness, ataxia and retinitis pigmentosa (NARP) sometimes with earlier onset and increased severity (maternally inherited Leigh syndrome, MILS), single large-scale deletions determining Kearns-Sayre syndrome (KSS, of which retinal dystrophy is a cardinal symptom), and mutations, particularly in mtDNA-encoded ND genes, associated with Leber hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON). However, mutations in nuclear genes can also cause mitochondrial retinopathy, including autosomal recessive phenocopies of LHON, and slowly progressive optic atrophy caused by dominant or, more rarely, recessive, mutations in the fusion/mitochondrial shaping protein OPA1, encoded by a nuclear gene on chromosome 3q29.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Zeviani
- Department of Neurosciences, The Clinical School, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, Via Orus 2, 35128 Padova, Italy
| | - Valerio Carelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40139 Bologna, Italy
- Programma di Neurogenetica, IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Via Altura 6, 40139 Bologna, Italy
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Dieguez HH, Calanni JS, Romeo HE, Alaimo A, González Fleitas MF, Iaquinandi A, Chianelli MS, Keller Sarmiento MI, Sande PH, Rosenstein RE, Dorfman D. Enriched environment and visual stimuli protect the retinal pigment epithelium and photoreceptors in a mouse model of non-exudative age-related macular degeneration. Cell Death Dis 2021; 12:1128. [PMID: 34864827 PMCID: PMC9632251 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-021-04412-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Non-exudative age-related macular degeneration (NE-AMD), the main cause of blindness in people above 50 years old, lacks effective treatments at the moment. We have developed a new NE-AMD model through unilateral superior cervical ganglionectomy (SCGx), which elicits the disease main features in C57Bl/6J mice. The involvement of oxidative stress in the damage induced by NE-AMD to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and outer retina has been strongly supported by evidence. We analysed the effect of enriched environment (EE) and visual stimulation (VS) in the RPE/outer retina damage within experimental NE-AMD. Exposure to EE starting 48 h post-SCGx, which had no effect on the choriocapillaris ubiquitous thickness increase, protected visual functions, prevented the thickness increase of the Bruch’s membrane, and the loss of the melanin of the RPE, number of melanosomes, and retinoid isomerohydrolase (RPE65) immunoreactivity, as well as the ultrastructural damage of the RPE and photoreceptors, exclusively circumscribed to the central temporal (but not nasal) region, induced by experimental NE-AMD. EE also prevented the increase in outer retina/RPE oxidative stress markers and decrease in mitochondrial mass at 6 weeks post-SCGx. Moreover, EE increased RPE and retinal brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, particularly in Müller cells. When EE exposure was delayed (dEE), starting at 4 weeks post-SCGx, it restored visual functions, reversed the RPE melanin content and RPE65-immunoreactivity decrease. Exposing animals to VS protected visual functions and prevented the decrease in RPE melanin content and RPE65 immunoreactivity. These findings suggest that EE housing and VS could become an NE-AMD promising therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hernán H Dieguez
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Juan S Calanni
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Horacio E Romeo
- School of Engineering and Agrarian Sciences, Pontifical Catholic University of Argentina, BIOMED/UCA/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Alaimo
- Interdisciplinary Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics and Nanotools, Department of Biological Chemistry, School of Exact and Natural Sciences/IQUIBICEN, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María F González Fleitas
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustina Iaquinandi
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mónica S Chianelli
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María I Keller Sarmiento
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo H Sande
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ruth E Rosenstein
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Damián Dorfman
- Laboratory of Retinal Neurochemistry and Experimental Ophthalmology, Department of Human Biochemistry, School of Medicine/CEFyBO, University of Buenos Aires/CONICET, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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61
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Merle DA, Provenzano F, Jarboui MA, Kilger E, Clark SJ, Deleidi M, Armento A, Ueffing M. mTOR Inhibition via Rapamycin Treatment Partially Reverts the Deficit in Energy Metabolism Caused by FH Loss in RPE Cells. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1944. [PMID: 34943047 PMCID: PMC8750186 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10121944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex degenerative disease of the retina with multiple risk-modifying factors, including aging, genetics, and lifestyle choices. The combination of these factors leads to oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic failure in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) with subsequent degeneration of photoreceptors in the retina. The alternative complement pathway is tightly linked to AMD. In particular, the genetic variant in the complement factor H gene (CFH), which leads to the Y402H polymorphism in the factor H protein (FH), confers the second highest risk for the development and progression of AMD. Although the association between the FH Y402H variant and increased complement system activation is known, recent studies have uncovered novel FH functions not tied to this activity and highlighted functional relevance for intracellular FH. In our previous studies, we show that loss of CFH expression in RPE cells causes profound disturbances in cellular metabolism, increases the vulnerability towards oxidative stress, and modulates the activation of pro-inflammatory signaling pathways, most importantly the NF-kB pathway. Here, we silenced CFH in hTERT-RPE1 cells to investigate the mechanism by which intracellular FH regulates RPE cell homeostasis. We found that silencing of CFH results in hyperactivation of mTOR signaling along with decreased mitochondrial respiration and that mTOR inhibition via rapamycin can partially rescue these metabolic defects. To obtain mechanistic insight into the function of intracellular FH in hTERT-RPE1 cells, we analyzed the interactome of FH via immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry-based analysis. We found that FH interacts with essential components of the ubiquitin-proteasomal pathway (UPS) as well as with factors associated with RB1/E2F signalling in a complement-pathway independent manner. Moreover, we found that FH silencing affects mRNA levels of the E3 Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Parkin and PTEN induced putative kinase (Pink1), both of which are associated with UPS. As inhibition of mTORC1 was previously shown to result in increased overall protein degradation via UPS and as FH mRNA and protein levels were shown to be affected by inhibition of UPS, our data stress a potential regulatory link between endogenous FH activity and the UPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Merle
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Francesca Provenzano
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (F.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Mohamed Ali Jarboui
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
- Core Facility for Medical Bioanalytics, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard-Karls University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ellen Kilger
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
| | - Simon J. Clark
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Michela Deleidi
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (F.P.); (M.D.)
| | - Angela Armento
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Department for Ophthalmology, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (D.A.M.); (M.A.J.); (E.K.); (S.J.C.)
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 72076 Tübingen, Germany; (F.P.); (M.D.)
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Vays V, Vangely I, Eldarov C, Holtze S, Hildebrandt T, Bakeeva L, Skulachev V. Progressive reorganization of mitochondrial apparatus in aging skeletal muscle of naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) as revealed by electron microscopy: potential role in continual maintenance of muscle activity. Aging (Albany NY) 2021; 13:24524-24541. [PMID: 34839281 PMCID: PMC8660618 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined the ultrastructure of mitochondrial apparatus of skeletal muscles of naked mole rats (Heterocephalus glaber) from the age of 6 months to 11 years. The obtained results have demonstrated that the mitochondria in skeletal muscles of naked mole rats aged below 5 years is not well-developed and represented by few separate small mitochondria. Mitochondrial reticulum is absent. Starting from the age of 5 years, a powerful mitochondrial structure is developed. By the age of 11 years, it become obvious that the mitochondrial apparatus formed differs from that in the skeletal muscle of adult rats and mice, but resembles that of cardiomyocytes of rats or naked mole rats cardiomyocytes. From the age of 6 months to 11 years, percentage area of mitochondria in the skeletal muscle of naked mole rat is increasing by five times. The growth of mitochondria is mainly driven by increased number of organelles. Such significant growth of mitochondria is not associated with any abnormal changes in mitochondrial ultrastructure. We suppose that specific structure of mitochondrial apparatus developed in the skeletal muscle of naked mole rats by the age of 11 years is necessary for continual skeletal muscle activity of these small mammals burrowing very long holes in stony earth, resembling continual activity of heart muscle. In any case, ontogenesis of naked mole rat skeletal muscles is much slower than of rats and mice (one more example of neoteny).
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Vays
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Irina Vangely
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Chupalav Eldarov
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Susanne Holtze
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin 10315, Germany
| | - Thomas Hildebrandt
- Department of Reproduction Management, Leibniz-Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research, Berlin 10315, Germany
| | - Lora Bakeeva
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Vladimir Skulachev
- Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belozersky Research Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Ryu J, Gulamhusein H, Oh JK, Chang JH, Chen J, Tsang SH. Nutrigenetic reprogramming of oxidative stress. Taiwan J Ophthalmol 2021; 11:207-215. [PMID: 34703735 PMCID: PMC8493979 DOI: 10.4103/tjo.tjo_4_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal disorders such as retinitis pigmentosa, age-related retinal degeneration, oxygen-induced retinopathy, and ischemia-reperfusion injury cause debilitating and irreversible vision loss. While the exact mechanisms underlying these conditions remain unclear, there has been a growing body of evidence demonstrating the pathological contributions of oxidative stress across different cell types within the eye. Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor (Nrf2), a transcriptional activator of antioxidative genes, and its regulator Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) have emerged as promising therapeutic targets. The purpose of this review is to understand the protective role of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway in different retinal tissues and shed light on the complex mechanisms underlying these processes. In the photoreceptors, we highlight that Nrf2 preserves their survival and function by maintaining oxidation homeostasis. In the retinal pigment epithelium, Nrf2 similarly plays a critical role in oxidative stabilization but also maintains mitochondrial motility and autophagy-related lipid metabolic processes. In endothelial cells, Nrf2 seems to promote proper vascularization and revascularization through concurrent activation of antioxidative and angiogenic factors as well as inhibition of inflammatory cytokines. Finally, Nrf2 protects retinal ganglion cells against apoptotic cell death. Importantly, we show that Nrf2-mediated protection of the various retinal tissues corresponds to a preservation of functional vision. Altogether, this review underscores the potential of the Nrf2-Keap1 pathway as a powerful tool against retinal degeneration. Key insights into this elegant oxidative defense mechanism may ultimately pave the path toward a universal therapy for various inherited and environmental retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Ryu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children's Vision Care and the Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Huzeifa Gulamhusein
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children's Vision Care and the Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, The University of Texas Rio Grande Valley School of Medicine, Edinburg, TX, USA
| | - Jin Kyun Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children's Vision Care and the Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York at Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, USA
| | - Joseph H Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children's Vision Care and the Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jocelyn Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children's Vision Care and the Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University, New York, USA
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Jonas Children's Vision Care and the Bernard and Shirlee Brown Glaucoma Laboratory, Columbia Stem Cell Initiative, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University, NY, USA
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Effects of aging on protein expression in mice brain microvessels: ROS scavengers, mRNA/protein stability, glycolytic enzymes, mitochondrial complexes, and basement membrane components. GeroScience 2021; 44:371-388. [PMID: 34708300 PMCID: PMC8811117 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00468-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentially expressed (DE) proteins in the cortical microvessels (MVs) of young, middle-aged, and old male and female mice were evaluated using discovery-based proteomics analysis (> 4,200 quantified proteins/group). Most DE proteins (> 90%) showed no significant differences between the sexes; however, some significant DE proteins showing sexual differences in MVs decreased from young (8.3%), to middle-aged (3.7%), to old (0.5%) mice. Therefore, we combined male and female data for age-dependent comparisons but noted sex differences for examination. Key proteins involved in the oxidative stress response, mRNA or protein stability, basement membrane (BM) composition, aerobic glycolysis, and mitochondrial function were significantly altered with aging. Relative abundance of superoxide dismutase-1/-2, catalase and thioredoxin were reduced with aging. Proteins participating in either mRNA degradation or pre-mRNA splicing were significantly increased in old mice MVs, whereas protein stabilizing proteins decreased. Glycolytic proteins were not affected in middle age, but the relative abundance of these proteins decreased in MVs of old mice. Although most of the 41 examined proteins composing mitochondrial complexes I–V were reduced in old mice, six of these proteins showed a significant reduction in middle-aged mice, but the relative abundance increased in fourteen proteins. Nidogen, collagen, and laminin family members as well as perlecan showed differing patterns during aging, indicating BM reorganization starting in middle age. We suggest that increased oxidative stress during aging leads to adverse protein profile changes of brain cortical MVs that affect mRNA/protein stability, BM integrity, and ATP synthesis capacity.
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Armbrust KR, Karunadharma PP, Terluk MR, Kapphahn RJ, Olsen TW, Ferrington DA, Montezuma SR. No association between cataract surgery and mitochondrial DNA damage with age-related macular degeneration in human donor eyes. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258803. [PMID: 34665838 PMCID: PMC8525771 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To determine whether age-related macular degeneration (AMD) severity or the frequency of retinal pigment epithelium mitochondrial DNA lesions differ in human donor eyes that have undergone cataract surgery compared to phakic eyes. Methods Eyes from human donors aged ≥ 55 years were obtained from the Minnesota Lions Eye Bank. Cataract surgery status was obtained from history provided to Eye Bank personnel by family members at the time of tissue procurement. Donor eyes were graded for AMD severity using the Minnesota Grading System. Quantitative PCR was performed on DNA isolated from macular punches of retinal pigment epithelium to quantitate the frequency of mitochondrial DNA lesions in the donor tissue. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to evaluate for associations between (1) cataract surgery and AMD severity and (2) cataract surgery and mitochondrial DNA lesion frequency. Results A total of 157 subjects qualified for study inclusion. Multivariable analysis with age, sex, smoking status, and cataract surgery status showed that only age was associated with AMD grade. Multivariable analysis with age, sex, smoking status, and cataract surgery status showed that none of these factors were associated with retinal pigment epithelium mitochondrial DNA lesion frequency. Conclusions In this study of human donor eyes, neither retinal pigment epithelium mitochondrial DNA damage nor the stage of AMD severity are independently associated with cataract surgery after adjusting for other AMD risk factors. These new pathologic and molecular findings provide evidence against a relationship between cataract surgery and AMD progression and support the idea that cataract surgery is safe in the setting of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen R. Armbrust
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Pabalu P. Karunadharma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Marcia R. Terluk
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Timothy W. Olsen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Amadoro G, Latina V, Balzamino BO, Squitti R, Varano M, Calissano P, Micera A. Nerve Growth Factor-Based Therapy in Alzheimer's Disease and Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:735928. [PMID: 34566573 PMCID: PMC8459906 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.735928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-associated neurodegenerative disease which is the most common cause of dementia among the elderly. Imbalance in nerve growth factor (NGF) signaling, metabolism, and/or defect in NGF transport to the basal forebrain cholinergic neurons occurs in patients affected with AD. According to the cholinergic hypothesis, an early and progressive synaptic and neuronal loss in a vulnerable population of basal forebrain involved in memory and learning processes leads to degeneration of cortical and hippocampal projections followed by cognitive impairment with accumulation of misfolded/aggregated Aβ and tau protein. The neuroprotective and regenerative effects of NGF on cholinergic neurons have been largely demonstrated, both in animal models of AD and in living patients. However, the development of this neurotrophin as a disease-modifying therapy in humans is challenged by both delivery limitations (inability to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB), poor pharmacokinetic profile) and unwanted side effects (pain and weight loss). Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a retinal disease which represents the major cause of blindness in developed countries and shares several clinical and pathological features with AD, including alterations in NGF transduction pathways. Interestingly, nerve fiber layer thinning, degeneration of retinal ganglion cells and changes of vascular parameters, aggregation of Aβ and tau protein, and apoptosis also occur in the retina of both AD and AMD. A protective effect of ocular administration of NGF on both photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cell degeneration has been recently described. Besides, the current knowledge about the detection of essential trace metals associated with AD and AMD and their changes depending on the severity of diseases, either systemic or locally detected, further pave the way for a promising diagnostic approach. This review is aimed at describing the employment of NGF as a common therapeutic approach to AMD and AD and the diagnostic power of detection of essential trace metals associated with both diseases. The multiple approaches employed to allow a sustained release/targeting of NGF to the brain and its neurosensorial ocular extensions will be also discussed, highlighting innovative technologies and future translational prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT)-CNR, Rome, Italy
- European Brain Research Institute, Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Rosanna Squitti
- Molecular Markers Laboratory, IRCCS Istituto Centro San Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Monica Varano
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Micera
- Research Laboratories in Ophthalmology, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Rome, Italy
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Du Y, Kong N, Zhang J. Genetic Mechanism Revealed of Age-Related Macular Degeneration Based on Fusion of Statistics and Machine Learning Method. Front Genet 2021; 12:726599. [PMID: 34422023 PMCID: PMC8375266 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.726599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most common cause of irreversible vision loss in the developed world which affects the quality of life for millions of elderly individuals worldwide. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified genetic variants at 34 loci contributing to AMD. To better understand the disease pathogenesis and identify causal genes for AMD, we applied random walk (RW) and support vector machine (SVM) to identify AMD-related genes based on gene interaction relationship and significance of genes. Our model achieved 0.927 of area under the curve (AUC), and 65 novel genes have been identified as AMD-related genes. To verify our results, a statistics method called summary data-based Mendelian randomization (SMR) has been implemented to integrate GWAS data and transcriptome data to verify AMD susceptibility-related genes. We found 45 genes are related to AMD by SMR. Among these genes, 37 genes overlap with those found by SVM-RW. Finally, we revealed the biological process of genetic mutations leading to changes in gene expression leading to AMD. Our results reveal the genetic pathogenic factors and related mechanisms of AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongyi Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ning Kong
- Department of Ophthalmology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jibin Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Panyu Central Hospital, Guangzhou, China
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Xu HJ, Li QY, Zou T, Yin ZQ. Development-related mitochondrial properties of retinal pigment epithelium cells derived from hEROs. Int J Ophthalmol 2021; 14:1138-1150. [PMID: 34414076 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2021.08.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the temporal mitochondrial characteristics of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells obtained from human embryonic stem cells (hESC)-derived retinal organoids (hEROs-RPE), to verify the optimal period for using hEROs-RPE as donor cells from the aspect of mitochondria and to optimize RPE cell-based therapeutic strategies for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). METHODS RPE cells were obtained from hEROs and from spontaneous differentiation (SD-RPE). The mitochondrial characteristics were analyzed every 20d from day 60 to 160. Mitochondrial quantity was measured by MitoTracker Green staining. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was adopted to assess the morphological features of the mitochondria, including their distribution, length, and cristae. Mitochondrial membrane potentials (MMPs) were determined by JC-1 staining and evaluated by flow cytometry, reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were evaluated by flow cytometry, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were measured by a luminometer. Differences between two groups were analyzed by the independent-samples t-test, and comparisons among multiple groups were made using one-way ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis H test when equal variance was not assumed. RESULTS hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells from day 60 to 160 were successfully differentiated from hESCs and expressed RPE markers (Pax6, MITF, Bestrophin-1, RPE65, Cralbp). RPE features, including a cobblestone-like morphology with tight junctions (ZO-1), pigments and microvilli, were also observed in both hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells. The mitochondrial quantities of hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells both peaked at day 80. However, the cristae of hEROs-RPE mitochondria were less mature and abundant than those of SD-RPE mitochondria at day 80, with hEROs-RPE mitochondria becoming mature at day 100. Both hEROs-RPE and SD-RPE cells showed low ROS levels from day 100 to 140 and maintained a normal MMP during this period. However, hEROs-RPE mitochondria maintained a longer time to produce high levels of ATP (from day 120 to 140) than SD-RPE cells (only day 120). CONCLUSION hEROs-RPE mitochondria develop more slowly and maintain a longer time to supply high-level energy than SD-RPE mitochondria. From the mitochondrial perspective, hEROs-RPE cells from day 100 to 140 are an optimal cell source for treating AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Jue Xu
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Qi-You Li
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Ting Zou
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
| | - Zheng-Qin Yin
- Southwest Hospital/Southwest Eye Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing 400038, China.,Key Lab of Visual Damage and Regeneration & Restoration of Chongqing, Chongqing 400038, China
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Lem DW, Davey PG, Gierhart DL, Rosen RB. A Systematic Review of Carotenoids in the Management of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:1255. [PMID: 34439503 PMCID: PMC8389280 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10081255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) remains a leading cause of modifiable vision loss in older adults. Chronic oxidative injury and compromised antioxidant defenses represent essential drivers in the development of retinal neurodegeneration. Overwhelming free radical species formation results in mitochondrial dysfunction, as well as cellular and metabolic imbalance, which becomes exacerbated with increasing age. Thus, the depletion of systemic antioxidant capacity further proliferates oxidative stress in AMD-affected eyes, resulting in loss of photoreceptors, neuroinflammation, and ultimately atrophy within the retinal tissue. The aim of this systematic review is to examine the neuroprotective potential of the xanthophyll carotenoids lutein, zeaxanthin, and meso-zeaxanthin on retinal neurodegeneration for the purpose of adjunctive nutraceutical strategy in the management of AMD. A comprehensive literature review was performed to retrieve 55 eligible publications, using four database searches from PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science. Epidemiology studies indicated an enhanced risk reduction against late AMD with greater dietary consumption of carotenoids, meanwhile greater concentrations in macular pigment demonstrated significant improvements in visual function among AMD patients. Collectively, evidence strongly suggests that carotenoid vitamin therapies offer remarkable synergic protection in the neurosensory retina, with the potential to serve as adjunctive nutraceutical therapy in the management of established AMD, albeit these benefits may vary among different stages of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drake W. Lem
- College of Optometry, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766, USA;
| | | | | | - Richard B. Rosen
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York Eye and Ear Infirmary of Mount Sinai, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA;
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Complement Inhibitors in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Potential Therapeutic Option. J Immunol Res 2021; 2021:9945725. [PMID: 34368372 PMCID: PMC8346298 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9945725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a multifactorial disease, which can culminate in irreversible vision loss and blindness in elderly. Nowadays, there is a big gap between dry AMD and wet AMD on treatment. Accounting for nearly 90% of AMD, dry AMD still lacks effective treatment. Numerous genetic and molecular researches have confirmed the significant role of the complement system in the pathogenesis of AMD, leading to a deeper exploration of complement inhibitors in the treatment of AMD. To date, at least 14 different complement inhibitors have been or are being explored in AMD in almost 40 clinical trials. While most complement inhibitors fail to treat AMD successfully, two of them are effective in inhibiting the rate of GA progression in phase II clinical trials, and both of them successfully entered phase III trials. Furthermore, recently emerging complement gene therapy and combination therapy also offer new opportunities to treat AMD in the future. In this review, we aim to introduce genetic and molecular associations between the complement system and AMD, provide the updated progress in complement inhibitors in AMD on clinical trials, and discuss the challenges and prospects of complement therapeutic strategies in AMD.
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Yang S, Zhou J, Li D. Functions and Diseases of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:727870. [PMID: 34393803 PMCID: PMC8355697 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.727870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium is a fundamental component of the retina that plays essential roles in visual functions. Damage to the structure and function of the retinal pigment epithelium leads to a variety of retinopathies, and there is currently no curative therapy for these disorders. Therefore, studying the relationship between the development, function, and pathobiology of the retinal pigment epithelium is important for the prevention and treatment of retinopathies. Here we review the function of the retinal pigment epithelium and its relevance to the pathobiology, and discuss potential strategies for the treatment of retinopathies. In doing so, we provide new viewpoints outlining new ideas for the future study and treatment of retinopathies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Song Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cell Biology in Universities of Shandong, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Dengwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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Cardiolipin, Non-Bilayer Structures and Mitochondrial Bioenergetics: Relevance to Cardiovascular Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071721. [PMID: 34359891 PMCID: PMC8304834 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The present review is an attempt to conceptualize a contemporary understanding about the roles that cardiolipin, a mitochondrial specific conical phospholipid, and non-bilayer structures, predominantly found in the inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM), play in mitochondrial bioenergetics. This review outlines the link between changes in mitochondrial cardiolipin concentration and changes in mitochondrial bioenergetics, including changes in the IMM curvature and surface area, cristae density and architecture, efficiency of electron transport chain (ETC), interaction of ETC proteins, oligomerization of respiratory complexes, and mitochondrial ATP production. A relationship between cardiolipin decline in IMM and mitochondrial dysfunction leading to various diseases, including cardiovascular diseases, is thoroughly presented. Particular attention is paid to the targeting of cardiolipin by Szeto–Schiller tetrapeptides, which leads to rejuvenation of important mitochondrial activities in dysfunctional and aging mitochondria. The role of cardiolipin in triggering non-bilayer structures and the functional roles of non-bilayer structures in energy-converting membranes are reviewed. The latest studies on non-bilayer structures induced by cobra venom peptides are examined in model and mitochondrial membranes, including studies on how non-bilayer structures modulate mitochondrial activities. A mechanism by which non-bilayer compartments are formed in the apex of cristae and by which non-bilayer compartments facilitate ATP synthase dimerization and ATP production is also presented.
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Fu Z, Smith LEH. Cellular senescence in pathologic retinal angiogenesis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2021; 32:415-416. [PMID: 33863618 PMCID: PMC8612461 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathologic angiogenesis causes blindness in many eye diseases. Crespo-Garcia, Tsuruda, and Dejda et al. employed bioinformatics to characterize cell senescence as a primary factor in the common pathogenesis of retinopathies. They validated their findings using human and mouse retina with proliferative retinopathy. Clearance of senescent cells suppressed neovessel growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongjie Fu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Lois E H Smith
- Department of Ophthalmology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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74
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Hytti M, Korhonen E, Hongisto H, Kaarniranta K, Skottman H, Kauppinen A. Differential Expression of Inflammasome-Related Genes in Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell-Derived Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells with or without History of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22136800. [PMID: 34202702 PMCID: PMC8268331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22136800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a key underlying factor of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and inflammasome activation has been linked to disease development. Induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived retinal pigment epithelial cells (iPSC-RPE) are an attractive novel model system that can help to further elucidate disease pathways of this complex disease. Here, we analyzed the effect of dysfunctional protein clearance on inflammation and inflammasome activation in iPSC-RPE cells generated from a patient suffering from age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and an age-matched control. We primed iPSC-RPE cells with IL-1α and then inhibited both proteasomal degradation and autophagic clearance using MG-132 and bafilomycin A1, respectively, causing inflammasome activation. Subsequently, we determined cell viability, analyzed the expression levels of inflammasome-related genes using a PCR array, and measured the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and MCP-1 secreted into the medium. Cell treatments modified the expression of 48 inflammasome-related genes and increased the secretion of mature IL-1β, while reducing the levels of IL-6 and MCP-1. Interestingly, iPSC-RPE from an AMD donor secreted more IL-1β and expressed more Hsp90 prior to the inhibition of protein clearance, while MCP-1 and IL-6 were reduced at both protein and mRNA levels. Overall, our results suggest that cellular clearance mechanisms might already be dysfunctional, and the inflammasome activated, in cells with a disease origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Hytti
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-50-362-3058 (M.H.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
| | - Eveliina Korhonen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, 00029 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heidi Hongisto
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (H.H.); (H.S.)
- Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Kai Kaarniranta
- Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kuopio University Hospital, 70029 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Heli Skottman
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland; (H.H.); (H.S.)
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- Immuno-Ophthalmology, School of Pharmacy, University of Eastern Finland, 70210 Kuopio, Finland;
- Correspondence: (M.H.); (A.K.); Tel.: +358-50-362-3058 (M.H.); +358-40-355-3216 (A.K.)
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75
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Scholl HPN, Boyer D, Giani A, Chong V. The use of neuroprotective agents in treating geographic atrophy. Ophthalmic Res 2021; 64:888-902. [PMID: 34153966 DOI: 10.1159/000517794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik P N Scholl
- Institute of Molecular and Clinical Ophthalmology, Basel, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - David Boyer
- Retina-Vitreous Associates Medical Group, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Andrea Giani
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Victor Chong
- Boehringer Ingelheim International GmbH, Ingelheim am Rhein, Germany
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76
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Carrella S, Massa F, Indrieri A. The Role of MicroRNAs in Mitochondria-Mediated Eye Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:653522. [PMID: 34222230 PMCID: PMC8249810 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.653522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The retina is among the most metabolically active tissues with high-energy demands. The peculiar distribution of mitochondria in cells of retinal layers is necessary to assure the appropriate energy supply for the transmission of the light signal. Photoreceptor cells (PRs), retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) present a great concentration of mitochondria, which makes them particularly sensitive to mitochondrial dysfunction. To date, visual loss has been extensively correlated to defective mitochondrial functions. Many mitochondrial diseases (MDs) show indeed neuro-ophthalmic manifestations, including retinal and optic nerve phenotypes. Moreover, abnormal mitochondrial functions are frequently found in the most common retinal pathologies, i.e., glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), and diabetic retinopathy (DR), that share clinical similarities with the hereditary primary MDs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are established as key regulators of several developmental, physiological, and pathological processes. Dysregulated miRNA expression profiles in retinal degeneration models and in patients underline the potentiality of miRNA modulation as a possible gene/mutation-independent strategy in retinal diseases and highlight their promising role as disease predictive or prognostic biomarkers. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge about the participation of miRNAs in both rare and common mitochondria-mediated eye diseases. Definitely, given the involvement of miRNAs in retina pathologies and therapy as well as their use as molecular biomarkers, they represent a determining target for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Filomena Massa
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy
| | - Alessia Indrieri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Naples, Italy.,Institute for Genetic and Biomedical Research, National Research Council (CNR), Milan, Italy
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77
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Abstract
The outer retina is nourished from the choroid, a capillary bed just inside the sclera. O2, glucose, and other nutrients diffuse out of the choroid and then filter through a monolayer of retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells to fuel the retina. Recent studies of energy metabolism have revealed striking differences between retinas and RPE cells in the ways that they extract energy from fuels. The purpose of this review is to suggest and evaluate the hypothesis that the retina and RPE have complementary metabolic roles that make them depend on each other for survival and for their abilities to perform essential and specialized functions. Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Vision Science, Volume 7 is September 2021. Please see http://www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- James B Hurley
- Departments of Biochemistry and Ophthalmology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98115, USA;
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78
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Oh JK, Lima de Carvalho JR, Nuzbrokh Y, Ryu J, Chemudupati T, Mahajan VB, Sparrow JR, Tsang SH. Retinal Manifestations of Mitochondrial Oxidative Phosphorylation Disorders. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:12. [PMID: 33049060 PMCID: PMC7571321 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.12.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this paper was to discuss manifestations of primary mitochondrial dysfunctions and whether the retinal pigment epithelium or the photoreceptors are preferentially affected. Methods A retrospective analysis was performed of patients with clinically and laboratory confirmed diagnoses of maternally inherited diabetes and deafness (MIDD) or Kearns–Sayre syndrome (KSS). Patients underwent full ophthalmic examination, full-field electroretinogram, and multimodal imaging studies, including short-wavelength autofluorescence, spectral domain-optical coherence tomography, and color fundus photography. Results A total of five patients with MIDD and four patients with KSS were evaluated at two tertiary referral centers. Mean age at initial evaluation was 50.3 years old. Nascent outer retinal tubulations corresponding with faint foci of autofluorescence were observed in two patients with MIDD. Characteristic features of this cohort included a foveal sparing phenotype observed in 13 of 18 eyes (72%), global absence of intraretinal pigment migration, and preserved retinal function on full-field electroretinogram testing in 12 of 16 eyes (75%). One patient diagnosed with MIDD presented with an unusual pattern of atrophy surrounding the parapapillary region and one patient with KSS presented with an atypical choroideremia-like phenotype. Conclusions MIDD and KSS are phenotypically heterogeneous disorders. Several features of disease suggest that primary mitochondrial dysfunction may first affect the retinal pigment epithelium followed by secondary photoreceptor loss. Similarities between primary mitochondrial degenerations and retinal disorders, such as age-related macular degeneration may suggest a primary role of mitochondria in the pathogenesis of these oligogenic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyun Oh
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States.,State University of New York at Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, New York, United States
| | - Jose Ronaldo Lima de Carvalho
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Ophthalmology, Empresa Brasileira de Servicos Hospitalares (EBSERH) - Hospital das Clinicas de Pernambuco (HCPE), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.,Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yan Nuzbrokh
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States.,Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, United States
| | - Joseph Ryu
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Teja Chemudupati
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Vinit B Mahajan
- Molecular Surgery Laboratory, Byers Eye Institute, Stanford University, Palo Alto, California, United States.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California, United States
| | - Janet R Sparrow
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Columbia Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
| | - Stephen H Tsang
- Jonas Children's Vision Care, Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States.,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology and Columbia Stem Cell Initiative (CSCI), Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, United States
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79
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Beeson C, Peterson YK, Perron N, Bandyopadhyay M, Nasarre C, Beeson G, Comer RF, Lindsey CC, Schnellmann RG, Rohrer B. Newly Identified Chemicals Preserve Mitochondrial Capacity and Decelerate Loss of Photoreceptor Cells in Murine Retinal Degeneration Models. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2021; 37:367-378. [PMID: 33945330 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2020.0140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Metabolic stress and associated mitochondrial dysfunction are implicated in retinal degeneration irrespective of the underlying cause. We identified seven unique chemicals from a Chembridge DiverSET screen and tested their protection against photoreceptor cell death in cell- and animal-based approaches. Methods: Calcium overload (A23187) was triggered in 661W murine photoreceptor-derived cells, and changes in redox potential and real-time changes in cellular metabolism were assessed using the MTT and Seahorse Biosciences XF assay, respectively. Cheminformatics to compare structures, and biodistribution in the living pig eye aided in selection of the lead compound. In-situ, retinal organ cultures of rd1 mouse and S334ter-line-3 rat were tested, in-vivo the light-induced retinal degeneration in albino Balb/c mice was used, assessing photoreceptor cell numbers histologically. Results: Of the seven chemicals, six were protective against A23187- and IBMX-induced loss of mitochondrial capacity, as measured by viability and respirometry in 661W cells. Cheminformatic analyses identified a unique pharmacophore with 6 physico-chemical features based on two compounds (CB11 and CB12). The protective efficacy of CB11 was further shown by reducing photoreceptor cell loss in retinal explants from two retinitis pigmentosa rodent models. Using eye drops, CB11 targeting to the pig retina was confirmed. The same eye drops decreased photoreceptor cell loss in light-stressed Balb/c mice. Conclusions: New chemicals were identified that protect from mitochondrial damage and lead to improved mitochondrial function. Using ex-vivo and in-vivo models, CB11 decreased the loss of photoreceptor cells in murine models of retinal degeneration and may be effective as treatment for different retinal dystrophies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Yuri K Peterson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Nathan Perron
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Mausumi Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Cecile Nasarre
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Gyda Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Richard F Comer
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher C Lindsey
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Rick G Schnellmann
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA.,Research Service, Southern Arizona VA Healthcare System, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA.,Research Service, Ralph H Johnson VA Medical Center, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
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80
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Armento A, Ueffing M, Clark SJ. The complement system in age-related macular degeneration. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 78:4487-4505. [PMID: 33751148 PMCID: PMC8195907 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-03796-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic and progressive degenerative disease of the retina, which culminates in blindness and affects mainly the elderly population. AMD pathogenesis and pathophysiology are incredibly complex due to the structural and cellular complexity of the retina, and the variety of risk factors and molecular mechanisms that contribute to disease onset and progression. AMD is driven by a combination of genetic predisposition, natural ageing changes and lifestyle factors, such as smoking or nutritional intake. The mechanism by which these risk factors interact and converge towards AMD are not fully understood and therefore drug discovery is challenging, where no therapeutic attempt has been fully effective thus far. Genetic and molecular studies have identified the complement system as an important player in AMD. Indeed, many of the genetic risk variants cluster in genes of the alternative pathway of the complement system and complement activation products are elevated in AMD patients. Nevertheless, attempts in treating AMD via complement regulators have not yet been successful, suggesting a level of complexity that could not be predicted only from a genetic point of view. In this review, we will explore the role of complement system in AMD development and in the main molecular and cellular features of AMD, including complement activation itself, inflammation, ECM stability, energy metabolism and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Armento
- Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Marius Ueffing
- Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Simon J Clark
- Department for Ophthalmology, Institute for Ophthalmic Research, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Department for Ophthalmology, University Eye Clinic, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Lydia Becker Institute of Immunology and Inflammation, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
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81
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Yu HJ, Wykoff CC. Investigational Agents in Development for the Treatment of Geographic Atrophy Secondary to Age-Related Macular Degeneration. BioDrugs 2021; 35:303-323. [PMID: 33893984 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-021-00481-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Geographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced form of age-related macular degeneration, a late-onset, complex, genetic degenerative disease of the retina. Multiple environmental and genetic factors have been implicated in the development of GA, a pathology ultimately defined by loss of photoreceptors and the underlying retinal pigment epithelium and choriocapillaris. The personal burden of GA has been documented to have a substantial negative impact on quality of life, with progressive and cumulative loss of visual function each year. Currently, there are no treatments to prevent or slow the development or progression of GA. Multiple genetic and histopathologic studies have implicated dysregulation of the complement cascade in GA pathogenesis, leading to the development of several investigational pharmaceuticals targeting key factors in this inflammatory pathway. Several other biochemical pathways have also been implicated in GA development and progression, such as mitochondrial components, mediators of apoptosis and molecules involved in extracellular matrix remodeling, many of which are also being investigated for their potential value as therapeutic targets for GA treatment. Recent advancements in our understanding of GA pathogenesis and the progression of multiple potential therapeutics into later-stage human clinical trials hold great promise for a clinically effective therapeutic for patients with GA to emerge within the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah J Yu
- Retina Consultants of Texas, Retina Consultants of America, 4460 Bissonnet St., Suite 200, Bellaire, Texas, 77401, United States
| | - Charles C Wykoff
- Retina Consultants of Texas, Retina Consultants of America, 4460 Bissonnet St., Suite 200, Bellaire, Texas, 77401, United States.
- Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA.
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82
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Toma C, De Cillà S, Palumbo A, Garhwal DP, Grossini E. Oxidative and Nitrosative Stress in Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review of Their Role in Different Stages of Disease. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10050653. [PMID: 33922463 PMCID: PMC8145578 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10050653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the exact pathogenetic mechanisms leading to age-related macular degeneration (AMD) have not been clearly identified, oxidative damage in the retina and choroid due to an imbalance between local oxidants/anti-oxidant systems leading to chronic inflammation could represent the trigger event. Different in vitro and in vivo models have demonstrated the involvement of reactive oxygen species generated in a highly oxidative environment in the development of drusen and retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) changes in the initial pathologic processes of AMD; moreover, recent evidence has highlighted the possible association of oxidative stress and neovascular AMD. Nitric oxide (NO), which is known to play a key role in retinal physiological processes and in the regulation of choroidal blood flow, under pathologic conditions could lead to RPE/photoreceptor degeneration due to the generation of peroxynitrite, a potentially cytotoxic tyrosine-nitrating molecule. Furthermore, the altered expression of the different isoforms of NO synthases could be involved in choroidal microvascular changes leading to neovascularization. The purpose of this review was to investigate the different pathways activated by oxidative/nitrosative stress in the pathogenesis of AMD, focusing on the mechanisms leading to neovascularization and on the possible protective role of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents in this context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Toma
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Stefano De Cillà
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
- Department of Health Sciences, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Aurelio Palumbo
- Eye Clinic, University Hospital Maggiore Della Carità, 28100 Novara, Italy; (C.T.); (S.D.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Divya Praveen Garhwal
- Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Elena Grossini
- Laboratory of Physiology and Experimental Surgery, Department of Translational Medicine, University East Piedmont “A. Avogadro”, 28100 Novara, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.:+39-0321-660526
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83
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Erchova I, Sun S, Votruba M. A Perspective on Accelerated Aging Caused by the Genetic Deficiency of the Metabolic Protein, OPA1. Front Neurol 2021; 12:641259. [PMID: 33927681 PMCID: PMC8076550 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.641259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal Dominant Optic Atrophy (ADOA) is an ophthalmological condition associated primarily with mutations in the OPA1 gene. It has variable onset, sometimes juvenile, but in other patients, the disease does not manifest until adult middle age despite the presence of a pathological mutation. Thus, individuals carrying mutations are considered healthy before the onset of clinical symptoms. Our research, nonetheless, indicates that on the cellular level pathology is evident from birth and mutant cells are different from controls. We argue that the adaptation and early recruitment of cytoprotective responses allows normal development and functioning but leads to an exhaustion of cellular reserves, leading to premature cellular aging, especially in neurons and skeletal muscle cells. The appearance of clinical symptoms, thus, indicates the overwhelming of natural cellular defenses and break-down of native protective mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Erchova
- Mitochondria and Vision Lab, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Shanshan Sun
- Mitochondria and Vision Lab, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Marcela Votruba
- Mitochondria and Vision Lab, School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom.,Cardiff Eye Unit, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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84
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Coussa RG, Sohn EH, Han IC, Parikh S, Traboulsi EI. Mitochondrial DNA A3243G variant-associated retinopathy: a meta-analysis of the clinical course of visual acuity and correlation with systemic manifestations. Ophthalmic Genet 2021; 42:420-430. [PMID: 33827363 DOI: 10.1080/13816810.2021.1907598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The mitochondrial DNA A3243G (m.3243A>G) variant causes a wide spectrum of phenotypes, with pigmentary retinopathy as the most common ocular finding. We undertook this meta-analysis to investigate the clinical course of visual acuity (VA) in patients with m.3243A>G variant and provide key clinical correlations with systemic manifestations. METHODS A PubMed literature search was performed and studies were selected after satisfying pre-set inclusion criteria. Demographic and clinical data, including retinal findings and systemic manifestations were recorded. Cross-sectional and linear regression analyses were used to investigate the relationship between VA and age, as well as between the age at diagnosis of retinopathy and the mean ages at diagnosis of sensorineural hearing loss or diabetes. The age and prevalence of systemic manifestations among patients with and without retinopathy were studied using t-tests and Mann-Whitney U-tests (performed on binarized data). Likelihood ratios were computed. RESULTS The mean VA (average of both eyes) of 90 patients (72.2% female; 65/90) were collected from 18 studies published between 1990 and 2018. The baseline mean age was 45.2 years (range 17 to 92). The mean logMAR VA was 0.10 (- 0.12 to 1.39). There was a statistically significant linear correlation between the logMAR VA and age (p = .008). The VA of patients less than or equal to 50 years of age was significantly better than that of patients older than 50 years (0.06 vs.0.18 logMAR, p = .002). 67 patients (74.4%) showed a characteristic pigmentary retinopathy with a mean age at diagnosis of 47.9 years (17 to 92) and VA of 0.14 logMAR (- 0.12 to 1.24). Age at diagnosis of retinopathy was linearly correlated with age at diagnosis of hearing loss or diabetes (p < .001). Patients with retinopathy were more likely to have hearing loss (83.6% vs. 56.5%, p = .03) or diabetes (56.7% vs. 17.4%, p = .001) than those without retinopathy. Those with both hearing loss and diabetes had an earlier onset of retinopathy than those without (46.4 vs. 60.4 years, p = .01). Patients without both hearing loss and diabetes were 5.3-fold less likely to develop a retinopathy. CONCLUSIONS Patients with m.3243A>G variant pigmentary retinopathy maintain highly functional VA until around the fifth decade of life, after which significant visual decline ensues. Patients without hearing loss and diabetes have a lower likelihood of exhibiting a retinopathy, which tends to appear about one decade after hearing loss and diabetes are diagnosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razek Georges Coussa
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Elliott H Sohn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Ian C Han
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Sumit Parikh
- Cleveland Clinic, Mitochondrial Medicine Center, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Elias I Traboulsi
- Cleveland Clinic, Cole Eye Institute, Center for Genetic Eye Diseases, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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85
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Ebeling MC, Geng Z, Kapphahn RJ, Roehrich H, Montezuma SR, Dutton JR, Ferrington DA. Impaired Mitochondrial Function in iPSC-Retinal Pigment Epithelium with the Complement Factor H Polymorphism for Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10040789. [PMID: 33918210 PMCID: PMC8066149 DOI: 10.3390/cells10040789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the leading cause of vision loss in the elderly, is characterized by loss of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). While the disease mechanism remains unclear, prior studies have linked AMD with RPE mitochondrial defects and genetic polymorphisms in the complement pathway. This study used RPE generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC-RPE), which were derived from human donors with or without AMD and genotyped for the complement factor H (CFH) AMD high-risk allele (rs1061170, Y402H) to investigate whether donor disease state or genotype had a detrimental effect on mitochondrial function and inflammation. Results show that cells derived from donors with AMD display decreased mitochondrial function under conditions of stress and elevated expression of inflammatory markers compared to iPSC-RPE from individuals without AMD. A more pronounced reduction in mitochondrial function and increased inflammatory markers was observed in CFH high-risk cells, irrespective of disease state. These results provide evidence for a previously unrecognized link between CFH and mitochondrial function that could contribute to RPE loss in AMD patients harboring the CFH high-risk genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara C. Ebeling
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Zhaohui Geng
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Rebecca J. Kapphahn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - Heidi Roehrich
- Histology Core for Vision Research, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
| | - Sandra R. Montezuma
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
| | - James R. Dutton
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
- Correspondence: (J.R.D.); (D.A.F.); Tel.: +1-612-626-2762 (J.R.D.); +1-612-624-8267 (D.A.F.)
| | - Deborah A. Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA; (M.C.E.); (R.J.K.); (S.R.M.)
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
- Correspondence: (J.R.D.); (D.A.F.); Tel.: +1-612-626-2762 (J.R.D.); +1-612-624-8267 (D.A.F.)
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86
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Baek A, Son S, Baek YM, Kim DE. KRT8 (keratin 8) attenuates necrotic cell death by facilitating mitochondrial fission-mediated mitophagy through interaction with PLEC (plectin). Autophagy 2021; 17:3939-3956. [PMID: 33783309 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1897962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of mitochondrial homeostasis and accumulation of damaged mitochondria cause degenerative diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We studied the effects of the intermediate cytofilament KRT8 (keratin 8) on mitochondrial homeostasis in relation to the morphology and function of mitochondria in retinal pigment epithelial cells under oxidative stress. When the mitochondria were damaged owing to oxidative stress, the damaged mitochondria were readily disposed of via mitophagy following mitochondrial fission. During this process, KRT8 was found to physically interact with the mitochondria through PLEC (plectin) and facilitate the mitochondrial fission-mediated mitophagy. However, the association between PLEC-anchoring mitochondria and KRT8 was dwindled by KRT8 phosphorylation under oxidative stress. The efficient KRT8-facilitated mitophagy flux suppressed the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and consequently diminished necrotic cell death under oxidative stress. Thus, by facilitating mitophagy, KRT8 protects RPE cells against necrotic cell death due to oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahruem Baek
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Son
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Mi Baek
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Eun Kim
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Gwangjin-gu, Republic of Korea
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87
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The CD36 Ligand-Promoted Autophagy Protects Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells from Oxidative Stress. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6691402. [PMID: 33854697 PMCID: PMC8019622 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6691402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) performs many functions that maintain photoreceptor health. Oxidative damage to the RPE is a critical component in the pathogenesis of eye diseases such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Ligands of the cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) have previously preserved photoreceptor integrity in mouse models of AMD. The cytoprotective effect of the CD36 ligand MPE-001 on RPE cells has now been elucidated employing a model of oxidative stress. Sodium iodate (NaIO3) induced formation of reactive oxygen species and apoptosis in human RPE cells, which were decreased by MPE-001 without affecting antioxidant enzyme transcription. Immunoblotting and immunostaining assays showed a restorative effect of MPE-001 on the autophagic flux disrupted by NaIO3, which was associated with an increase in syntaxin 17-positive mature autophagosomes. The cytoprotective effect of MPE-001 was completely abolished by the autophagy inhibitors wortmannin and bafilomycin A1. In conclusion, we report for the first time an autophagy-dependent protection of RPE cells from oxidative stress by a CD36 ligand.
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88
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Ishii M, Beeson G, Beeson C, Rohrer B. Mitochondrial C3a Receptor Activation in Oxidatively Stressed Epithelial Cells Reduces Mitochondrial Respiration and Metabolism. Front Immunol 2021; 12:628062. [PMID: 33746964 PMCID: PMC7973370 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.628062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Complement component 3 fragment C3a is an anaphylatoxin involved in promoting cellular responses important in immune response and host defense. Its receptor (C3a receptor, C3aR) is distributed on the plasma membrane; however, lysosomal localization in immune cells has been reported. Oxidative stress increases intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS), and ROS activate complement signaling in immune cells and metabolic reprogramming. Here we tested oxidative stress and intracellular complement in mitochondrial dysfunction in RPE cells using high resolution live-cell imaging, and metabolism analysis in isolated mitochondria using Seahorse technology. While C3aR levels were unaffected by oxidative stress, its cell membrane levels decreased and mitochondrial (mt) localization increased. Trafficking was dependent on endocytosis, utilizing endosomal-to-mitochondrial cargo transfer. H2O2-treatment also increased C3a-mtC3aR co-localization dose-dependently. In isolated mitochondria from H2O2-treated cells C3a increased mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake, that could be inhibited by C3aR antagonism (SB290157), mitochondrial Ca2+ uniporter blocker (Ru360), and Gαi-protein inhibition (pertussis toxin, PTX); and inhibited mitochondrial repiration in an SB290157- and PTX-dependent manner. Specifically, mtC3aR activation inhibited state III ADP-driven respiration and maximal respiratory capacity. Mitochondria from control cells did not respond to C3a. Furthermore, transmitochondrial cybrid ARPE-19 cells harboring J haplogroup mitochondria that confer risk for age-related macular degeneration, showed high levels of mtC3aR and reduced ATP production upon C3a stimulation. Our findings suggest that oxidative stress increases mtC3aR, leading to altered mitochondrial calcium uptake and ATP production. These studies will have important implication in our understanding on the balance of extra- and intracellular complement signaling in controlling cellular health and dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Ishii
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Gyda Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Craig Beeson
- Department of Drug Discovery and Biomedical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Bärbel Rohrer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.,Ralph H. Johnson Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Charleston, SC, United States.,Department of Neurosciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
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89
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Zhang T, Kho AM, Yiu G, Srinivasan VJ. Visible Light Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Quantifies Subcellular Contributions to Outer Retinal Band 4. Transl Vis Sci Technol 2021; 10:30. [PMID: 34003965 PMCID: PMC7998011 DOI: 10.1167/tvst.10.3.30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To use visible light optical coherence tomography (OCT) to investigate subcellular reflectivity contributions to the outermost (4th) of the retinal hyperreflective bands visualized by current clinical near-infrared (NIR) OCT. Methods Visible light OCT, with 1.0 µm axial resolution, was performed in 28 eyes of 19 human subjects (21-57 years old) without history of ocular pathology. Two foveal and three extrafoveal hyperreflective zones were consistently depicted within band 4 in all eyes. The two outermost hyperreflective bands, occasionally visualized by NIR OCT, were presumed to be the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and Bruch's membrane (BM). RPE thickness, BM thickness, and RPE interior reflectivity were quantified topographically across the macula. Results A method for correcting RPE multiple scattering tails was found to both improve the Gaussian goodness-of-fit for the BM intensity profile and reduce the coefficient of variation of BM thickness in vivo. No major topographical differences in macular BM thickness were noted. RPE thickness decreased with increasing eccentricity. Visible light OCT signal intensity in the RPE was weighted to the apical side and attenuated more across the RPE in the fovea than peripherally. Conclusions Morphometry of the presumed RPE and BM bands is consistent with known anatomy. Weighting of RPE reflectivity toward the apical side suggests that melanosomes are the predominant contributors to RPE backscattering and signal attenuation in young eyes. Translational Relevance By enabling morphometric analysis of the RPE and BM, visible light OCT deciphers the main reflectivity contributions to outer retinal band 4, commonly visualized by commercial OCT systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingwei Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Aaron M. Kho
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Glenn Yiu
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Vivek J. Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California Davis, Davis, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology and Vision Science, University of California Davis, Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, California, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Radiology, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
- Tech4Health Institute, New York University Langone Health, New York, New York, USA
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90
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Homma K, Toda E, Osada H, Nagai N, Era T, Tsubota K, Okano H, Ozawa Y. Taurine rescues mitochondria-related metabolic impairments in the patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in the retinal pigment epithelium. Redox Biol 2021; 41:101921. [PMID: 33706170 PMCID: PMC7944050 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2021.101921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria participate in various metabolic pathways, and their dysregulation results in multiple disorders, including aging-related diseases. However, the metabolic changes and mechanisms of mitochondrial disorders are not fully understood. Here, we found that induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from a patient with mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes (MELAS) showed attenuated proliferation and survival when glycolysis was inhibited. These deficits were rescued by taurine administration. Metabolomic analyses showed that the ratio of the reduced (GSH) to oxidized glutathione (GSSG) was decreased; whereas the levels of cysteine, a substrate of GSH, and oxidative stress markers were upregulated in MELAS iPSCs. Taurine normalized these changes, suggesting that MELAS iPSCs were affected by the oxidative stress and taurine reduced its influence. We also analyzed the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) differentiated from MELAS iPSCs by using a three-dimensional culture system and found that it showed epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), which was suppressed by taurine. Therefore, mitochondrial dysfunction caused metabolic changes, accumulation of oxidative stress that depleted GSH, and EMT in the RPE that could be involved in retinal pathogenesis. Because all these phenomena were sensitive to taurine treatment, we conclude that administration of taurine may be a potential new therapeutic approach for mitochondria-related retinal diseases. iPS cell lines were derived from a MELAS patient with the mtDNA A3243G mutation. Decreased proliferation and survival of MELAS iPSCs were rescued by taurine. Reduction in GSH/GSSG ratio in MELAS iPSCs was suppressed by taurine. EMT in MELAS iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium was suppressed by taurine. Oxidative stress markers in MELAS iPSCs and RPE were suppressed by taurine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Homma
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Eriko Toda
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideto Osada
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Norihiro Nagai
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Okano
- Department of Physiology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Yoko Ozawa
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell Biology, Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjukuku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan; Department of Ophthalmology, St. Luke's International Hospital, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan; St. Luke's International University, 9-1 Akashi-cho, Chuo-ku, Tokyo, 104-8560, Japan.
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91
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Mitochondrial DNA A3243G variant-associated retinopathy: Current perspectives and clinical implications. Surv Ophthalmol 2021; 66:838-855. [PMID: 33610586 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2021.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cellular function and survival are critically dependent on the proper functionality of the mitochondrion. Neurodegenerative cellular processes including cellular adenosine triphosphate production, intermediary metabolism control, and apoptosis regulation are all mitochondrially mediated. The A to G transition at position 3243 in the mitochondrial MTTL1 gene that encodes for the leucine transfer RNA (m.3243A>G) causes a variety of diseases, including maternally inherited loss of hearing and diabetes syndrome (MIDD), mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and stroke-like episodes syndrome (MELAS). Ophthalmological findings-including posterior sub-capsular cataract, ptosis, external ophthalmoplegia, and pigmentary retinopathy- have all been associated with the m.3243A>G variant. Pigmentary retinopathy is, however, the most common ocular finding, occurring in 38% to 86% of cases. To date, little is known about the pathogenesis, natural history, and heteroplasmic and phenotypic correlations of m.3243A>G-associated pigmentary retinopathy. We summarize the current understanding of mitochondrial genetics and pathogenesis of some associated diseases. We then review the pathophysiology, histology, clinical features, treatment, and important ocular and systemic phenotypic manifestations of m.3243A>G variant associated retinopathy. Mitochondrial diseases require a multidisciplinary team approach to ensure effective treatment, regular follow-up, and accurate genetic counseling.
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92
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Raeisossadati R, Ferrari MFR, Kihara AH, AlDiri I, Gross JM. Epigenetic regulation of retinal development. Epigenetics Chromatin 2021; 14:11. [PMID: 33563331 PMCID: PMC7871400 DOI: 10.1186/s13072-021-00384-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In the developing vertebrate retina, retinal progenitor cells (RPCs) proliferate and give rise to terminally differentiated neurons with exquisite spatio-temporal precision. Lineage commitment, fate determination and terminal differentiation are controlled by intricate crosstalk between the genome and epigenome. Indeed, epigenetic regulation plays pivotal roles in numerous cell fate specification and differentiation events in the retina. Moreover, aberrant chromatin structure can contribute to developmental disorders and retinal pathologies. In this review, we highlight recent advances in our understanding of epigenetic regulation in the retina. We also provide insight into several aspects of epigenetic-related regulation that should be investigated in future studies of retinal development and disease. Importantly, focusing on these mechanisms could contribute to the development of novel treatment strategies targeting a variety of retinal disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Raeisossadati
- Departamento de Genética E Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Do Matao, 277, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil.,Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Merari F R Ferrari
- Departamento de Genética E Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociencias, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Rua Do Matao, 277, Cidade Universitaria, Sao Paulo, SP, 05508-090, Brazil
| | | | - Issam AlDiri
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Gross
- Departments of Ophthalmology and Developmental Biology, Louis J. Fox Center for Vision Restoration, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
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93
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Atilano SR, Udar N, Satalich TA, Udar V, Chwa M, Kenney MC. Low frequency mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy SNPs in blood, retina, and [RPE+choroid] of age-related macular degeneration subjects. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246114. [PMID: 33513185 PMCID: PMC7846006 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose Mitochondrial (mt) DNA damage is associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and other human aging diseases. This study was designed to quantify and characterize mtDNA low-frequency heteroplasmy single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of three different tissues isolated from AMD subjects using Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) technology. Methods DNA was extracted from neural retina, [RPE+choroid] and blood from three deceased age-related macular degeneration (AMD) subjects. Entire mitochondrial genomes were analyzed for low-frequency heteroplasmy SNPs using NGS technology that independently sequenced both mtDNA strands. This deep sequencing method (average sequencing depth of 30,000; range 1,000–100,000) can accurately differentiate low-frequency heteroplasmy SNPs from DNA modification artifacts. Twenty-three ‘hot-spot’ heteroplasmy mtDNA SNPs were analyzed in 222 additional blood samples. Results Germline homoplasmy SNPs that defined mtDNA haplogroups were consistent in the three tissues of each subject. Analyses of SNPs with <40% heteroplasmy revealed the blood had significantly greater numbers of heteroplasmy SNPs than retina alone (p≤0.05) or retina+choroid combined (p = 0.008). Twenty-three ‘hot-spot’ mtDNA heteroplasmy SNPs were present, with three being non-synonymous (amino acid change). Four ‘hot-spot’ heteroplasmy SNPs (m.1120C>T, m.1284T>C, m.1556C>T, m.7256C>T) were found in additional samples (n = 222). Five heteroplasmy SNPs (m.4104A>G, m.5320C>T, m.5471G>A, m.5474A>G, m.5498A>G) declined with age. Two heteroplasmy SNPs (m.13095T>C, m.13105A>G) increased in AMD compared to Normal samples. In the heteroplasmy SNPs, very few transversion mutations (purine to pyrimidine or vice versa, associated with oxidative damage) were found and the majority were transition changes (purine to purine or pyrimidine to pyrimidine, associated with replication errors). Conclusion Within an individual, the blood, retina and [RPE+choroid] contained identical homoplasmy SNPs representing inherited germline mtDNA haplogroup. NGS methodology showed significantly more mtDNA heteroplasmy SNPs in blood compared to retina and [RPE+choroid], suggesting the latter tissues have substantial protection. Significantly higher heteroplasmy levels of m.13095T>C and m.13105A>G may represent potential AMD biomarkers. Finally, high levels of transition mutations suggest that accumulation of heteroplasmic SNPs may occur through replication errors rather than oxidative damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shari R. Atilano
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Nitin Udar
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Timothy A. Satalich
- Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Science, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Viraat Udar
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - Marilyn Chwa
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
| | - M. Cristina Kenney
- Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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94
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Yang P, Shao Z, Besley NA, Neal SE, Buehne KL, Park J, Karageozian H, Karageozian V, Ryde IT, Meyer JN, Jaffe GJ. Risuteganib Protects against Hydroquinone-induced Injury in Human RPE Cells. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 61:35. [PMID: 32818234 PMCID: PMC7443126 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.61.10.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Cigarette smoking has been implicated in the pathogenesis of AMD. Integrin dysfunctions have been associated with AMD. Herein, we investigate the effect of risuteganib (RSG), an integrin regulator, on RPE cell injury induced by hydroquinone (HQ), an important oxidant in cigarette smoke. Methods Cultured human RPE cells were treated with HQ in the presence or absence of RSG. Cell death, mitochondrial respiration, reactive oxygen species production, and mitochondrial membrane potential were measured by flow cytometry, XFe24 analyzer, and fluorescence plate reader, respectively. Whole transcriptome analysis and gene expression were analyzed by Illumina RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR, respectively. F-actin aggregation was visualized with phalloidin. Levels of heme oxygenase-1, P38, and heat shock protein 27 proteins were measured by Western blot. Results HQ induced necrosis and apoptosis, decreased mitochondrial bioenergetics, increased reactive oxygen species levels, decreased mitochondrial membrane potential, increased F-actin aggregates, and induced phosphorylation of P38 and heat shock protein 27. HQ, but not RSG alone, induced substantial transcriptome changes that were regulated by RSG cotreatment. RSG cotreatment significantly protected against HQ-induced necrosis and apoptosis, prevented HQ-reduced mitochondrial bioenergetics, decreased HQ-induced reactive oxygen species production, improved HQ-disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, reduced F-actin aggregates, decreased phosphorylation of P38 and heat shock protein 27, and further upregulated HQ-induced heme oxygenase-1 protein levels. Conclusions RSG has no detectable adverse effects on healthy RPE cells, whereas RSG cotreatment protects against HQ-induced injury, mitochondrial dysfunction, and actin reorganization, suggesting a potential role for RSG therapy to treat retinal diseases such as AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Zixuan Shao
- Allegro Ophthalmics, LLC, San Juan Capistrano, California, United States
| | - Nicholas A Besley
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Samantha E Neal
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Kristen L Buehne
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - John Park
- Allegro Ophthalmics, LLC, San Juan Capistrano, California, United States
| | - Hampar Karageozian
- Allegro Ophthalmics, LLC, San Juan Capistrano, California, United States
| | - Vicken Karageozian
- Allegro Ophthalmics, LLC, San Juan Capistrano, California, United States
| | - Ian T Ryde
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Joel N Meyer
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, United States
| | - Glenn J Jaffe
- Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University Eye Center, Durham, North Carolina, United States
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95
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Mitochondria: The Retina's Achilles' Heel in AMD. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1256:237-264. [PMID: 33848005 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-66014-7_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Strong experimental evidence from studies in human donor retinas and animal models supports the idea that the retinal pathology associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD) involves mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent altered retinal metabolism. This chapter provides a brief overview of mitochondrial structure and function, summarizes evidence for mitochondrial defects in AMD, and highlights the potential ramifications of these defects on retinal health and function. Discussion of mitochondrial haplogroups and their association with AMD brings to light how mitochondrial genetics can influence disease outcome. As one of the most metabolically active tissues in the human body, there is strong evidence that disruption in key metabolic pathways contributes to AMD pathology. The section on retinal metabolism reviews cell-specific metabolic differences and how the metabolic interdependence of each retinal cell type creates a unique ecosystem that is disrupted in the diseased retina. The final discussion includes strategies for therapeutic interventions that target key mitochondrial pathways as a treatment for AMD.
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Snyder PJ, Alber J, Alt C, Bain LJ, Bouma BE, Bouwman FH, DeBuc DC, Campbell MC, Carrillo MC, Chew EY, Cordeiro MF, Dueñas MR, Fernández BM, Koronyo-Hamaoui M, La Morgia C, Carare RO, Sadda SR, van Wijngaarden P, Snyder HM. Retinal imaging in Alzheimer's and neurodegenerative diseases. Alzheimers Dement 2021; 17:103-111. [PMID: 33090722 PMCID: PMC8062064 DOI: 10.1002/alz.12179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In the last 20 years, research focused on developing retinal imaging as a source of potential biomarkers for Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases, has increased significantly. The Alzheimer's Association and the Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment, Disease Monitoring editorial team (companion journal to Alzheimer's & Dementia) convened an interdisciplinary discussion in 2019 to identify a path to expedite the development of retinal biomarkers capable of identifying biological changes associated with AD, and for tracking progression of disease severity over time. As different retinal imaging modalities provide different types of structural and/or functional information, the discussion reflected on these modalities and their respective strengths and weaknesses. Discussion further focused on the importance of defining the context of use to help guide the development of retinal biomarkers. Moving from research to context of use, and ultimately to clinical evaluation, this article outlines ongoing retinal imaging research today in Alzheimer's and other brain diseases, including a discussion of future directions for this area of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Snyder
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Jessica Alber
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, Rhode Island
| | - Clemens Alt
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine and Center for Systems Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Lisa J. Bain
- Independent Science Writer, Elverson, Pennsylvania
| | - Brett E. Bouma
- Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts General Hospital and Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Massachusetts
| | - Femke H. Bouwman
- Neurologist, Alzheimer Center Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Melanie C.W. Campbell
- Physics and Astronomy, Optometry and Vision Science and Systems Design Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria C. Carrillo
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Emily Y. Chew
- Division of Epidemiology and Clinical Applications, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - M. Francesca Cordeiro
- Imperial College London, UCL Institute of Ophthalmology, ICORG Western Eye Hospital, London, UK
| | - Michael R. Dueñas
- Chief Public Health Officer (Ret.), American Optometric Association, Washington, D.C
| | | | - Maya Koronyo-Hamaoui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maxine Dunitz Neurosurgical Research Institute and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Applied Cell Biology and Physiology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Chiara La Morgia
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, UOC Clinica Neurologica, Bologna, Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Srinivas R. Sadda
- Doheny Eye Institute, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Ophthalmology, UCLA, Los Angeles, California
| | - Peter van Wijngaarden
- Centre for Eye Research Australia, Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital, East Melbourne, Australia
- Ophthalmology, Department of Surgery, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Heather M. Snyder
- Medical & Scientific Relations, Alzheimer’s Association, Chicago, Illinois
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97
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Subramaniam MD, Iyer M, Nair AP, Venkatesan D, Mathavan S, Eruppakotte N, Kizhakkillach S, Chandran MK, Roy A, Gopalakrishnan AV, Vellingiri B. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial transfer: A new dimension towards ocular diseases. Genes Dis 2020; 9:610-637. [PMID: 35782976 PMCID: PMC9243399 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2020.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ocular cells like, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a highly specialized pigmented monolayer of post-mitotic cells, which is located in the posterior segment of the eye between neuro sensory retina and vascular choroid. It functions as a selective barrier and nourishes retinal visual cells. As a result of high-level oxygen consumption of retinal cells, RPE cells are vulnerable to chronic oxidative stress and an increased level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated from mitochondria. These oxidative stress and ROS generation in retinal cells lead to RPE degeneration. Various sources including mtDNA damage could be an important factor of oxidative stress in RPE. Gene therapy and mitochondrial transfer studies are emerging fields in ocular disease research. For retinal degenerative diseases stem cell-based transplantation methods are developed from basic research to preclinical and clinical trials. Translational research contributions of gene and cell therapy would be a new strategy to prevent, treat and cure various ocular diseases. This review focuses on the effect of oxidative stress in ocular cell degeneration and recent translational researches on retinal degenerative diseases to cure blindness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohana Devi Subramaniam
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai 600006, Tamil Nadu, India
- Corresponding author.
| | - Mahalaxmi Iyer
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai 600006, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Zoology, Avinashilingam Institute for Home Science and Higher Education for Women, Coimbatore 641 043, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Aswathy P. Nair
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai 600006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Dhivya Venkatesan
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sinnakaruppan Mathavan
- SN ONGC Department of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Vision Research Foundation, Chennai 600006, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nimmisha Eruppakotte
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Soumya Kizhakkillach
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Manoj kumar Chandran
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ayan Roy
- Department of Biotechnology, Lovely Professional University, Punjab 144411, India
| | - Abilash Valsala Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Bio Sciences and Technology (SBST), Vellore Institute of Technology (VIT), Vellore 600127, India
| | - Balachandar Vellingiri
- Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, Tamil Nadu, India
- Corresponding author. Human Molecular Cytogenetics and Stem Cell, Laboratory, Department of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641 046, Tamil Nadu, India.Fax: +91 422 2422387.
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98
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Cheng YS, Linetsky M, Li H, Ayyash N, Gardella A, Salomon RG. 4-Hydroxy-7-oxo-5-heptenoic acid lactone can induce mitochondrial dysfunction in retinal pigmented epithelial cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 160:719-733. [PMID: 32920040 PMCID: PMC7704664 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Oxidation of docosahexaenoate (DHA)-containing phospholipids in the cell plasma membrane leads to release of the α,β-unsaturated aldehyde 4-hydroxy-7-oxo-5-heptenoic acid (HOHA) lactone which is capable of inducing retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cell dysfunction. Previously, HOHA lactone was shown to induce apoptosis and angiogenesis, and to activate the alternative complement pathway. RPE cells metabolize HOHA lactone through enzymatic conjugation with glutathione (GSH). Competing with this process is the adduction of HOHA lactone to protein lysyl residues generating 2-(ω-carboxyethyl)pyrrole (CEP) derivatives that have pathological relevance to age-related macular degeneration (AMD). We now find that HOHA lactone induces mitochondrial dysfunction. It decreases ATP levels, mitochondrial membrane potentials, enzymatic activities of mitochondrial complexes, depletes GSH and induces oxidative stress in RPE cells. The present study confirmed that pyridoxamine and other primary amines, which have been shown to scavenge γ-ketoaldehydes formed by carbohydrate or lipid peroxidation, are ineffective for scavenging the α,β-unsaturated aldehydes. Histidyl hydrazide (HH), that has both hydrazide and imidazole nucleophile functionalities, is an effective scavenger of HOHA lactone and it protects ARPE-19 cells against HOHA lactone-induced cytotoxicity. The HH α-amino group is not essential for this electrophile trapping activity. The Nα-acyl L-histidyl hydrazide derivatives with 2- to 7-carbon acyl groups with increasing lipophilicities are capable of maintaining the effectiveness of HH in protecting ARPE-19 cells against HOHA lactone toxicity, which potentially has therapeutic utility for treatment of age related eye diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shiuan Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Mikhail Linetsky
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Haoting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Naji Ayyash
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Anthony Gardella
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Robert G Salomon
- Department of Chemistry, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA; Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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99
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Boutzen J, Valet M, Alviset A, Fradot V, Rousseau L, Picaud S, Lissorgues G, Français O. A detailed in-vitro study of Retinal pigment epithelium's growth as seen from the perspective of impedance spectroscopy analysis. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 167:112469. [PMID: 32862069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, we present a method to assess growth and maturation phases of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium (RPE) in-vitro at the cell layer level using impedance spectroscopy measurements on platinum electrodes. We extracted relevant parameters from an electrical circuit model fitted with the measured spectra. Based on microscopic imaging, the growth state of an independent culture developing in the same conditions is used as reference. We show that the confluence point is identified from a graphical analysis of the spectra transition as well as by observing a reconstructed parameter representing the average capacitance of the cell layer. More generally, this work presents a detailed investigation on how cell culture's state relates with either model parameter analysis or with graphical analysis of the measured spectra over a wide frequency band. While applied to the RPE, this work is also suitable for the study of any kind of monolayer epithelial cells growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Boutzen
- ESIEE-Paris, ESYCOM Université Paris-Est, Noisy-le-Grand, 93160, France.
| | - Manon Valet
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Agathe Alviset
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Valérie Fradot
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Lionel Rousseau
- ESIEE-Paris, ESYCOM Université Paris-Est, Noisy-le-Grand, 93160, France
| | - Serge Picaud
- Institut de la Vision, INSERM, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, 75012, France
| | - Gaëlle Lissorgues
- ESIEE-Paris, ESYCOM Université Paris-Est, Noisy-le-Grand, 93160, France
| | - Olivier Français
- ESIEE-Paris, ESYCOM Université Paris-Est, Noisy-le-Grand, 93160, France
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100
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Kaarniranta K, Uusitalo H, Blasiak J, Felszeghy S, Kannan R, Kauppinen A, Salminen A, Sinha D, Ferrington D. Mechanisms of mitochondrial dysfunction and their impact on age-related macular degeneration. Prog Retin Eye Res 2020; 79:100858. [PMID: 32298788 PMCID: PMC7650008 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2020.100858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress-induced damage to the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is considered to be a key factor in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) pathology. RPE cells are constantly exposed to oxidative stress that may lead to the accumulation of damaged cellular proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and cellular organelles, including mitochondria. The ubiquitin-proteasome and the lysosomal/autophagy pathways are the two major proteolytic systems to remove damaged proteins and organelles. There is increasing evidence that proteostasis is disturbed in RPE as evidenced by lysosomal lipofuscin and extracellular drusen accumulation in AMD. Nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor-2 (NFE2L2) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) are master transcription factors in the regulation of antioxidant enzymes, clearance systems, and biogenesis of mitochondria. The precise cause of RPE degeneration and the onset and progression of AMD are not fully understood. However, mitochondria dysfunction, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage are observed together with increased protein aggregation and inflammation in AMD. In contrast, functional mitochondria prevent RPE cells damage and suppress inflammation. Here, we will discuss the role of mitochondria in RPE degeneration and AMD pathology focused on mtDNA damage and repair, autophagy/mitophagy signaling, and regulation of inflammation. Mitochondria are putative therapeutic targets to prevent or treat AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Kaarniranta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland and Kuopio University Hospital, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Hannu Uusitalo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland and Tays Eye Centre, Tampere University Hospital, P.O.Box 2000, 33521 Tampere, Finland
| | - Janusz Blasiak
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, University of Lodz, 90-236, Lodz, Poland
| | - Szabolcs Felszeghy
- Department of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ram Kannan
- The Stephen J. Ryan Initiative for Macular Research (RIMR), Doheny Eye Institute, 1355 San Pablo St, Los Angeles, CA, 90033, USA
| | - Anu Kauppinen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Antero Salminen
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 1627, FI-70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Debasish Sinha
- Glia Research Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, University of Pittsburgh, 4401 Penn Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA, PA 15224, USA; Wilmer Eye Institute, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Room M035 Robert and Clarice Smith Bldg, 400 N Broadway, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Deborah Ferrington
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Neurosciences, 2001 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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